‘ester is of primary concer. A common rapid sand filter ‘wil be 10 to 11 ft deep, with 4 ft of filter media (sand and ‘Envel) underlain by cast iron underdrains. The total weight ‘Sf jnedia and water will then be 1035 Ibs per sq ft, as follows: 6 ft water @ 62.4 = 315 pst 4 ftsand @ 120, 480 (707 solid) 4 ft water @030X 624 = 80 cast icon underdrain system ‘end aravel; approx. = 100 1035 pst Some newer media and proprietary media will have dif- ferent specific gravities, which may incresse the vertical Joad. For instance, in a mixed media filter, the Tollowing ‘materials may be used spec. grav, gerne 40 sandand gravel 2.65 anthrafile, 160 ‘These boxes require walkways for inspection and gullets for moving raw water in and filtered particles out. Walkways sre cantilevered off of walls and designed for loads as de- scribed previously in ex. 18-1. ‘Waste water tricking flters are generally round tanks with sloping bottoms, In order to accomplish even dispersal of the waste water over the filter surfece, rotating distributors fare used, These tanks should be designed as outlined in the Section on cireular basins, but the designer Is cautioned to be aware that they will be flooded periodically for fly control, at which time maximum lateral pressures will be achieved, 185 DESIGN OF CIRCULAR TANKS. Circular tanks are, in general, more economical than rec angular tanks. The citcle has least perimeter in terms of area enclosed, and a major portion of the structural action is in hoop tension, However, whereas the circular tank may bbe preferred for economy, the tank shape used will largely be based on function and plant layout. 18.5.1 Edge Conditions ‘The detail and performance of the joint between side wall and base slab has a significant effect on the structural be havior of the wall, Three types of joints are defined, as illustrated in Fig. 18-21. The sling joint enables al lateral pressure to be resisted by hoop tension, whereas the hinged 6 continuous joint creates two-way action in the wall. The governing equation is of the same form as that for beams on. clastic foundation. Tables of coefficients are available!*"? to ald in. determination of hoop tension and wall moments, ‘When the, design utilizes a hinged or continuous base joint, the ability of the foundation or base slab to deliver the required resiraint must be carefully checked, Since axial tension is a relatively sUiff structural system, a small radial displacement in the foundation or base slab will relieve the base shear, and in effect the base joint becomes more nearly a sliding joint. AS an example, the radial displacement in ex. 183 to follow may be stidied (see Fig. 18-22). The maximum hoop tension for a sliding joint would be 62.4 X 33 X $$= 113,200 Ibs per ft, and the reinforcement areais 113,200/20,000 = 6.70sq in. per ft. The transformed Sietieay wy 20 0 + Bebe wd Beg tn, eed ie lh SANITARY STRUCTURES-TANKS AND RESERVOIRS S89 Joint filer Fig. 1821 Bove joint details, (1 Sliding bas; (b) hinged bose nd {cl continuous base, stress is 113,200/325.6 = 406 psi. The corresponding unit strain equal f./E, ~ 406/3,160,000= 0.00013, and the radius has received an elongation of 35 X 12 X 0.00013 (0.086 in,, oF a kttle over 1/16 inch. Thus, if the wall is signed for a sliding base joint, the joint must accommo Gate this movement, Conversely, if designed as hinged or Continuous base joint, the foundation or base slab must be ‘capable of restraining this movement. 18.5.2 Side Walls—Shrinkage and Tension ‘The design of circular tank walls is handled in two steps. First, the herizontal steel is provided for all the ring tension at an allowable stress, fg, as though designing for a cracked Section. Then the conerete stress is determined for the transformed section due to combined shrinkage and tension, ‘The formula for combined shrinkage and tension stress in a reinforced concrete ring can be developed as follows.!