FINAL QUESTIONS

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EIGRP Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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- Explain IGRP?
- What is the difference between the neighbor table and the topology table?
- How do EIGRP and IGRP differ in the way they calculate the composite metric?
- Is EIGRP a distance vector or a link state routing protocol?
- What is the multicast IP address used by EIGRP?
- Does EIGRP require a default network to propagate a default route?
- Should I always use the eigrp log-neighbor-changes command when I configure EI
GRP?
- Does EIGRP support secondary addresses?
- What debugging capabilities does EIGRP have?
- What does the word serno mean on the end of an EIGRP topology entry when you i
ssue the show ip eigrp topology command?
- What percent of bandwidth and processor resources does EIGRP use?
- Does EIGRP support aggregation and variable length subnet masks?
- Does EIGRP support areas?
- Can I configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the same router?
- If there are two EIGRP processes that run and two equal paths are learned, one
by each
- EIGRP process, do both routes get installed?
- What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?
- What does the neighbor statement in the EIGRP configuration section do?
- Why does the EIGRP passive-interface command remove all neighbors for an inter
face?
- Why are routes received from one neighbor on a point-to-multipoint interface t
hat runs EIGRP not propagated to another
neighbor on the same point-to-multipoint interface?
- When I configure EIGRP, how can I configure a network statement with a mask?
- I have two routes: 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/28. How can I deny 172.16.1.0/
28 while I allow 172.16.1.0/24 in EIGRP?
- I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and EIGRP. Who does l
oad-balancing when there
are multiple links to a destination?
- How can I use only one path when a router has two equal cost paths?
- What is the difference in metric calculation between EIGRP and IGRP?
- What is the EIGRP Stub Routing feature?
- How can I send a default route to the Stub router from the hub?
- How EIGRP behaves over a GRE tunnel compared to a directly connected network?
- What is an offset-list, and how is it useful?
- How can I tag external routes in EIGRP?
- What are the primary functions of the PDM?
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OSPF Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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-
- What is a virtual link?
- What is an OSPF neighbor?
- What is an OSPF adjacency?
- What is the default HelloInterval?
- What is the default Router DeadInterval?
- What is the significance of area 0?
- Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?
- How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?
- How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?
- Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?
- What is the link-state retransmit interval, and what is the command to set it?
- What is the purpose of the variable IP-OSPF-Transmit-Delay?
- Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPF allows disc
ontiguous
networks, regardless of the mask propagation properties?
- Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC-level multicast addresses?
- Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS-based routing?
- Does the offset-list subcommand work for OSPF?
- Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on external informatio
n on a router that does not itself have a default?
- Can I use the distribute-list in/out command with OSPF to filter routes?
- How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra-area routes?
- Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on the Switched Multimega
bit Data
- Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF neighbor subcommand?
- When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all shortest path fi
rst algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved,
or is the default metric value used?
- How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial-mesh Frame Relay networks?
- Which address-wild-mask pair should I use for assigning an unnumbered interfac
e to an area?
- Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered in OSPF?
- Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message when I configur
e Router OSPF One?
- Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error message when I configure
Router OSPF One?
- What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf interface command
output?
- When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only see FULL/DR and
- FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing 2-WAY/DROTHER?
- Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on my serial link?
- Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?
- Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous links?
- Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per-interface authenticatio
n type in OSPF?
- Can I control the P-bit when importing external routes into a not-so-stubby ar
ea (NSSA)?
- Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?
- What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?
- Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the same subnet?
- How often does OSPF send out link-state advertisements (LSAs)?
- How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in an OSPF net
work?
- When I have two type 5 link-state advertisements (LSAs) for the same external
network in the OSPF database, which path should be
installed in the IP routing table?
- Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF protocol?
- Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?
- Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF on multiple router
s within the same network?
- I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and OSPF, who does lo
ad-balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?
- How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?
- How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?
- Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature?
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BGP Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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- How do I configure BGP?
- How do I configure BGP with the use of a loopback address?
- What is the order of preference of attributes when some or all are applied to
one neighbor in BGP?
- What does a next hop of 0.0.0.0 mean in the show ip bgp command output?
- What are the well known communities of the BGP community attribute?
- What formats can I use to configure the BGP community attribute?
- How does BGP behave differently with auto-summary enabled or disabled?
- What is BGP and OSPF port numbers?
- What is the concept of BGP speakers and Peers?
- How can I verify if a BGP router announces its BGP networks and propagates the
m to the global BGP mesh?
