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a
Pediatra. CS Vélez-Sur. UGC de Pediatría y Neonatología Málaga-Este Axarquía. Málaga. España
Publicado en Internet: • bMédico de Familia. CS Vélez-Sur. UGC Vélez-Málaga Sur. Área de Gestión Sanitaria Este
12-septiembre-2016 de Málaga Axarquía. Málaga. España.
Verónica Fernández Romero:
veronicafernandez565@gmail.com
Resumen
Introducción: la escarlatina es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por Streptococcus pyogenes que
produce un cuadro característico de faringoamigdalitis y exantema. Su diagnóstico suele ser fácil, pero
los casos atípicos pueden pasar desapercibidos o ser confundidos con otros cuadros.
Pacientes y método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de escarlatina en la población pediá-
trica adscrita a un centro de salud en la temporada 2013/2014. Describimos la epidemiología, las ca-
racterísticas clínicas, las pruebas microbiológicas, el tratamiento y la presencia de recidivas.
Resultados: se obtuvieron 91 casos, resultando una incidencia de 3,2%, de los que 76 fueron confir-
mados microbiológicamente con test rápido o cultivo. La edad media fue 4,15 años. Los principales
motivos de consulta fueron “fiebre y dolor de garganta” y “fiebre y erupción cutánea”. Las alteraciones
faríngeas más frecuentes fueron la hiperemia y petequias en paladar, y en pocos pacientes se encontró
exudado amigdalar. Casi un 40% de pacientes tenían síntomas catarrales, 71 pacientes presentaban un
Palabras clave: exantema típico, y 20 uno atípico. La mayoría se trató con amoxicilina o penicilina durante diez días;
Escarlatina 15 pacientes tuvieron recidivas.
Niños Conclusiones: de los datos obtenidos destacan el gran número de casos, la presencia de síntomas ca-
Streptococcus tarrales y la poca frecuencia de exudado amigdalar. Fue llamativa la variabilidad de los exantemas con
pyogenes hallazgos como eritrodermia extensa, urticaria, exantema macular, petequias en localizaciones atípicas
Exantema y edema facial y de miembros. El test rápido en Atención Primaria permite, por su utilidad, el diagnós-
Test de diagnóstico tico de casos dudosos.
rápido
Introduction: scarlet fever is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes that manifests as
a typical pharyngoamigdalitis and exanthema. Its diagnosis is usually easy, but atypical cases may go
unnoticed.
Patients and methodology: retrospective descriptive study of pediatric population assigned to a Pri-
mary Care center a health centre between 2013/2014. We define the epidemiology, clinical character-
istics, microbiological tests, treatment and appearance of relapses.
Results: 91 cases, resulting in an incidence of 3.2% of which 76 were confirmed microbiologically with
a rapid test or culture. The average age was 4,15 years. The main reasons for consultation were “fever
and sore throat” and “fever and rash”. The most common alterations were pharyingeal hyperemia and
petechiae on the palate and in a few patients we found tonsillar exudate. Almost 40% of patients had
Key words: catarrhal symptoms. 71 patients showed a typical exanthema and 20 of them an atypical one. Most of
Scarlet fever them were treated with amoxicillin or penicillin for 10 days. 15 patients had recurrence.
Children Conclusions: from the data obtained it is important to highlight the large amount of cases, the presence
Streptococcus of catarrhal symptoms and the infrequency of tonsillar exudates. It was remarkable the variability of
pyogenes recurrences with findings such as extensive erythroderma, urticaria, macular rashes, atypically placed
Rash petechiae and facial and member edema. The rapid test on primary care units allows diagnosis on
Diagnostic doubtful cases.
reagent kits
Cómo citar este artículo: Fernández Romero V, Rodríguez Sánchez I, Gómez Fernández G. Hallazgos inusuales en un brote de escarlatina. Rev
Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2016;18:231-41.
