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SURGXFH XQD GHIRUPDFLyQ DQJXODU θ WDO TXH τ Nθ +DOODU HO FRFLHQWH GH ORV
YDORUHVGHN FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVGRVFDVRV
8QGLVFRGH.JGHPDVD\FPGHUDGLRHVWDVXVSHQGLGRGHXQDODPEUHGH
DFHUR GH FP GH ORQJLWXG \ PP GH UDGLR IRUPDQGR XQ SpQGXOR GH
WRUVLyQ 6L HO SHULRGR GH RVFLODFLyQ GHO SpQGXOR UHVXOWD VHU V ¢TXp YDORU
WLHQHHOPyGXORGHULJLGH]GHODFHUR"
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GHSiJLQDVFRQVXOWDGDV
- 12 -
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E 'HWHUPLQDU OD FRQVWDQWH HOiVWLFD GH XQ UHVRUWH XVDQGR ORV PpWRGRV HOiVWLFR \
GLQiPLFR
F &DOFXODULQGLUHFWD\H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHODPDVDGHXQUHVRUWH
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VLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
(ODVWLFLGDG
/DHODVWLFLGDGHVODSURSLHGDGTXHWLHQHWRGRFXHUSRHQUHFREUDUVXIRUPD\WDPDxR
RULJLQDOGHVSXpVTXHFHVDQODVIXHU]DVGHIRUPDGRUDV
&XDQGR XQ FXHUSR HOiVWLFR WDO FRPR XQ UHVRUWH VH HVWLUD PHGLDQWH XQD IXHU]D
DSOLFDGD VREUH pO VH REVHUYD OD GHIRUPDFLyQ [ GHO UHVRUWH HV SURSRUFLRQDO D GLFKD
IXHU]D(VWRVHYHULILFDPLHQWUDVQRVHH[FHGDHOOtPLWHHOiVWLFR3RUORWDQWROD/H\GH
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UHJUHVHDVXSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULRHV
) = −N[
'RQGH N HV OD FRQVWDQWH HOiVWLFD GHO UHVRUWH TXH UHSUHVHQWD OD IXHU]D UHTXHULGD SDUD
SURGXFLUXQDGHIRUPDFLyQOLQHDO\HOVLJQRPHQRVQRVLQGLFDTXHVLHPSUHHVWiGLULJLGD
KDFLDODSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULR
)LJ
- 13 -
0RYLPLHQWR$UPyQLFR6LPSOH
&RQVLGHUHPRV XQ FXHUSR GH PDVD P VXVSHQGLGR GHO H[WUHPR LQIHULRU GH XQ UHVRUWH
YHUWLFDOGHPDVDGHVSUHFLDEOHFRQFRQVWDQWHN
(Q HO HTXLOLEULR ODV IXHU]DV DSOLFDGDV VRQ HO SHVR PJ \ OD IXHU]D ) HMHUFLGD SRU HO
UHVRUWH FX\D PDJQLWXG YLHQH GDGD SRU ) = Nδ VLHQGR G OD GHIRUPDFLyQ HOiVWLFD GHO
UHVRUWHHQODSRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULR3RUORWDQWR
PJ Nδ
6XSRQJDPRV DKRUD TXH VH HVWLUD HO UHVRUWH OOHYDQGR HO EORTXH KDFLD GHEDMR GH OD
SRVLFLyQGHHTXLOLEULRXQYDORU$\OXHJRVHDEDQGRQDDVtPLVPRVLQYHORFLGDGLQLFLDO
6H RULJLQDUi XQ PRYLPLHQWR RVFLODWRULR KDFLD DUULED \ GHEDMR GH OD SRVLFLyQ GH
HTXLOLEULRGHVGHODSRVLFLyQ$DODSRVLFLyQ²$
%
%
Z W
; U ;
3RVLFLyQGH
; (TXLOLEULR
)LJ0RYLPLHQWR$UPyQLFR
6LPSOH(QHOHMHYHUWLFDO
9HDPRVHOVLJXLHQWH*UiILFR
-A
O
Posición de
Equilibrio
P X F = -k δ
x
+
mg
)LJ
- 14 -
3DUD HO HVWXGLR GHO PRYLPLHQWR VXSRQJDPRV DO EORTXH HQ OD SRVLFLyQ S HQ HO WLHPSR
W
6HD ; OD SRVLFLyQ GHO EORTXH PHGLGD GHVGH OD SRVLFLyQ GH HTXLOLEULR 2 WRPDQGR
KDFLDDEDMRFRPRVHQWLGRSRVLWLYRGHOHMH[
<DKHPRVDILUPDGRTXHODVIXHU]DVDSOLFDGDVVRQHOSHVRPJ\ODIXHU]D)HMHUFLGDSRU
HOUHVRUWHHQpVWDSRVLFLyQFX\DPDJQLWXGVHUi
) Nδ ;
'HDTXtODUHVXOWDQWHGHDPEDVIXHU]DVYHQGUiGDGDSRU
∑ ) PJ²Nδ ; PJNδ N;
3HURPJ Nδ ⇒ ∑) N;
Que nos dice que las resultantes de las fuerzas aplicadas al bloque, es proporcional a la posición X medida
a partir de la posición de equilibrio O. Y el signo que siempre está dirigida hacia la posición de equilibrio.
