7 570 Chapter 15 _ Slope-Deflection Method structures today is performed on c displacement method presented in Chapter 17 a computers using the matrix formulation of the EXAMPLE 15.8 Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame shown in Fig. 15.15(a) ~W™ by the slope-deflection method. SOLUTION Degrees of Freedom The degrees of freedom are Oc, Bp. and A (see Fig. 15.15(b)) 40 kN 40 kN c D c | a Tm B B | y Sao, : PF tao Lee —~3m 4m “Aye El= constant (@) Frame (€) Free-Body Diagram of the Entire Frame Mea J Sea Mon 15 Soe @ %\ 2 Sm t | ri Vs i Lhe ‘so | bet | i a / Bl Sey Map plas Ay a Mac (@) Free-Body Diagrams of Columns AC and BD (b) Qualitative Deflected Shape of the Frame Fig. 15.15Section 15.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 571 17 16.47 14. Se (@) Member End Moments, Shears and Axial Forces os A 16.47 (f) Support Reactions Fig. 15.15 (contd)2 Chapter 15. Slope-Deflection Method Fixed-End Moments By using the ixed-end moment expressions given inside the back cover of the book, we obtain 40(3)(4)" $30.2 KN m FEMco = ays =392KN-m) oF 40(3)7(4) am FEMac = FEMca = FEMap = FEMps = 0 Me 2294kN-m) of — 29-4 KNem Chord Rotations From Fig. 15.15(b), we can see that A Wac = > veo = Slope-Deftection Equations 2EL 4 E E pe = Et ec -3(-F)] = o2ssere $0.122E14 w 2 fe -(-8)] OSTIEL6¢ + 0.12ETA @ 7 Man ="! [6 -3(-$)] = 0.4E16p + 0.24EIA @ Mop = 261 [2p ~3(-3)] =08e 16> 4024870 w 2EI Mev = 7" (ate +p) +39.2 = OSTEO + 0.2866 18p + 39.2 6 2EI Moc = 72" Gc + 2p) ~ 29.4 = 0.286E 1c + 057118 ~ 294 o Equilibrium Equations By considering the moment equilibrium of joints C and D. we obtain the equilibrium equations Mca + Meo o Mos + Moc =0 ® ‘To establish the third equilibrium equation, we apply the force equilibrium equation ¥ Fx = Oto the free body of the entire frame (Fig. 15.15(c)), to obtain Sac + Sav =0 in which S4c and Sap represent the shears at the lower ends of columns AC and BD. respectively, as shown in Fig. 15.15(c). To express the column end shears in terms of column end moments, we draw the free-body diagrams of the two columns (Fig. 15.15(d)) and sum the moments about the top of each column: Mac + Me Sem MAC EMCA agg yy = MB0-+ Mon By substituting these equations into the third equilibrium equation, we obtain MactMca , Meo + Mop 7 7 5 =E 5.9 XAMPLE 1 SOLUTION Section 155 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 573 Which can be rewritten as S(Mac + MCA) +7Mo0 + Mog) =0 ° Joint Displaceme : Cin uents To determine the unknown joint displacements Sei Oo, an A we Substitute the sh Slope-deftection e (4s. (7)-49)) 6 eon ‘quations (Eqs. (1)-(6)) into the equilibrium equations MQ Me + 0.2866 1p +0.12E18 = —39.2 (10) 0.286816 + L371 E10 402414 = 29.4 ou 428510 + 84E1Oy +4.58E14 = 0 Solving Eqs. (10)-(12 simultaneously yields ETc = —40.211 kN m? E16p = 34.24 kN. m? EIA = ~25.177kN-m? Member End Moments By substituting the numerical values of Elf, Elép, and EIA into the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. (1)-(6)), we obtain Mac =-14.6kN-m or 14.6kN-m) Ans. Mca=~26kN-m or — 26kN-m ) Ans. Mbp =7.7kN-m) Ans. Mpg =21.3kN-m) ans. Mcp = 26kN-m) Ans, Mpc =-21.3KN-m or 21.3kN-m) Ans. To check that the solution of the simultaneous equations (Eqs. (10)-(12)) has been car- ried out correctly, we substitute the numerical values of member end moments back into the equilibrium equations (Eqs. (7)-(9)): Mca + Mcp = -26 +26 =0 checks Mos + Moc = 21.3~21.3=0 Checks 5(Mac + Mca) + (Map + Moa) = S(~14.6 ~ 26) + 7(7.7 + 21.3) =0 Checks Member End Shears The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium ‘of each member, are shown in Fig. 15.15(e). 