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Centre Number Candidate Number Name

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

er
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

s.c
om
HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/02
Paper 2
October/November 2006
2 hours
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A.

Section B
Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or.
Write your answers to questions 8, 9 and 10 on the separate answer paper provided.

Write an E (for Either) or an O (for Or) next to the number 10 in the grid below to indicate which question
you have answered.
At the end of the examination fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Section A

Section B

10

Total

This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.

(NH/CG) T18338/2
© UCLES 2006 [Turn over
 2 For
Examiner’s
Use
Section A

Answer all the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the liver, part of the small intestine and some associated blood vessels.

liver

Fig. 1.1

(a) On Fig. 1.1, name the blood vessels A, B and C. [3]

(b) State which of the blood vessels A, B or C would have the most

(i) glucose after a meal, ................................................................................................

(ii) carbon dioxide, .........................................................................................................

(iii) oxygen. .................................................................................................................[3]

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Examiner’s
Use
A person went into hospital for an operation that involved removing the liver. The amounts of
amino acid and urea in blood vessel B were measured before, during and after the liver was
removed. The liver was removed 60 minutes into the operation. The results are shown in
Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

time/min amounts in blood vessel B/arbitrary units

urea amino acids

0 5.0 2.0

30 5.0 2.0

60 5.0 2.0

90 2.0 4.0

120 0.5 5.5

150 0.0 5.5

Fig. 1.2 is a graph of some of these results. The line for amino acids has been shown on the
graph.

liver removed

6
amino acids
5

4
amounts in
blood vessel 3
B / arbitrary units
2

0
0 30 60 90 120 150
time / minutes

Fig. 1.2

(c) Using Table 1.1, plot the figures for urea onto the graph and join them up to form a line.
Label this line urea. [5]

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 4 For
Examiner’s
Use
(d) Using the graph, describe what happens to the amounts of these substances in blood
vessel B after the liver is removed.

(i) amino acids................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) urea............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(e) Name the process in the intact liver which maintains low concentrations of amino acids
in the blood and high concentrations of urea in the blood.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(f) Explain why, after the liver is removed, the amount of urea continues to fall after
120 minutes, while the amino acid amounts stay level.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total : 20]

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Examiner’s
Use
2 In an investigation into osmosis, a yam was peeled and cut into chips exactly 5 mm x 5 mm x
50 mm. Three chips were placed into each of three different sugar solutions, D, E and F, in
corked tubes, and left for 24 hours. They were then removed and their average lengths
determined. The results are shown in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1

sugar solution / mol per dm3 average length of chips / mm

D 0.2 55.0

E 0.4 51.3

F 0.6 45.0

(a) Explain the changes in average chip length seen in solutions D and F.

D .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

F .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Which of the three solutions D, E and F has a sugar concentration nearest to that of the
yam?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Suggest one other way in which changes to these yam chips could have been
measured.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Explain why, in an experiment like this, all the chips should be taken from the same yam.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 7]

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Examiner’s
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3 Fig. 3.1 is a working model of the chest and lungs. By moving the rubber sheet up and down
the balloons representing the lungs can be seen to deflate and inflate.

tube to bell jar

tubes to balloons glass bell jar

balloon

rubber sheet

Fig. 3.1

(a) Name the parts of the gaseous exchange system represented by the

(i) tube entering each balloon, ......................................................................................

(ii) tube entering the bell jar, ..........................................................................................

(iii) rubber sheet. .........................................................................................................[3]

(b) Explain why the balloons inflate if the rubber sheet is pulled down.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Suggest why this model does not give the full explanation of how lungs inflate.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 7]

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Examiner’s
Use
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a clinical and a laboratory thermometer not drawn to the same scale.

scale
42 °C 110 °C
column of mercury
narrow kink
in tube

35 °C
mercury reservoir –10 °C

clinical thermometer laboratory thermometer

Fig. 4.1

(a) State two ways in which the clinical thermometer differs from the laboratory thermometer,
as seen in Fig. 4.1.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Describe how you would take your temperature using the clinical thermometer.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Suggest one difference that you would make to the method in (b) if you were asked to
take the temperature of a baby.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 6]

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Examiner’s
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5 A plant with variegated leaves was left in the dark for several days. Two variegated leaves,
G and H, were taken and tested as shown in Fig. 5.1 below.

results

white area brown

exposed to light for 2 hours
green area then tested for starch blue / black

leaf G leaf G

brown
white area
kept in the dark brown
green area then tested for starch

leaf H leaf H

Fig. 5.1

(a) State which chemical

(i) makes the leaf green, ...............................................................................................

