Climate change is defined as periodic modification of

earth climate which results in changes in atmosphere as

well as interactions between atmosphere and various
chemical, Biological , Geographical and ecological
factors. As the time passes due to many human activities
and other factors climate starts changing. Major factors
involved in the change are ocean currents, solar
radiations, Volcanic Eruptions, Green House
gasses, forest fire etc. These factors effect climate.
History: The study provoked in early 19th century when
scientists began to observe the changes occurring on
global scale. In 1990s it was finally known that human
activities and emissions are causing global warming.
Theophrastus was a pupil of Aristotle, he said that
deforestation is exposing the land to sunlight due to
which global warming is increasing.
Scientists pieced together the record of climate of Earth
by analyzing the number of indirect measures of climate
like tree rings, ocean sediments and pollen remains etc
by studying the changes in orbit of Earth around the sun.
The record shows that climate changes naturally over a
large period of time but the recent changes cannot be
explained by natural causes only. It is extremely likely
that human activities have been the dominant cause of
global warming. The greenhouse effect is causing the
atmosphere to trap and retain heat by forming a blanket
around the Earth. The increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases are acting as the positive feedback and
are amplifying the temperature changes caused by long-
term shifts in the orbit of Earth. The main gases involved
are Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and several
others.
Climate change is the most urgent issue, humanity is
facing today. Extreme heat is becoming common, sea
levels are rising, glaciers are melting, floods and droughts
are being experienced, water resources are decreasing
along with many other issues. It is making extreme
weather more severe. 2016 is recorded to be the
warmest year of the history. The situation is getting bad
to worst.
• In 2004, 262 million people were affected by the
climate change , more than 98 percent of them in
the developed countries.
• Since 1958, measurements of atmospheric CO2
from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and
from the South Pole are showing a steady annual
increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.
 • During past 1,000 years CO2 variations obtained
from analysis of air trapped in an ice core
extracted from Antarctica are a sharp rise in
atmospheric CO2 starting in the late 19th century.
Stated by NASA: All three major global surface
temperature reconstructions show that Earth has
warmed since 1880. Most of this warming has
occurred since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest
years having occurred since 1981 and with all 10 of
the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years.
Even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output
decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum
in 2007-2009, surface temperatures continue to
increase.
All the countries should take action to prevent the climate from
further damage. Pakistan also has ministry of climate change.
Many programs have started like Clean and Green Pakistan
movement.
The steps that should be taken in order to avoid climate change
are to reduce waste, to conserve electricity, reduce deforestation
and reduce chlorofluoro carbons emissions.