- When and how should I reset a BGP session?
- When I perform MD5 Authentication for BGP through a PIX, is there anything spe
cial that needs to be done on the PIX?
- What is an autonomous system (AS) number and how do I obtain one?
- What is the BGP path selection criteria?
- What is the difference between always-compare-med and deterministic-med?
- Do internal BGP (iBGP) sessions modify the next hop?
- Do external BGP (eBGP) sessions between confederations modify the next hop?
- In external BGP (eBGP) sessions, which IP address is sent as the next hop?
- Does the route reflector change the next hop attribute of a reflected prefix?
- How can I announce a prefix conditionally to one ISP only when I lose the conn
ection to my primary ISP?
- How can I configure BGP to provide load sharing and redundancy in my network?
- How much memory should I have in my router to receive the complete BGP routing
table from my ISP?
- What are the benefits of configuring BGP peer groups?
- What is synchronization, and how does it influence BGP routes installed in the
IP routing table?
- How do I know which Cisco IOS software release supports a particular BGP featu
re?
- How can I set the Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) value on prefixes advertised
to external BGP (eBGP) neighbors to match the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) ne
xt hop metric?
- What is the default BGP ConnectRetry timer, and is it possible to tune the BGP
ConnectRetry timer?
- What does r RIB-Failure mean in the show ip bgp command output?
- How can I redistribute internal BGP (iBGP) learned default-route (0.0.0.0/0) r
oute into EIGRP/OSPF/IS-IS?
- How can I filter all IP routes advertised to a BGP neighbor except the default
 route 0.0.0.0/0?
- How to resolve the error Protocol not in this image?
- BGP: timer-wheel running slow by 1 ticks appears in the debug output.
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IP-ROUTING Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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- What is a gateway?
- What is the best definition of network protocol?
- List the major characteristics of a WAN.
- What is the purpose of the Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)?
- How many updates must be missed before a route entry will be marked as unreach
able?
- Which one feature must a routing protocol have to use VLSM?
- What is the UDP port number used by RIPv2?
- What is the purpose of the Next Hop field?
- What is an administrative distance?
- What is unicast and how does it work?
- What are discontiguous subnets?
- What command is used to examine the route table in a Cisco router?
- What is the difference between Layer 2 switching and Layer 3 switching?
- What does it mean to have fast or autonomous switching "enabled" and "disabled
" on the same interface?
- How is the load shared between two parallel lines of equal capacity when these
lines are configured for load balancing?
- What does route summarization mean?
- How many IPs in /22 subnet?
- When does a Cisco router generate a source quench?
- When does a Cisco router initiate a routing request out its interfaces?
- What is the difference between the ip default-gateway, ip default-network, and
ip route 0.0.0.0/0 commands?
- How do I use the ip helper-address command to forward Bootstrap Protocol (BOOT
P) frames?
- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) redistributes with the IGRP
IP routing protocol automatically. Does EIGRP also interact
with the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) IP routing protocol?
- How do I configure my router to prefer an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) rout
e over an EIGRP route when the route is learned from both sources?
- Does the use of extended IP access control lists (ACLs) filter regular routing
updates (such as OSPF)? Do I need to explicitly permit the multicast
IPs used by routing protocols (such as 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6, in the case of
OSPF) for updates to ensure the proper working of routing protocols?
- Does the interface subcommand no arp arpa disable the Address Resolution Proto
col (ARP) function for a router interface?
- Would it be possible to configure a router for a 255.255.254.0 Ethernet and a
255.255.252.0 serial subnet? Does IGRP/RIPv1 support variable subnetting?
- Can an interface have more than one ip access-group statement in its configura
tion?
- Can I configure two interfaces in the same subnet (t0 = 142.10.46.250/24 and t
1 142.10.46.251/24)?
- Is it possible to have duplicate ip addresses for two serial interfaces that b
elong to the same router?
- I have primary and secondary IP addresses configured on an Ethernet interface
and my router is running RIP (a distance vector routing protocol).
- How does split-horizon affect the routing updates?
- Is there a performance advantage when using the the IP access list keyword est
ablished on an extended ACL? Does using "established"
make the access list more vulnerable?
- Do you have specific examples of the usage?
- I have four equal cost parallel paths to the same destination. I am doing fast
switching on two links and process switching on the other two.
- How will the packets be routed in this situation?
- What is Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF)? Can a default route 0.0.0.0/0
be used to perform a uRPF check?
