IEC 61724-1 Edition 1.0 2017-03 eo INTERNATIONAL STANDARD (ope toei-pezi9 oat Hoye mi: fe popHexdProvided by: www soi IEC 61724-1 Edition 1.0 2017-03, lo INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Photovoltaic system performance — Part 4: Monitoring INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL ‘COMMISSION Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. 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Ago know a: th Intemational Elaceotachical Vocabulary (EV) onine. IEC Glotsary-stdiecchiglestary 65 000 wectotctnical tamanobey ents in Engish and French sntractes fom the Terms. ane Daiions cause of TEC publcalens sued since 2002. Seme antes have boon ‘olecieg trom aries pubteatons of IEC TC 37,77, 86 and eiser. IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.ec.chiese I? you wish to gle us your feedback on this pubieaton oF eed futher sistance, pase contect the Customer Service Gente: csompec.crProvided by: www epi -2- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 CONTENTS FOREWORD. INTRODUCTION... 1 Scope Normative references, Terms and definitions Monitoring system classification ... Gonoral asec on 5.1 Measurement uncertainty... 5.2 Calibration 5.3 Repeated elements 5.4 Power consumplion.. 5.5 Documentation. 5.6 Inspection... eo oe 6 Data acquisition timing and reporting 5 6.1 Sampling, recording, and reporting . 6.2 Timestamps 7 Measured parameters. 7.1 General requirements... 7.2 lnradiance ... 7.2.1 On-site irradiance measurement 7.2.2 Satollite remote sensing of irradiance... 7.3. Environmental factors... 7.3.1 PV module temperature... 7.3.2. Ambient air temperature 7.2.3 Wind speed and direction 7.3.4 oiling ratio 73.5 — Rainfall. 13.6 Snow... 7.3.7 Humidity. 7.4 Tracker system en TAA \gle-axls trackers... se 7.4.2 Dualaxls trackers for >20x systems .. 7.8 Electrical measurements 7.6 — External system requirements 8 Data processing and quality check ... 8.1 Daylight hours 8.2 Quality check. 8.2.1 Removing invalid readings.. 8.2.2 Trealment of missing data 9 Calculated parameters. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Summations. 9.3. Inradiation.... 9.4 Electrical energy 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 DC output energyProvided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -3- 9.4.3 AC output energy... 9.5 Array power rating 9.5.1 DC power rating. 9.5.2 AC power rating 9.6 Yields... 9.6.1 General. 9.6.2 PVarray energy yield. 9.6.3 Final system yield 9.6.4 Reference yiold 9.7 Yield losses . 9.7.1 General 9.7.2 Array capture loss 9.7.2 Balance of systems (BOS) loss. 9.8 Efficiencies 9.8.1 Array (DC) efficiency... 9.8.2 System (AC) efficiency... 9.8.3 BOS efficiency 10 Parformance metrics. 10.1 Overview . 10.2. Summations. 10.3 Performance ratios 10.3.1 Performance ratio... - 103.2 Temperature-corrected performance ratios. 10.4 Performance indices 11 Data filtering 11.1 Use of available data. 11.2 Filtering data to specific conditions 11.3 Reduced inverter, grid, oF load availaity ‘Annex A (informative) Sampling interval ‘AA General considerations... 2 Timaconstants A3— Aliasing error Aa Example oe en {Annex B (informative) Module backsheet temperature sensor selection and ‘attachment oo 44 B.1 Objective 44 B.2 Sensor and material selection 4 B.2.1 Optimal sensor types.. 44 8.2.2 Optimal tapes 44 8.2.3 Cyanoacrylate adhesives and backsheet integrity 44 B23 Sensor attachment method 45 8.3.1 Permanent versus temporary. 45 B.3.2 Attachment location... 45 8.3.3. Sensor allachmert..... 45 Annex C (informative) Derate factors. 48 Annex D (normative) Systems with local loads, storage, or auxiliary sources .. 49 D1 System types D.2__ Paramoters and formulas...Provided by: www spied -4- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 Bibliography. 87 Figure 1 - Possible elements of PV systems Figure 2 ~ Sampling. recording, and reporting, 5 Figure B.1 ~ Sensor attachment, permanent 46 Figure B.2 - Sensor attachment, temporary 46 Figure B.3 ~ Sensor element wite strain relief... . ee 46 Figuto 0.1 ~ Energy flow botwoen possible oloments of fferent PY systom types 49 ‘Table 1 Monitoring system classifications and suggested applications 13 Table 2 ~ Sampling and recording interval requirements... ‘Tablo 3 - Measured parameters and requiroments for each monitoring systom Classen 18 Table 4 ~ Relatlon between system size (AC) and number of sensors for speci sensors referenced in Table 3... ‘Table 5 - Sensor choices and requirements for in-plane and global irradiance Table 6 ~ Irradiance sensor alignment accuracy 2 ‘Table 7 - irradiance senser maintenance requirements 23 Table 8 ~ PV module temperature sensor maintenance requirements .. 26 ‘Table 9 - Ambient air temperatura sensor maintenance requirements 27 ‘Table 10 ~ Wind sensor maintenance requirements... 28 ‘Tablo 11 — Inverter-level electrical measurement requirements 22 Table 12 ~ Plant-level AC electrical ouput measurement requirements 32 Tablo 13 - Calculated paramoters .... ‘Table 14 ~ Performance metrics . ‘Table 0.1 ~ Elements of different PV system types... ‘Table 0.2 ~ Parameters and equations for different system types . 51Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -5- INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE — Part 1: Monitoring FOREWORD 11) The International Elecrotechnical Comission (IEC) sa werldwide organization for standardization comprising national electotecnnical commitices (IEC National committees). The opject of IEC Is 10 promote intornational co-aparation on all quastions cenzerning stancardaatien in the electrical and electronic fetes. To {his end and in addtion to other getiviles, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specticatons, ‘echrical Reporis. Publicly Avaliable. Spectications (PAS) and Guides (Rerectier referred to as. "IEC Publication(s)). Their preparation Is entrusted to technical committees: any IEC National Commntice Interested In the subject deal! hth may paricipate in this preparatory work. Infemnational, governmental and non- (governments! organizations Haleing withthe IEC iso particlnste In this preparstion. IEC cobaborate: closely ‘ai the Intemational Organization for Standarchzation (ISO) fn sccordence with conditions determined by Sarcoment botwoon tho two organizations 2) Tho formal decisions or agrooments of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjecis since each technical Commitee has represemtaton fom all Interested |EC National Commitions 2) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and ara acceptad by IEC National Commitees In thal sense. Wile all reasonable efforts ace made to ensure thal the technical content of 1EC Publications Is aezurate, (EC camot be held resporsibie for the way In Which they are used or Tor Any inisiterpretation oy any end user 4) In cre to prommie Iniernaitonal uniformly, IEC Natlonal Committees undertake 19 apply LEC Publications ttancparently te the maximum exon! pesola In their natonal ane ragional publication. Ary divergence between any IEC Publication and the cotrespanding national er regional publication shall be clearly Incleated In tne later. 5) IEC Itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent cerfication bodies provi assessment samieos and, In seme areas, accass 10 IEC marks of conformity. IEC ks not responst services cated out by Independent certification bodes. 