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AªS & IV
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P–USÆ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ {h¢u ˜©ıu¿P¯ÕU
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B⁄ C¢vØ ¡oPzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ
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I. P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“
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B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫
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Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿
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§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆
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x¯n®£¯hz vmh¨Æ
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_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
B
1. {ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï && 1776
2. \ı¿ˆ\m && 1782
3. ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl£iU¯P && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
4. \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P && wƒ
5. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[_ && ≠zu Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫
C
1. A¥&ªı&\ı˜£¿
Ehfl£iU¯P && ≠fl”ıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
2. £ısia˜\∂
Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫
3. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P && £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫
4. AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P && CµshıÆ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
5. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ P∫{ıhP® ˜£ı∫
D
1. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && \v J»®¶
2. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ && u¯ª¯© B–{∫
S ¬fl \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl && u£ı¿ ¨¯”
4. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ && uUP∫P“
5. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ && ·ıfl] µıo
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VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”®£∞ÿ]
1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯”U S‘UPƒÆ :
A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº Pıªzv¿ B[Qª® £Sv¯ØU
S‘®§mk Av¿ §fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miU
PımhƒÆ & P∫{ıhPÆ, ¡h\∫UPı∫, ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫,
A˜Øızv.
B. h¿ˆÌÕ] Pıª B[Qª® £SvP¯Õ ¡¯µ¢x Av¿
§fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miUPımhƒÆ & ·ıfl],
\uıµı, A˜Øızv, {ıUß∫, Eu¥ß∫, ¨Æ¯£, uı⁄ı,
ˆ\fl¯⁄, ˆPı¿Pzuı.
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£ıhÆ & 3
¨u¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫
(1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏ƶµm]) & B[QªU
Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ¨iƒ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]¯Ø Gv∫zx {¯hˆ£ÿ”
¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø (Early revolts) P∏zv¯⁄®
ˆ£÷u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ 1857¿ Hÿ£mh ¶µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿, |∏¡ıP,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, ©ÿ÷Æ Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ] §µPh⁄zvfl
¨UQØzx¡z¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
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_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ {h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–USz
u¯ª¯© Hÿ”¡∫
A. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B. {ı⁄ı \ıQ®
C. ©∏x \˜Pıuµ∫P“ D. uı¢vØı ˜uı®
7. Pfl¡∫][ J∏
A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ]®£ı¥
C. |ª®§µ¶ D. ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫
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AªS & II
£ıhÆ & 4
19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P,
\©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“
˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© \©ı·Æ, B∂Ø \©ı·Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµı©
Q∏Ën CØUPÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ˜{ıUP[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl
£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh ¬uÆ
£ÿ‘≤Æ, hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ \¨uıØzvÿS
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¯\Øx
AP©xPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ Pÿ”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫], ^UQØ∫ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl ¬¯Õƒ
P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu
CØUP[P“ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Cµı·ıµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ uØı⁄¢u
\µÏ¡v BQ˜Øı∂fl £oP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫, ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫
©ÿ÷Æ Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ BQ˜Øı∫ C¢vØ
\¨uıØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ
CØæÆ.
4. ©ın¡∫ AºPı∫ CØUPzvfl G a] £ÿ‘≤Æ, \∫ ¯\Øx
AP©zPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ^UQØ∫ CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£” CØæÆ.
6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl uıUP[P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ©v®•k ˆ\¥Ø ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ \≠Pzv¿ |ª¬Ø w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ,
˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ P¯ÕØ ¨Øÿ]zu¡∫P“
A. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ B. £izu C¢vØ∫P“
C. £iUPıu C¢vØ∫P“ D. |ª®§µ¶UP“
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A
1. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ &-& £ıª P[Pıuµ vªP∫
2. \zvØı∫zu §µPıË && {√⁄U P¿¬
3. ˜u]Øzu¯ª¡∫ && ˜¡u[P–Æ E£|hu[P–Æ
4. DAV £“ŒP“ && _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v
5. S∏SªÆ && ˜u˜¡¢vµ{ız uıT∫
B
1. Cµı·ı µıƘ©ıPfl µı¥ && B∂Ø \©ı·Æ
2. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫
3. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm && §µÆ© \©ı·Æ
4. _¡ı™ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ && AºPı∫ CØUPÆ
5. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl && §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. uÆ £s£ımi¿ Pın®£mh S¯”P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ ¬∏ƧØ
C¢vØ∫P¯ÕU P¡∫¢u ˜©¿{ımk P∏zxUP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. C¢vØ∫P¯Õz v∏®v®£kzvØ, ¶vØ ]¢u¯⁄PŒfl
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU ˆPın∫P.