(VWH WLSR GHPRYLPLHQWREDMRODDFFLyQGHXQD IXHU]D UHFXSHUDGRUD HOiVWLFD ∑ )
N; \ HQ DXVHQFLD GH WRGR UR]DPLHQWR VH GHQRPLQD 029,0,(172 $50Ð1,&2
6,03/(
6L [ HV OD SRVLFLyQ GHO FXHUSR UHVSHFWR D OD SRVLFLyQ GH HTXLOLEULR HQ HO LQVWDQWH GHO
WLHPSRWHQWRQFHVODHFXDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRHV
PD N[
&RPRD G[ GW UHHPSOD]DQGR\RUGHQDQGRWpUPLQRV
G 2 [ N[
GW 2 P
+ =0
ODVROXFLyQPDWHPiWLFDDHVWDHFXDFLyQGLIHUHQFLDOVRQODVIXQFLRQHVDUPyQLFDVVHQRR
FRVHQR&RLQFLGLHQGRHQODSUiFWLFDFRQORREVHUYDGRHVWRHVODPDVDRFXSDODPLVPD
SRVLFLyQ GHVSXpV OR WDQWR GH LQWHUYDORVLJXDOHV GH WLHPSR VLHQGR SRU XQ PRYLPLHQWR
SHULyGLFR$VtWHQHPRVTXHODVROXFLyQGHODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUHV
[ = $ cos(ω W + α )
'RQGH$ ω \ α VRQFRQVWDQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOH
/XHJR HO PRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFR VLPSOH HV XQ PRYLPLHQWR SHULyGLFR FX\R SHULRGR HVWD
GDGRSRU
7 = 2π ω
/DIUHFXHQFLDIGHXQPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOHHVLJXDODOQ~PHURGHRVFLODFLRQHV
FRPSOHWDVSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSRHQWHQGLpQGRVHSRURVFLODFLyQHOPRYLPLHQWRGHLGD\
YXHOWDKDVWDYROYHUDOSXQWRGHSDUWLGD$Vt
I =1 W
- 15 -
/D FDQWLGDG ω VH GHQRPLQD IUHFXHQFLD DQJXODU GH OD SDUWtFXOD RVFLODQWH \ HVWi
UHODFLRQDGDFRQ/DIUHFXHQFLDSRUXQDUHODFLyQVLPLODUDODGHOPRYLPLHQWRFLUFXODU\
FX\DIyUPXODHVWiGDGDSRU
7DPELpQ
7 = 2π ω ω = 2π I
ω = N / P 7 = 2π P / N
6L OD PDVD PU GHO UHVRUWH QR HV GHVSUHFLDEOH SHUR VL HV SHTXHxD FRPSDUDGD FRQ OD
PDVD P GHO FXHUSR VXVSHQGLGR GHO UHVRUWH VH GHPXHVWUD TXH HO SHULRGR GHO
PRYLPLHQWRHV
7 = 2π ( P + PU / 3) N
% ',6(f2
5HJOD
JUDGXDGD
5HORM
X
6RSRUWH
XQLYHUVDO
3HVDGH
PHWDO
Fig. 4
&(48,326<0$7(5,$/(6
• 8QUHVRUWH8QLYHUVDO
• 8QVHQVRUGHGLVWDQFLD
• 8QSRUWDSHVDV
• 8QMXHJRGHSHVDV
• 8QDUHJODJUDGXDGD
• 8QDEDODQ]D
• 8QFURQyPHWUR
• +RMDVGHSDSHOPLOLPHWUDGR
- 16 -
'9$5,$%/(6,1'(3(1',(17(6
¢4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHOH[SHULPHQWR"\¢&XiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
(9$5,$%/(6'(3(1',(17(6
¢4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHO[SHULPHQWR"\¢&XiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
)5$1*2'(75$%$-2
¢&XiOHVVRQORVUDQJRVGHWUDEDMRGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVXWLOL]DGRV"
¢([LVWHDOJ~QRWURLQVWUXPHQWRRHTXLSRTXHQRKD\DVLGRFRQVLGHUDGR"
