Ace Michael Y.
Panes
1. State Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuits.
Hopkinson’s law is the magnetic counterpart to
the electrical Ohm’s law. It states that F = Φ Rm
,where F is the magnetomotive force (mmf)
across a magnetic element, Φ is the magnetic
flux and Rm is the magnetic reluctance.
2. Define magnetic reluctance.
Magnetic Reluctance is a measurement used in
the analysis of magnetic circuits. It is the
opposition to the flow of magnetic flux.
3. Explain why ferromagnetic material exhibits its
typical B-H behavior.
If there is no 'magnetic field', there is no
magnetization (at the beginning) and we begin
at the origin. As soon as a magnetic field is
applied, the ferromagnetic material will
become magnetic. The effect of magnetic
hysteresis shows that the magnetisation
process of a ferromagnetic core and therefore
the flux density depends on which part of the
curve the ferromagnetic core is magnetised on
as this depends upon the circuits past history
giving the core a form of “memory”.
4. Write the expression for inducted emf (rms) in
an ac excited coil wound in an iron core. Use
stan dard symbols.
dϕ −dλ
emf =−N =
dt dt
5. Write the expression for the self-inductance of
a coil wound on an iron core.
Φ
L=N
I 9. Explain briefly the ideal transformer as a circuit
Where:
L is in Henry
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux
Ι is in Amperes
6. What is a transformer? Explain the functions it
fulfils as an element of a power system.
A transformer is a static device which transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another
through the process of electromagnetic
induction. The function of a transformer is to
change voltage and current levels in electric
power systems.
7. What determines the maximum value of flux in
a transformer core when it is excited from the
primary side? Does the value of flux change
substantially when the secondary is loaded?
Explain the reason why.
The primary and secondary windings have zero
resistance. It means that there is no ohmic
power loss and no resistive voltage drop in the
ideal transformer. An actual transformer has
finite but small winding resistances. It will also
be assumed that there is no stray capacitance,
though the actual transformer has inter-turn
capacitance and capacitance between turns
and ground but their effect is negligible at 50
Hz. There is no leakage flux so that all the flux
is confined to the core and links both the
windings. An actual transformer does have a
small amount of leakage flux which can be
accounted for in detailed analysis by
appropriate circuit modelling.
8. Why are transformers needed in a power
system?
Transformers are used extensively in ac power
systems because they make possible power
generation at the most desirable and
economical level (10– 20 kV), power
transmission at an economical transmission
voltage (as high as 400–1000 kV) and power
utilization at most convenient distribution
voltages (230/400 V) for industrial, commercial
and domestic purposes but in industrial
applications voltages may have to be as high as
3.3, 6.6 or 11 kV for large motors.
element. Can voltage and current ratios be
adjusted independently?
An ideal transformer is an imaginary
transformer which does not have any loss in it,
means no core losses, copper losses and any
other losses in transformer. In an ideal
transformer, there is no power loss. Therefore,
the output power is equal to the input power.
10. Explain why the core flux in a transformer is
almost independent of load current.
The fluxes within the transformer core remains
constant whatsoever the load be.