3. Q‘zx¡ \©Ø® £µ®ß»Ø∫PŒh™∏¢x C¢xUP–Æ
¨_ºÆP–Æ u©x \©Ø[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl
A¡]ØÆ Hfl Hÿ£mhx?
4. ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P“ {Æ CªUQØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“
Øı¯¡?
5. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl
¡Õ∫a]US C¢vØa ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl £[S £ÿ‘
S‘®§kP.
6. ˆ£sPŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS CµıƘ©ıPflµı¥ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
7. ˜P\∆ \¢vµˆ\fl £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.
8. C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
Øı∫? Hfl?
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Cµ√¢vµ{ız uıT∫
uıT∫, _®§µ©oØ £ıµvØı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ £ª
˜u\£Uu G
G zuıÕ∫PŒfl G zxUP“ C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø
˜u\ En∫¯¡® ˆ£ı[QˆØ«a ˆ\¥u⁄. B⁄ı¿, 1878&¿
CØÿ”®£mh ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»® £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ, £zv∂¯Pa
_u¢vµz¯u® £‘zux. A˜u Bsk §”®§UP®£mh B≤ua
\mhÆ C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P“ ¯¡zv∏®£¯u u¯h ˆ\¥ux.
Azu¯PØ `Ã|¯ªPŒ¿uıfl C¢vØ∫PŒfl E∂¯©P–US®
˜£ıµıh 1885&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_
˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mhx.
C¢vØ ˜u]ØUPı[Qµ_ & 1885 : B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞¿
{ƧU¯P∞«¢u C¢vØ ©UP“ C¢vØ ˜u]ØUPı[Qµ_
A¿ªx C¢vØ ˜u]Ø® ˜£µıØUPm] Gfl” A¯©®§¯⁄
Hÿ£kzv⁄∫. Ax 1885&BÆ Bsk ˆuıh[P®£mhx. K¥ƒ
ˆ£ÿ” B[Qª AvPı∂Øı⁄ Bªfl AU˜h¬Øfl Ó≥Æ
(Allan Octavien Hume) Gfl£¡∫ C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl
˜uıÿ”zvÿS ¨UQØ Pıµn©ıP C∏¢uı∫. Pı[Qµ]fl ¨u¿
TmhÆ ¨Æ¯£∞¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. AUTmhzvÿS h§“≥.
]. £ı⁄∫‚ (W.C. Banerjee) u¯ª¯© ¡Qzuı∫. uıuı£ı¥
ˆ{Õ˜µı‚, _˜µ¢vµ{ız £ı⁄∫‚, ©ufl˜©ıPfl ©ıÕ¬Øı,
GÆ.‚. µı⁄˜h, ˜Pı£ıªQ∏Ën ˜PıP˜ª, ˆ£˜µıÂı
˜©zuı, ‚. _®§µ©oØ A¥Ø∫ ˜£ıfl” uıµıÕ GsnÆ
ˆPısh £ª u¯ª¡∫P–Æ AUTmhzv¿ §µv|vPÕıP
Pª¢x ˆPısh⁄∫.