*352&(',0,(172
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6XVSHQGHUHOUHVRUWHGHOVRSRUWH\KDFHUFRLQFLGLUVXH[WUHPRLQIHULRUFRQXQYDORU
GHWHUPLQDGRGHODUHJOD
6XVSHQGHU HO SRUWDSHVDV GHO H[WUHPR LQIHULRU GHO UHVRUWH \ FRORFDU XQD PDVD
DGHFXDGDSDUDSURGXFLUXQSHTXHxRHVWLUDPLHQWRHQpO$QRWDUHQODWDEOD1OD
PDVD WRWDO P PDVDGHOSRUWDSHVDV PDVD FRORFDGD \ XVDQGR OD H[SUHVLyQ )
PJDQRWDUHQODWDEOD1ODIXHU]DFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDHVWDPDVD\HOHVWLUDPLHQWR
; SURGXFLGRSRUHVWDIXHU]D
5HSHWLUHOSDVRFRORFDQGRRWUDVPDVDVFDGDYH]PD\RUHV\FRPSOHWDUORVYDORUHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQODWDEOD1VLQGHWHULRUDUHOUHVRUWH
&RORFDU HQ HO SRUWDSHVDV XQD SHTXHxD PDVD GH WDO IRUPD TXH DO GHVSOD]DUOD
YHUWLFDOPHQWHXQDGLVWDQFLD$\OXHJRGHVROWDUODSURGX]FDRVFLODFLRQHVOLEUHVVLQ
TXHVHSURGX]FDSHUWXUEDFLRQHVQLPRYLPLHQWRVODWHUDOHV
$QRWDUHQODWDEODODPDVDWRWDOPPDVDGHOSRUWDSDVDVPDVDFRORFDGDDVt
PLVPRDQRWDUHQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHHVWDWDEODHOYDORUGHODDPSOLWXG$VyORSDUD
HVWDSULPHUDPDVD
'HWHUPLQDUFRQHOFURQyPHWURHOWLHPSRWTXHHPSOHDHOVLVWHPDPDVDUHVRUWHHQ
GDUQ yRVFLODFLRQHVFRPSOHWDV7HQHUFXLGDGRHQFRQWDUGHVGHFHURFXDQGR
VHHPSLHFHDPHGLUHOWLHPSR3URFXUHTXHODDPSOLWXGVHPDQWHQJDFRQVWDQWH
&DOFXODUHOSHULRGR7 WQSDUDHVWDPDVD\DQRWDUHVWHYDORUHQODWDEOD1
5HSHWLUORVSDVRV \ SDUD RWUDV PDVDV FDGD YH] PD\RUHV \ DQRWDU ORV
YDORUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQHVWDPLVPDWDEOD
2EVHUYDUH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHOHIHFWRGHODDPSOLWXGVREUHHOSHULRGRVROWDQGRXQD
PDVDGHWHUPLQDGDGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVSRVLFLRQHV¢9DUtDHOSHULRGR"
- 17 -
+ 0(',&,21(6',5(&7$6(,1',5(&7$6
7$%/$1
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7$%/$1
3HVR $PSOLWXG 3HULRGR 7 7 7
1
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8VDQGRORVYDORUHVGHODWDEOD1JUDILFDU) );5HDOLFHHODMXVWHSRUHOPpWRGR
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FRRUGHQDGDV"([SOLFDU
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HOiVWLFDNGHOUHVRUWH
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'HWHUPLQDUVXYDORU
8VDQGR ORV YDORUHV GH OD WDEOD 1 P P7 ¢(V pVWD XQD FXUYD WRWDOPHQWH
OLQHDO"¢3RUTXp"
$ SDUWLUGH ODJUiILFDP P7GHWHUPLQDUHOYDORUGHOD FRQVWDQWHHOiVWLFDNGHO
UHVRUWH&RPSDUDHVWHYDORUFRQHOREWHQLGRHQODSUHJXQWD1¢4XpYDORUHVPiV
GLJQRGHFRQILDQ]D"¢3RUTXp"
