Libro de Mormón
Una página del manuscrito original del Libro de
Mormón, que cubre 1 Nefi 4:38 - 5:14
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De acuerdo con Joseph Smith , el Libro de
Mormón fue grabado originalmente en
placas de oro , que recibió en 1827 a partir
de un ángel llamado Moroni , [1] quien
Smith identificó como un resucitado [2] ex
habitante del continente americano. Smith
afirmó haber traducido el texto original de
las placas al inglés; el libro dice que el
texto fue escrito en las placas en " egipcio
reformado ".
Anacronismos históricos
Citando a Isaías
Bautismo
Elefantes
Cabras
Venado
Un pecarí de collar
Cebada y trigo
Cebada
Tecnología anacronismos
Carros o vehículos con ruedas
seda
Un gusano de seda construyendo su capullo.
Brújula
El Libro de Mormón también afirma que
Nefi utilizó una "brújula" o " Liahona " en el
siglo VI a. Se reconoce ampliamente que
la brújula se inventó en China alrededor
del año 1100 dC, y nunca se han
encontrado restos de una brújula en
América. En el Libro de Alma , Alma le
explica a su hijo que "nuestros padres lo
llamaron Liahona, que es, al interpretarse,
una brújula". [80]
Windo
ws
Usos de metales
Cimiters
Anacronismos lingüísticos
El conocimiento de idiomas
hebreo y egipcio
Fotografía de lo que se cree que es el documento de
1830 conocido como el documento de los Caractors ,
con símbolos egipcios reformados.
"Cristo" y "Mesías"
Nombres griegos
"Iglesia" y "sinagoga"
Otros anacronismos
Los críticos Jerald y Sandra Tanner y
Marvin W. Cowan sostienen que ciertas
propiedades lingüísticas del Libro de
Mormón proporcionan evidencia de que el
libro fue fabricado por José Smith.
[122] [123] Estos críticos citan anacronismos
lingüísticos como el nombre
americanizado "Sam" (1 Nefi 2: 5,17).
Apologistas afirman que es
potencialmente un hypocoristicon de
Samuel que representa el vocablo semita
común SM y lo más probable significar “el
nombre”, “Nombre”, o incluso
“descendiente / descendencia", entre otras
posibilidades lingüísticas del Próximo
Oriente. [124]
"Adieu"
Los anacronismos
aparentemente perpetuados
de la traducción del rey
James
Una parte significativa del Libro de
Mormón cita de las planchas de bronce ,
que pretenden ser otra fuente de los
escritos del Antiguo Testamento que
reflejan los de la Biblia. En muchos casos,
las citas bíblicas en el Libro de Mormón en
idioma inglés son similares o idénticas a
las secciones equivalentes de la KJV. Los
críticos consideran que varios
anacronismos del Libro de Mormón se
originan en la KJV.
"Sátiro"
Véase también
Arqueología y el Libro de Mormón
intercambio colombino
Lenguas de Dené – Yeniseian
La genética y el Libro de Mormón
Historicidad del Libro de Mormón
La lingüística y el Libro de Mormón
Lista de proyectos de ingeniería
precolombina en las Américas
Contacto transoceánico precolombino
Notas de
1. Roberts (1902 , pp. 11, 18–19).
2. Smith (1838 , pp. 42-43).
3. Priddis 1975 ; vea RLDS D&C 110: 20 ,
fueron avanzados por losmiembros de
RLDS : Hills 1917 ; Colinas 1918 ; Hills 1924
, y Gunsolley 1922
4. "LDS chapter headings to the Book of
Isaiah" . lds.org. 2012-02-21. Retrieved
2012-06-11.
5. John L. McKenzie, Second Isaiah (1969,
Yale University Press)
Brevard S. Childs, Isaiah (2000, Westminster
John Knox Press)
Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger, The
New Oxford Annotated Bible with the
Apocrypha (1977, Oxford)
6. 2 Nephi 9:23 "And he commandeth all
men that they must repent, and be baptized
in his name".