C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl BµÆ£Pıª ˜{ıUP[P“ : 1. \mh
©fl” ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ §µv|vzx¡Æ ˆ£÷u¿, 2. P¿¬¯Ø®
£µ®¶u¿, 3. £zv∂¯Pa _u¢vµÆ, 4. |∫¡ıPz x¯”∞º∏¢x
}vzx¯”¯Ø® §∂zu¿, 5. C¢vØ |∫¡ıP® £oz
˜u∫ƒP¯Õ (I.C.S.) C¢vØı¬˜ª˜Ø {hzuU ˜Pı∏u¿,
6. Cµıq¡a ˆ\ªƒP¯ÕU S¯”UP ¡ÿ¶÷zxu¿, ©ÿ÷Æ,
7. AØ¿{ımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ ´uı⁄ C”US©v ¡∂¯Ø
AvP∂UPU ˜Pı∏u¿ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
™u¡ıvP“ (1885 & 1909) : BµÆ£ Pıªzv¿ Pı[Qµ_ A¯©v
ØıPƒÆ ™u©ı⁄ ¨¯”∞æÆ ˆ\تıÿ‘Øx. Pı[Qµ]fl
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A∆¡‘U¯P, C¢vØ∫
P–US® £i®£iØıP ˆ£ı÷®
£ım] AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ E÷v
ØŒzux. G⁄˜¡, C¢vØ∫P“
˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ _Ø Bm]
Q¯hUSÆ Gfl” {ƧU¯P∞¿
B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˜£ı∫ ¨Øÿ]
P–US ¨ ©⁄uıP Jz
x¯«®¶ ˆPıkzu⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿
ufl⁄ım] CØUPÆ ufl ¨UQØz
x¡z¯u C«¢ux.
ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uÆ & 1916 : C¢vØ ].B∫. uıÏ
˜u]Ø Pı[Qµ]fl ªU˜⁄ı
©ı{ımi¿ C∏ ¨UQØ ¡µªıÿ÷ |PÃa]P“ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄.
¨uªı¡uıP, ™u¡ıvP–Æ w¬µ¡ıvP–Æ Jfl÷£mh⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ C∏ §∂¬⁄∏Æ K∫ IUQØ ¨fl⁄oØıPa
ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. Cµshı¡uıP, Pı[Qµ_Æ ¨_ºÆ ΩSÆ _Ø
Bm] ˆ£÷¡v¿ J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ Jzx¯«®¶ {¿Qh
J®£¢uÆ Jfl‘¿ ¯PˆØ zvmh⁄∫. Ax ªU˜⁄ı
J®£¢uÆ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
A¢u ªU˜⁄ı ©ı{ımi¿uıfl ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜{∏
Pı¢v‚¯Ø ¨ufl¨uªıPa \¢vzuı∫.
¨u¿ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ¨i¡¯hu¿ & 1918 : ¨u¿ EªP®˜£ı∫
1918&BÆ Bsk ¨i¡¯h¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl \ı∫§¿
˜£ı∂¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ∫P“, u©US B[Q˜ªØ∂h
™∏¢x ]ª \æ¯PP“ Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ ™S¢u B¡æhfl
Gv∫£ı∫zu⁄∫.
©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫k ^∫v∏zua \mhÆ & 1919 :
C¢vØıƒUPı⁄ Aµ_a ˆ\تıÕµı⁄ ©ıs˜hSƒÆ, C¢vØ
Aµ_®§µv|vØı⁄ ˆ\ÆϘ£ı∫kÆ B[Qª® £ıµı–©fl”Æ
Ca\mhzv¯⁄ 1919&BÆ Bsk CØÿ‘h® ˆ£ı÷®¶¯h
Ø¡∫P“ B¡∫. Ca\mhzvfl£i Q‘Ïx¡∫P“, B[Q˜ªı&
C¢vØ∫P“, ^UQØ∫P“ BQØ ≠fl÷ C⁄ ©UP–USÆ u¤z
ˆuıSvP“ ¡«[P®£mh⁄. Ca\mhÆ ©zvØ, ©ıPın \mh
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_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆ¡¿º u∫£ı¯µ {hzvØ¡∫.
A. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. P∫\fl §µ¶
2. ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®
£kzu ˆ¡Œ∞mh \mhÆ
A. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ B. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa
£zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ \mhÆ
C. C¿£∫m \mhÆ D. £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ
3. C¢vØı¬¿ ©UP“ ˆuı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø
A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmh∫ §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1887 B. 1882
C. 1883 D. 1885
5. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
A. P∫\fl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. ™fl˜hı §µ¶
6. ].§. C¿£∫m Gfl£¡∫ J∏
A. £¯hzu¯ª¡∫ B. \mh E÷®§⁄∫
C. u¯ª¯© B–{∫ D. }v£v
7. Tmk”ƒa \[P[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫
A. ∂®£fl §µ¶ B. P∫\fl §µ¶
C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶
8. ˆuı¿ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]z x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫
A. ºmhfl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶
C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. ©ı∫º §µ¶
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A
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ &&- 1877
2. Ìsh∫ S && 1881
3. ˆh¿º u∫£ı∫ && 1904
4. ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ && 1882
5. C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªUP«Pa \mhÆ && 1878
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B
1. A´∫ ˆÂ∫ Aº && £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“
2. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u && \mh E÷®§⁄∫
3. C¿£∫m && B®Pı¤Ø Aµ\∫
4. P∫\fl §µ¶ && ß\ı
5. ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ && ∂®£fl
C
1. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && ™u¡ıvP“
2. Aµ¬¢u ˜PıË && ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ
3. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AƯ©Øı∫ && ˜P\∂
4. £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫ && |≥ C¢vØı
5. Aµ]Ø¿ §a¯\ && _صı‰‚ØÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ u∏P.
2. 1881&BÆ Bsk ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
3. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u Hfl
}UQ⁄ı∫?
4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
5. C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı¬fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?
6. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ Øı¯¡?
7. P∫\fl §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØı¬fl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa
]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPızuı∫?
8. ¡[PıÕÆ Hfl §∂UP®£mhx?
9. C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ A¯u® £µ®§ØvæÆ
Aa_UTh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl, £[Q¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
10. 1878&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh B≤ua \mhzvfl ¬¯Õƒ
Øıx?
11. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_ G®˜£ıx Øıµı¿ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®
£mhx?
12. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˆuıhUPU Pıª ˜{ıUP[P“
Øı¯¡?
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Pı¢vØiP“
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£ıhÆ & 6
C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ &
Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl
£[S £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘≤Æ
Qªı£z CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _صı‰‚ØU Pm], ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ]fl
¨UQØzx¡Æ, E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ, ¡mh ˜©¯\
©ı{ıkP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhzvfl
AÆ\[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS ˜{uı‚ Bÿ‘Ø
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ Q∂®Ï yxUS , ˆ¡“¯Õؘ⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷
CØUPÆ, 1946¿ ¡¢u A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS ,
C¯hUPıª Aµ_ BQد¡ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¯¡® ˆ£”¿.