- 18 -
8WLOL]DQGRODJUiILFDP P7FDOFXODUODPDVDPUGHOUHVRUWH¢'LILHUHHVWHYDORU
FRQUHVSHFWRDOPHGLGRSRUODEDODQ]D"([SOLFDUGHWDOODGDPHQWH
¢4Xp FRQFOXVLyQ H[SHULPHQWDO REWLHQH GHO SDVR GHO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH HVWD
H[SHULHQFLD" ¢9DUtD HO SHULRGR DO YDULDU OD DPSOLWXG SDUD XQD PLVPD PDVD"
([SOLFDUSRUTXp
FRUUHJLGD DGLFLRQDQGR D OD PDVD WRWDO P HO YDORU PU FRPR VH LQGLFD HQ OD
HFXDFLyQ
¢3RUTXpQRVHKDFHHVWDPLVPDFRUUHFFLyQGHDGLFLRQDUPDODPDVDPGHOD
H[SUHVLyQ) PJXVDGDHQHOSDVRGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRGHHVWDH[SHULHQFLD"
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH OD PDVD GHO UHVRUWH PU QR SXHGH VHU GHVSUHFLDGD SHUR VL
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QR VRQ DFHOHUDGDV HQ LJXDO IRUPD SXHVWR TXH FDGD SDUWH GHO UHVRUWH WLHQH XQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GLIHUHQWH GHPRVWUDU TXH HO SHULRGR GHO PRYLPLHQWR HV
PU
7 = π P + .
6XJHUHQFLD /D FRQGLFLyQ PU < P HV HTXLYDOHQWH D OD VXSRVLFLyQ GH TXH HO UHVRUWH VH
HVWLUDXQLIRUPHPHQWHHQODGLUHFFLyQGHVXORQJLWXG
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HQIXQFLyQGHODSRVLFLyQHQODHFXDFLyQ
&LWDU DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH PRYLPLHQWR TXH VHDQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH DUPyQLFRV
VLPSOHV ¢3RU TXp VRQ UDURV ORV PRYLPLHQWRV TXH VRQ H[DFWDPHQWH DUPyQLFRV
VLPSOHV"
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$XWRU 7tWXOR (GLFLyQ (GLWRULDO /XJDU GH ,PSUHVLyQ $xR H ,PSUHVLyQ 1XPHUR GH
SDJLQDVFRQVXOWDGDV
- 19 -
26&,/$&,21(6)25=$'$6$0257,*8$'$6
,2%-(7,92
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$ 02'(/2)Ì6,&2
([SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHXQEORTXHVXVSHQGLGRHQXQUHVRUWHQRRVFLOD
LQGHILQLGDPHQWHFRPRVHFUHHDOHVWXGLDUHOPRYLPLHQWRDUPyQLFRVLPSOHFRQORFXDO
OD DPSOLWXG VHUtD FRQVWDQWH VLQR TXH D FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO UR]DPLHQWR VX DPSOLWXG
YD GLVPLQX\HQGR JUDGXDOPHQWH OOHJDQGR D FHVDU ILQDOPHQWHHO PRYLPLHQWR$HVWH
WLSRGHPRYLPLHQWRVHOHFRQRFHFRPRPRYLPLHQWRDPRUWLJXDGR
$SOLFDQGRODVHJXQGDOH\GH1HZWRQWHQHPRV
∑ ) = P.D
− . .[ − λ .Y = P.D
5HDOL]DQGRODVVXVWLWXFLRQHV
G[ G 2[
Kx
Y= D= 2
GW GW
y
0
VHREWLHQH x λV
G[ G 2[
− . .[ − λ .
= P. 2
GW GW
G [ G[
P 2 + λ + .[ = 0
2
GW GW Fig. 1
'LYLGLHQGRWRGRVORVWpUPLQRVGHODHFXDFLyQSRUODPDVDP
G 2 [ λ G[ . λ .