7. "Notes on the Bible by Albert Barnes:
Matthew: Matthew Chapter 3" .
www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved
2018-03-15.
8. "Religion: Out of the Desert" . Time. 1957-
04-15.
9. "BAPTISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com" .
jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved
2018-03-15.
10. Alma 18:9, Alma 18:12, Alma 20:6, 3
Nephi 3:22.
11. R.J.G. Savage & M.R. Long, Mammal
evolution, an illustrated guide (1986, Facts
on File, p. 202): "although the true horses
had themselves also by then died out in
Europe and Asia, they survived in North
America and from there they continued to
evolve."
12. Guthrie, R. Dale. "Rapid body size
decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses
before extinction" . Nature. Retrieved
2006-12-10.
13. Baker, Barry W.; Collins, Michael B.;
Bousman, C. Britt. "Late Pleistocene Horse
(Equus sp.) from the Wilson-Leonard
Archaeological Site, Central Texas" (PDF).
Retrieved 2011-02-20.
14. R. Dale Guthrie, New carbon dates link
climatic change with human colonization
and Pleistocene extinctions, Nature 441 (11
May 2006), 207-209.
15. Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Fazio, Patricia M.
"Wild Horses as Native North American
Wildlife" . Archived from the original on
2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
16. Singer, Ben. "A brief history of the horse
in America; Horse phylogeny and
evolution" . Canadian Geographic
Magazine. Archived from the original on
2014-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
17. See Ray, Clayton E. (May 1957). "Pre-
columbian Horses from Yucatan". Journal
of Mammalogy. 58 (2): 278.
doi:10.2307/1376338 . JSTOR 1376338 .
and references cited therein; see also other
references cited in John L. Sorenson, An
Ancient American Setting for the Book of
Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book,
1996), 295, n.63.
18. "Book of Mormon/Animals/Horses -
FairMormon" . www.fairmormon.org.
Retrieved 2017-10-11.
19. Bennett, Robert R. "Horses in the Book
of Mormon" . Maxwell Institute. Brigham
Young University. Archived from the
original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved
2008-08-30.
20. "Reexploring the Book of Mormon" . Neil
A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Studies.
Retrieved 2015-03-05.
21. Robert R. Bennett. "Reexploring the
Book of Mormon" . Neil A. Maxwell Institute
for Religious Scholarship. Retrieved
2015-03-05.
22. Denis Ramseyer; Nicole Pousaz;
Tsagaan Torbat. "THE XIONGNU
SETTLEMENT OF BOROO GOL, SELENGE
AIMAG, MONGOLIA" . Academia.edu.
Retrieved 2014-06-25.
23. Mongolia Today. "Hun Princess
Graveyard's Secret" . Mongolia Today.
Archived from the original on 2012-03-26.
Retrieved 2014-06-25.
24. Higham, Charles F. W. " "Xiongnu."
Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian
Civilizations" . Facts On File, Inc. Retrieved
2014-06-25.
25. Ether 9:19 "And they also had horses,
and asses, and there were elephants".
26. Diamond 1999
27. Sharon Levy, "Mammoth Mystery, Did
Climate Changes Wipe Out North America's
Giant Mammals, Or Did Our Stone Age
Ancestors Hunt Them To Extinction?",
Onearth, winter 2006, pp. 15–19
28. Enk, J. M.; Yesner, D. R.; Crossen, K. J.;
Veltre, D. W.; O'Rourke, D. H. (2009).
"Phylogeographic analysis of the mid-
Holocene Mammoth from Qagnaxˆ Cave,
St. Paul Island, Alaska". Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 273:
184–190.
doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.019 .