8. ©ın¡∫ ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶¬fl vmhÆ £ÿ‘
A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
9. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄µım]® £SvP“ C¯n®§¿
¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜hºfl £[S £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
¯\©fl S ¶”UPo®¶
127
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128
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_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1919 B. 1917
C. 1918 D. 1921
2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª≤hfl ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ
B[Qªz uÕ£v
A. ˜©·∫ Ϻˆ©fl B. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫
C. \∫ B∫u∫ ˆ¡¿ªÏº D. P∫⁄¿ ©ıfl\fl
3. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Cµ√¢vµ{ız
uıT∫ x”¢u £mhÆ
A. u¯ª¡∫ B. ¯{mƒm
C. §µ¶ D. Aµ\∫
4. x∏UQUS GvµıP §∂miË Aµ_ ˆ\¥u |ØıØ©ÿ”
ˆ\دªU Psizx Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“ BµÆ§zu CØUPÆ
A. ¨_ΩÆ ΩU B. _Ø µı‰‚ØU Pm]
C. Qªı£z CØUPÆ D. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
5. _صı‰‚ØU Pm] ˜uıfl‘Ø ChÆ
A. Aº®ß∫ ]¯” B. ˆh¿º
C. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı D. AªPı£ız
129
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131
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A
1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ && Pı¢v‚
2. usi® £ØnÆ && ˜{uı‚
3. ˆ·¥Ó¢z && Cµıq¡z uÕ£v
4. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ && 1927
5. ¯\©fl S && 1919
B
1. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜{∏ && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ
2. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı && _صı‰‚ØUPm]
3. £g\ı§fl ][PÆ && Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl
4. G¿¯ª Pı¢v && CµıƘ\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k
5. ¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡Æ && Cªıªı ª·£vµı¥
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
A. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ
B. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]
C. _صı‰‚ØU Pm]
D. E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ
E. ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ı{ıkP“
134
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AªS & IV
£ıhÆ & 7
_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı
(1947 & 2000) & \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh \≠P
\¡ı¿P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS
˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ wshı¯© J»®§ÿPıP ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh
{h¡iU¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh
uıUP[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ß™uı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl
˜{ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯©
∞⁄∫ {ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
143
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_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ ˆuıh[P®£mh Bsk
A. 1960 B. 1950
C. 1952 D. 1951
2. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk
A. 1961 B. 1960
C. 1962 D. 1963
145
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146
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£ıhÆ & 8
C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆuı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P“, vmh™hºfl ˜{ıUP[P“
©ÿ÷Æ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ A¯h¢u
\ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫©ØÆ, uıµıÕ©ØÆ, EªP©ØÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ
C¯¡ S‘zu C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh
A‘¬Ø¿, ˆuı»¿ ~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
158
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160
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C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ¡Œ≤”ƒU ˆPı“¯P∞fl
¨UQØU T÷P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ £g\ ^ªU ˆPı“¯P £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Ao˜\µıU ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄U Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©shªU Tmk”¬fl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı As¯h {ıkP–hfl ©ÿ”
{ıkP–h›Æ ˆPısk“Õ E”¬¯⁄ A‘u¿.
167
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_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı I.{ı. \¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄∫ B⁄ Bsk
A. 1944 B. 1945
C. 1947 D. 1946
2. "A£ı∫ wm' ˆPı“¯P¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø {ık
A. ˆufl B®§∂UPı B. B]Øı
C. ^⁄ı D. B®§∂UPı
3. ¨u¿ Ao˜\µı CØUP ©ı{ık {¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ
A. ˆP¥˜µı B. hıUPı
C. ˆ£¿Q˜µm D. ·Pı∫zuı
4. \ı∫U A¯©®§fl u¯ª¯©∞hÆ
A. hıUPı B. Pız©sm
C. ©ı˜ª D. ¶x v¿º
171
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Si¯©∞Ø¿
AªS & I
£ıhÆ & 1
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ_ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Tmhım] Aµ]fl AÆ\[P“ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯uz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Tmhım] A¯©®§fl ufl¯©¯Øz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ ©zvØ®£SvP“,
(≥¤Øfl §µ˜u\[P“) C¯h∞ªı⁄ E”¬¯⁄® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
_Ø ©v®•k
1. "§ˆhÏ' Gfl£x J∏
A. Q˜µUP ¡ı∫z¯u B. Cªzwfl ¡ı∫z¯u
C. B[Qª ¡ı∫z¯u D. ˜©æ“Õ GxƒÆ
C¿¯ª.