®"" ‘At a point near the center of an uncracked section of the wall, the shortening per unit length of steel and concrete ‘must be equal, and strain capatibility yields fes Ee tos ey Where fy and fog are steel and concrete stresses due to Shrinkage, and C'is the coefficient of shrinkage of concrete,\ * —_ ff Fig. 18-22 Tank in example 18:3 From stress consistency Actes Combining these two expressions yields the following con- crete tension due to shrinkage ates Ae ce, fos CB ‘The concrete stress in the transformed section due to ten- sion, T. is very nearly egal (0 Tidy + acl), andthe com. bined concrete stress becomes CE Ag+ fe Ac tnd, The limitation on concrete stress in the transformed section is established at 350 psi, in consideration of the uality concrete mix recommended in section 18.2.1. The coefficient of shrinkage of concrete is generally assumed to to be 0.0003, The allowable steel stress in sing tension has ‘been subject to very conservative Limitations in the past, Unless bond and crack width are carefully examined, simply reducing steel stresses may not prevent leakage. For this example, the absence of special problems such as corzo- sive atmosphere, etc., is assumed, and a stress of 20 ksi i used. It can be shown that using lower steel stress, resulting in more reinforcing, will increase the conerete stress in the transformed section, causing the concrete to erack sooner, However, since the lower steel stress gives smaller eracks, it is the choice of many designers. In the opinion of the author, this advantage is subordinate to that of obtaining ee EXAMPLE 18-3: This example concerns the design of a medium- sined digester tank. Tank plan and eros section are shown in Fig 18-22, The lower wall thickness has been determined to be 22 in Cozbsis are provided for support of clarifier equipment, and above this point the wall thickness is reduced to-15 in. The vall projects 45 fhabove maximum water level, and itis assumed that this pro Jsetion corrects fr th loss of eicurnferential stiffness in he thinner ‘op section. Thus, fo design purposes, the top ofthe tank fe assumed to be ot the maximum water Level, with uniform wall thickness of 22 in. Design puramnetcrs for thls example will be, concrete" = 3000 psi, concrote tension on transformed section: 350 pal max ‘mam, cenfoscing: fy 20 Ks, and clearance to reinforcing =? in. except at bottom of bottom sab, 3 in. ‘The design of nk wal and slab f accomplished withthe ai of coefficients from the Portland. Cament Association publication, “Cizcular Concrete Tanks Without Presresing.” When coeiicents aroused, the applicable Table i listod, The stop in the analsis are as follows 1. Establish preliminary wall thicknass, 2. Determine sing reinforcing, check concrete stess and vetfy wall thickness. 53. Determine vertical wall sinforcing 4. Deteumine base slab thickness and reinforcing, ‘The design is ven For interior water pressure only. The desin for loading from extoror soil and ground water pressure ie not shown, However, it ean be handled easily, a5 the tank ring willbe In com: pression, and vertical wall memenis only need be determined. Fors tank ofthis ize, design to resist Motation with tank dead load isnot practical. Relief valves should be provided together with a back-ap fystem as doscribed in section 18.3.1 Step 1 Esblsh wall hcknes. The formula for conerete stress due to shrnkage and tension maybe used (0 esish preliminary al thikness:Subsiutingdy™ Yfgand-A~ 12 yields Cbs + fr-nhe Dik 11 is determined that this tank design shall weize« continuous joint st wall and tase lab, Then the masimum hoop tension il Gesu at about C465 water dapth and BOSSY G24 x 33. SS Ta;700 os pe The estimated wall eke 8 (40003 29,000 + 20-922 x 350 12x 380% 20 222.3 ine 22. x74 ‘To.enter the Tables in Ref, 18.22, compute the quantity 42 )D 1= 332/(100 x 1.83) = 54, Step 2. Determine sing seinfrcing. Wit coefficients from Tables and If, the hoop tension is determined for both fixed and hinged ‘base, and is shoven together with the tension fora siding base in Fig. 1823e. Due tothe difficulty in maintaining perfectly fxed con- ditions atthe base, as discussed previously, the conservative design approach is to design for the maximum condition. Thus, Tpiax = (0.626 x 62.4 x 33 x 55 = 71,000 losper . Reinforcing at this evel is Ay =71.0/20=3.55 qin. per fly use #7 @ 4 in two curtains (443.60 34 In) The concrete tensile stress bated on the tran formed section is 6.0003 x 29 108 x 3.60 + 71,00 feats gaxaey aS Since 350 pi is considered allowable, the 22n. wall thickness acceptable Hoop reinforcing is reduced above and below the point of maxi- mum tension in accordance with requirements in Fig. 18232, The