46) All usors should ensure that thoy havo the latast edition ofthis publleation 17) No Kabilty shall attach to IEC or Its drectors, employees, servants or agents including individual exports and ‘members ols techoical commiltees and |EC National Commiliees fo any personal injury, property damage oF fiher damage of any naluze whatsoever. whether olrect of inditest, oF for costs. (eluding togal Tees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, oF reliance upon, this IEG Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Ationtion is draw to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of tbe referenced pubications Is Indlgpenzable for the corractapplization of hia publieatlon 9) Allenion Is dawn to the possibly that some of tie elements of this IEC Pubication may be the subject of patent rlghis, [EC shal nat be held fespansible for iderltying any or all such patent righis conformity ie for any International Standard IEC 61724-1 has been preparad by IEC technical committee 82: Solar Photovoltaic energy systems. ‘This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 61724, published in 1998. This edition constitutes a technical revision ‘This edition (in conjunction with IEC TS 61724-2:2016 and IEC TS 61724-3:2016) includes the following significant technical changes with respect lo IEC 61724; 2) IEC 61724 is now written with multiple parts. This document is IEC 61724-1, addressing PV sysiem monitoring. IEC TS 61724-2 and IEC TS61724-3 address performance analysis based on the monitoring data. b) Three classes of monitoring systems are defined corresponding to different levels of accuracy and different intended applications, ©) Required moasuraments for each class of monitoring system aro staled, along with the required number and accuracy of sensors.Provided by: www spied -6- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 ©) Options for satellite-based irradiance measurement are provided. ©) Soiling measurement is introduced f) New performance metrics are introduced, including temperature compensated porformance ratios and ethars. ©) Numerous recommendations and explanatory notes are included. ‘The text of this standard is based on the following documents: Fos. Report on voilng eanaeFOIS 227 24aIRVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table, ‘This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all parts in the 1EC 61724 series, published under the general title Photovoltaic ‘system performance, can be found on the IEC website. ‘The committee has decided thal the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "hitp://vebstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the spacific document. At this date, the document will be + reconfirmed, © withdrawn, ‘+ replaced by a revised edition, or + amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.Provided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -7- INTRODUCTION ‘This International Standard defines classes of photovoltaic (PV) performance monitoring ‘systems and serves as guidance for various monitoring system choices. Figure 1 illustrates possible major elements comprising different PV system types. The PV array may include both fixed axis and tracking systems and both flat plate and concentrator systems. Module-lovel electronics, if present, may ba a component of the monitoring system. For simplicity, the main clauses of this document aro written for grid-connected systems ‘without local loads, energy storage, or auxiliary sources, as shown by the bald lines in Figure 1. Annex D includes details for systems with additional components, source(s) on DC Key RNE renewable eneray PCE power condlening equipmont 801 bedrectonal inverter GCI gncconnectos inverter old tines denote simplo grl.connectod system without local lnads, energy storage, ar ausilary sourcas. Figure 1 ~ Possible elements of PV systems ‘The purposes of a performance monitoring system are diverse and can include the Following:Provided by: www epi -a- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 = Identification of performance trends in an individual PV system: = localization of pote: ‘+ comparison of PV system performance to design expectations and guarantees; + comparison of PV systems of different configurations; and. faults in a PV system: ‘= comparison of PV systems at differant locations. ‘These diverse purposes give rise to 2 diverse set of requirements, and difforent sensors andlor analysis methods may be more or less Suited depending on the specific objective. For example, for comparing performance to design expectations and guarantees, the focus should be on system-level data and consistency between prediction and lest methods, while for analysing performance trends and localizing faults, there may be a need for greater resclution ‘at sub-levels of the systam and an amphasis on measurement repeatabilily and correlation metrics rather than absolute accuracy. ‘The monitoring system should be adapted to the PV system's size and user requirements. In general, larger and more expensive PV systems should have more monitoring points and higher accuracy sensors than smaller and lower-cost PV systems. This document defines threo classifications of monitoring system with differontiatod roquiremonts which are appropriate to a range of purposes.Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -9- PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE — Part 1: Monitoring 1 Scope ‘This part of IEC 61724 outlines equipment, methods, and terminology for performance monitoring and analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems. It addresses sensors, installation, and accuracy for monitoring equipment in addition to measured parameter data acquisition and quality checks, calculated parameters, and performance mottics. In addition, it serves as a basis for other standards which rely upon the data collected 2 Normative references ‘The following documents are referred fo in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 6080-131, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary ~ Part 131: Circuit theory IEC 60904-, , Photovoltaic devices ~ Part 2: Requirements for photovoltaic reference devices IEC 60904-3, Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoliaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data IEC 60904-5, Photovoltaic dovicos ~ Part 5: Dotormination of the oquivalont coll lomporaturo (ECT) of photovoltaic (PV) devices by the open-circuit voltage method IEC 60904-10, Photovoltaic devices - Part 10: Methods of linearity measurement IEC TS 61836, Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terms, definitions and symbols IEC 61887-12, Electrical safoty in low voltage distribution systams up to 1 000 V a.c. and 7500 V d.c. ~ Equipment ior testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures — Part 12: Pesformance measuring and monitering devices (PMD) IEC 62083-21, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) ~ Particular requirements ~ Part 21: Static meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2) IEC 62053-22, Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) ~ Particular requirements ~ Part 22: Static meters for active energy (classes 0,2 § and 0,5 S) IEC 62670-3, Phoiovoltaic concentrators (CPV) - Performance testing ~ Part 3: Performance ‘moasuroments and power rating lec 6287 1014, Photovoltaic systoms - Dosign qualification of solar trackors ISONEC Guide 98-1, Uncortainty of measurement ~ Part 1: Introduction to tho expression of uncertainty in measurementProvided by: www spied -10- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 ISONEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement ~ Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncortainty in measuremont (GUIA:1995) ISO 9060, Solar onorgy ~ Spocification and classification of instruments for moasuring hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation ISO 9488, Solar energy - Vocabulary ISO 9846, Solar energy - Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer ISO 9847, Solar energy - Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer WMO No. 8, Guide to meteorolagical instruments and methods of observation ASTM G183, Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliameters and UV Radiometers 3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in 1EC 6050-131, IEC TS 61836, ISO 9488 and the following apply. ISO and 1EC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: ‘© IEC Electropesia: available at ht ‘= ISO Online browsing platform: avs juww.electropedia.orgi le at http://wvnw.iso.org/obp a1 ‘sample data acquired from a sonsor or moasuring device 3.2 ‘sampling interval time between samples 33 record data recorded and stored in data log, based on acquired samples 34 recording interval time between records 35 report aggregate value based on series of records 3.6 reporting period time between reportsProvided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -u- a7 irradiance G incident flux of radiant power per unit area Note 1 to entry: Expressed in uns of Wem? 3.8 in-plane irradiance Gor POA the sum of direct, diffuse, and ground-reflected irradiance incident upon an inclined surface parallel to the piane of the modules in the PY array, also known as plane-of-array (POA) itradiance Note 140 entry: Expressed in units of Wm 3.9 global horizontal