180
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182
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C¢vØı¬fl ©zvØ Aµ_
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vzx¯”
A[P[PŒfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫, §µu© A¯©a\∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫ƒUPı⁄
uSvP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ A¯©a\µ¯¡a ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ ¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ {ıhı–©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P“,
£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ ¬uzv¯⁄®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
©zvØ Aµ_
|∫¡ ıPÆ
|∫¡ıPÆ \mh ©fl”Æ }v ©fl”Æ
x¯nU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ˜ªıU \£ı Cµı‰Ø \£ı C¢vØz u¯ª¯© }v£v
184
A¯©a\µ¯¡U S
543 ˜£∫ 2 ˜£∫ C¢vØU 238 ˜£∫ ©ı|ªa \mh 12 ˜£∫ C¢vØU
©UPÕı¿ Siص_z ©fl”[PŒ⁄ı¿ Siص_z
˜u∫¢ˆukUP® u¯ª¡µı¥ u¯ª¡µı¿
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®
£kQfl”⁄∫. |Ø™UP® |Ø™UP®
£kQfl”⁄∫. £kQfl”⁄∫. £kQfl”⁄∫.
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188
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Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
4. v∏ ˆ©ıµı∫‚˜u\ı¥ 1977-1979
5. v∏ \µs][ 1979-1980
8. v∏ ¬.§. ][ 1989-1990
191
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Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
9. v∏ \¢vµ ˜\P∫ 1990-1991
192
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˜©¿
u⁄U˜P B˜ªı\¯⁄ £¿˜¡÷
≤∂Ø }v ¨¯”±k }v
}v ¬u }v
¡¯µØ¯”
¡¯µØ¯” ¡¯µØ¯” ¡¯µØ¯”
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©zvØ Aµ]fl |∫¡ıP, \mh©fl”, }vz
x¯”PŒfl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzu
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØU Siص_z u¯ª¡∫, x¯nU Siص_z
u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£k¡uÿS∂Ø uSvP¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
199
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_Ø ©v®•k
202
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©ı|ª Aµ_
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª Aµ_ A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∫, ¨uª¯©a\∫, A¯©a\∫P“, \mh®
˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ £o
P¯Õ≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª \mh©fl”Æ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ªzvæ“Õ }vzx¯” A¯©®¶ £ÿ‘
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
B–{∫
¨uª¯©a\∫
A¯©a\µ¯¡
\mh ©fl”Æ
Gs ˆ£Ø∫ Bsk
1. v∏ ]. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªa\ı∂ 1952&-1954
2. v∏ ˜P. Pı©µı‰ 1954-&1957
3. v∏ ˜P. Pı©µı‰ 1957-&1963
4. v∏ GÆ. £Uu¡a\ªÆ 1963-&1967
5. v∏ ].Gfl. Asnızx¯µ 1967-&1969
6. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1969-&1971
7. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1971-&1976
8. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1977-&1980
9. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1980-&1984
10. v∏ GÆ.‚. Cµı©a\¢vµfl 1985-&1987
11. v∏©v ·ı⁄Q Cµı©a\¢vµfl ·⁄¡∂ 1988
12. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1989-&1991
13. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 1991-&1996
14. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 1996-&2001
15. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 2001
16. v∏ K. £fl‹∫ˆ\¿¡Æ 2001-&2002
17. ˆ\¿¬ ˆ·. ˆ·Øªºuı 2002-&2006
18. v∏ ¨. P∏nı|v 2006&200
210
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPÆ, \mh©fl”Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
}vzx¯”∞fl AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ® £miغh
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ B–{∏US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨uª¯©a\∫ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©a\µ¯¡U S ¬fl
AvPıµ[P“, £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª EØ∫}v ©fl”zvfl AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ,