Edad (años)
30
27 27
25
20
15
15
9
10
4 4
5
3
1 1
Figura 2. Distribución por meses (septiembre/2013 a agosto/2014) de los casos diagnosticados de escarlatina
N.º casos/mes
16 15 15
14 14
14
12
10 9
8
6 6
6 5
4
4 3
2
0 0
0
sept. 13 oct. 13 nov. 13 dic. 13 ene. 14 feb. 14 mar. 14 abr. 14 may. 14 jun. 14 jul. 14 ago. 14
estreñimiento, edema facial, disuria, otalgia y do- cual se incluyeron en el análisis. Otros hallazgos
lor de miembros. exploratorios fueron alteraciones de la lengua,
Los hallazgos en la exploración se describen en la queilitis y adenopatías cervicales. La descamación
Tabla 2. EL 100% de los pacientes presentaban al- está registrada solo en seis casos. En un paciente
teraciones faríngeas y exantema, que considera- se encontró dermatitis perianal, cuyo exudado
mos hallazgos clínicos imprescindibles para el tanto faríngeo como perianal resultaron test es-
diagnóstico. Las alteraciones faríngeas más fre- treptocócico positivos.
cuentes fueron la hiperemia y las petequias en pa- Los casos confirmados microbiológicamente fue-
ladar, mientras que el exudado amigdalar se en- ron 76 (75 mediante test rápido y uno por cultivo),
contraba en un número escaso de pacientes. El 15 fueron casos probables y correspondían a pa-
exantema típico (se consideró como tal el que cientes vistos con anterioridad en el servicio de
cumplía las características descritas en la intro- urgencias, en el que no disponen de test rápido,
ducción) estaba presente en 71 pacientes, mien- que al ser atendidos en la consulta de Atención Pri-
tras que en 20 pacientes observamos un exantema maria ya estaban con antibioterapia.
de características atípicas: cinco presentaban Como complicaciones supurativas, tres pacientes
exantema maculoso no rasposo, uno tenía afecta- tuvieron otitis media aguda. Ningún paciente pre-
ción palmoplantar, uno eritema y edema en pabe- sentó complicaciones no supurativas.
llones auriculares, cinco eritrodermia extensa y Se describieron 15 casos recidivantes: diez casos
dos eritrodermia localizada en la cara coincidiendo (11%) presentaron recidivas en el mismo periodo
con el exantema rasposo típico en el resto del cuer- de estudio (nueve de ellos dos episodios y un pa-
po, cinco edema palpebral y/o facial y/o distal de ciente tres episodios) y cinco (5,4%) se diagnostica-
miembros, uno petequias en cara, cuello y axilas, ron de escarlatina en periodos anteriores al estu-
un paciente presentó dos episodios de exantema dio (uno de ellos, dos episodios). Uno de los
urticarial (en uno de ellos asociaba también piel de pacientes tuvo cuatro episodios en total, dos du-
lija). Todos los pacientes con exantemas atípicos rante el periodo de estudio y dos en meses poste-
tenían test microbiológico positivo, motivo por el riores.
Figura 3. Distribución por semanas de los casos diagnosticados de escarlatina en la temporada 2013-2014 en
nuestra población de estudio y en Reino Unido. Obsérvese la similitud
Población de estudio
8
7
7
6
6
5 5 5
5
35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
Reino Unido
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33
Número de semana
El tratamiento fue realizado con antibioterapia un paciente, ante la sospecha de shock tóxico con
oral: penicilina en 23 pacientes (25,3%), amoxicili- eritrodermia extensa, se trató con cloxacilina, clin-
na en 60 (65,9%), amoxicilina-clavulánico en cinco damicina y amoxicilina-clavulánico endovenosos.
(5,5%), un paciente alérgico a amoxicilina se trató La duración de la antibioterapia prescrita fue de
con josamicina y un paciente con escarlatina recu- diez días, excepto en un paciente que solo se reali-
rrente en su tercer episodio con clindamicina. Solo zó durante ocho días.