- Who does load-balancing when there are multiple links to a destination, Cisco
Express Forwarding (CEF), or the routing protocol?
- What are the maximum number of secondary IP addesses that can be configured on
a router interface?
- What is the Pause control counter?
- Can a VLAN interface and a tunnel interface have the same IP address?
- What is Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)?
- How do I connect two different ISPs and route different traffic to different I
SPs?
- What is the difference between the two methods to create static routes?
- What is the purpose of ports 2228 and 56506?
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FIREWALL Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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Firewall
- Can you define what a FIREWALL is?
- What are the different types of firewalls?
- Can you explain packet filtering firewall?
- Can you explain circuit level gateway?
- Can you explain stateful inspection?
- What is Application Gateway?
- Is NAT a firewall?
- Are personal firewall actually firewalls?
- Can you explain the concept of demilitarized zone?
- What is the meaning of bastion host?
- What are the different types of firewall architectures?
- Can you explain dual home architecture?
- Can you explain screened host architecture?
- Can you explain screened subnet architecture?
- What is the use of perimeter area?
- What is IP spoofing and how can it be prevented?
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VPN Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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- Can you explain the difference between trusted and untrusted networks?
- Can you define in short what VPN is?
- What are the different types of VPN?
- What requirements should a VPN fulfill?
- How many ways are there to implement VPN architecture?
- What are the different ways authentication mechanism in VPN?
- Can you explain the basic of encryption in VPN?
- what's the difference between Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptosystem?
- what are the different symmetric algorithms?
- What are the disadvantages of symmetric algorithms?
- what are the different asymmetric algorithms?
- Can you explain different components in PKI?
- What is a digital certificate?
- Can you explain tunneling?
- what is the concept of HA and FA in VPN tunneling?
- Can you explain VPN tunneled packet in detail?
- Can you explain voluntary and compulsory tunnels?
- Can you explain static and dynamic tunnels?
- Can you explain encapsulating, carrier and passenger protocol?
- On which layer does L2F, PPTP and L2TP operate?
- Can you explain PPP protocol?
- Can you explain PPP link process step by step?
- Can you explain PPP packet format?
- How does PPP use LCP for link control?
- Can you explain PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)?
- What is GRE in PPTP?
- How does PPTP encapsulate data?
- Can you explain CHAP?
- Can you explain PAP?
- what does PPTP use for encryption and authentication?
- What is a L2F protocol?
- Can you explain the broader steps of how L2F establishes the tunnel?
- Can you explain how L2F data tunneling process works?
- How do we do encryption and authentication in L2F?
- Can you explain L2TP?
- Can you define LAC and LNS?
- How does L2TP process?
- How do we do encryption and authentication in L2TP?
- Can you explain what IPSec is?
- Can you give an overview of various components in IPSec?
- In IPSec what is SAD, SPD and SA's?
- Can you explain in a generic manner the packet of IPSec?
- Can you describe the Authentication Header (AH) Protocol?
- what is ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)?
- What is Transport and Tunnel mode?
- Can you explain IKE (Internet Key Exchange)?
- Can you explain IKE phases?
- Can you explain IKE modes?
- Can you explain transport and tunnel mode in detail with datagram packets
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PROTOCOLS & DNS Frequently Asked Questions
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Questions
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- What is NetBIOS protocol?
- Can you explain what the use of IGMP Protocol is?
- What are the different types of host in multicasting?
- Can you explain Ping and Tracert?
- How do you continuously ping an IP Address?
- How does Tracert actually work?
- what is the use of RTP and RTCP Protocol?
- Can you explain RTP in Detail?
- Can you explain RTP multiplexing in detail?
- Can you explain format of RTP and RTCP packets?
- Can you explain RSVP?
- Can you explain in detail how RSVP actually works?
- Can you explain RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)?
- Can you explain the RPC and Client server Architecture?
- Can you explain TCP IP Protocol?
- Can you explain the architecture of TCP IP Protocol?
- Can you explain TCP header in detail?
- Can you explain IP protocol?
- Can you explain the concept of CDMA?
- Can you explain the concept of DHCP?
- How does DHCP work?
- How can we configure DHCP?
- What is DNS?
- How do we control USB through a network?
- What is the difference between Windows 2000 and Windows 2003?
- What is a difference between a domain and workgroup?
- What is DHCP?
- What are the different types of ACL list
- What is ACL list?
- How does SSL work?
- what is portfast?
- What is WAN?
- What is MAN?
- What is LAN?
- What is CAN?