(ii) is used to test for starch. .......................................................................................[2]

(b) Explain the different results seen in leaves G and H.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total : 7]

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Examiner’s
Use
6 Two opposing pressures operate on blood as it passes through a capillary. One is the
hydrostatic pressure pushing the water and solutes out of the capillary to form tissue fluid.
This is opposed by the osmotic pressure of the large blood proteins pulling water into the
capillaries.

(a) Explain why

(i) hydrostatic pressure falls as blood passes along the capillary,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) osmotic pressure remains the same.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Some of the tissue fluid does not return directly to the capillaries. Describe how this fluid
is returned to the blood.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total : 4]

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Examiner’s
Use
7 Athlete’s foot is a common infection. Fig. 7.1 shows how athlete’s foot may be spread.

mycelium of hyphae
on skin between toes

hyphae grow if skin hyphae secrete enzymes

is moist (between toes) to digest skin giving
itching and rawness

flakes of skin plus hyphae

flakes collected detach from feet
on feet on towels

on changing-room
floors

Fig. 7.1

(a) Suggest three ways to reduce the spread of the hyphae from person to person.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................

3. ..................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Name the type of organism which causes athlete’s foot.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total : 4]

© UCLES 2006 5096/02/O/N/06

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Section B

Answer all the questions, including questions 8, 9 and 10 Either or 10 Or.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

8 Houseflies are vectors of typhoid; mosquitoes are vectors of malaria.

(a) What is meant by the term vector? [2]

(b) What are the differences between the two insects in the way they act as vectors?
Arrange your answer under the following headings.

(i) How and where the disease organism is picked up by the insect.

(ii) How the disease organism is transmitted to a new host. [10]

(c) State three ways to reduce the numbers of flies. [3]

9 Explain, in detail, the differences between the following pairs of terms.

(a) aqueous humour and vitreous humour

(b) glycogen and glucagon

(c) antibiotic and antibody [15]

10 Question 10 is in the form of an Either/Or question. Only answer question 10 Either or question
10 Or.

Either

A working muscle produces heat and carbon dioxide during respiration.These are both carried
away in the blood.

(a) Describe how and where heat and carbon dioxide are released from the blood to the
environment. [10]

(b) Carbon dioxide reacts with lime water when blown through it to form a chalky suspension.
Suggest how you could use this information to show that you produce more carbon dioxide
when you exercise than when you are at rest. [5]

Or

(a) Describe the ways in which the body uses water. [6]

(b) Describe how water is removed from the blood in the kidneys and excreted. [5]

(c) On hot days the urine produced may be concentrated. Explain how this is achieved. [4]

© UCLES 2006 5096/02/O/N/06

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BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

5096/02/O/N/06
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

er
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

s.c
om
HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 5096/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
October/November 2006

1 hour
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Soft clean eraser
Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless
this has been done for you.

There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible
answers, A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

IB06 11_5096_01/4RP
 UCLES 2006 [Turn over
 2

1 Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

A breathing
B feeding
C locomotion
D respiration

2 The diagram shows two agar plates, X and Y, after incubation at 28 °C for 48 hours.

X has been inoculated with bacteria and Y with viruses.

appearance of plates after 48 hours

X Y

plate

agar

Why is there a difference in the appearance of the plates?

A The bacteria grow faster than the viruses.

B The bacteria do not have to compete with the viruses.
C The viruses cannot reproduce without cells.
D The viruses only grow below 28 °C.

3 Which parasite reproduces asexually and sexually, and has a life history involving two hosts?

A Anopheles
B Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C Schistosoma mansoni
D Tinea

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

 3

4 The diagram shows a highly magnified section of a cell membrane.

low concentration of
amino acid molecules
outside the cell

cell membrane

direction of amino acid molecules

movement inside the cell

By which process are the molecules moving?

A active transport
B diffusion
C osmosis
D phagocytosis

5 The diagram shows a carbon cycle.

Which arrow shows a process which causes oxygen to enter the atmosphere?

carbon dioxide
in atmosphere
A
C B

fossil fuel plants

dead organic
matter

animals

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06 [Turn over

 4

6 A diet rich in vitamin D improves the health of a person with

A anaemia.
B constipation.
C obesity.
D rickets.

