Soil Nails 7 Fea TITAN Self drilling, self grouting hollow soi nals and rock bolts to DIN 21521Fam self drilling and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN wire mesh reinforcement collar nut plate shoterete active zone soil area (improved by cement) coupling spacer slip plane passive zone wan hollow soil nail flushing through hollow bar coupling spacer grout cover > 20 mm aril bit 2 trm=00so7in im=22818 118=02040Kp 1MPAorI Mmm =O445KSI 1BAR=T8SP51 11Wn'= 5200 Kifett 1 MN = 145KS!bam self drilling and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN TITAN self drilling, self grouting hollow soil nails to DIN 21521 Soil n: iling is a method of earth reinforcement. It is a very economical process which allows a controlled improvement of the natural stability of the soil. ‘TITAN soil nails provide friction, shear and ten: n strength in loose materials, combining all into a new monolithic structure. Soil nailing consists of 3 basic elements: * Existing soils or weathered rock, « Titan rotary grouted, self-ch ling soil n + Surface treatment with reinforced shotcrete, geotextile mesh or ten ‘The concept of soil nails can be compared to timber technology whereby two planks are joined by nails, tore- sist shear-off and movernent,or steel reinforcement (str Up) used in concrete beams to resist diagonal tension. To guarantee the maximum shear value at the grout/ {ground interface the ‘THANE soil nail is installed by si- muttaneous driling and grouting. Thereby enlarging the diameter of the grout body. The dynamic rotary pressute grouting process pene- trates into loose material around the annulus increasing the surface friction dramatically comparedto traditionally installed nails. Bottom up pressure grouting, through the ‘FIA soil nail, fills all cracks and fissures on the way to the sur- face, producing a grout body diameter of approximately twice that of a conventionally grouted solid bar soil nail in non-cohesive soils. Soil nails dtfer from grouted piles, (DIN 4128) which act independently, and ground anchors, which transfer loads via walls or walings. Soil nails are installed, in a grid pattern, in the active zone intersecting the perceived slip, Circle and penetrating the passive zone. Soil nails are unstressed, until ground movement takes place. When. movement ocours the shear and tension values in the routed soil nail are activated. ‘FrTAN soil nails can take up tension and shear forces ‘as well as bending moments. The friction value of the soil determines the grid spacing of the soil nails. Correct design of the grid and soil nail lengths, results in a mo- nolthic structure capable of supporting required loads. According to the calculations from the French “Clou- terre", 4 criteria (C) for stabilty have to be fulfilled, C1_ Staying within the acceptable tension values in the soil nail comprising of normal force, shear force and bending moment ned wire nets on slopes to 70 degrees C2 Surface friction in the limit areas of the grout/ {ground interface and that of the grout/soil nail ten- don interface lateral force (effective drillhole diam.) of grout body to the soil C4 mass law of soils C3 ‘There arenow computer programmes available Feilure | to assist in the calcula- Surface tion of soil nail forces, lengths, spacing and in- clination imolay “ico 7 / Pret dn Potential failure surface FAILURE CATER] Loteraltetion : Ta. BLe Tp oan 145991 ue «18S 3self dril ing and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN: In the United Kingdom soil nailing with ‘raw soil nails is approved by the Highways Agency, Railtrack, Ministry of Defence, the Environment Agency, British Waterways and many of the top consulting engineering practices. In Germany rrann soil nails corre- spond to DIN 21521. In all calculations there is an active zone, which may come loose by pre deformation and a passive zone, which is static. Both zones are separated by a slip plane, which is considered for calculation as curved or straight. Very often the slip plane is due to nature, e.g. water containing boundary layers or back filled slopes. There are 3 general rules for the calculation and installation of soil nails * Soil nails must penetrate beyond the slip plane into the passive zone typically for 4 to 5 meters. ‘= The spacing of the soil nails, horizontally and vertically, must be directly related to the strength of the soil. Extra soil nails should be installed at the edge of any surface being stabilised. * Soil nailing should commence immediately after excavation. Any delay increases the chance of the unrestrained ground relaxing. Early soil nail installation ensures the maximum holding power. Calculation length of nails. 