Otros 14
Dolor de garganta 5
Erupción cutánea 9
Fiebre 13
0 5 10 15 20 25
100
90 91
80
70
60
50
40
33
30
20
15
10
7
5 5
0 1
250 2008/09
150
100
50
37 40 43 46 49 52 3 6 9 12 15 º8 21 24 27 30 33 36
Número de semana
Cedido por cortesía de Public Health England.
febril, hubo ausencia de fiebre en un porcentaje Los síntomas catarrales estaban presentes en casi
alto de casos (15,4%). Esto podría deberse a que la un 40% de los pacientes, lo que nos hace pensar que
escarlatina pueda cursar sin fiebre, o que esta se bien existía una coinfección viral o que la escarlati-
iniciara de forma más tardía a la aparición del na también pudiera ser responsable de ellos, opción
exantema. que creemos menos probable. Otras publicaciones
también refieren este hallazgo. Para aclararlo sería Recordando que el EGA produce otras enfermeda-
interesante realizar estudios que incluyeran prue- des, en un paciente la escarlatina coincidió con en-
bas de detección de virus respiratorios8. fermedad estreptocócica perianal. De hecho, el
La hiperemia faríngea estaba descrita en casi to- motivo de consulta fue estreñimiento con dolor
dos los casos, sin embargo, en muy pocos pacien- intenso a la defecación. El test estreptocócico fue
tes se observó el exudado faríngeo. El exudado fa- positivo tanto en exudado de faringe como de la
ríngeo se considera un hallazgo típico en la región perianal.
bibliografía clásica, así como en las escalas de valo- Otros hallazgos clínicos, como cambios en la len-
ración de Centor y McIsaac en las que puntúa posi- gua, queilitis y descamación cutánea, no están
tivamente a favor de la etiología estreptocócica bien relatados en nuestro estudio debido a su re-
frente a la viral. Esto no concuerda con la escasez trospectividad y falta de seguimiento longitudinal.
de casos de nuestra muestra ni con los datos de La variabilidad clínica en la forma de presentación
otros estudios clínicos que ponen en duda la vali- hace que la escarlatina pueda confundirse con
dez de estas escalas6,8,29,30. otras enfermedades como cuadros virales, la enfer-
Lo más interesante de nuestros hallazgos fue la va- medad de Kawasaki o el shock tóxico. Es en estos
riedad de exantemas. Por una parte, muchos de los cuadros dudosos en los que cobra máxima impor-
exantemas que cumplían criterios típicos eran de tancia los test microbiológicos para ayudar al diag-
poca intensidad y extensión, razón por lo cual pen- nóstico. Aunque bien es cierto que un test positivo
samos que pueden pasar desapercibidos tanto a no debe descartar otra enfermedad como las men-
los cuidadores como a los profesionales sanitarios. cionadas, la pronta respuesta a la antibioterapia
En un 20% de los casos encontramos exantemas atí- podría evitar tratamientos más agresivos e ingre-
picos, todos ellos con confirmación microbiológica, sos prolongados ante la sospecha de otras patolo-
que junto con el resto de la exploración compatible y gías más graves.
la situación epidemiológica nos llevaron al diagnós- En cuanto a las recidivas, no hay datos bibliográfi-
tico de escarlatina. Por otra parte, cabe la posibilidad cos acerca de su incidencia. Los textos clásicos re-
de que se trataran de cuadros virales en pacientes fieren la posibilidad de tener hasta tres episodios;
portadores faríngeos de EGA, algo que creemos poco sin embargo, tenemos un paciente que presentó
probable al tener el resto de datos a favor. cuatro. Estudios recientes están hallando nuevas
De los exantemas atípicos destacamos: la eritrode- variedades de toxinas pirogénicas que hacen posi-
mia, el exantema urticarial y la presencia de ede- ble que los pacientes puedan sufrir múltiples ata-
ma facial y en región distal de miembros. Uno de ques. Se han descrito al menos hasta nueve toxi-
los pacientes con eritrodermia generalizada sin nas diferentes5,6,11,12,14,25,31.
aspereza tuvo un episodio anterior con el mismo A pesar de las limitaciones de nuestro estudio, este
exantema que motivó su ingreso en el hospital por informe destaca varios hallazgos clínicos impor-
sospecha de shock tóxico; la evolución del cuadro, tantes poco reportados previamente. Es necesario
así como la aparición meses después del mismo trabajos más amplios acerca de los síntomas y sig-
exantema con test estreptocócico positivo que nos de la escarlatina, ya que su conocimiento po-
desapareció tras 24 horas de amoxicilina, sugiere dría ayudar a evitar la confusión con otras enferme-
que el cuadro por el que ingresó fue una escarlati- dades. Recomendamos realizar test microbiológico
na. Otro exantema atípico llamativo fue de tipo en los casos en los que el diagnóstico está en duda.