11 Forces With end shears known, member axial forces can now be evalu- a dee the equilibrium of joints C and D. The axial forces thus obtained are at i shown in Fig. 15.15(€). support Reactions See Fig. 15.15(f), The equilibrium equations check. Ans, Equilibrium Chec aaa he member end moments and reactions forthe frame shown in Fig 15.16(a) mine the pore slope-derection method. by thes i dom Degrees of freedom are Ae, Ap, and A Degrees of FreeChapter 15 Slope-Deflection Method Fixed-End Moments Since no external loads are applied to the members, the fixed-eng moments are zero. Chord Rotations From Fig. 15.16(b), we can see that cc’ Gs = = - ASL = -0,06254 0 20 bb so = -0.06254 dad 16 16 (a) ca 4 aS = 0.03754 oo 20) = Slope-Defiection Equations 2 Mac To (6c ~ -0.06254)} = 0.1 E18c + 0.0188ETA ( 2E1 Mca = Ty [Me ~ 3(--0.06254)] = 0.2610 + 0.0188E1A Q c 30k 7 16 ft A, iB /}— 12 —} 20 ft El = constant (a) Frame (b) Chord Rotations Due to Fig. 15.16 SideswaySection 15.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 575 1 i i 1 t 1 1 i 1 26.67 ft t ' 1 i i ' 1 1 ' ' i 16 ft Mop ee t Se 20 ft —__| (c) Free-Body Diagram of the Entire Frame se A Ne Mon] => S007 & 20 ft 16 ft A Bl +—Spp 4 ee 0 Mae Si SY Moo (4) Free-Body Diagrams of Columns AC and BD Fig. 15.16 (comtd.)576 Chapter 15. Slope-Deflection Method 0k—=y 1. De aie dowel D oe Less as oy : 12.36 oN aes 12.36 1762917 XY 187 88 (e) Member Endl Moments, SI sand Axial Forces: 0k —*, A 1164 — = 1236 — v7 Y Y 106.7 ax 88 (f) Support Reactions Fig, 15.16 (contd) eek fan = “yg Pn ~ 3-0.06254)] = 0.125E18p + 0.0234E70 o Mow = 129 on = "1 ¢ 2M ~ H-0.0625A)] = 0.25E18p + 0.0234ETA o Mey =e ian en = “3g (2c + Op ~ 3(0.0375A)] = 0.2E16c + 0.1E 1p — 0.013ETS 6 Et Moe = 6 = “ay (Mo + Be ~ ¥0.0575A)| = 0.2E16p + 0.18 14e - 0013818 ©Section 15.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 577 Equilibrium Equations. By considering the moment equilibrium of joints C and D, we obtain the equilibrium equations Mca + Mcp =0 a Moa + Moe =0 (8) ‘The third equilibrium equation is established by summing the moments of all the forces and couples acting on the free body of the entire frame about point O, which is located at the intersection of the longitudinal axes of the two columns, as shown in Fig. 15.16(c). Thus +CX Mo =0 Mac ~ Sac(53.33) + Map — Spp(42.67) + 30(26.67) = 0 in which the shears at the lower ends of the columns can be expressed in terms of column end moments as (see Fig. 15.16(4)) Mace Mca ag Msp + Mos 20 eg 16 By substituting these expressions into the third equilibrium equation, we obtain 1.67Mac + 2.67Mca + 1.67Mgp + 2.67Mpp = 800 Oo) Sac Joint Displacements Substitution of the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. (1)—(6)) into the equilibrium equations (Eqs. (7)-(9)) yields 0.4E16¢ + 0.1EI9p + 0.0075E1A =0 (10) O.1E10c + 0.45E10p + 0.0121 E14 ay ONE 1c + 0.877E16p +0.183E1A = 800 2) By solving Eqs. (10)-(12) simultaneously, we determine El6c = —66.648 k-f Ep = 125.912 fC ETA = 5,233.6 kit? Member End Moments By