irradiance CHI rect plus diffuse irradiance incident on a horizontal surface Note 1 to entry: Expressed in units of Wm? 3.10 circumsolar immediately surrounding the solar disk direct normal irradiance DNI ltradiance emanating from the solar disk and from the circumsolar region of the sky within 2 subtended full angle of 5° falling on a plane surface normal to the sun's rays, Note 7 to entry: Some DN mecsuremant instruments have a flat of view with @ subtended full angle of upto 6 Note 2 to entry: Exprassad in uns of Ws 3.12 circumsolar ratio CSR fraction of measured direct normal irradiance (D2) emanating from the circumsolar re the sky, Le. within the angular acceptance of the DNI sensor but outside the solar disk mn of 3.13 diffuse horizontal irradiance Gq or DHT global horizontal irradiance excluding the portion emanating from the solar disk and from the circumsolar region of the sky within a sublended full angle of 5° Note? to entry: Some aifus subtended fu angie of up 10 6" radiance measurement Instruments exclude a clrumsolar region within 2 Nove 2 to entry: Expressed in unts of vm 314 in-plane direct beam irradiance Sip in-plane irradiance amanating from tho solar disk and from the circumsolar region of the sky within a subtended tull angle of 5*, excluding scattering and reflections, ‘Note 1 0 entry: The in-plane arect beam kradiance Gi,0 = cos(#)xDNi, where # Is the angle between tne sun and the normal othe plane. Whos the plano of array Is normal fe the Sun, Gi,b = DNProvided by: www spied -12- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 Note 2 to entry: Exprassed in units of We 3.15 plane diffuse irradiance radiance excluding the direct bea radiance integrated over a specified time interval Note 1 to entry: Expressed in units of KW-t-m"® aa7 slandard test conditions STC roforence values of in-plane irradiance (1000 W-m2), PV coll junction temperatura (25 and tha reference spectral irradiance defined in IEC 60904. aia soiling ratio SR ratio of the actual power output of the PV array under given soiling conditions to the power that would be oxpected if the PV array wore clean and froo of soiling 2.19 soiling level SL fractional power loss due to soiling, given by 1 - SR 3.20 active powor P under periodic conditions, mean value, taken aver one period, of the instantaneous product of current and voltage Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions, the active power Is the real part ofthe complex power Note 2 to entry: Expressed in uns of W. 3.21 ‘apparent power s Product of the r.m.s. voltage between the terminals of a two-terminal element or two-terminal circuit and the r.ms. electric current in the element or circuit Note 1 to entry: Under sinusoidal conditions the agparen! power Is the meculus of the complex power Note 2 to entry: Expressed in units of VA.Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -13- 3.22 power factor a under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the active power P to the apparent power 5: Bt 5 4 Monitoring system classification ‘The required accuracy and complexity of the monitoring system depends on the PV system size and user objectives. This document defines three classifications of monitoring systems providing varying levels of accuracy, as listed in Table 1. ‘The monitoring system classification shall be stated in any conformity declar standard. The monitoring system classification may be referenced eithar by its lettor code (A, B, C) or its name (high accuracy, medium accuracy, basic accuracy) as indicated in Table 1 In this document, the letter codes are used for convenience. Class A or Class B would be most appropriate for large PV systems, such as utllty-scale and large commercial insiallations, while Class 8 or Class C would be most appropriaie for small systems, such as smaller commercial and residential insiallations. However, users of the standard may specify any classification appropriate to their application, regardless of PV system size. ‘Throughout this document, some requirements are designated as applying to a particular classification. Where no designation is given, the requirements apply to all classifications. Table 1 - Monitoring system classifications and suggested applications Typical applications leas A Chase B Glass © High accuracy | mectum accuracy | Baste accuracy Basie eysiom performance aesesemont x x x Documentation of a performance guaran x ‘System losses analysis x leciriaty neiwork njaracion casessment aul iocaization PV technelogy assessment Precise PY system degracailon measur 5 General 5.1 Measurement uncertainty Where requirements on measurement uncertainties are stated in the document, they refer to the combined uncertainties of the measurement sensors and any signal-conditioning electronics. Measuroment uncortaintios shall apply over the typical rango of valuos of each measured quantity indicated in the document, as well as over the typical temperature range at which the system vill operate. The effect of non-linearity of the measurement within the typical range shall be included within the siated uncertainty.Provided by: www spied =e IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 Measurement uncertainties can be calculated as outlined in ISO/IEC Guide 98-1 and ISONEC Guide 98-3, 5.2. Calibrati ‘Sensors and signal-conditioning electronics used in the monitoring system shall be calibrated prior to tho start of monitoring. Recalibration of sensors and signal-conditioning electronics is to be performed as required by the manufacturer or at more frequent intervals where specified. It is recommended to perform poriodic cross-chocks of each sensor against sister sensors or reference devices in order to identify out-ot-calibration sensors. 5.3. Repeated elements Depending on systom size and user requiroments, the monitoring system may include redundancy in sensors andlor repetition of sensor elements for different components or subsections of the full PV system. Accordingly, the measured and calculaied parameters defined in this document may have mulliple instances, each corresponding to a subsection or subcomponent of the PV system. 5.4 Power consumption ‘The parasitic power drawn by tracking, monitoring, and other ancillary systems required for operation of the PV plant shall be considered a power loss of the plant, not a load supplied by tho plant. 5.5 Documentation ‘Specifications of all components of the moritoring system, including sensors and signal- conditioning electronics, shall be documented. User guides shall be provided for the monitoring system software. All system maintenance, including cleaning of sensors, PV modules, or other soiled surfaces, shall be documentod. A log should be kept to record unusual events, component changes, sensor recalibration, Changes to the data acquisition system, changes to the averall system operation, failures, faults, or accidents. When a conformity declaration is made, documentation shall demonstrate consistency with 5.6 Inspection For Class A and Class B the monitoring system should be inspected at least annually and preferably at more frequent intervals, while for Class C inspection should be per site-specific Fequirements. Inspection should look for damage to or displacement of exterior sensors, evidence of moisture or vor enclosures, loose wiring connections at sensors or within enclosures, detachment of temperature sensors, embrittlement of attachments, and other potential problems.Provided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -15- 6 Data acquisition timing and reporting 6.1 Sampling, recording, and reporting ‘A sample is defined as data acquired from a sensor or measuring device, and the sampling interval is the time between samples. Samples do not need to be permanently stored. A record is defined as data entered into a data log for data storage, based on acquired samples, and the recording interval, denoted by © in this document, is the time between rocords. Tho rocording interval should be an integar multiplo of tho sampling interval, and an intagar number of recording intervals should fit within 1 h. ‘The recorded parameter value for each racord is the average, maximum, minimum, sum, or ‘other function of the samples acquired during the recording interval, as appropriate for the measured quantity. The record can also include supplementary data such as