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The interaction between industry 4.0 and smart logistics: concepts and
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 11th International Colloquium of Logistics and Supply Chain Management LOGISTIQUA 2018
April, 26-27
FST, Tangier, Morocco

The interaction between industry 4.0 and smart

logistics: concepts and perspectives
KAOUTAR DOUAIOUI (*), MOUHSENE FRI (*), CHARIF MABROUKKI(*), EL ALAMI SEMMA(*)
(*) Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Management Industriel et Innovation (LIMII),
(*) Faculté des Sciences et Techniques – Université Hassan I. Settat, Maroc.
kaoutar.douaioui@gmail.com, frimouhsene@gmail.com, charif.mabrouki@uhp.ac.ma, semmaalam@yahoo.com

vehicles. Researchers expected that the full realization of the

Abstract — This work generally deals with the state of art of
the three industrial revolutions that formed the basis of the
current fourth industrial revolution. Thus, it deals in particular
with the context and the characteristics of the fourth industrial
revolution. This revolution consists of four elements that are
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things IOT,
Internet Services (IOS) and Smart Factory. The appearance of
Industry 4.0 prompted researchers to develop a new logistic
concept called "smart logistics" to accompany the progress of
Industry 4.0, which motivated us to look for the stages of
development of logistics, through the four industrial revolutions
up to "smart logistics" and define this new concept of logistics
to facilitate its implementation in practice. This article also
discusses the prospects for future researches in the field of
smart.
Keywords— Industry 4.0, smart logistics, Systèmes
cyber physiques, Internet of things, Internet of services
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, globalization and the release of
international trade have multiplied logistical flows between
different countries and organizations, which has increased the
level of complexity of the logistics chain. This complexity
presents many challenges for companies, namely: the growth
of international competition, the permanent volatility of the
market, the demand for personalized products and the
shortening of product life cycles [1]. To face these
challenges, the Germans laid the foundation for a new
industrial revolution in 2011 called "Industry 4.0" which is
the result of the development of the Internet of Things and
Big Data.
The first industrial revolution was linked to the
mechanization of production by steam engines, the second
was related to the introduction of mass production through
electricity which was based on the computerization of
business processes and new information technologies serving
the industry. Today the fourth revolution is under the
domination of smart products, 3D printers and autonomous
vision of Industry 4.0 would take years [2] the fourth revolution
relies on the use of digital product models, which must meet the
requirements of customers and manufactured in smart factories
"smart factory" [3].
New technological solutions such as the Internet of Things,
Big Data, are creating opportunities not only for the industry, but
also for developing logistics and supply chain management [4]
Since logistics meets the requirements of industry, it must
support industrial development, according to [5], the success of
industry 4.0 is directly linked to a logistics able to support the
progress of new industrial revolution, hence the emergence of
smart logistics.
Current sensory technologies that provide real-time data on
Object Logistics and updates to environmental change reports
are innovative solutions that can revolutionize logistics processes
[6]. These solutions make logistics processes flexible, scalable
and intelligent, hence the name "smart logistics". Smart logistics
is able to increase logistics visibility and master the entire supply
chain. Smart Logistics provides intuitive monitoring information
and visibility across the entire supply chain and across resources
such as products, people and vehicles in the chain. This
intelligent monitoring environment provided by new
technologies, insists contractors to make their logistics
environment smarter to respond quickly to the increasing
demands of global supply chains and current transportation
systems by providing cost-effective services and safe, durable
and timely products to the customer anytime and anywhere [7].
This work consists of four sections; the first aims to define
the four industrial revolutions. The second section aims to define
and treat the characteristics of industry 4.0. The third aims to
establish the relationship between the appearance of industry 4.0
and smart logistics. The fourth aims to define smart logistics and
finally we present the perspectives and conclusion of this work.
II. THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL RÉVOLUTIONS
The world has experienced four industrial revolutions (Figure
1), the first industrial revolution, appeared in the second half of
the 18th century. It corresponds to the transition from manual