7 The diagram shows the working of a muscle.

X, plus energy
from respiration

Which substance from the diet is X?

A calcium ions
B iron ions
C vitamin C
D vitamin D

8 The bar charts show the percentages (%) of fat, protein, starch and sugar in four foods.

Which food is milk?

20 A 20 B

15 15

% 10 % 10

5 5

0 0
fat protein starch sugar fat protein starch sugar

20 C 20 D

15 15

% 10 % 10

5 5

0 0
fat protein starch sugar fat protein starch sugar

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

 5

9 The diagram shows a vertical section of a molar tooth.

Which results in damage at X?

A Bacteria produce acids which dissolve X.

B Enzyme activity in saliva makes a hole in X.
C Bacteria feed on X.
D Sugar produces alkalis which dissolve X.

10 Four test-tubes, each containing 2 cm3 of starch suspension and 1 cm3 of amylase solution, were
treated as shown in the table.

In which test-tube would starch be digested most rapidly?

test-tube treatment

A kept at 70 oC
B 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid added; kept at 45 oC
C kept at 35 oC
D contents boiled; 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid added; kept at 45 oC

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06 [Turn over

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11 1, 2 and 3 are definitions of types of egestion.

1 normal elimination of faeces from the rectum

2 frequent passage of watery stools
3 infrequent passage of hard stools

Which defines defecation, constipation and diarrhoea?

defecation constipation diarrhoea

A 1 2 3
B 1 3 2
C 2 3 1
D 3 2 1

12 The diagram shows a photograph of blood as seen with a microscope.

Which part carries out phagocytosis?

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

 7

13 The diagram shows a section through the heart.

6 5
4
1 pulmonary
aorta artery

2 3

What route does blood take from the right auricle (atrium), part 1, to the aorta, part 6?

A 1→2→3→6

B 1→2→5→3→4→6
C 1→2→5→4→3→6
D 1→4→3→6

14 What happens when an artery is cut?

A Blood clots immediately to stop the flow.

B Blood flows out in a constant stream.
C Blood escapes under pressure.
D Blood flow is controlled by valves.

15 Three tests were carried out on expired and inspired air.

Which results would occur for the expired air?

air bubbled through temperature time in seconds for a candle

limewater for 1 minute of air in oC to be extinguished in the air

A becomes cloudy 35 3
B stays clear 35 20
C becomes cloudy 28 20
D stays clear 28 3

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06 [Turn over

 8

16 The graphs show the rate and depth of breathing of a student at rest and during exercise.

at rest during exercise

3 3

volume of air 2 2
breathed in
and out / dm3 1 1

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
time / s time / s

The ventilation rate = volume of air breathed in per breath × the rate of breathing.

What is the student’s ventilation rate at rest and during exercise?

ventilation rate
at rest during exercise
dm3 / min dm3 / min

A 6 20
B 6 40
C 12 20
D 12 40

17 What is permanently changed by carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke?

A collagen
B fibrinogen
C haemoglobin
D insulin

18 How does cartilage differ from bone?

A It contains proteins.
B It is alive.
C It is flexible.
D It is made of calcium salts.

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19 The diagram shows two muscles in the human arm.

Y
Z

weight

What muscle actions are needed to lower and raise the weight?

lower the weight raise the weight

contract relax contract relax

A Z Y Z Y
B Y Z Y Z
C Z Y Y Z
D Y Z Z Y

20 The table shows what happens to four substances as they pass through a healthy kidney.

Which is glucose?

substance filtered from blood reabsorbed into blood leaves the kidney in urine

A yes no yes
B no no yes
C yes yes no
D no yes no

21 What is the function of a synapse?

A to join together the bones of the skull

B to produce the contractions of the heart
C to reduce friction at a joint
D to transmit nerve impulses

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22 The diagram shows part of the digestive system.

Which organ produces glucagon and in which organ does glucagon have its effect?

glucagon produced in glucagon has its effect on

A 1 1
B 1 2
C 2 1
D 2 2

23 A student draws a dot and a cross as shown.

• ×
With his right eye closed, the student looks hard at the cross with his left eye. He brings the
drawing towards him until the dot disappears.

On which point inside his eye does the image of the dot fall, when it disappears?

A
B
C

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

 11

24 The diagram shows a fetus in the uterus.

4
2

Which statement is true?