habonoso compatible con una urticaria. Este acon- También sería interesante clarificar la epidemiolo-
teció en dos episodios febriles en un mismo pa- gía en nuestro país, para ello sería necesario que la
ciente y se acompañó de faringe muy hiperémica escarlatina fuera una enfermedad de declaración
con test positivo a EGA, uno de los episodios ade- obligatoria.
más de la urticaria asociaba piel de lija.
Los autores declaran no presentar conflictos de intereses en EGA: Streptococcus pyogenes del grupo A.
relación con la preparación y publicación de este artículo.
the United Kingdom, 2013/2014. Euro Surveill. 26. Yang P, Peng X, Zhang D, Wu S, Liu Y, Cui S, et al.
2014;19:20749. Characteristics of group A Streptococcus strains cir-
20. Lamden KH. An outbreak of scarlet fever in a primary culating during scarlet fever epidemic, Beijing,
school. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:394-7. China, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:909-15.
21. Group A streptococcal infections: third update on 27. Staszewska E, Kondej B, Czarkowski MP. Scarlet fever
seasonal activity, 2008/09. Health Protection Report. in Poland in 2012. Przegl Epidemiol. 2014;68:209-12.
En: Health Protection Agency (HPA) [en línea] [con- 28. Public Health England. Interim guidelines for the pu-
sultado el 08/09/2016]. Disponible en www.hpa.org. blic health management of scarlet fever outbreaks in
uk/hpr/archives/2009/news1309.htm#igas3 schools, nurseries and other childcare settings. En:
22. Group A streptococcal infections: sixth update on Public Health England [en línea] [consultado el
seasonal activity, 2014/15. En: Public Health England 08/09/2016]. Disponible en www.gov.uk/govern
Health [en línea] [consultado el 08/09/2016]. ment/publications/scarlet-fever-managing-out
Disponible en www.gov.uk/government/uploads/ breaks-in-schools-and-nurseries
system/uploads/attachment_data/file/442058/ 29. Roggen I, van Berlaer G, Gordts F. Centor criteria in
hpr2315_sf-gas6.pdf children in a paediatric emergency department: for
23. Luk EYY, Lo JYC, Li AZL, Lau MCK, Cheung TKM, Wong what it is worth. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002712.
AYM, et al. Scarlet fever epidemic, Hong Kong, 2011. 30. Cohen JF, Cohen R, Levy C, Thollot F, Benani M, Bidet
Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1658-61. P, et al. Selective testing strategies for diagnosing
24. Chen M, Yao W, Wang X, Li Y, Chen M, Wang G, et al. group A streptococcal infection in children with
Outbreak of scarlet fever associated with emm12 ty pharyngitis: a systematic review and prospective
pe group A Streptococcus in 2011 in Shanghai, Chin multicentre external validation study. CMAJ. 2015;
a. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:158-62. 187:23-32.
25. Wu PC, Lo WT, Chen SJ, Wang CC. Molecular characte- 31. Casaní Martínez C, Morales Suárez-Varela M, Santos
rization of Group A streptococcal isolates causing Durántez M, Otero MC, Pérez Tamarit D, Asensi Botet F.
scarlet fever and pharyngitis among young children: A Escarlatina recurrente. An Esp Pediatr. 1999;51:300-2.
retrospective study from a northern Taiwan medical
center. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2014;47:304-10.
a
Pediatra. CS Vélez-Sur. UGC de Pediatría y Neonatología Málaga-Este Axarquía. Málaga. España
Published online: • bMédico de Familia. CS Vélez-Sur. UGC Vélez-Málaga Sur. Área de Gestión Sanitaria Este
12-september-2016 de Málaga Axarquía. Málaga. España.
Verónica Fernández Romero:
veronicafernandez565@gmail.com
Abstract
Introduction: scarlet fever is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes that manifests as
a typical pharyngoamigdalitis and exanthema. Its diagnosis is usually easy, but atypical cases may go
unnoticed.