29. Sorenson 1985, p. 297
30. Wayne N. May (editor), Ancient
American, Archaeology of America Before
Columbus, LDS Special Edition III
31. On the subject of the mound builder /
elephant archaeological controversy and
the original mound builder setting for the
Book of Mormon (19th century mound-
builder literary genre): Robert Silverberg,
“and the mound-builders vanished from the
earth”, American Heritage Magazine, June
1969, Volume 20, Issue 4
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/
magazine/ah/1969/4/1949_4_60.shtml
32. Stephen Dennison Peet, The Mound
Builders, pp. 38-44
33. Stephen Dennison Peet, The Mound
Builders, pp. 11-14. see also M.C. Read,
Archaeology of Ohio, pp 116-117
34. On Elephant platform pipes and the
Elephant Mound of Grand County,
Wisconsin, see Charles E. Putnam
(President of the Davenport Academy of
Natural Sciences), Elephant Pipes and
Inscribed Tablets in the Museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport,
Iowa, 1885, pp. 19-20, and U.S. Ethnology
Bureau, Vol. 2., 1880-81, Pg. 153; see also
Charles Valentine Riley, The American
Naturalist, American Society of Naturalists
(Essex Institute), pp. 275-277
35. McKusick, Marshall, The Davenport
Conspiracy Revisited. Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8138-
0344-9
36. Dickie, Gloria (July 16, 2014). "Ancient
Native Americans Ate Pachyderms; Site
Challenges Theory of Where New World
Culture Began" .
37. "Book of Mormon anachronisms:
Elephants" .
38. Johnson, Ludwell H III (October 1952).
"Men and Elephants in America". Scientific
Monthly: 215–21.Johnson states that the
stories claimed that the monster was "very
large, had a big head, large ears and teeth,
and a long nose with which he hit people."
39. Siebert, F. T. Jr (October–December
1937). "Mammoth or "Stiff-Legged Bear" ".
American Anthropologist. 39 (4): 721–25.
doi:10.1525/aa.1937.39.4.02a00410 .
40. Richard C. Adams, Legends of the
Delaware Indians and Picture Writing, pp.
70-71, 1905; also Johanna R. M. Lyback,
Indian Legends of Eastern America, pp.
155–59, 1925
41. See for example Ether 9:18
42. D.L. Johnson and B.K. Swartz. "Evidence
for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in
the New World" Lambda Alpha Journal
21:34-46.
43. For example, Enos in the Book of
Mormon tells that the Nephites raised
"flocks of all manner of cattle of every kind":
Enos 1:21, see also 2 Nephi 17:25.
44. 1 Nephi 18:25, Mosiah 2:3, 3 Nephi
28:22.
45. Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel:
The Fates of Human Societies (1999,
Norton, pages 165, 167, 168}}
46. 1 Nephi 18:25, Enos 1:21, Ether 9:18.
47. "mountain goat" . www.env.gov.yk.ca.
Retrieved 2018-03-16.
48. Matthew Roper. "Deer as "Goat" and Pre-
Columbian Domesticate - Matthew Roper -
Insights - Volume 26 - Issue 6" .
Farms.byu.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
49. Deer as "Goat" and Pre-Columbian
Domesticate Matthew Roper
50. "A History of Dogs in the Early
Americas" . www.nytimes.com.
51. 3 Nephi 14:6
52. Ether 9:17–18
53. D.L. Johnson and B.K. Swartz. "Evidence
for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in
the New World" Lambda Alpha Journal
21:34-46.
54. John J. Mayer and I Lehr Brisbin, Jr.
Wild Pigs in the United States: Their History,
Comparative Morphology, and Current
Status (1991, University of Georgia Press).
55. Gongora, J., and C. Moran. 2005.
"Nuclear and mitochondrial evolutionary
analyses of Collared, White-lipped, and
Chacoan peccaries (Tayassuidae)."
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution; 34:
181–89.
56. S.v. "peccary", The New Columbia
Encyclopedia.
57. Phyllis Carol Olive, Lost Lands of the
Book of Mormon, 83
58. "Nor were there any animals [in the
Americas] which could be domesticated for
food or milk ... the peccary, or American
hog, is irreclaimable in its love of freedom." -
Brinton, quoted in Roberts, B. H. Studies of
the Book of Mormon, Second Edition.