GW 2 P GW P P P
+ + = 0 ; = 2γ = ω R2
'RQGH ω R2 YLHQHDVHUHOYDORUGHODIUHFXHQFLDDQJXODUVLQDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRVH
REWLHQH
G 2[ G[
+ ω R2 [ = 0
GW GW
2
+ 2γ
- 20 -
3DUD UHVROYHU HVWD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO KDUHPRV XQ FDPELR GH YDULDEOH
FRQVLGHUHPRVODYDULDEOH]HQOXJDUGHODYDULDEOH[WDOTXH [ = ]H −γ t
+DOODQGRODSULPHUD\VHJXQGDGHULYDGDGH[UHVSHFWRDW
G[ G]
= H −γ t − γH −γ t ]
GW GW
G [ −γ t G ] G]
H − 2γH −γ t + γ 2 H −γ t ]
2 2
GW GW GW
2
= 2
\ UHHPSOD]DQGRODHFXDFLyQGLIHUHQFLDOVHREWLHQH
G 2]
= − ω R2 − γ 2 ]
( )
GW 2
VLVHKDFH ω 2 = ω R2 − γ 2 VHREWLHQH
G 2]
= −ω 2 ]
GW 2
X
T
A
t
Fig. 2
/D HFXDFLyQ FRLQFLGH FRQ OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO GHO PRYLPLHQWR DUPyQLFR VLPSOH
FX\DVROXFLyQFRQRFHPRV
3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
] = $ sen (ω W + δ )
[ = $H−γ t sen (ω W + δ )
- 21 -
&',6(f2
6oporte
UniverVDO
Soporte
-A
Universal -A
Posición de Posición de
Equilibrio Equilibrio
O O
Regla Regla
Graduada Graduada
+ +
m m
Vaso
g g
ó Probeta
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
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• 8QUHVRUWH • 8QSRUWDSHVDV
• 8QDUHJODJUDGXDGD • 8QFURQyPHWUR
• 8QVRSRUWH • 8QMXHJRGHSHVDV
• 8QDEDODQ]D • +RMDVGHSDSHOPLOLPHWUDGR
'9$5,$%/(6,1'(3(1',(17(6
¢4Xp LQVWUXPHQWRV QRV GDQ ODV YDULDEOHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV HQ HO H[SHULPHQWR \
FXiOHVVRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
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¢4XpLQVWUXPHQWRVQRVGDQODVYDULDEOHVGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHOH[SHULPHQWR\FXiOHV
VRQHVWDVYDULDEOHV"
)5$1*2'(75$%$-2
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¢([LVWHDOJ~QRWURLQVWUXPHQWRRHTXLSRTXHQRKD\DVLGRFRQVLGHUDGR"
- 22 -
*352&(',0,(172
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3UHYLDPHQWH KDOODPRV OD PDVD GHO FXHUSR VXMHWR D YLEUDFLyQ DVt FRPR OD PDVD
GHOUHVRUWH
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HQWUHHOQ~PHURGHRVFLODFLRQHV
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7 π > PPU .@(QODWDEOD1
6L7 π ϖ R HQWRQFHVSRGHPRVKDOODUϖ R π 7
4. Medir la masa del portapesas y del resorte. Anotar los valores en la tabla N° 1.
5. 6XVSHQGHU el resorte del soporte y hacer coincidir su extremo inferior con un valor determinado
de la regla.
6. 6XVSHQGHU el portapesas del extremo inferior del resorte y colocar una masa adecuada para
producir un pequeño estiramiento en él. Anotar en la Tabla N° 1 la masa total m (masa del porta-
pesas + masa colocada) y usando la expresión F=mg, anotar en la Tabla N° 1 la fuerza
correspondiente a esta masa y el estiramiento X producido por esta fuerza.
7. 5HSHWLU el paso (3) ,colocando otras masas cada vez mayores y completar los valores
correspondientes en la Tabla N° 1.
TABLA Nº 01
1 1
0NJ )1 ;P 0NJ )1 ;P
LL&iOFXORGHODIUHFXHQFLDGHDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRYD SRUHOPpWRGRGLQiPLFR
&RQODPLVPDPDVDVXMHWRDYLEUDFLyQSURFHGHPRVDGHWHUPLQDUHOSHULRGRVREUHHO
YDVRFRQOtTXLGRSURYRFDQGRDVtHODPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFRPR
- 23 -
',6(f2
7 7LHPSRWUDQVFXUULGRQ~PHURGHRVFLODFLRQHV
$GHPiVVDEHPRVTXH
7 π ωD
&RQRFLHQGRϖRKDOODPRVJ \ YHULILFDPRVHOWLSRGHPRYLPLHQWR
ϖD ϖR J
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YDORUGHWHUPLQDGRGHODUHJOD
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- 24 -
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1. Resnick, Halliday, Física, Tomo I., CECSA, México, 1998
2. Tipler, Física, Vol. I., 3ra Edición, Reverté S.A., Madrid, 1998
1995
- 60 -