additional statistics of the samples, number of missing data poinis, error codes, transienis, and/or other data of special interast. (For wind data records, see statament in 7.3.3.) A report is defined as an aggregate valuo covering multiple recording intervals, and the reporting period is the time between reports. Typically the reporting period would be chosen 10 be days, weeks. months. or years. Figure 2 illustrates the relations between samples. records, and reports. Table 2 lists maximum values for sampling intervals and recording intervals. Further considerations relating to the sampling interval are addressed in Annex A. PeoeerM ALALLLALALUALAALL LAR ULLLMLLALAL (Data acquisition) ‘Sampling interval Rost £ tf f tf f tt tf tf ft (oats sores [el pecans ana e Ropers & ¢ (Summary Reporting period Tm Figure 2— Sampling, recording, and reportingProvided by: www spied -16- HEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 ‘Table 2 - Sampling and recording interval requirements Chass A Class B chasse igh ecouracy | Medium accuracy | Basie accuracy ‘Maximum sampling intervat Fr radiance tampa, wind’ are as min” min” For soting, rain, snow, and humtaty min Amin” mie ‘Waximum recording Interval Tin Emin 0 min ‘See Sialement in 7.3.3 regarcing ineluding maximum and minimum readings in wind daca records ‘Tho indicated sampling Interval requirements for class B and class C apply 10 ground-based measurements, ‘but do not apply when using satelite based estimation of bradlanes or metecrologieal paramaters. (A (found-dased' Instrument wil require frequent Samrpies to consiruct the proper average over 2 recorsing Interval, e.g. ln the case of parly cloudy conditions, wile Satalia.based estimation may derive tho same average tro a single nage during he reporting peso.) 6.2 Timestamps Each record and each report shall include a timestamp. ‘Timestamp data shall include the date and time corresponding to the beginning or end of the recording interval or reporting period and the choice shall be specified. ‘The time should refer elther 10 local standard time (aot daylight savings time) or universal time, to avoid winter/summer time changes, and the choice of time shall be specified. Midnight shall be treated as the start of a new day and expressed as 00:00. When multiple data acquisition units are involved that each independently apply timestamps, tho clocks of the units shall bo synchronized, proferably by an automated mochanism such as global positioning systam (GPS) or network time protecel (NTP). Ii is recommended that documeniation of timestamps follow ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats ~ Information interchange ~ Represeniation of dates and times. 7 Measured parameters 7.1 General requirements Table 3 lists measured parameters defined by this document and a summary of measurement roquiremonis. Tho purpose of each monitoring parameter is listed in Tablo 3 in order to guido the user. More details and adcitional requirements are provided in the subsequent rateranced subclauses. A check mark (¥) in Table 3 indicates a required parameter to be measured on site, qualified by specific notes where included. Table 3 lists the minimum number of on-site sensors, in many cases by reference to Table 4. Where no number is given, only one sensor is required, allhough redundant sensors are typically advisable. When multiplo sensors are required, they shall be distributed throughout the PV plant, or placed at monitoring paints indicated in the table. If the plant includes multiple ‘sections that have different PV technology types or substantially different local geography, then al least one sensor shall be placed in each section. ‘The symbol “E* in Table 3 indicates a parameter that may be estimated based on local or regional meteorological data or satellite data, rather than measured on site.Provided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -7- Emply cells in Table 3 indicate optional parameters that may be chosen for specific system roquiremonts or to moot project spocifications. NOTE Tho mast significant and dlrset impacts an PV parformance are in-plano lrasiance received by the PV array, the PV cell temperature, and shading losses due to solling or show. Monitoring of meteoralogeal parameters Tsied in Table. 3 a108 in estimating some of hese ‘aciors dependents, provces the abilly to compare to Fisterzal metecrologleat data for the site, and can ald in dentlying systsm do:ign or mainionanes greblems ‘Addilonal parameters listed in Table 3 aid in faut ocalizalion and assessing wily iid Inleractons,g weuns3 ous, ° Taanperoner as oe ae on 8 eau : Laupo yon 1” | pomer cuit ea wnma » exes ans 8 Luu » ome é ‘soaibop (UOHOORP PUIM, : nbs FORA Tar Y = isa Lup» vane aes 305 . a fo nosy ane on . | nso Tie) aoa ReemeR ‘ co 1 soem Ad Lunp> vane soe 1 [evasion earoeenevs| ganar | ve ep pan os | oS tSs ET wm | ano | ance Luwnps » ame 2104 EES & 90)N0S9! HOS, eM o Tansee mera Toar anon | Taare wi Toa 'SSe19 wa}sks Buyoyuow yee 10) swuowesnbou pue sijowesed pounseowy ~ ¢ o1geL Hopes Ke popHolgsnowed Y Teanba pao woysks iy srqeondde 4 eiqeondde i me sewod nding Prot wore eons erway |_proxse tan sutsmea puewep peeipaenpb vo uote po tn you 1y ‘ ’ sungéu0o eontos kann 2 | coss9ned nding c . * wa Raia ning é : z ne GH anod nin . ¥ pret ‘ nts 9 pur mbes YoHe HY F © dp dso x é ny ’ ¥ “ (90) Wowie Kesey ' ’ = A “ (9) abe yon Kousy 2 ino oMDerS ' een tt 0) our Luwne » amet ’ saaibao, ad Un J8¥9RUT SHKE-AIUIS 4 éav0. 5 saaiBap, ‘ov ‘spre. a oer g POZE AIO! | cron “uosa.99 , a Luwnps y omen 6 ne) worshs rye | sooi6op | OV e ee § resoaese voreans3 pian 2 ‘Koesnaoe 318eg | Koemna5e winipow ‘Kowinae WB = ‘ss08ue5 JO J9quINNY ossei9, assei9, v see -esodnd Buyoyuowy suun | joquis ppewered 8 Toone w eqs min: Ke PopolProvided by: www epi =20- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 Table 4 — Relation between system size (AC) and number of sensors for specific sensors referenced in Table 3 twamber of sensors System size (Ao) Column 1 Column 2 Ten fi é BeMw i 40 MW to = 100 a 8 2 100 Mi 10 < 200M 4 2 > 200 MW io 300 NW 5 30 7 200 MW Io < S00 NW é % > £00 MW io 750M 7 a = 750 wr 3 6 7.2. radiance 7.2.1 Onsite irradiance measurement 7.24.1 General 5 are to be Irradianee quar cily measured on-site when required by Table 3. 7.2.1.2. Inplane irradiance For flat plate systems, in-plane irradiance is measured with an irradiance sensor with aperture criented parallel to the plane of array (P04), having a field of view of at leas! 160" (in any plane perpendicular to the sensor aperture), mountad either on the module support structure €or on another structure that is aligned parallel to the modules. See 7.2.1.4, 7.2.1.5, and 7.2.1.7 for sensor choices and requirements, In the case of tracked systems, the irradiance sensor shall be continuously aligned with the ‘actual plane of array of the modules, including backtracking, if used. For concentrator systems, $22 7.2.1.8.3. NOTE 1. The measurement of Wradlance on a tracked Surface can become erroneous If the 1acker Supporting the Sensor docs ro! track correctly. An approach to verileation ic ta use tha measured direc! normal radiance and Forlzonial difuse radiance, DA? and G.respectvely, and a Wanspostion modelo calculate the expected in-plane liradance ard then compara this withthe measured Valve NOTE 2 POA Kraciance can also be estimated trom GH! using a Gecomposition and transpostion model 7.24. Global horizontal irradiance Global horizontal irradiance (GH) is measured with a horizontally oriented irradiance sensor. See 7.2.1.4, 7.2.1.5, and 7.2.1.7 for sensor choices and requirements. NOTE 1 Measurements of herizontal radiance are usaful for comparison to historical metecralogieal data and ‘can be felevant to dacumertation of 2 performance gua aniee NOTE 2. GHI can also be estimated rom POA lredance using a decomposition and transpostion model 7.2.1.4 Irradiance sensors Suitable irradiance sensors include the following:Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -n- + thermopile pyranometers; ‘+ PV reference devices, including reference cells and reference modules; and ‘© photodiode sensors. ‘Thermopile pyranometers shall be classified according to ISO 9060 or WMO No. 8 Pyranomaters shall be calibrated as stipulated by ISO 9846 or ISO 9847, For class A systems, angle of incidence and temperature