Patients and methodology: retrospective descriptive study of pediatric population assigned to a Pri-
mary Care center a health centre between 2013/2014. We define the epidemiology, clinical character-
istics, microbiological tests, treatment and appearance of relapses.
Results: 91 cases, resulting in an incidence of 3.2% of which 76 were confirmed microbiologically with
a rapid test or culture. The average age was 4,15 years. The main reasons for consultation were “fever
and sore throat” and “fever and rash”. The most common alterations were pharyingeal hyperemia and
petechiae on the palate and in a few patients we found tonsillar exudate. Almost 40% of patients had
Key words: catarrhal symptoms. 71 patients showed a typical exanthema and 20 of them an atypical one. Most of
Scarlet fever them were treated with amoxicillin or penicillin for 10 days. 15 patients had recurrence.
Children Conclusions: from the data obtained it is important to highlight the large amount of cases, the presence
Streptococcus of catarrhal symptoms and the infrequency of tonsillar exudates. It was remarkable the variability of
pyogenes recurrences with findings such as extensive erythroderma, urticaria, macular rashes, atypically placed
Rash petechiae and facial and member edema. The rapid test on primary care units allows diagnosis on
Diagnostic doubtful cases.
reagent kits
Introducción: la escarlatina es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por Streptococcus pyogenes que
produce un cuadro característico de faringoamigdalitis y exantema. Su diagnóstico suele ser fácil, pero
los casos atípicos pueden pasar desapercibidos o ser confundidos con otros cuadros.
Pacientes y método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de escarlatina en la población pediá-
trica adscrita a un centro de salud en la temporada 2013/2014. Describimos la epidemiología, las ca-
racterísticas clínicas, las pruebas microbiológicas, el tratamiento y la presencia de recidivas.
Resultados: se obtuvieron 91 casos, resultando una incidencia de 3,2%, de los que 76 fueron confir-
mados microbiológicamente con test rápido o cultivo. La edad media fue 4,15 años. Los principales
motivos de consulta fueron “fiebre y dolor de garganta” y “fiebre y erupción cutánea”. Las alteraciones
faríngeas más frecuentes fueron la hiperemia y petequias en paladar, y en pocos pacientes se encontró
exudado amigdalar. Casi un 40% de pacientes tenían síntomas catarrales, 71 pacientes presentaban un
Palabras clave: exantema típico, y 20 uno atípico. La mayoría se trató con amoxicilina o penicilina durante diez días;
Escarlatina 15 pacientes tuvieron recidivas.
Niños Conclusiones: de los datos obtenidos destacan el gran número de casos, la presencia de síntomas ca-
Streptococcus tarrales y la poca frecuencia de exudado amigdalar. Fue llamativa la variabilidad de los exantemas con
pyogenes hallazgos como eritrodermia extensa, urticaria, exantema macular, petequias en localizaciones atípicas
Exantema y edema facial y de miembros. El test rápido en Atención Primaria permite, por su utilidad, el diagnós-
Test de diagnóstico tico de casos dudosos.
rápido
How to cite this article: Fernández Romero V, Rodríguez Sánchez I, Gómez Fernández G. Hallazgos inusuales en un brote de escarlatina. Rev
Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2016;18:231-41.
We searched for cases using the electronic medical under study (91/2852) during the analysed period.
records of the Diraya database of the Public Health Of the patients that had scarlet fever, 52 were
System of Andalusia. male (57.1%) and 39 female (32.9%). The mean age
We analysed the frequency of cases, patient sex, was 4.15 years, and there were two modes at ages
age of onset, distribution of cases per month and 4 and 5 years (Figure 1). There was a higher fre-
week, clinical presentation (signs and symptoms quency of cases in January, February, March, April
reported during history taking as well as findings and May. (Figure 2). The distribution by weeks
of physical examination) and recurrence. We also showed two incidence peaks at weeks 11 and 15 of
studied whether microbiological tests were per- the year, corresponding to March and April, respec-
formed and the treatment given. tively (Figure 3).