dotalls of this reinforcing are shown in Fig. 18.24 ‘Step 3. Determine vertical wall reinforcing. With cooficien's from ‘Tables VI and VII, vertical wall moments are determined for both fixed and hinged base, and are plotted in Fig. 18-23b. The designer is again requized to choose proper design values. Duc tothe contin. tous joint design, water pcessure on the ase can be expected 10 sseavida rebuticeal sunionbat ut fla tolet. Eaowewac: aume vatariontDepth Coe fined hinged 0 022 —-.009 01 —130— 110 - 02 —.281 — 230 7 03 — ss— 81 04 438 — 487 05 —493— 56 06 — 406 — 626 sig nea 07 —.427 — 621. : eo a — sn NK 19 —108— 207 al eee T1010 86 80-70 60 50 40 3020 10 0 ot wi es wo Duin cont fed rng 0-0 -0 (01 —.0002— 0000 (0.2 —.0008—,0001 (0.3 —.0013— 0008: 9.4 —.0028— 0013 0.5 — 0040-0023, 0.6 —.00ss— 0050. 0.7 ~.0056—.0073— 0.8 — 0028 c08s: 0.9 00510074 — hinge 1.0 0208-9 fined 2070-0 =19-20-30-40-50 M=Coelt. X wh {ekips), ) Fig. 1823 (a) Hoop tension and (bl moment vs. couficents for determining ring reinforcing in example 183. must occur, together with some stzain in the base sab from the Torizontal action atthe wall ise. The conservative design approach i again 10 provide reinforcing for maximum conditions, At the fide ofthe wall at the base, the momeat per foot is M= 0.0208 x 624 x 39? = 46.5 Fekips. Reinforcing, A, = 46.6)(.48 x 19,5) = 1.56 sq i, use #9 @ 7. For the outside of the walls the Inoment per foot is M = 0.0088 624 x 33° = 19.7 fekips. Rein~ forcing, y= 19-7/0.44 X 19.5)=0.70 sq ins use #6 © 7. This txictoy yetialreinforsing is axtended fo che base, and should be _Shecke for moment du to exterior soil and ground ver load. The feinforcing is reduced to #6 8 14 where applicable. The details of this reinforcing ae shown in Fig, 18-24. ‘Srep 4 Detertine base sab thickness and reinforcing. The thickness of the bave sab atthe edge mast saisTy the following requirements: 1. provide anchorage for #9 vertical dowels . provide stiffness and moment capacity for continuity with wall 2, feta footing for wall 1 is determined that a 3 4 i, thickness will be adequate. The wall shear delivered to the base, from Table XVI for fined base, is 207 x 624 x 33" = 144 Kipsit. Reinforeing is determined as for ‘hoop tension, y= 14.1/20=0.71 sq in. per fuse #6 @ 14 in two layers. The minimum base thickness, near the center ofthe tank, i SANITARY STRUCTURES-TANKS AND RESERVOIRS 581 Fig, 18.24 Reinforcing deals set at 14 in, consistent with tank sio and minimum reinforcement "The top reinforcing in the thickoned edge of bate slab is deter mined for walltase moment = 46.6 Tekips: 4 = 46.6/(1.44 x 37)~ 1.97 sqin. per fuse #8 @ 9. The length ofthis reinforcement is set by cantilever sab spun requted using base water pressure = 33 x Gh4= 2060 pf, with safety factor of 2: = 2x 2x 46,672.06 135 ft. altemate #8 © 18 bars are extended to R=40 ft, and lapped with #6 © | bars from center portion. Bottom reinforce- ‘ment inthe thickened edge is provided bythe wall dowel 18,6 OTHER STRUCTURES 18.6.1. Superstructures Superstructures for offices, laboratories, pump houses, etc., fre designed for normal live loads, in addition to any special loads such as crane bridges, ia similar manner to other builé- ings and structures. Roof design for covering of tanks, filter bbeds, ete., should take into consideration the exposure to high humidity and possible corrosive atmosphere. Concrete members are usually preferred to steel for reasons of permanence and maintenance in such environments. If steel Framing is used, purlins aro preferable to bar joists for ease in painting and to limit inaccessible pockets. Similarly, pre- cast planks are preferred over formed metal decks. ‘When precast, prestressed members are used, adequate covering should be provided for prestressing strands, and particular caution should be used In areas exposed to Chlorine vapor. Steel connection and bearing plates should bbe adequately protected against corrosion. When cored slabs are used, the ends should be sealed to prevent the ‘accumulation of moisture. 18.6.2. Control Structures Sluice gates are used to control flow in large channels or to shut off or divert flow through various parts of the treat ‘ment plant. The operation of these gates is generally slow; thus, the final static head in closed position is the maximum