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 LOGISTIQUA 2018 y April, 26-27 y FST, Tangier, Morocco
production to mechanized production. The massive
extraction of coal coupled with the invention of the steam
engine provides a new energy that has given the first impetus
to the entire industrial process through the development of
rail networks and the acceleration of economic, human and
material exchanges.
Fig. 1. The four stages of the industrial revolutions
At the end of the 19th century, he second industrial
revolution was characterized by It is through the
electrification of production systems and mass production.
The emergence of energy sources and the invention of the
combustion engine set out to reap the full potential. In
addition, the steel industry is developing based on steel as
exponential demands it arouses. Synthetic chemistry
develops, producing artificial textiles, dyes and fertilizers.
The means of communication are revolutionized by the
successive inventions of the telegraph and the telephone, as
well as the means of transport with the appearance of the
automobile then the plane at the beginning of the 20th
century. These many innovations were allowed by the
centralization of researches and structured capitals around an
economy and an industry, based on productive models
imagined by Taylor and Ford.
The third is characterized by The advent of a new energy
with a potential outperforming its predecessors, the nuclear
begins a third industrial revolution. the automation of
production through electronics and information technology in
the 20th century. The advent of electronics, the transistor, the
microprocessor, telecommunications and also computer
science as new technologies have allowed the production of
miniaturized materials, which themselves will open research
and development doors, including those of space.and
biotechnology. For the industry, this revolution marks the
first step in the automation of production, enabled by two
major inventions: programmable logic controller and the
robot.
In short, the first industrial revolution used water and
steam to mechanize production, the second used electricity to
create mass production, and the third used electronics and
information technology to automate production [8]. Today, a
fourth industrial revolution is based on the third and the
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129
digital revolution that has occurred since the middle of the last
century. A fourth revolution in the exponential development of
several initiatives launched in this direction, including the
Internet and the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership in the
United States, Industry 4.0 in German [9], New Industrial
France, etc. This development is characterized by a fusion of
technologies that blurs the lines between the physical, digital and
biological spheres and that disrupts the industries of all countries.
The breadth and depth of these changes signal the transformation
of whole systems of production, management and governance.
III. THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industry 4.0 appeared for the first time in 2011, thanks to a
German effort. The term 'Industry 4.0' evokes a fourth industrial
revolution and brings together a set of technologies and concepts
related to the reorganization of the value chain [10]. Thus, the
Industry 4.0 vision is based on real-time communication to
monitor and act on physical systems. Systems communicate and
cooperate with each other, and also communicate with humans
to decentralize decision-making. Industry 4.0 therefore focuses
on connectivity, promoting the development of new processes,
products and services.
The fourth industrial revolution takes different names
depending on contributors and geographical areas. We find terms
such as : Industry 4.0, Smart Factory, Smart Industry, Factory of
the Future, Industry of the Future, Digital Factory, etc. These
efforts address different perspectives on the emergence of new
processes, products and services. Indeed, Industry 4.0 is not just
about production processes - operational excellence, but also
revolutionizes the horizon of products and services.
According to Hermann et al. [10] Industry 4.0 consists of four
key elements namely:
A. Cyber-physical system (CPS) :
Cyber-physical system is mechanisms capable of exchanging
information autonomously, triggering actions and controlling
each other [11]. CPSs integrate sensors, software and
communication elements, as well as actuators, to monitor and act
in real time on the physical world. CPSs have two parallel
networks to control, namely a physical network of
interconnected components of the infrastructure and a cybernetic
network of intelligent controllers and communication links
between them. "[12] CPSs achieve the integration of these
networks through the use of multiple sensors, actuators,
processing and control units and communication devices.
B. Internet of things, IOT) :
The term "Internet of Things" became popular in the first
decade of the 21st century and is considered an initiator of
Industry 4.0 [11]. The Internet of Things is defined by ISO / IEC
30141 as an interconnection infrastructure for physical entities,
systems, information sources and intelligent services capable of
processing information from the physical and the virtual world,
and to influence the activities of the physical world. According
to Porter and Heppelmann, smart, connected products offer
exponential expansion possibilities for new features, much
greater reliability, much higher product utilization and
 LOGISTIQUA 2018 y April, 26-27 y FST, Tangier, Morocco
capabilities that transcend traditional product boundaries
[13]. Also Nolin and Olson [14] note that the IOT envisions
a society where all members have access to an Internet
environment populated by self-configuration, self-
management, intelligent technology anytime and anywhere
(e.g. 361). The IOT is expected to present many economic
