GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
-Refers to domestic institutions and governments on
how
large-scale problems and public policy issues are
being solved
at a global level.
-It involves a range of factors including states,
national and
regional bodies that have the willingness and
commitment
to confront a particular problem (WHO, 2015).
-Global governance involves management , authority,
cooperation and mechanisms that are aimed to attain
certain goals
-This international process is bounded by consensus
and
agreements where members are expected to perform
based on the guidelines and policies.
DOWNSIDE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
-Establishing its sovereignty and accountability to all
decision framed and actions implemented.
-States may not conform and deviate from the norms
set by
international institutions like UN and WTO especially
if it will
compromise its economic and political interests.
-The act of China of not abiding and recognizing the
decisions made by
the International Criminal Court on the diplomatic
protest filed by the
Philippine government regarding the West
Philippine Sea issue is an
example that international bodies even with good
governance system
have insufficient power to neither comply nor punish
its members.
PROBLEMS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- IN A 2015 STUDY CONDUCTED BY THE WORLD
HEALTH ORGANIZATION, THEY FOUND THREE
EXISTING GAPS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE.
• JURISDICTION GAP- the lack of global governance
in taking actions to
problems affecting key sectors arises from the
absence of authority.
• INCENTIVE GAP- is an issue between the rich and
poor countries
because of uneven distribution of authority and
control over decisions and
policies. Poor countries do not usually receive much
attention and
support from the coalition of body due to its
contributory constraints.
• PARTICIPATION GAP- almost all international
organizations are facing
the problem of consensus in decision-making.
Member-states sometimes
disagree on issues that are harmful to their interest.
They do not involve
in decisions that are critical to the economic and
political welfare of their
sovereignty.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
• The kind of political system used by a country has
implications to
the success of its economy and the overall
governance.
• Political system refers to the system or the form of
practice
employed by the state.
• In 2012, Udayansakar identified two dimensions of
political system.
• First, a country emphasizes the importance of
individualism as
opposed to collectivism. Second, a system in which a
country is
either democratic or totalitarian in its form of
government.
INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM
• Individualism
-Is a political system that values the significance of
individuals over collective goals.
-Freedom of the people is the primary consideration
in an individualist society.
-Government values choices and preferences of its
people at a very personal level.
- Aristotle has stressed that the interests and
individual diversity as well as private
ownership should prevail over the interests of the
state.
-The idea of individualism is built on two elements.
First, individual freedom and self
expression are important in the sense that,
individuals just like state, have sovereignty.
-The state must give preferential attention to the
sanctity and social worth of
freedom and expression among its people.
-Second element is the pursuit of economic interest
among individuals .
-If people will be given enjoyment on what to do and
how to do things, the best interest
will be achieved not just only within the personal or
individual level but even the interest
of the nation.
-This concept of individualism was famously
introduced by Adam Smith in his book
“The Wealth of the Nation”
• Collectivism
- Is a philosophy that stresses the importance of
Collective goes over
individual freedom and interests.
-The state, as the primary manager views collective
action as the best
strategy in establishing the welfare and interest of
the nation.
-Collectivism as a means of attaining goals, is more
idea than
individualism where the interest of the many is the
top priority.
-Plato believe that social stratification must be built
in order for the
society and the entire economy and government be
managed properly and
orderly.
-A very common example of collectivism is the
system of socialist
nationalism.
-Central government focuses on the idea of social
and economic
equality of individuals.
-It believes that institutions must restrict the
economic freedom and
distribute wealth to the working class.
DEMOCRACY AND TOTALITARIANISM
• Democracy
-Democratic institutions and governance focus on
the role of
individuals in political decision-making.
-The city-states of ancient Greece believes on the
idea that citizens
should have direct involvement in decision-making.
-The practice of direct participation in modern
societies involves
representation, where individuals periodically elect
someone who has
the ability to represent them in government.
-In a representative democracy, competitive
elections occur we’re
candidates freely compete for votes through the
conduct of fair and
honest election .
-These elected officials representing the citizens or
accountable for
their actions in the management and operation of the
state.
-Most democratic states have provided constitutional
laws to safeguard
the welfare and interest of the people.
• Weson (1990) enumerated common practices
and
description of an ideal representative
democracy.
1. Freedom of expression, opinion, an organization.
2. Freedom of media and press.
3. The conduct of regular elections.
4. Universal adult suffrage.
5. Specific and limited terms for elected officials.
6. Independent judiciary and court system.
7. Non-political and non-partisan police force.
8. Public access to information.
• Totalitarianism
-This is built on the idea that society and citizens
have no right and
freedom of expression.
-Totalitarian countries do not recognize the conduct
of fair and
honest election, the presence of media and civil
liberties.
- Decision-making of the states is exclusive only on a
single political
party if not a ruler who has the full control in the
political, economic
and social affairs of its government.
-It is the pure opposite form of political system of
democratic
societies.
FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM
• Communist Totalitarianism
– China, Cuba and North Korea have characteristics
of this form of totalitarianism. These countries
deny basic rights and civil liberties of its citizens.
• Theocratic Totalitarianism
– Iran and Saudi Arabia are examples of countries
under theocratic totalitarianism. Government and
people of these states are governed based on the
religious principles of Islam. There are limitations
and restrictions on the political and religious
expression of people.
• Tribal Totalitarianism
– This occurs when one tribal group or party
monopolizes the political power of a country. This is
a
common system among African states where tribal
and ethnic groups have the power to control
the political and economic operation of the country.
• Right-wing Totalitarianism
– South Korea and Taiwan during the 70s were
described as countries that experienced this. This
system permits individuals to have economic
freedom but are restricted on their political rights.
The central government acts as the State manager
overseeing the economic and political affairs. The
rise of communism and communist ideas is feared by
the government if political freedom will be
granted and offered to its citizens.