Signature Books. Salt Lake City. Edited by
Brigham D. Madsen. 1992. pp. 102–03
59. "Barley and Wheat in the Book
Mormon" . Featured Papers. Archived from
the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved
2007-01-19.
60. Barley and Wheat in the Book Mormon,
Robert R. Bennett Provo, Utah: Maxwell
Institute.[1]
61. Bennett cites, Nancy B. Asch and David
L. Asch, "Archeobotany," in Deer Track: A
Late Woodland Village in the Mississippi
Valley, ed. Charles R. McGimsey and
Michael D. Conner (Kampsville, Illinois,
Center for American Archaeology, 1985), 44,
p. 78
62. Robert R. Bennett, "Barley and Wheat in
the Book Mormon", Provo, Utah: Maxwell
Institute.[2]
63. "Little Barley" . Archived from the
original on 2013-12-30.
64. "Fullscreen | Neal A. Maxwell Institute
for Religious Scholarship" .
Publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu.
Retrieved 2015-05-06.
65. Alma 18:9-10,12, Alma 20:6, 3 Nephi
3:22
66. Wissler, Clark. The American Indian. pp.
32–39 - as quoted by B. H. Roberts, Studies
of the Book of Mormon, Second Edition,
Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1992,
pg. 99.
67. "Tula, and wheeled animal effigies in
Mesoamerica"
http://www.precolumbianwheels.com/Tula&
wheeled_animal_effigies.pdf Archived
2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
68. Wheeled Toys in Mexico. Gordon F.
Ekholm, American Antiquity. Vol. 11, No. 4
(Apr. 1946)
69. "Mesoweb Publications" .
www.mesoweb.com.
70. Phillips, Charles; Jones, David M (2005).
Aztec & Maya: Life in an Ancient
Civilization. London: Hermes House. p. 65.
71. Holmes, W. H. Handbook of Aboriginal
American Antiquities. 1919. p. 20 - as
quoted by B. H. Roberts, Studies of the
Book of Mormon, Second Edition, Signature
Books, Salt Lake City, 1992, pg. 100
(emphasis in original).
72. Sorenson, p. 59.
73. See Pre-Columbian Contact with the
Americas across the Oceans: An Annotated
Bibliography Archived 2008-03-06 at the
Wayback Machine
74. Alma 1:29 , Alma 4:6 , Ether 9:17 , Ether
10:24 .
75. Sorenson, John L. (2013). Mormon's
Codex. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book.
pp. 346–347.
76. Sorenson, John L (March 1995). "A New
Evaluation of the Smithsonian Institution
"Statement regarding the Book of
Mormon" " . Neal A. Maxwell Institute for
Religious Scholarship. Retrieved
2018-09-03.
77. Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993). Latin
American insects and entomology.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
p. 328. ISBN 978-0520078499.
OCLC 25164105 .
78. Brown, Thomas (1832). The Book of
Butterflies, Sphinxes, and Moths: Illustrated
by Ninety-six Engravings Coloured After
Nature . Whittaker, Treacher. pp. 65–66.
79. de Avila, Alejandro (1997). Klein,
Kathryn (ed.). The Unbroken Thread:
Conserving the Textile Traditions of
Oaxaca (PDF). Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute. p. 125. "Borah
(1943:102—14) proposed that indigenous
weavers began to use wild silk only after
sericulture, brought from Europe, began to
wane. However, a document dating from
1777 describes the excavation of a Pre-
columbian burial in which textiles of wild
silk, cotton, and feathers were found"
80. Alma 37:38
81. 1 Nephi 16:26-29
82. Gervais, Timothy; et al. (Sep 30, 2018).
" "By Small Means": Rethinking the
Liahona" . Interpreter. 30: 207-232.
Retrieved 2019-03-30.
83. Ether 2:22–23
84. "A Brief History of Glass" . Archived
from the original on 2011-10-24.