A The part labelled 1 prevents nicotine and alcohol from diffusing to the fetus.
B The part labelled 2 spreads pressure evenly around the fetus.
C The part labelled 3 provides oxygen and nutrients for the fetus.
D The part labelled 4 holds the fetus in place in the uterus.

25 How does the female oral contraceptive pill work?

A It prevents sperm penetrating the ova.

B It prevents the release of ova.
C It stops implantation of the embryo.
D It denatures enzymes in the sperm.

26 An inherited skin disease is caused by a dominant allele H. The diagram shows the inheritance of
this disease in a family.

parents
Hh hh
= male

= female
children
Hh ?
first child second child

What is the probability that the second child will have this skin disease?

A 0% B 25 % C 50 % D 100 %

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27 The table shows the total number of cases of diseases among long-serving prisoners over a
seven year period in four prisons.

In which prison are there likely to have been the most drug addicts?

total number of cases of disease recorded

diseases prison A prison B prison C prison D

AIDS 0 2 25 4
coronary heart disease 5 28 9 8
cholera 6 0 0 22
lung cancer 2 29 12 9

28 What would be examined to confirm that a person is a typhoid carrier?

A body temperature
B faeces
C pulse rate
D urine

29 The diagram shows a house and its surrounding area.

Which feature could cause the spread of cholera?

A people crowded
in poorly ventilated long grass
latrine
rooms

B stagnant
pond water

D shallow open well C wet muddy ground

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30 The pie charts show the percentage incidence of diseases in four similar regions of a country.

In which region would the use of insecticide most effectively reduce disease transmission?

key
region A region B region C region D
tuberculosis

AIDS

ringworm

malaria

31 Which is a feature of all people with malaria?

A They have a rash of small spots on the skin.

B They have been bitten by a male Anopheline mosquito.
C They have protozoa in their blood.
D They have two recessive alleles for malaria.

32 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is transmitted by snails.

Which would increase the numbers of snail vectors?

A allowing paddy fields to dry out at intervals
B extending the irrigation channels in the area
C removing weeds from irrigation channels
D stocking ponds with different varieties of fish

33 The graph shows the number of bacteria in a bowl of soup kept for four days.

On which day was the soup boiled?

number of
bacteria

A B C D
days

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 14

34 What are the effects of disinfectants?

inhibit bacteria
damage human stimulate the
reproduction, rather kill bacteria
tissue immune system
than killing them
A yes yes no yes
B yes no yes no
C no yes no no
D no no yes yes

35 The graph shows the incidence of gonorrhoea during the twentieth century.

120
100

number of recorded 80
cases of gonorrhoea 60
per 1 million of
the population 40
20
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
year

What happened in 1940?

A Mass x-ray was used to diagnose gonorrhoea.

B Penicillin was used to treat gonorrhoea.
C Mass vaccination was used against gonorrhoea.
D Chlorine was used to kill gonorrhoea pathogens.

36 Which could not ever make a person immune to a disease?

A being in close contact with someone who has the disease

B being injected with a harmless form of the pathogen that causes the disease
C having had the disease before
D treating wounds with antiseptics

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

 15

37 During hot weather it is important to empty dustbins at least once every week.

How does this help reduce housefly populations?

A Enzymes in housefly larvae are denatured by the high temperatures.

B Houseflies pick up pathogenic bacteria on their feet in large numbers.
C Housefly eggs take less than a week to hatch out and develop into more houseflies.
D Housefly pupae feed on decaying matter in the bin and create unpleasant smells.

38 The diagram shows a section through a pit latrine.

roof

wall

concrete

pit

faeces

Why may the disposal of faeces in this latrine be a risk to health?

A Flies can enter and leave the latrine.

B The latrine is in a hollow away from water.
C The concrete does not enclose the pit sides and base.
D Ventilation is poor so pathogens can be inhaled.

39 Why are microorganisms used in the treatment of sewage?

A to absorb the inorganic chemicals from the sewage

B to destroy viruses in the sewage
C to ingest bacteria in the sewage
D to make nitrogenous waste harmless.

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06 [Turn over

 16

40 The map shows four large housing blocks and the school that young children attend. In tests
given to the children attending the school, it is found that many children from one housing block
suffer poor memory and low intelligence.

In which housing block are these children mostly likely to live?