corrections to pyranometer ‘measurements should be considered; see ASTM G183. PY reference devices shall conform to IEC 60904-2 and be calibrated and maintained in accordance with procedures therein. The devices shall meet the short circuit current versus irradiance linearity requirements of IEC 60901-10. PV raferonce dovico calibration is to be performed with respect to the reference spacirum pravided in IEC 60904-3. ‘Table § lists sensor choices and accuracy requirements for in-plane and global irradiance measurement, and Table 7 lists maintenance requirements for these sensors. ‘The sensor, signal-conditioning electronics, and data storage shall provide a range including al least 0 W-m"? to 1500 W-m"? and a resolution of s t W-m"2, NOTE Overseradiance in he range 1000 Wi-m"? to 1800 WW-m-? ar higher can occur due to reflections from clouds Lnder partly cloudy conditions. ‘Table § - Sensor choices and requirements for in-plane and global irradiance ‘Sensor Type class A Class B Class € High accuracy Medium accuracy Basle accuracy Thermopila | Secondary standard par | Frat class per 150 9000 any pyranometer 130 9000, a - Good qualty por WMO Guide High quality per WI Guide No.8 ‘vo. 8 (Uncertainty <8 % for hourly (Uncortainy <2 % for hourly totals) tetals) BV ralarance Uncertainty 22% Unceraniyze% ary device fom 309 W-m-? to fromm 100 Wem? to "1500 Wien"? "1500 Wem? Photodiode Not applicable Not applicable ary Each irradiance sensor type has its benefits: ‘+ Thermopile pyranamaters are insensitive to typical spectral variations and therefore measure total solar itradiance. However, this can vary from the PV-usable irradiance by 1% to 3% (monthly average) under typical conditions. In addilion, thermopile pytanometers have long response timas compared to PV devices and photodiodes. Watched PV raference devices measure the PV-usable portion of the solar irradiance which correlates with the monitored PV system output. However, this may deviate from historical or meteorological measurements of irradiance, depending on instrumentation used. ‘© Photadiode sensors have significantly lower cost than the other two types and are appropriate for smaller or lower cost sysiems, bul are typically less accurate.Provided by: www spied -22- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 of the various sensors may differ from each other and from that of the PV systom, bacoming specially a factor when measuring global horizontal irradiance (GHA) in the winter or at times when the angle of incidence may be far from normal ‘Thermopile pyranometers may be best for GHI measurement, while matched PV reference cevices may be best for in-plane (POA) measurement. 7.2.1.8 Sensor locations ‘The location of the primary irradiance measurement sensors shall be chosen to avoid shading Conditions from sunrise fo sunset, if possible. If shading occurs within a half an hour oF sunrise or sunset, this shall be documented. Secondary irradiance sensors may be placed in locations that are temporarily shaded by adjacent module rows, e.g. during backtracking of a tracking system, in order to monitor this shading offoct, but the performance metrics always uso unshaded Sensors unless oxplicitly noted. ‘The irradiance measurement sensors shall be placed so as fo capture the irradiance without Impact from local surroundings (shading or reflections), including nearby portions of the PV array, at all limes of the year, from sunrise lo sunset. When mounted near or on a building, caro Should be used to identify nearby vents that could discharge vapors that could condense con the sensors. For plane-of-array measurement, for either fixed-tilt or tracking systems, irradiance sensors shall be placed ai the same till angle as the modules, either directly on the module racking or on an exiension arm maintained al the same tit angle as the modules, avoiding shadings and reflections completely. NOTE The measured lracience may difer depending on the position of the sensor. For example, Ifthe sensor ls 5 contribution to the radiance inated plane originates fm the ground of nearby features ‘The local albedo should be representative of the albedo experienced by the systom without the effects of adjacent madule shading. If the ground covering is not a cansiant throughout the field, the ground covering next to the irradiance sensors shall be documented relative to what is present in the rest of the field. 7.2.1.6 Sensor alignment Irradiance sensor angular alignment accuracy requirements are listed in Table 6 Table 6 - irradiance sensor alignment accuracy Class A Class B Class © High accuracy ‘Medium accuracy Basic accuracy Tikengle ¥ 1s = ‘Azknuinal angle z = + ‘The following are suggested methods of aligning the irradiance sensor to the desired angles. 2) Tilt: Adjust the sensor mounting plate to a horizontal position, verify with a digital inclinometer, level the sensor to the plate, and secure the sensor to the plate; then adjusi the mounting plate to the desired tilt angle as verified with the di clinometer, and tighten the plate’s tilt adjustment when dona. b) Azimuth: Using a GPS receiver, start al the sensor's location and then walk out approximately 100 m in the direction of the desired azimuth, then mark this point with anProvided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 =23- indicator such as a flag; returning to the sensor, sight along a square edge of the sensor mounting plato while adjusting the mounting plate azimuthal angle until the sight line intersects the marker previously placed with the aid of the GPS receiver: tighten the mounting plate's azimuth adjustment when done. 7.24.7 — Sensor maintenance Irradiance sensor maintenance requirements are listed in Table 7 Table 7 - Irradiance sensor maintenance req iem Chass A cass B Class © High securacy Medium accuracy Basie accuracy Recalirailon ‘Once per year Once every years | As per manuracturors| roquiramente ‘leaning ‘Ai least once per week Opitonal Heating to prevent Required in ocations | Requlted in cations ‘Secumulation of where condensation ‘where condensation Condensation andi | anafer ozen precipitation | andior oxen precipitation frozen precipitation tsould atte ‘would ate! than T days per year” | than 14 days par year Ventilation (for Required Oplienal tnemmopie pyrancmeters) Desiccant inspection ‘Aspermanuiactwe’s | AS permanatacturers | As per manufacturers ‘and replacement or requiremen's ‘equlrements requirements thermepile pyrancmeters) Recalibration of sensors and signal-conditioning electronics should be performed on site when possible to minimize the time that sensors are offline. If sensors are to be sent off-site for laboratory recalibration, tho site should bo dosignod with redundant sonsors or clse backup Sensors should be used to replace those taken offline, in order to prevent interruption (of monitoring. Cleaning of irradiance sensors without cleaning the modules can result In a lowering of the measured PV’ sysiem performance ratio (defined in 10.3.1). In some cases contract roquiremonts may specify thal irradiance sensors aro to be maintained in the samo stale of cleanliness as the modules. Night-time data should be checked to ensure accurate zero-point calibration. 