The most frequently used microbiological test was The most frequent reasons for seeking care were
the OSOM® Strep A rapid test on throat swab spec- “fever and throat pain” (25%) and “fever and skin
imens (Leti Diagnóstica®) which, according to sev- rash” (23%), while 14% presented with isolated fe-
eral studies, has a sensitivity of 85% to 95%, a ver and 10% with isolated exanthema (Figure 4).
specificity of 92% to 98%, a positive predictive val- Table 1 presents the symptoms reported by the pa-
ue of 80% to 91% and a negative predictive value tient and/or the caregiver during the history tak-
of 95% to 98%.15-18 Culture was performed in only ing. In decreasing order of frequency, they were
a few patients. fever, throat pain, skin rash, nasal secretions and/
or cough, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and
RESULTS pruritus. Other symptoms reported less frequently
included constipation, facial swelling, dysuria, ear
pain and pain in the extremities.
We obtained a sample of 91 cases, which corre-
sponded to an incidence of 3.2% in the population
Age (years)
30
27 27
25
20
15
15
9
10
4 4
5
3
1 1
Figure 2. Weekly distribution (September 2013–August 2014) of diagnosed cases of scarlet fever
N cases/month
16 15 15
14 14
14
12
10 9
8
6 6
6 5
4
4 3
2
0 0
0
Sept. 13 Oct. 13 Nov. 13 Dec. 13 Jan. 14 Feb. 14 March 14 April 14 May 14 June 14 July 14 Aug. 14
Table 2 summarises the findings of the physical cases. One patient had perianal dermatitis, and
examination. All patients presented with pharyn- both the perianal and the pharyngeal exudates
geal abnormalities and exanthema, which we con- tested positive for streptococcus.
sider necessary clinical findings for the diagnosis Seventy-six cases were confirmed by microbiologi-
of scarlet fever. The most frequent pharyngeal ab- cal testing (75 by rapid testing and one by culture),
normalities were hyperaemia and petechiae in the and fifteen were probable cases corresponding to
palate, while few patients had tonsillar exudate. A patients that had received prior care in the emer-
typical exanthema (understood as exanthema gency department, where the rapid test was not
with the characteristics described in the introduc- available, and who were already receiving antibi-
tion) was found in 71 patients, while another 20 otic treatment by the time they were seen at the
patients presented with atypical features: five had primary care clinic.
a smooth macular exanthema, one had plantar- The suppurative complications found in our study
palmar exanthema, one had erythema and swell- consisted of acute otitis media in three patients.
ing in the ear lobes, one extensive erythroderma, None of the patients had nonsuppurative compli-
and two localised facial erythroderma accompa- cations.
nied by the typical coarse exanthema in the rest of Scarlet fever recurred in fifteen patients: ten pa-
the body, five presented with swelling of the eye- tients (11%) experienced recurrences of scarlet fe-
lids and/or the face and/or the distal extremities, ver diagnosed in the period under study (nine had
one with petechiae in the face, neck and axillae, two episodes and one had three) and five patients
one had two episodes of hives (one of them with (5.4%) recurrences of scarlet fever diagnosed be-
sandpaper skin). All patients that had atypical ex- fore the period under study (one of them had two
anthema had a positive microbiological test, which episodes). One of the patients had four episodes in
is why they were included in the analysis. Other total, two during the period under study and two
findings of the examination included abnormali- in the months that followed.
ties in the tongue, cheilitis and cervical adenopa- Patients were treated with antibiotherapy: penicil-
thies. Desquamation was only documented in six lin in 23 (25.3%); amoxicillin in 60 (65.9%); amoxi-
Figure 3. Weekly distribution of cases of scarlet fever diagnosed during the 2013-2014 season in Spain (Figure 3a)
and the United Kingdom (Figure 3b). Notice the similarities
Spain
8
7
7
6
6
5 5 5
5
35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
United Kingdom
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
37 41 45 49 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33
Week number
cillin-clavulanic acid in five (5.5%); josamycin in with intravenous cloxacillin, clindamycin and
one patient allergic to amoxicillin; and clindamy- amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The prescribed dura-
cin in a patient experiencing a third episode. A sin- tion of treatment was ten days, except in a single
gle patient with suspected toxic shock that pre- patient that was treated for only eight days.