85. Glass, The New Columbia Encyclopedia
86. "Book of Mormon/Windows -
FairMormon" . www.fairmormon.org.
Retrieved 2017-10-11.
87. Webster, Noah. "Dross" . Webster's
Dictionary 1828. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
88. See 1 Nephi 16:18, 2 Nephi 5:15, Jarom
1:8, Ether 7:9
89. "Hematite Mining in the Ancient
Americas: Mina Primavera, A 2,000 Year Old
Peruvian Mine" . Retrieved 2012-10-03.
90. "Archaeologist 'Strikes Gold' With Finds
Of Ancient Nasca Iron Ore Mine In Peru" .
ScienceDaily. Purdue University. 29 January
2008. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
91. "Steel in the Book of Mormon -
FairMormon" .
92. "STEEL" .
www.kingjamesbibleonline.org. Retrieved
2017-07-27.
93. Even in biblical verses where iron is
paired with "steel" (Job 20:24, Jeremiah
15:12), "steel" nevertheless refers to
hardened copper alloys. See חוּשׁה
ָ ְ נand
נְ ח ֶֹשׁתin the Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius
Hebrew / Aramaic Lexicon)
94. 2 Nephi 5:14
95. "Question: Are all swords mentioned in
the Book of Mormon made of metal?" .
FairMormon. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
96. Mosiah 8:11
97. "e-conservation magazine - The
Appearance of "Bronze Disease" " . 2012-
09-17. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
98. Mosiah 8:11
99. Roper, Matthew (1999). "Swords and
"Cimeters" in the Book of Mormon" .
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 8 (1):
34–43. Archived from the original on 8
December 2006. Retrieved
2007-01-11."Spaniards who faced native
Mesoamerican swords in battle were deeply
impressed by their deadly cutting power
and razorlike sharpness."
100.
"The first Andean evidence for
metallurgy dates to around 1500 B.C. "
site:
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_q
a5348/is_199905/ai_n21438921 it is
in the middle of the page.
Olmec Archaeology and Early
Mesoamerica Series: Cambridge World
Archaeology Christopher Pool
University of Kentucky
D. Hosler and G. Stresser Pean, "The
Huastec Region: A Second Locus for
the Production of Bronze Alloys in
Ancient Mesoamerica," Science, 257
(1992), pp. 1215-1220.
D. Hosler and Andrew MacFarlane,
"Copper Sources, Metal Production and
Metals Trade in Late Post-Classic
Mesoamerica," Science, 273, (1996),
pp. 1819-1824.
R. Brill and J. Wampler,"Isotope Studies
ofAncient Lead," American of
Archaeoloe, 71 (1967), p. 63.
E. Pemika, Archaeometry, 35 (1993), p.
259
A.F. MacFarlane (Paper presented at
the Harvard Symposium on Ancient
Metallurgy, September 1997
G.L. Cummings, S.E. Kessler, and D.
Kristic, Economic Geology 74 (1979), p.
1395
D. Hosler, "Six Metal Production Sites in
the Tierra Caliente of Guerrero"
(unpublished research).
H. Ball and D. Brockinton,
Mesoamerican Communication Routes
and Cultural Contacts, Papers of the
New World Archaeological Foundation,
40, pp. 75-106
The Sounds and Colors of Power: The
Sacred Metallurgical Technology of
Ancient West Mexico by Dorothy
Hosler
101. "Archaeologist 'Strikes Gold' With
Finds Of Ancient Nasca Iron Ore Mine In
Peru" . ScienceDaily. Purdue University. 29
January 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
102. "The Maya Archaeometallurgy Project
at Lamanai" .
103. Enos 1:20, Helaman 1:14
104. B. H. Roberts noted: "The word
[cimiter] is of oriental and uncertain origin
and appears in various forms. How it came
to be introduced into the speech and
writings of the Nephites, and how not used
in the other Hebrew literature at an earlier
date, is so far as I know, unaccountable.