opportunities and can be considered one of the most
promising technologies for revolutionary development.
C. Internet of services (IOS):
Today the world has become like a "service society" [15].
As a result, there are strong indicators such as IOT, which
introduce the Internet of services (IOS), based on the idea that
services are easily accessible through Web technologies. This
allows businesses and private users to combine, create and
deliver new types of value-added services. [16] It can be
assumed that Internet-based market shares will play a key
role in future industries.
D. SMART FACTORY:
Until now, the Cyber-Physical System, the Internet of
Things and the Internet of Services have been introduced as
the main components of Industry 4.0. It should be noted that
these "concepts" are closely related to one another, since CPS
communicates on IOT and IOS, thus allowing the so-called
"smart factory,” which is based on the idea of a decentralized
production system, in which "Human beings, machines and
resources communicate with each other as naturally as in a
social network" [11]. Close liaison and communication
between products, machines, transport systems and humans
should change the existing production logic. As a result,
smart factories can be considered another key feature of
Industry 4.0. In the smart factory, products are independently
found in production processes and are easily identifiable and
localizable at any time, pursuing the idea of cost-effective,
highly flexible and individualized mass production. [11]
notes that smart factories will make the increasing complexity
of manufacturing processes manageable for the people who
work in them, and ensure that production can be
simultaneously attractive, sustainable in urban areas, and
profitable. Therefore, the potentials that could come with
smart factories should be huge. It is important to understand
that not only the production processes, but also the roles of
the employees should change radically. Spath [17] expect
employees to have greater responsibility, to act as decision
makers and to undertake supervisory tasks instead of driving
forklifts, for example. In the same context, some critics have
recently pointed out that the automated and autonomous
nature of the smart factory could lead to serious destruction
of the work.
IV. INDUSTRY 4.0 AND LOGISTICS
The production and the logistics are entangled, logistics is
an appropriate area of application for Industry 4.0 [18].
Moreover, Industry 4.0 in its pure vision can only become a
reality if logistics is able to provide production systems with
the input factors needed at the right time, in the right quality
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130
and in the right place [19]. So putting an industry 4.0 into practice
can not succeed without an adaptive logistics system. The
logistics must be as flexible and agile as the production systems,
industry 4.0 that it supports. With the fourth industrial
revolution, logistics has also made a leap towards "intelligent
logistics,” which is committed to ensure real-time monitoring of
material flows, better transport management and precise
management risks. This evolution of logistics is also due to the
integration of cyber-physical systems and Internet of Things in
logistics systems.
On the path of industry progress, logistics has taken the same
stages of development as production, which starts from
Taylorism through lean, to reach today the ideal that is smart
logistics (see Table 1).
As a starting point for logistics, the introduction of
standardized pallets can be considered a universal transport aid
in the 1950s. This created the prerequisite for standardizing
components and systems for material flow and logistics. The first
devices for internal transport and the transfer of load carriers
(forklift trucks) as well as for their storage (stacking crane) were
developed later. As a result, load transport could be efficiently
managed in large quantities and huge increases in productivity
could be achieved [21].
Over the next decades, an understanding of logistics as a
discipline is developed to become the management of the entire
flow starting with materials to the finished product. As the focus
of industrial concentration shifts to customers, the logistics
requirements have also changed: goods must now be provided to
the customer just in time and as individually as possible and also
reduce costs.
With the fourth industrial revolution, logistics will also take
the next step towards "smart logistics", which adapts flexibly and
quickly to a volatile environment based on increased availability
of information to all. logistics systems and also able to draw
conclusions from the recorded data. In times of decentralization
and individualization of production, logistics tasks become more
flexible and intelligent to better optimize costs, time and
resources. Only in this way can logistics also generate value for
the customer in the future by providing the right product, at the
right time, in the right place and with the right quantity and
quality.
TABLE I. INDUSTRIAL AND LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENTS OVER
TIME [22]
Industry 1.0 and Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0
2.0
˜ Analog ˜ Internet and ˜ Internet of Things
Super_system
communication Intranet ˜ Localized markets
˜ National markets ˜ Export markets ˜ Mobile & Cloud
˜ Great calculators ˜ PC Computing
 LOGISTIQUA 2018 y April, 26-27 y FST, Tangier, Morocco
Industry 1.0 and Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0 smart service, Uckelmann [26] gave a definition of smart
2.0 logistics that is based on the use of technology to obtain
˜ Neo-Taylorism ˜ Lean Production ˜ Smart Factory information on the flow of material then the treat for monitoring,
˜ Production with ˜ Just in time ˜ Individualized
production control and other purposes.
stocks. production
˜ Resilient
System