0.5 to 0.7 x wall height but not less than 6.0 m capacity of nails 50 to 250 KN/m’ density of nalis 0.5 to 2 per mr amount of reinforcement 1.5 to 6.0 ka/m’ nail forces 50 to 100 KN (in spectal applications up to 300 kN} inclination of nails 0 to 30 degrees deformation of nailed wall 1.5 %e x wall height 4 mm =003807In 1m=A281ft 1HN=O228Kip 1 MPAor 1 Nima = 0.148 KSI 18AR=145 PSI 1KNin’=0.02000 hiplaft 1 N/m" = 165 KSIself drilling and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN Numeric modelling of TITAN soil nails and rock bolts for the finite element (FE) calculation With FE-calculations, nails or bolts are designed by changing the cohesion or by inserting a tension element (truss) in the area to be nailed/bolted. The expansion stiffness of the tension ele- ment (truss) is derived from nail/bolt tests (0,5 m long). For three-dimensional FE-calculations the modelling of the cohe- sion shows suitable results; for two-dimensional FE-caloula- fF a-b tions the modelling of the expansion stiffness is more suitable. | P density of nail F(T.) =nail force ‘As nails and bolts are only. activated by deformation, it is as- | a,b = designed grid sumed that prior to any movement of rock/soil mass only the pattern of nails self cohesion of the massis active. When the strength ofthe soil 4, ree is exceeded, the friction changes with increasing plastic elon- ba gation for the SUM: Gramainsse (which is the cohesion remaining © = cohesion between in soil or rock) plus the cohesive effect from C,q). The cohesive 2 finite elements effect depends on the quality of the soil and the mechanical | Crmangs: = remaining cohesion strength of the nail/bolt itself. The nails/bolts are calculated in| of soil/rock 14 sing = Pp 2cose a simple way based on the thesis of Wullschlager. ("A compo- _ site material model for the system anchoring" published by the Institute of Soil Mechanic and Rock Mechanic of the University Fridericana in Karisruhe/Germany, paper no. 1 1 2, 1988) conservative calculation calculation including remaining cohesion of soil/rock loose soil loose soil Cyai = 39 KN/m? = >Crmainder + Crat = 39,0 kN/m? highly weathered rock (V4 - V5) highly weathered rock (V4 - V5) Cray = 43 KN/ = > Grenindar + Coat = 55,5 kN/m moderately weathered rock (V2-V3) moderately weathered rock (V2 - V3) Cai = 51 KN/m? = > Coemainder + Cra = 81,0 kN/m This approach is valid for loose materials but over designed for sound rock. Advantages of soil nailing @ Installation is practically free from vibration. © Drill rigs car stall soil nails at all angles. @ As there is no requirement to case line the drill hole, most drill rigs installing THTAN soil nails are smaller and can cope well with slopes and confined spaces. © Soil nailing offers the opportunity to produce an environmentally friendly but technically safe green wall solution, often less expensive than traditionally back anchored retaining walls tiom=003607ln 1m=32018 11=02040Ko 1 MPAGrI Nim =O44EKS! 1BAR= SPS! 1RNn'= CORE KAGR + MW = 46K 5ig and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN: Construction of a soil nailed wall Soil nailing from top to bottom. Illustrations of construction sequence. (@ Excavating in stages. © Applying reinforced shotcrete. @ Installation of soil nails. @ Then repeating the sequence in steps of 1 to 2 meters 6 tmm=002007hn 1ma22618 118=02040Kp 1 MPAor Nim t Om en saad rae alls se by $mm=0937in Im-S201 1hM=02260K 1MPAGrI Ni =0145KS! 1BAR=145PS1 1KNn=OOBIEOKigR 1 MN» HSK! sth} et} EB mel Seat 45Eamz=a{ self drilling and self grouting hollow soil nails TITAN: 4.An oxposed cil nail, which has been tension tested to the ultimate load, prooves equal «technically advanced formwork, shoring, trenching and geotechnical systems. £8160 RIVER ROAD, DELTA, B.C., CANADA VAG 185. TEL: (604) 946-5571 FAX: (604) 946-5548 toll ree: 1-888-81 TITAN ‘e-malt con-tech@contechsystems.com http://www contechsystems.com W234/01.00/0100/2 USA» String Sez + Duck Gneh, Enraptt (ISCHEBECK 200