substituting the numerical values of E10¢, Elf, and EIA into the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. (1)~(6)), we obtain Mac = 91.7 eft) ae Mca = 85.1 k-ft ) Ans. Myp = 106.7 k-ft ) Ans. Mpa =91 Kft) Ans. Mcp = -85.1k-ft or 85.1 k-ft) ane. Mpc =—-91k-ft or MK) Ans. Back substitution of the numerical values of member end moments into the equilibrium equations yields Mca + Mcp = 85.1 ~85 checks Mpa + Mpc = 91-91 =0 Checks 167M ac + 2.67Mca + 1.67Map + 2.67Mpp = 1.67(91.7) + 2.67(85.1) +1.67(106.7) + 2.67(91) = 801.5 = 800 checks578 Chapter 15 _Slope-Deflection Method EXAMPLE 15.10 — 10k +f E SOLUTION Ls kit 1S kife F (b) Chord Rotations Due to Sidesway Fig. 15.17 |}——-ort (a) Frame Member End Shears and Axial Forces See Fig. 15.16(€). Support Reactions See Fig. 15.16(f) Equilibrium Check The equilibrium equations check, - ang Determine the member end moments, the support reactions, and the her deflection of joint F of the two-story frame shown in Fig. 15:17) by the spe deflection method. Degrees of Freedom From Fig. 15.17(a), we can see thatthe joints C.D. E,and Foti frame are free to rotate, and translate in the horizontal direction. AS shown Fig i5.17%b, the horizontal displacement ofthe fist-story joints C and is deieny as Ay, whereas the horizontal displacement of the second-story joints E and F y upressed as 4y + As, with dz representing the displacement of the scons Joints relative to the frststry joints. Thus, the frame has six degrees of freedom is, Bc, Up. Mes Ors At, and A>. FEMcp EMgp = 200 k-ft FEMpc FEM eg 200 k-ft 10k— . E F | dane hn Ce { sory (c) Free-Body Diagram of the Top Story 10k— 20k— aU mac gly oe oa (@) Free-Body Diagram ofthe Ene F™ ~ AASection 15.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 579. 1.5 kif kf L)~re-( GEER —ns¢! m4 {208.3 t ye a B 33. i 26.73 ‘& 27 14 208.3, E)— 7386 Fi— 17.86 qo Rt 78 D\+— 17.86 C Sa 1488 26.73 x 27 Eaten _ 13.2 > 22.09 37.91 48.82 aA 18 66.5 Cl» 10.71 180.8 5 )— 19.29 Al 10.71 Bi + 19.29 1478 \}7 2049 48.82 71.18 (c) Member End Moments, Shears and Axial Forces 1.5 kift 10k F 1.5 Wt 20k Fe D Al. —to7 Bay Ape 78 Apes 48.82 7118 (f) Support Reactions Fig. 15.97 (contd.)Slope-Deflection Method Chord Rotations See Fig. 15.176). Wac = Wan Vee = Wor Veo = Wer =0 Slope-Deftection Equations: Using lounn = #210 Iyer = 21, we write Mac =0.1E10¢ +0.01SEIA1 0 Mca =0.2E16c + 0.01SEIA1 a Mop =0.1E10p + 0015EI A, o Mpp = 0.2E16p + 0.01SEIA1 4 Mce = 0.2E 6c + 0.1E Ie + 0.01SEIA2 6 Mec = 0.26 le + 0.1E18¢ + 0.01SEIA2 © Mor = 0.2E18p + 0.1E19¢ + O.01SETAz 0 Mrp = 0.2E16p + 0.1E18p + 0.01SEIA2 ® Mcp = 0.2E18c + 0.1E1®p +200 ® Moc = 0.2E18p +0.1E16c — 200 a) Mer = O.2E19¢ +0.1E16¢ +200 any Mre =0.2E19p +0.1E16z — 200 a) Equilibrium Equations By considering the moment equilibrium of joints C, D, E, and F, we obtain Mca + Mev + Mce =0 wo) Moe + Moc + Mor =0 a) Mec +Mer =0 as Meo+Mre=0 6) To establish the remaining two equilibrium, tal section just above the lower ends ofthe col a r imns of each st the frame and app! the equation of horizontal equilibrium ( Dl te hes eh a X Fx = 0) to the free body of the portion the i above the section, The fre-body diagrams thus obtained are show i ‘ig. 15.17(6) and (€). By applying the equilib = ee of the fame (Fig. 5.176), we obtain Non E Be = water Sce + Spe =10 milurly, by applying > Fy = 0 to the entire frame (Fig. 15.17(d)), we write Sac + Sao = 30 ‘equations, we successively pass a horizonSection 15.