˜ Execution task. ˜ Process In fact, smart logistics focuses on technology development in

production
˜ Organization with orientation four main areas [7], namely the effectiveness of schedules and
foreman. ˜ Team ˜ Augmented reality
for the operator schedules, the use of information and communication
˜ Organization technologies (ICT), the involvement and training of staff and
˜ Mechanization ˜ Automation ˜ virtualization ultimately the government policy of the country. In fact,
Conventional ˜ Machine tool to ˜ Social Machine information and communication technologies support
machines numerical control ˜ Virtual Production
Under system

scheduling and scheduling by reporting resource information at

˜ Work plans ˜ ERP / MES ˜ Smart products
˜ Drawing boards
˜ 3D ˜ Mobile
˜ Steering wheels ˜ CAD / CAD-CAM communication
˜ Control panel system
V. DEFINITION OF SMART LOGISTICS:
Mark Weiser [23] in 1991 put the first step for
"intelligence" in the industry by the invention of "Ubiquitous
Computing". Weiser predicted that future computer
technology would become "invisible," "calm," and
"connected." In fact, the Fourth Industrial Revolution proves
that Weiser is always right.
Since the term "Smart" associated with products and
services can be inferred from technological innovations, the
definition of Smart Logistics will be tied to change according
to current technological developments. Weiser even thinks
that the term "Smart" is misleading and critical given its
dependence on time: the "Smart House" of 1935 had an
electric light in every room. The "Smart House" of 1955
dared to put a television and a telephone in every room. And
the "Smart House" of 2005 will have computers in every
room [23]. These examples show that "Smart" is defined by
the deployment of innovative and commercially available
state-of-the-art technology. A definition of "smart logistics"
is reasonable to group together the corresponding research
and to arrive at a common understanding. The definition must
be flexible and adaptive to integrate future technological
developments.
Currently, smart logistics is at the center of many research
and development projects that aim to track, monitor and
predict the progress of logistics solutions [21]. Smart
Logistics has proved its effectiveness in supply chain
management in distributed, uncertain and dynamic
environments [24]. But, until today, there is not a single
definition of smart logistics in the literature[24]. According
to [25] "Smart Logistics" is related to planning and control by
tools, means and intelligent methods, he adds that the degree
of intelligence depends on the applications and methods used
since the traceability of products and the identification of the
elements of its environment until the detection of the
problem, the choice and the automatic execution of the
solution. Based on the concept of the smart product and the
the right time and in the right place. Planning processes are
implemented by trained and qualified employees to handle
complex situations. On the other hand, government policy
influences smart logistics since it is the main cause of the
variation in logistics prices.
CONCLUSION
This article discusses the three industrial revolutions that
formed the basis of the current fourth industrial revolution
"Industry 4.0". The fourth industrial revolution can be described
as a shift in manufacturing logic towards an increasingly
decentralized and self-regulating approach to value creation,
through concepts and technologies such as Cyber-Physical
Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IOT), Internet Services (IOS)
and smart factory. These new techniques help companies meet
future production requirements. The global nature of this
revolution forces companies to individually define what Industry
4.0 means to them. As a result, there is not one truth and reality
behind "Industry 4.0".
The increased importance of a new logistics that can
accompany and support the progress of industry 4.0 has led
researchers to develop a new, "Smart Logistics". This new
concept of logistics aims to facilitate real-time information
exchange, increase visibility and improve supply chain
flexibility.
In fact, the existing academic literature lacks a clear and
common definition of the Industry 4.0 concept. As a result, the
image of Industry 4.0 is still rather blurred, among researchers
and also among practitioners. In this context, future researches
should establish a more accurate understanding of the
(constitutive) characteristics of Industry 4.0, particularly for
different business sectors or application domains. In addition, we
suggest that businesses should be supported on the way to
Industry 4.0 in a practical way. This could be achieved through
concepts and frameworks, which present different building
blocks and dimensions of Industry 4.0 and can therefore serve as
guidance. An applied SWOT framework, for example, could
support companies by analyzing Industry 4.0 opportunities in the
context of a company's strengths, weaknesses and environment.
Moreover, a "Readiness Framework" or an Industry 4.0
Readiness Framework could help identify potential barriers to
implement by listing critical success factors, such as the
availability of technology, the degree of digitization , staff
capabilities and knowledge and training. The enormous digital
development in the industry 4.0 or in the smart logistics is also

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 LOGISTIQUA 2018 y April, 26-27 y FST, Tangier, Morocco
accompanied by numerical threats considering the huge
quantity of the exchanges, which requires a wide treatment
and a big development of cybersecurity.
In addition, it is essential to study the application of smart
notions in different sides of logistique for example seaports,
airports, warehouse etc., [27] recommends adding à new
concept to dry port-seaport system. Also, there is a strong
need to concretize and justify the concept of Industry 4.0 in
terms of financial aspects, i.e. revenues and costs. For
example, approximate quantification of cost benefits and
benefits (for example, reduction in inventory costs,
complexity costs, salary costs) as well as required
investments (e.g. for infrastructure or employee training). It
is true that such quantification is difficult, so companies may
become discouraged in investing in Industry 4.0 unless they
have a clear financial imagination. Finally, future researches
should also examine the effects of Industry 4.0 on companies’
organizational, operational and legal structures.
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