sented with extensive erythroderma was treated
Other 14
Throat pain 5
Skin rash 9
Fever 13
0 5 10 15 20 25
throughout the United Kingdom in the 2013-2014 Shanghai, Beijing and Taiwan, although in differ-
season. Furthermore, the distribution of the num- ent seasons, a difference that may have to do with
ber of cases by weeks of the year was also similar, these countries being geographically distant and
as can be seen in Figure 3. In the 2008-2009 sea- having a different climate.23-26 However, in Poland,
son there was another peak in the United King- a country that is geographically closer to Spain and
dom that was accompanied by an increase in the where reporting of cases is mandated, there was
incidence of invasive disease.19,20 The rapid test for an increased incidence in the 2011-2012 season,
streptococcus has been available in our health care when the incidence was low both in the United
centre since 2007, and scarlet fever is documented Kingdom and in our population.27
by means of an ICD 9 code (034.1). When we re- Given the possibility of a future increase in the inci-
viewed the electronic medical records of our pa- dence of invasive disease by streptococcus, we think
tients from that year on, we also observed an in- that epidemiologic surveillance by means of man-
crease in cases during the 2008-2009 season dated reporting is necessary. The United Kingdom,
(Figure 5).19-21 In the United Kingdom, there contin- where this disease is the cause of great concern, is
ued to be an incidence greater than expected in the working on the development of evidence-based
2014-2015 season, breaking the cyclical pattern.22 guidelines for the management of outbreaks in
The universe of our sample consisted of the 2852 schools, nurseries and other services for children.28
patients that comprise the two caseloads of our The male predominance found in our study is only
health care centre and that were enrolled in vari- consistent with the data of a few other works, and
ous schools in the town, and since we found cases there is no conclusive evidence regarding sex.1,8-10
in every school and nursery we believe that this In our sample, diagnosis occurred at an earlier age
was not an isolated outbreak. The total population than that reported in historical texts, and this is
of children in the town is of 12 479, so scarlet fever consistent with most recent studies, a fact that
probably affected many more children. Further- could be due to earlier enrolment of children in
more, considering the similarities with the United educational facilities.1,8-10.
Kingdom, we think it likely that the increased inci- In our opinion, the most interesting finding in our
dence was not restricted to our town. study was the divergence of the clinical manifesta-
Significant increases in incidence have also been tions from those described in historical sources.
seen in Chinese populations, such as Hong Kong, For a disease that is considered essentially febrile,
Figure 5. Increase in the incidence of scarlet fever in the 2008–2009 season in the population under study
(Figure 5a) and the United Kingdom (Figure 5b)
100
90 91
80
70
60
50
40
33
30
20
15
10
7
5 5
0 1
250 2008/09
150
100
50
37 40 43 46 49 52 3 6 9 12 15 º8 21 24 27 30 33 36
Week number
Courtesy of Public Health England.
there was a high percentage of cases that present- Nearly 40% of patients presented with cold symp-
ed without fever (15.4%). This could be due to the toms, which could be interpreted as patients hav-
possibility of scarlet fever manifesting without fe- ing a concurrent viral infection or as scarlet fever
ver, or to the onset of fever occurring after the de- being the cause, which we consider less likely.
velopment of the exanthema. Other authors have reported similar findings. To
elucidate this issue, it would be interesting to
conduct studies that include tests for the detec- accompanied by an intensely hyperaemic pharynx
tion of respiratory virus.8 and a positive rapid test for GAS, and in one of the
The presence of pharyngeal hyperaemia was docu- episodes the rash also had a sandpaper feel.
mented in almost every case, but pharyngeal exu- Serving as a reminder that GAS can produce other
date was recorded in very few patients. Pharyngeal diseases, in one patient scarlet fever occurred con-
exudate is considered a typical finding in the clas- currently with perianal streptococcal disease. In
sic literature, and it is included in the Centor and fact, the reason for seeking care was constipation
McIsaac criteria as a feature that adds to the likeli- accompanied by intense pain during bowel move-
hood of a streptococcal aetiology versus a viral ments. Both the pharyngeal and the perianal exu-
one. This is not consistent with the low frequency date samples tested positive for streptococcus.