1 Were NOTE Its commen for pyranametars to show a small negative signal, to -2 Wine, at nighttime, 7.2.1.8 Additional measurements 7.21.81 Direct normal irradiance Direct normal irradiance (DNA is measured with a pyrheliometer on a two-axis iracking stage which automatically tracks the sun. 7.2.1.8.2 Diffuse horizontal irradiance Diffuse horizontal irradiance G, (or Dif) is measured with a horizontally mounted irradiance ‘sensor with a rotating shadow band or tracked ball that blocks rays emanating directly trom the soler diProvided by: www spied -24- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 7.2.1.8.3 In-plane irradiance for concentrator systems For concentrator systems, the total in-plane irradiance is replaced by the irradiance captured by the concentrator. For concentrator systems thal capture only the direct beam: The in-plane irradiance Gis teplaced by the in-plane dec! beam irradiance Gi: G=Giy O) For concentrator systems that capture some diffuse light in adcition to the direct bear: The in-plane irradiance is replaced by the effective irradiance (Gaq) owing to partial ciffuse caplure, where the fraction of difuse ight is quantified by the parameter f Gy = Gost = (Gi + fa (Gi- Gd) @) Determination of f, begins by obtaining full current and voltage characteristics of a CPV module over many days with varying fractions of diffuse energy; a clear day will have little diffuse energy while 2 cloudy day will provide mainly ciffuse energy. Analysis of a diffuse fraction for a given low and medium concentration CPV module should be based upon a large number of /-F'curves where global in-plane irradiance (G)) is above 21 W-m-2 {A fundamental premise of this method is that the short-circuit current (fag) can be consistently and reliably estimated by acquiring a full trace of the current-voltage (/-1) curve for the device Under test (DUT) and that the temperature coefficieat for the Ja, parameter of the DUT has been well characterized in advance. When this premise is valid, the diffuse light capture characterization of a CPV module or receiver becomes simply a matter of determining the short-circuit current, fe,0 normalized to standard test conditions (STC) and then relating the as-measured Jc. 9 10 this reference using an “effective irradiance" Gg, such as that shovin in Formula (2). Ono significant advantage of this approach is that compensating for tho effects of solar specirum can be accomplished by adjusting only the /g; parameter By plotting the terms on the left-hand side of Formula (3) on the y-axis of a 2D graph and by plotting Gip/G; on the x-axis, tne slope and intercept can be easily determined from the form y= mx + Vafler performing a linear regression analysis of the /ce versus Giy/G, dala. 1000 W- m= hee BO] Go ae Mae +(2 2) sco falco) @ where Qe the temperature coefficient f0F Ie, Te _ is the call tomporaturo in °C, Jeo tS the short clicult current at STC (see Clause 3) and 0° angle of incidence. ‘The term f, then becomes: bo (4) fa m+b “ One limitation to this approach that should be noted is the inhoront assumption that the emount of aiuse light captured will ne constant throughout the eniite range. ct climatic conditions tna are behg observed, This nil cerally niroduce noise Ifo the measurements, butt sampling is high enough, the linear tegression analysis discussed above can provide @ reasonable estimate for zn avorago amount of ciffuse capture thal can bo used Yo bottor Gefina the solar resource for such concentrator PV modulos.Provided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 =28- If the results observed present a clear inflection or break in the diffuse capture response bohaviour of tho CPV module, the regression analysis can be split into multiple parts in a piecewise manner. This could be a likely ulcome given that the nature of diffuse light is quite variable in the relative amounts of circumsoler versus Isotropic diffuse light. By treating the linear regression analysis in this fashion, one can determine the amount of diffuse capture (fa) 28 a function of a specific rango of the G/G, ratio. 7.24.84 Spectral irradiance for concentrator systems. For concentrator sysiems when a power rating according to IEC 62670-3 is io be performed, the system should include a device for deicrmining the direct normal spectral irradiance, Refar to IEC 62670-3 for additional details. 7.21.85 Circumsolar ratio for concentrator systems For concentrator systems, it may be useful to measure circumsolar irradiance. Circumsolar ‘radiance is irradiance emanating from a region of the sky immodiately surrounding tho solar isk, The measured direct normal irradiance (DN/) may include circumsolar contributions due to the angular acceptance of the DN sensor. The fraction of measuted DNT which is circumsolar is defined as the circumsolar ratio. Concentrator systems may or may nol be able to capture a portion of the circumsolar irradiance, depending on their design. Therefore, measuring the circumsolar ratio may be useful for performance characterization purposes’ however, CXR measurement devices have not yet been standardized, 7.2.2 Satellite remote sensing of irradiance When permitted by Table 2, irradiance quantitios may be estimated from satellite remote sensing. Such satellite-derived itradiances are extensively used for monitoring the performance of distribuled generation sysiems including non-insirumented class B and class C systems, in order to avoid the cost and mainienance requirements of on-site moasuramonts. Satellite remote sonsing is an indirect approach to reliably estimate site- and timo-specific surface downwelling Fradiance. The approach is indirect because on-board satellite Instruments measure the radiance emittediretlected by the earth's surface through the filter of the almosphere in a selected number of visible and infrared spectral bands; surface ownwelling irradiance is inferred from these on-board satellite measurements via radiative transfer models. in-plane and other irradiance components are further modeled from the radiative transfer model output, Satellite-derived itradiances, including global horizontal, direct normal, diffuse, and in-plane liradiances are typically available in real time from commercial services. Important considerations when selecting satellite models are as follows: ‘+ salellite-derived data should be carefully selected after a review of their accuracy, e.g., by reviewing application-pertinent (localized) validations associated with the data source: ‘© good satellite models can be trained locally using short-term, regionally/environmentally representative ground measurements. yy. Unike ground-based Instruments, the accuracy rms over the entire range of tradlances, but tends to be consiaMt In absolute ‘er the radiative transfor modols —- global horizontal lradiance (GH) ~ woll rained Set ‘accuracy of beller than 2% at 1000 Went, tl 20 % at 100 Wen 500 Wary! to 1000 Wem? ranga. Neto that ths unceriainy fe nat defined I abcolute form:Provided by: www spied =26- HEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 NOTE 2 Tho bost trained satelite models can datlves an accuracy of 1 % at 1600 W.m"2, and 10 % al 100 War"? ale, a consant -10 Won trraughou! the 100 Wem? fo 1000 Wen? range - reali tothe instrumentation used to train them. Quanttios. derived from the primary radiative transfer mocel output GH. including ited in-plane lradance, direct normal irradiance, and dffuse iradiance, have a higher unceriainiy Jue 'o application of Secondary models. Uncertainty for tilted, soutn-acing (northern hemisphere) or north-facing (Southern nemisphere) incplane tradiancos i typleally 1,25 limes largor than for GHIs, |e. 2.5% at 1000 Wi for an uatiainad modal and 1.25 % for a taned model, feaive to the taining Insurentalion. Direct normal radiance uncertainty fs of the order of 495 af full range (1600 Wem) for an untrained model and 2% for a trained model, relative to the training Instrumentation, NOTE 3. If satcllite-derived dots have not boon trained fore local area, variations inthe local terran can inraduce Substantial error on te ofder of 10 %. This ls especialy tue In a desert with white sand, which may be aici t0 Gltinguish from white cloves In ome situations. NOTE 4 Satellte-dorived data may be loss accurate for shart periods but mare accurate when averaged avr long povlods. Therefore saielte-derived data may be more appropiate, for example, (or evaluating system energy Production over an extended period as compared to Insiantaneous power production 7.2. Environmental factors 7.3.1 PV module temperature ‘The PV module temperature, Toa, |S measured with a temperature sensor affixed to the back of one or more modules. ‘The measurement uncertainty of the temperature sensors, including signal conditioning, shall be 52°C. ‘Temperature sensors shall be replaced or recalibrated as per Table 8. ‘Table 8 ~ PV module temperature sensor maintenance requirements erm Class A Chass B Glass © High accuracy Medium accursey Base accuracy Recalbraion ‘Once every 2 years Por manuraciurers ‘Not applcabie Tozommendations If adhesive is used to affix the temperature sensor to the back surface of the module, the adhesive should be appropriate for prolonged outdoor use at tne site conditions and should be checked to be compatible with the surface material on the rear of the module so thal the material is not attacked or degraded by the adhesive. ‘Adhesive or interface material between the temperature sensor and the reer surface of the modulo shall bo thormally conductive. Tho total thermal conductance of the adhosivo or interface layer shall be 500 W-m~2.K~' or greater. in order to keep the maximum temperature difference between the module's rear surface and the temperature sensor on the order of approximately 1K. For example, this may be achieved using a thermally conductive adhesive with thermal conductivity greater than 0,5 W.m~!