£oP¯Õ≤Æ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
3. ¨uª¯©a\¯µ |Ø™®£¡∫
A. §µu© A¯©a\∫ B. B–{∫
C. Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ D. \mh® ˜£µ¯¡z u¯ª¡∫
2. A¯©a\µ¯¡U S .
216
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AªS & II
£ıhÆ & 4
C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl A¯©®§¯⁄
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØzvfl £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ B¯nØ∫P“ |Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘U S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ G¢u A¯©®¶ E“Õım]z
˜u∫u¿P¯Õ {hzxQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
222
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£ıhÆ & 5
˜u∫u¿P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜u∫u¿ ¨¯”PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ {ıhı–©fl”Æ, ©ı|ªa \mh ©fl”[P“,
E“Õım] A¯©®¶PŒfl E÷®§⁄∫P“ G∆¡ı÷
˜u∫¢ˆukUP®£kQfl”⁄∫ Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©UP“ §µv|vPŒfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘z ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
E“Õım] Aµ_
226
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230
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_Ø ©v®•k
3. ˜©Ø¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆuk®£¡∫P“
A. ˜{∂¯hØıP ©UP“ B. E÷®§⁄∫P“
C. ¨uª¯©a\∫ D. B–{∫
231
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232
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Si≤∂¯©
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Si≤∂¯©, ¡ıUS∂¯© £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h, ¡ıUPŒzu¿
¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Si≤∂¯©US∂Ø uSvP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Aµ]Ø¿ Pm]PŒfl ]fl⁄[P“ £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫PŒfl Ph¯©P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
"Si©Pfl' G⁄® ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ "]mi\fl' G›Æ
B[Qªa ˆ\ı¿ Cªzwfl ˆ©ı» ¡ı∫z¯uØı⁄ "]¬Ï'
Gfl£vº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mhuıSÆ. Aaˆ\ı¿ {Pµ&{ımi¿
(City-State) ¡]®£¡∫ G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“ ˆPıshuıSÆ. {Pµ&
{ık Aµ_P“ ©¯”¢u §fl Aaˆ\ı¿ J∏ {ımi¿ ¡]UQfl”
¡∫P¯ÕU S‘UP® £Øfl£kzu®£mhx. J∏ {ımifl Si
©UP“, ¨ Si≤∂¯© ©ÿ÷Æ Aµ]Ø¿ E∂¯©P¯Õ
A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫.
Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P“ : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ {Æ
{ımifl Si©UP–US® §fl¡∏Æ E∂¯©P¯Õ ¡«[S
Qfl”x :
1. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“.
2. Si©UP“ ©mk˜© ˆ£ıx®£u¬P¯Õ ¡QUPz uSv
≤¯hØ¡∫P“. {©x {ımifl u¯ªØıØ ˆ£ıx®
233
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P¯Õ®
£miغh ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUS∂¯©P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPıÕ∫ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h∞¯⁄® £ÿ‘
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¨¯” £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
_Ø ©v®•k
240
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¶¬∞Ø¿
C¢vØı & K∫ A‘¨PÆ
{Æ{ık £fl¯©a ]”®¶¯hzx. C[S £ª
¡sn[P–Æ Esk. ˜{ÿ¯”Ø, Cfl¯”Ø
C¢vØı¬¿ J∏ PıªÆ u¬∫zuz ufl¯© (timelessness) ≤Æ
|ªƒQfl”x. {√⁄ Pıªzvfl ©ıÿ”[P“, ¨¢¯uØ
Pıªzxhfl J®§k ¯P∞¿, ™PƒÆ ˜¡P©ıP
|PÃQfl”⁄. ¨flˆ£¿ªıÆ, C¢vØı ˆ©¿ª˜¡ ©ıÿ”Æ
A¯h¢ux. ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl Jfl‘µsk T÷PŒ¿ ©mkÆ
©ıÿ”[P¯Õ A›©vzux. B⁄ı¿ Cfl¯”Ø ©ıÿ”[P“
G¿ªı ¡ıÃU¯PU T÷P¯Õ≤Æ £ıv®£x ©mk™fl‘,
Aµ]Ø¿, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ, \¨uıØÆ, ~m£Æ ©ÿ÷Æ
Pªıa\ıµÆ ˜£ıfl” G¿ªı¡ÿ÷“–Æ E∏©ıÿ”Æ
Jfl¯”˜Ø |PÃzv≤“Õx. Ph¢u 50 ¡∏h[P–US
˜©ªı⁄ PıªÆ, _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬¿ |Pâu
©ıÿ”[P¯Õz ˆuŒƒ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ ©v®§hƒÆ J∏
A¯©®§¯⁄ {©USz u∏Qfl”x.
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