A
school
river sewage
works

main road

B
flyover
car park

refuse
stagnant disposal tip key
water housing block

C D

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2006 5096/01/O/N/06

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5096 Human and Social Biology November 2006

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

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Paper 5096/01
Multiple Choice

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number
1 D 21 D
2 C 22 B
3 C 23 C
4 A 24 B
5 B 25 B

6 D 26 C
7 A 27 C
8 A 28 B
9 A 29 D
10 C 30 D

11 B 31 C
12 B 32 B
13 C 33 C
14 C 34 B
15 A 35 B

16 D 36 D
17 C 37 C
18 C 38 A
19 C 39 C
20 C 40 B

General comments

A total of 510 candidates sat this paper and a standard deviation of 7.51 (18.8%) was obtained, with a mean
score of 24.16 (60.4%). The smaller number of candidates entered this year has produced fairly good
statistics, but this small sample needs interpreting with some caution. Unusually, six questions obtained
discriminations (point biserals), of .50 or above. There were a number of high scoring questions that
fortunately also obtained a good discrimination as shown by Questions 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21 and 29.
These questions accounted largely for the higher mean score. Of these Questions 11, 12 and 21, all with
the facility (proportion correct) above .800 proved too easy. Questions such as 5, 20, 26 and 39, which
were difficult and intended to extend the brightest candidates, were well answered and obtained reasonable
facilities.

1
 5096 Human and Social Biology November 2006
Comments on specific questions.

Question 5

This was expected to prove a difficult question, because the arrow ‘from’ the atmosphere showing the
process of photosynthesis, was the correct answer for the oxygen to ‘enter’ the atmosphere. Consequently
the weaker candidates guessed wrongly and chose options where arrows went ‘to’ the atmosphere.

Question 8

Option B was a positive distractor; no doubt because many candidates knew that milk contains fat and
protein. They did not know that the concentration is smaller than was shown by the bar charts and that
sugar is also present.

Question 11

This proved far too easy with 91% of the candidates getting it right. It shows that candidates have a pleasing
knowledge of the definitions of defecation, constipation and diarrhoea.

Question 16

More candidates chose the incorrect answers than the correct one. This guessing of answers appears to
show a weakness in interpreting simple graphs and probably operating simple arithmetic. No doubt many
candidates did not note that the answers were expressed per minute, while the graphs showed a 30 second
period.

Question 39

This tests syllabus Section 14.(f), the part played by microorganisms in making sewage harmless. The
answer option C, is that some other microorganisms ingest bacteria in a food chain. However, some very
advanced, specialised sewage disposal works, do use bacteria that can absorb certain metallic ions. Also
while most ‘nitrogenous waste’ is rarely harmful, young babies can be affected by drinking it in high
concentrations. It is also unfortunate that ‘nitrogenous waste’, interpreted in sewage disposal as inorganic,
could be interpreted more widely, since nitrogen is a constituent of organisms. Hence by applying highly
specialised knowledge, options A and D could be deemed correct in some circumstances. Nevertheless, the
obvious correct answer at this level is option C. With these faults this is a poor question and it would not be
used again with these options.

2
 5096 Human and Social Biology November 2006

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

Paper 5096/02
Paper 2

General comments

Where a choice was offered, most candidates decided to avoid the experimental-design option (Question 10
Either) choosing instead the more descriptive 10 Or.

It was pleasing to note that the graphical parts of the paper were often completed in good style, although
many candidates failed to anchor their descriptions to the axes or quote actual figures, when describing the
curve.

Candidates should be instructed that a question beginning with ‘Explain’ requires a different answer from one
that says ‘Describe’.

Detailed comments

Question 1 showed a diagram of the liver, a piece of intestine and three associated blood vessels. In part
(a) the names of the vessels were the hepatic artery, the hepatic vein and the hepatic portal vein. Most
candidates could identify all three, but there was some confusion with renal vessels. In (b) the vessels which
would have the most glucose, carbon dioxide and oxygen were, respectively, the portal vein, hepatic vein
and the hepatic artery. The majority of candidates identified these correctly.

Part (c) required candidates to transfer readings for concentrations of urea from a table onto a grid supplied
on the paper and to label the line so formed urea. Once again this was usually accomplished correctly and
neatly, although some forgot to label the line. In (d) the two lines on the graph - one for amino acids and the
other for urea - were to be described, after the liver was removed. The answers expected were: the amino
acid line rises to 5.5 units after+ 60 minutes and then levels out (at 5.5); the urea line falls to zero, steeply
from 0 to + 60 minutes and then more slowly from + 60 to + 90 minutes. Weaker candidates said little more
than the one increased while the other fell, without reference to amounts or time.