-K-1 in a layer not more than 1 mm thick. ‘See Annex 8 for additional recommendations on temperature sensor attachment, Caro shall be taken to ensure that the temperature of the cell in front of the sensor is not substantially altared due to the presance of the sensor or other factors. NOTE 1 Cell junction temperatures are typically 1°C to 3 °C higher than the temperature measured on the redule's rear surface, depending on the mockle construction. The temperature ciference may be estimated. as 8 Tuneton of tradiance, using te thermal conductivity cf the module eratetas NOTE 2 An infared maye of tne Hort of the module may help confim that the temperature ofthe cell in Cronk the sencor ls no! substantially altered owing to the presonct ofthe sansat or other factorsProvided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -27- Module temperature varies across each modulo and across the array and substantial difforonces in tomporature may be obsorved. For example, strong winds blowing parallel to the module surfaces may introduce a temperature cifference > 5 °C. Similarly, a module may be cooler near a irame thal is clamped to the rack, since the rack may acl as a heal sink. Concentrator modules may show even larger variations between the outer edges of the heat sink and tho heat sink that is closest to the concontrated light. ‘Therefore, caro shall be taken to placo temporature sonsors in roprosontative locations such that the ‘desired information is obtained. For performance monitoring, a number of temperature sensors should be distributed throughout the system so that the average temperature can be determined. In addition, when the array consists of more than one module lype or includes sections with ifferent orientations or other aitributes that can affect temperature, at least one temperature sensor is required for each module type or section type, and additional sensors, if required according to array size, are to be distributed in a representative manner amongst the different module types and section lypes. Module temperature measurement may also be performed with the Vog-based method cescribed in IEC 60904-5 as an alternative to using a temperature sensor in contact with the module back surfaco, This may roquiro use of an additional roference modulo, not connected to the PV array, for temperature measurement purpases. 7.3.2 Ambient air temperature When required by Table 3, the ambient air temperature, Tyryp, shall be measured al locations which are representative of the array conditions by means of temperature sensors located in solar radiation shields which are ventilated to permit free passage of ambient air. ‘Temperature sensors and signal conditioning electronics shall together have a measurement resolution < 0,1 “C and maximum uncertainty #1 °C. ‘Temperature sensors should be placed at least 1 m away from the nearest PV module and in locations where they will not be affected by thermal sources or sinks, such as exhausts from inverters or equipment shelters, asphalt or roofing materials, etc. ‘Temperature sensors shall be replaced or recalibrated as per Table 9. Table 9 - Ambient air temperature sensor maintenance requirements Tem Chass A Chase 8 Chasse High accuracy Medium accuracy Baste accuracy Recalibaiion| ‘Once every 2 years, Per manufacturers Hick applicable ‘ecommendetlons Whon pormitid by Tablo 3, ambiont air tomporature at the site may bo estimated based on local or regional meteorological data, 7.2. Wind speed and direction Wind speed and wind direction are usod for estimating modulo temperatures. They may also bbe used for documenting warranty claims ralated to wind driven damage. Wind speed and direction are to be measured at a height and location which are representative of the array conditions andlor the conditions assumed by any applicable performance model used for a performance guarantee of the PV installation,Provided by: www spied =28- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 In addition, wind speed and direction may also be measured at heights and locations suitable for comparison with historical or contomporancous motoorological data, In some cases data on wind gusts (typically gusts up to 2s in longth) may be required to compare with project design requirements, When necessary the monitoring system sampling period should be sufficiently small (e.g. <3 s) and the data record should contain not only averaged but also maximum values. (See 6.1.) Wind measurement equipment shall not shade the PV system at any lime of day or year and should be located at a point that is sufficiently far from obstructions. Wind speed sensor measurement uncertainty shall b2 < 0,5 m-s~! for wind speeds <5 m-s~7 and < 10 % of the reading for wind speeds greater than 5 m-s" Wind direction is defined as the direction from which the wind blows, and is measured clockwise from geographical north. It shall be measured with an accuracy of 5* Wind sensors shall be recalibrated as per Table 10. ‘Table 10 - Wind sensor maintenance req tem Class A jase B Class © High accuracy Medium accuracy Besic accuracy Recaliraiion| er manuracturars Per manuiaciurers| Per manutacturer’s recommancatlons ‘esonmendations ‘ecommandations 7.3.4 Soiling ratio 7.3.4.1 Definition ‘The solling ratio is the ratio of the actual power output of the PV array under given soiling conditions to the power that would ke expected if the PV array were clean and free of soiling, 7.3.4.2 Equipment ‘Measurement of the solling ratio requires the following: 2) A reference PV device, designated the ‘soiled’ device, which is allowed to accumulate solling at the same rate as the PY array. The solled device may be elther a PV reference cell or PV module, but should preferably be a PV module that is identical to or representative of those used in the PV array to be monitored so thet it will soil at the same rate, It shall be mounted in the same plane as and al the average height of the PV array, preferably with identical mounting mechanisms. b) reference PV device, designated the “clean’ device, which is regularly cleaned so that it is kept free of soiling. The clean device may be either 2 PV reference cell or PV module, but snall have similar spectral and angular response to the sailed device. The effect of any differences in response should be included in the measurement uncertainty. The clean device shall ke mounted close fo the soiled device and co-planar to it within 0.5*. Cleaning may be porformod cither manually or by an automated system and shall be done daily or at least twice per week, for Class A, of at lesser intervals if desired for Class B and Class C. The clean device Should be heated to remain free of frozen precipitation if installed in areas thal typically receive more than 7 days of frozen precipitation per year. ©) A measurement system for measuring the maximum power (method 1 in 7.3.4.4) and/or short-circuit current (method 2 In 7.3.4.5) of the solled device. Maximum power may be measured using I-V curve tracing or max-power-point-tracking electronics. ¢) A measurement system for measuring the short-circuit current of the clean device.Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 =29- ©) A measurement system for measuring the temperatures of both the soiled and clean dovices using temperature sonsors affixed to thir roar surfaces. For items c) and d), in between measurements, the measurement system shall not hold the modulo in an olectrical stato which may cause degradation or motastablo drift of the dovico. ‘Therefore, typical crystalline silicon modules shouid be held at open-circuit (or max power) in between measurements, to avoid hot spot generation, while typical thin film modules should be held al short circuit (or max power) in between measuremenis. Observe the module manufacturer's directions as needed io choose the appropriato hold state. For tracking systems, the soiled and clean devices shall be mounted in the module plane of the tracker. 