in our sample or the data of other clinical studies, Other clinical findings, such as abnormalities in
which calls into question the validity of these as- the tongue, cheilitis and desquamation are not
sessment scores.6,8,29,30 well described in our study due to its retrospective
The most interesting finding of our study was the nature and the lack of a longitudinal followup.
variability in the exanthemata. On one hand, many Due to its variable clinical presentation, scarlet fever
of the exanthemata that met the typical criteria may be confused with other diseases, such as viral
were mild and of small extent, which make us infections, Kawasaki disease or toxic shock. It is in
wonder whether they may go unnoticed by car- these uncertain cases that microbiological testing
egivers as well as health care providers. becomes important in guiding the diagnosis. While
We found atypical exanthemata in 20% of the cases. it is true that a positive test would not suffice to rule
All of them had been confirmed by microbiological out diseases like those we have just mentioned,
testing, which, along with the compatible findings combined with a quick response to antibiotic treat-
of the physical examination and the epidemiological ment it could prevent the use of more aggressive
context, led to the diagnosis of scarlet fever. On the therapies and lengthy hospitalizations associated
other hand, it is possible that these were cases of with the suspicion of more severe diseases.
viral infection in patients that were carriers of GAS, When it comes to the recurrence of scarlet fever,
but we think this is not likely since all the other find- there are no data regarding its incidence. Historical
ings supported the scarlet fever diagnosis. texts mention the possibility of a patient having up
Of all cases with atypical exanthema, we would to three episodes, and yet we had a patient that ex-
like to highlight those that presented with eryth- perienced four. Recent studies are finding new pyro-
roderma, hives, and swelling in the face and the genic toxin variants that make it possible for patients
distal region of the extremities. One of the pa- to suffer multiple episodes. Up to nine different tox-
tients with generalised erythroderma and smooth ins have already been described.5,6,11,12,14,25,31
skin had a prior episode with the same type of rash Despite the limitations in our study, this article
that resulted in admission to the hospital for sus- highlights several important clinical findings that
pected toxic shock; the outcome of the episode, as have been reported infrequently in previous works.
well as the development months later of the same We need broader studies on the signs and symp-
exanthema with a positive streptococcus test and toms of scarlet fever, as increased knowledge on
the resolution of symptoms after 24 hours of this subject could prevent the confusion of this
treatment with amoxicillin suggests that the dis- disease with others. We recommend performance
ease that resulted in the previous hospital admis- of microbiological testing in cases in which the di-
sion had been scarlet fever. Another atypical exan- agnosis is not clear. It would also be interesting to
thema worth noting presented with hives gain accurate knowledge of its epidemiology in
compatible with urticaria. This rash developed in Spain, which would require the mandated report-
two febrile episodes in a single patient and was ing of scarlet fever cases.
Los autores declaran no presentar conflictos de intereses en EGA: Streptococcus pyogenes del grupo A.
relación con la preparación y publicación de este artículo.
20. Lamden KH. An outbreak of scarlet fever in a primary 26. Yang P, Peng X, Zhang D, Wu S, Liu Y, Cui S, et al. Char-
school. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:394-7. acteristics of group A Streptococcus strains circulat-
21. Group A streptococcal infections: third update on ing during scarlet fever epidemic, Beijing, China,
seasonal activity, 2008/09. Health Protection Report. 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:909-15.
In: Health Protection Agency (HPA) [online] [consult- 27. Staszewska E, Kondej B, Czarkowski MP. Scarlet fever
ed on 08/09/2016]. Available in www.hpa.org.uk/ in Poland in 2012. Przegl Epidemiol. 2014;68:209-12.
hpr/archives/2009/news1309.htm#igas3 28. Public Health England. Interim guidelines for the
22. Group A streptococcal infections: sixth update on public health management of scarlet fever out-
seasonal activity, 2014/15. In: Public Health England breaks in schools, nurseries and other childcare set-
Health [online] [consulted on 08/09/2016]. Available tings. In: Public Health England [online] [consulted
in www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/up on 08/09/2016]. Available in www.gov.uk/govern
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