The process illustrated by these changes is deamination.

In (f) the explanations for the changes in the two curves are that urea falls to zero, since it is being removed
from the blood in urine by the kidney; the amino acid curve levels, since without the liver no more amino
acids are broken down. The role of the kidney was not often appreciated here.

Question 2 dealt with length-changes in chips cut from a yam and placed in three different sugar solutions.
In (a) explanations of the results were requested, not descriptions. In D the chips become longer, since
water has entered the chips from the solution, because the solution must be more dilute/have a higher water
potential than the solution in the chips. In F the chips become shorter by losing water to the external
solution, since the chips are more dilute/have a higher potential than the external solution.

The solution showing the least change in chip-size is E, so this must approximate most closely to the solution
in the chips.

One other way in which changes could have been measured was by changes in mass. Answers suggesting
volume were allowed but not width, since such changes would have been too small to measure. In such an
experiment the chips should be taken from the same yam, since different yams will have different water
potentials. Better candidates recognised osmosis in action and could explain the results; weaker ones
merely described them or confused concentrations and potentials.

In Question 3(a) the tube entering each balloon represents a bronchus, not a bronchiole; the tube entering
the bell jar is the trachea and the rubber sheet is the diaphragm.

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 5096 Human and Social Biology November 2006
In (b) the balloons inflate when the sheet is pulled down, because the volume in the jar increases; the
pressure there decreases; so external pressure is now greater than inside the jar and air is sucked in. Again,
an explanation was required.

This model does not explain inflation fully, since the jar is rigid and does not equate to the chest wall with its
intercostal muscles and flexible rib-cage. Most candidates scored well here.

Question 4 showed two thermometers. (a) The clinical thermometer has a kink in the mercury column close
to the bulb and its scale is different.

(b) to take your temperature you should shake the clinical thermometer to lower the mercury, place it under
the tongue for 30 secs. to 1 minute, remove and read.

(c) To read a baby’s temperature one would place the thermometer in the armpit or the rectum, not the
mouth. Again, this question was well done in general, although the importance of shaking down the mercury
was not always appreciated.

Question 5 was concerned with the results of a common experiment on photosynthesis. In (a) the chemical
making the leaf green is chlorophyll; that used in testing for starch is iodine, or more correctly a solution of
iodine in potassium iodide.

(b) wanted an explanation of the results shown, not merely a description. The green areas of the variegated
leaves have chlorophyll, the white do not. Leaf G is exposed to light, so photosynthesis occurs in these
green areas as shown by the blue/black colour, when tested with iodine solution, showing the presence of
starch. Leaf H had no light, so made no starch and so was brown when tested with the iodine solution.

Question 6 was concerned with the formation and return of tissue fluid. Hydrostatic pressure falls as blood
passes along a capillary, since tissue fluid is escaping. However, the osmotic pressure remains the same,
since the proteins which cause it are too large to escape with the tissue fluid.

In (b) some tissue fluid passes into the lymph vessels where it is squeezed on by tissue movements assisted
by valves. It passes through lymph nodes and empties into the veins close to the heart. This was a
‘describe’ question but the details were seldom given.

Question 7 showed a diagram of how athlete’s foot may be spread. In (a), three ways to reduce the spread
include: dry feet thoroughly, especially between the toes; do not share towels; wear shoes in the changing
room and dust feet with talc or an anti-fungal preparation.

The type of organism that causes the infection is a fungus. Most candidates could extract this information
from the diagram and so scored reasonably well.

In Section B, Question 8 was concerned with insect vectors of disease as illustrated by the housefly and
the mosquito.
A vector is an organism that spreads a disease but is not itself affected by it. Few achieved the second point
here.

(a) In the spread of typhoid, the fly is attracted to faeces which may be infected. The bacteria are
collected on its feet, hairy legs and body and are sucked up into its mouthparts. Both sexes are
involved and when visiting our food or kitchens, the bacteria may be deposited, so spreading the
infection when we eat the food.

(b) In malaria, the female mosquito sucks blood to help develop her eggs. If the person she feeds on
is infected, gametes of the protozoan parasite are ingested and reproduce inside her passing
special infective stages, sporozoites, to her salivary glands. These are injected into the
bloodstream of her next food-source, so infecting that person.