The earliest use of the word I have found is
in Gibbon, where referring to the alleged
incident of finding the sword of Mars for
Attila, he there calls that sword of Mars
"cimiter"; but that was about 450 A.D." -
from Roberts, B.H.; Studies of the Book of
Mormon; Signature Books; Salt Lake City,
Utah; 2nd edition; 1992; p. 112.
105. Ash states: "there is enough
Mesoamerican artwork and artifacts that
display the basic characteristics of a
scimitar that the Book of Mormon is
vindicated for its usage." See:
http://www.fairlds.org/FAIR_Brochures/Ana
chronisms3.pdf
106. "Alma 11" . Scriptures.lds.org. 2012-
02-21. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
107. Coe 2002, p. 132 "[W]ell into Colonial
times the beans served as a form of money
in regional markets."
108. Macri, Martha J. (1996). "Maya and
Other Mesoamerican Scripts," in The
World's Writing Systems. England: Oxford.
p. 172-182.
109. Lyle Campbell, American Indian
Languages, The Historical Linguistics of
Native America (1997, Oxford)
110. "Hebrew and Native American
languages" .
111. The word "Christ" is used 99 times,
and the word "Messiah" is used 13 times.
112. See 2 Nephi 10:3
113. 1 Nephi 1:19.
114. "Messiah" . JewishEncyclopedia.com.
Retrieved 2012-06-11.
115. "BibleGateway.com: A searchable
online Bible in over 50 versions and 35
languages" . Bible Gateway. Retrieved
1 June 2012.
116. Packham, Richard (April 20, 2003). "A
Linguist Looks at Mormonism" .
117. "Book of Mormon Anachronisms: Pre-
Christian Christianity" . Retrieved
November 7, 2013.
118. Hugh Nibley, Since Cumorah, pp. 167-
68, discusses the origin, interchangeability,
and translated use of the terms "Messiah"
and "Christ" as they appear in scripture.
Nibley points out that the Arabic word al-
masih, for instance, could be translated
using the Hebrew term "Messiah" or the
New Testament term "Christ" depending on
the context and translator. See also
"Meshiach" (יח
ַ ) ָמ ִשׁ, "anointed", Hebrew-
Aramaic Lexicon
119. Times and Seasons, vol.4, no.13, May
15, 1843, p. 194
120. Ricks, Stephen D. (October 1992). "The
name of one of the Lord's disciples listed in
3 Nephi 19:4—Timothy—seems to be Greek
in origin. Is there an explanation for the
appearance of a Greek name in the Book of
Mormon?" . Ensign. 22 (10): 53–54.
Retrieved 3 April 2019.
121. The Oldest Original Synagogue
Building in the Diaspora: The Delos
Synagogue Reconsidered," Monika Trümper
Hesperia, Vol. 73, No. 4 (Oct.–Dec., 2004),
pp. 513-98
122. Beckwith, Francis (2002). The New
Mormon Challenge. Zondervan. pp. 367–
396. ISBN 978-0-310-23194-3.
123. Cowan, Marvin (1997). Mormon
Claims Answered.
124. "Sam" . The Book of Mormon
Onomasticon. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
125. Daniel H. Ludlow, A Companion to Your
Study of the Book of Mormon, p. 163
126. Webster, Noah. "Adieu" . Webster's
Dictionary 1828. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
127. "Isaiah 13:21 But desert creatures will
lie there, jackals will fill her houses; there
the owls will dwell, and there the wild goats
will leap about" . Bible.cc. Retrieved
2012-06-11.
Referencias
Abanes, Richard (2003). One Nation
Under Gods: A History of the Mormon
Church. Thunder's Mouth Press.
ISBN 978-1-56858-283-2.
Roberts, B. H., ed. (1902). History of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints . 1. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret
News..
Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1979). The
Changing World of Mormonism . Moody
Press. ISBN 978-0-8024-1234-8.
Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987).
Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?. Utah
Lighthouse Ministry. ISBN 978-99930-
74-43-4.
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