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 581 and by substituting thexe expressions into the force equilibrium equations, we obtain Moe + Mee + Mop + Mey = 200 an Mac + Mea + Mun + Moy = 60 (18) Joint Displacements Substitution of the slope-defiection equations (Eqs. (1)-(12)) into the equilibrium equations (Kgs. (13)-(14)) yields 0.68 10¢ + 0.110) + 0.11 ¢ + 0.01SELA, +0.01SEIA> (as) OLE + 0.6610) + 0.1 EI9p + O.OISETA, + 0.015ELA. (20) OLE 10¢ + 04K 1b + 0.1 E 6p + 0.01SEIAy = (21) OLE) + OLE, + O4E 16g + 0.015EL Ax (22) O31 +0.3E10p +03E1Gg +0.3E 146 + 0.06EL (23) OLE ic + O.LE 6p + 0.02E1A, = 200 (24) By solving Eqs. (19)-(24) by the Gauss-Jordan elimination method (Appendix B), we determine —812.988 kf? =241.556 k-ft? 789.612 kf 393.248 k-ft? 15,272,728 kf or Ay = 0.0758 ft = 0.91 in. > }0, 787.878 k-ft? or Ap = 0.0536 ft 643 in. > Thus, the horizontal deflection of joint F of the frame is as follows: Ap = Ay + Az = 0.91 +0.643 = 1.553 in. > Ans. Member End Moments By substituting the numerical values of the joint displacements into the slope-detlection equations (Eqs. (1)~(12)), we obtain Mac = 147.8 k-ft) Ans. Mca = 665 k-ft Ans. Map = 204.9 k-ft ) Ans. Mpg = 180.8 k-ft ) Ans. Mce=-19.7Tkft or 79.7k-ft) Ans. Mec =-T14ke& or TAKA) ns. Mor = 148.8 k-ft ) Ans. Mrp = 208.3 k-ft ) Ans. Mcp = 13.2 k-ft ) ans. Mpc =~329.6k-ft or 329.6 kt) ns. Mer = 714 k-ft ) ns. Mpe = —2083k-ft or 208.3k-ft ) Ans. Back substitution of the numerical values of member end moments into the equilibrium equations yields 66.5 + 13.2 -79.7=0 aun Mea + Mcp + Mc checks Mow + Moc + Mor = 180.8 — 329.6 + 148.8 =0iter 15, Slope-Deflection Method Mec + Mer = -7744774 =0 Checks Mep + Mre = 208.3 — 208.3 =0 Checks Mc + Mec + Mog + Mrp = —79.7 —774 + 148.8 + 208.3 = 200 Cheeks Mac + Mca + Map + Mpp = 1478 + 66.5 + 204.9 + 180.8 = 600 Checks Member End Shears and Axial Forces See Fig. 15.17(e). Support Reactions See Fig. 15.17(f). Ans. Equilibrium Check The equilibrium equations check. SUMMARY In this chapter we have studied a classical formulation of the displacement (stiffness) method, called the slope-deflection method, for the analysis of beams and frames. The method is based on the slope-defiection equation: 2E1 Muy = (20, + Of — 3h) + FEMny (5.9) L which relates the moments at the ends of a member to the rotations and dis- placements of its ends and the external loads applied to the member. The procedure for analysis essentially involves (1) identifying the u- known joint displacements (degrees of freedom) of the structure: (2) for each member, writing slope-deflection equations relating member end moments 10 the unknown joint displacements; (3) establishing the equations of equilibrium of the structure in terms of member end moments; (4) substituting the slope deflection equations into the equilibrium equations and solving the resulting system of equations to determine the unknown joint displacements; and (5) computing member end moments by substituting the values of joint displace ments back into the slope-deflection equations. Once member end moments have been evaluated, member end shears and axial forces, and support ree" ons, can be determined through equilibrium considerations.