(c) To reduce the number of flies kitchen waste should be bagged, burned or buried to avoid giving the
flies a breeding ground. Alternatively, rubbish can be sprayed with insecticide or turned regularly to
bury and ‘cook’ the larvae and pupae. Insecticides can be used in the house together with fly
papers and screens to keep them out. Faeces should be disposed of properly, not left exposed.
Good candidates displayed their knowledge here and often scored well. Some answers to (c) were
vague and tended to confuse the two insects. Some thought that mosquitoes became infected
simply from living in swamps.

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Question 9 asked for detailed differences between three pairs of biological substances.

Aqueous humour is found in the anterior chamber of the eye, in front of the lens. It is thus in contact with the
iris and the cornea and is a watery fluid allowing movements of those structures. It assists in refracting light
between the cornea and the lens. Vitreous humour is a more jelly-like fluid found behind the lens in the
posterior chamber of the eye. It bathes the retina and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

Glycogen is an insoluble polysaccharide, assembled from lots of glucose molecules for storage in the liver
and the muscles. Glucagon is a protein, a hormone made in the pancreas and carried in the blood to the
liver and muscles, where it directs the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

An antibiotic is a chemical made by fungi or bacteria (or assembled in the laboratory) which inhibits or kills
bacteria. Although some are narrower in their target species than others each is not specific, but can be
taken into the body to help destroy infections. Its effects are short lived, many being removed in the urine.

Antibodies are proteins assembled by lymphocytes in the body in response to foreign antigens. They help
destroy the antigens, viruses included, and are specific in their action. They are often long-lasting in the
body and are the basis of our immune response. They may be supplied to the body in anti-sera or in
mother’s milk during suckling.

This question provided a huge range of quality in the answers with many scoring very well. Weaker
candidates confused the terms or gave little detail.

Question 10 Either began by asking how heat and carbon dioxide from respiration were released from the
blood. This was a ‘describe’ question and so details were expected. Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs
where gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion down concentration gradients across the huge surface area of
the alveoli. It is then breathed out, taking some heat with it. Heat is also lost in the urine but mainly via the
skin by radiation, conduction and convection and by the evaporation of sweat. These processes are
accelerated by vasodilation, when more blood is sent into the surface capillaries by dilation of the skin
arterioles. Some eighteen separate marking points here gave the candidates plenty of scope to score their
ten points.

In (b) candidates were asked to show that a person produces more carbon dioxide during exercise than at
rest, given that when carbon dioxide is blown through lime water it produces a chalky suspension. This is a
fairly simple experimental technique to design but the question was avoided by over 90% of the candidates,
and those that did try it progressed little further than suggesting one should blow through the lime water at
rest and then after exercise. Few suggested how to blow through the test solution or how to estimate the
degree of cloudiness. Fewer still noted that the same volume of limewater should be taken for each test or
that the length of blow should be the same, as should the test-apparatus. Experimental design remains a
difficult area for most candidates, but will continue to be tested.

Question 10 Or (a) asked how the body uses water. Answers expected here were that the body is
composed of about 80% water; water is both a solvent for the cell’s chemicals; a medium for enzyme action
and a transport medium as illustrated by blood, lymph, tissue fluid and urine. It is a reagent in hydrolysis and
so is central to digestion. It removes latent heat from the blood when it evaporates and is incompressible, so
helping to protect the foetus. Other general points were allowed but vague references to preventing
dehydration were not.

(b) asked for a description of how water is removed from the blood in the kidneys and excreted. Up to 5
marks were allowed for the following: blood arrives in the renal artery and is filtered at the glomeruli. In each
nephron, the water passes as the filtrate into the tubule, thence to the collecting ducts and into the ureters.
From here peristalsis takes it to the bladder. On relaxing of the sphincter at the neck of the bladder, urine is
passed out via the urethra. Most candidates scored well here, although there were the usual confusions
between ureter and urethra.

In part (c) an explanation of how the urine could be made more concentrated was requested. The
mechanism, well known by many candidates is: water-lack in the blood is detected in the hypothalamus. The
pituitary gland is stimulated to release more ADH. This hormone makes the collecting ducts in the kidney
more permeable, so that more water is extracted from the filtrate by osmosis, hence the urine is more
concentrated (and the water saved helps to dilute the blood). Weaker candidates continue to get confused
by the details of this example of homeostasis.