1343 2) Choose a reference condition of irradiance and PV device temperature, e.g. STC. libration b) Dotermino a calibration value for tho short-circuit curront of tho clean dovico at the designated reference condition. It is Sufficient to use the manufacturer's datasheet values. ©) Using the clean device to measure iradiance, determine calibration values for the max powor (mathed 1 in 7.3.4.4) and/or short-circuit curront (method 2 in 7.3.4.8) of tho soiled device at the reference condition as follows: 1) Completely clean the soiled device, 2) Simultaneously maasure the soiled device maximum power andlor short-circuit current ang jemperaiure as well as the clean device short-circuit current and temperature. 3) Using the clean device measured short-circuit current and temperature, with the calibration data determined in step b), calculate the effective irradiance. 4) Using this calculated irradiance and the measurements for the soiled device, calculate the maximum power and/or short-circuit current of the sciled device corrected to the roforonce condition of irradiance and tomperature. 7.3.4.4 Measurement method 1~ max power reduction due to soi Perform the measurement as follows: 2) Measure the short-circuit current and temperature of the clean device. b) Measure the max power and temperature of the soiled device. ©) Calculate the effective irradiance from the values measured in a), using the calibration values determined in 7.3.4.3 b). €) Calculate the expected max power of the soiled device at the irradiance determined in c) and the temperature moasurod in b), using the calibration values detormined in 7.3.4.3 c). ©) Calculate the soiling ratio SR by dividing the soiled device max power measured in b) by its expected max power calculated in d). 7.3.45 Measurement method 2 - short-circuit current reduction due to soiling Perform the measurement as follows: 2) Measure the short-circuit current and temperature of the clean device. b) Measure the short-circuit current and temperature of the soiled device. ©) Calculate the effective irradiance from the values measured in a), using the calibration values determined in 7.2.4.3 b). © Calculate the expected short-circuit current of the soiled device at the irradiance determined in c) and the temperature measured in b), using the calitration values determined in 7.3.4.3 6). ©) Calculate the soiling ratio SR by dividing the soiled device short-circuit current measured in b) by its expected short-circuit current calculated in ).Provided by: www spied =30- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 7.3.4.6 — Proferred method Method 1 (7.3.4.4) Is generally preferred because It bes! represents the actual power loss due to soiling, and in particular it produces more accurate results when soiling may be non- uniform “across the modules, ospecially for typical crystalline silicon modules. Method 2 (7.3.4.5) may be used when soiling is know to be uniform across the modules ar when the effects of soiling non-uniformity on the ratio of maximum power to short-circuit current are known to be small due to the construction or device physics of the module, e.g. for typical thin film modules. Both mothods may bo employed simultaneously and tho most appropriato value or a waighted average may be used, 7.2.47 Daily average value ‘The soiling ratio measured by the method above is an instantaneous value. Since the instantaneously measured soiling ratio tends to show a time-of-day dependence due to residual angular misalignment of tha two reference devices as well as angle-depencent light scaitering fram soiling particles, for proper interpretation the measured solling ratio values should be integrated to compute a daily average value. Perform the integration by calculating the irradiance-weighted average of the measured soiling ratio values for a givon day. Tho data may be filtared to exclude outliers andlor to limi the measured values to a specific time window that minimizes the effecis of angular misalignment. NOTE For example, when the clean and soled devices are fked In postion (not tacking), the Inieg ation could Inte oly ney wit 22 8 fsa aon When fe lan and sold devces are sated on a acto yom. ‘could Include only mes when solar angi cf inckdence Is <-35" 7.3.4.8 — Recalibration “The calibration step in 7.3.4.3 shall be repeated at least annually Immediately following the calibration or following any significant rainfall, the measured sciling ratio should be close to unity. Significant deviation from unity indicates a problem with the selup. This can be used as a check of the calibration, so that the calibration may be repeated it necessary. 7.35 — Rainfall Rainfall measurements may be used (o eslimate the cleanliness of modules. However, if soiling ratio is measured, the module cleanliness is directly known. 7.3.6 Snow ‘Snowfall measurements may be used [0 estimate losses due to shading from snow. However, these losses will also be included in measurements of soiling ratio. Therefore, if soiling ratio is measured, snow moasuromonis may bo unnocessary, unloss the devices used for soiling measurement are not characteristic of the array or are mounted differently or at cifferent height. 7.3.7 Humidity Relative humidity measurements may be used to estimate changes in incidant spectrum which may aifect PV module power output as well as irradiance sensor readings. Humidity data with temperature dala can also be used to calculate the limes of wetness due fo condensation, Alternatively surface condensation sensors can be used to directly gather this data,Provided by: www epi IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -u- 7.4 Tracker system 7.4.1 Single-axis trackers ‘The real-time tracker tilt angle 4y shall be measured on representative trackers. Measurement may be performed with motor of position counters or other sensors integrated into the tracker mechanism, if desired, and does nol require separate instrumeniation. 7A.2 — Dual-axis trackers for >20x systems 7.4.2.1 Monitoring For high-concentration (> 20x) systems, the real-time tracker pointing errors (49; and Ags) shall be measured on reprasentative trackers using sensors defined and calibrated as par 7.4 of IEC 62817:2014, Selected trackers should coincide with a measurement location for DC output power (see 7.5). Reporting of tracker pointing error dala shall be per 7.4.6 of IEC 62817:2014 7.4.2.2 Pointing error sensor alignment ‘The tracker pointing error sensor is typically mounted on the tracker such that the pointing vector of the sensor is normal to the plane of the PV system. Inilial alignment of a pointing error sensor shall bo confirmed by intontionally scanning across tho optimal alignment while measuring the pointing error. This may be done sither by driving the tracker through the desired angle in each relevant axis or by moving the tracker ahead of the sun. siapping the lracker, and wailing for the sun lo move inio and out of the optimal position. The measured pointing error is plotted against the normalized system ma Formal irradiance (DN/). The data shall be measured under clear sky conditions with wind speeds in a range from 0,6 m-s-1 to 3,5 m-s“?, and shall be recorded within a 1 h time period These requirements are to minimize noise associated with variation in power output from factors other than alignment. Ideal alignment is achieved if the pointing error is zero when the irradiance-normalized power curve is at tho maximum valuo, No tolorance is statod hero for the doviation from ideal alignment as acceptable tolerance is dependent on the given system. The width of the scan will depend upon the response of the system, but should be at most 40,75° so that the scan Is compatible with the DAT sensor. ‘The test Is usually applied 10 an individual tracker wiih measurement of power generation associated only with that individual tracker, but it may be possible to plot the power {generation of multiple trackers as long 2s all of them move together. ‘The plots shall be included in the test report and shall serve as indication that alignment tolerance is sufficient, 7.5 Electrical measurements All elecirical measurements shall have a range extending up to at least 120 % of the expected electrical output when the PV array is operating at STC of up to the maximum rating of the Inverter, whichever Is lower. NOTE Elecirical output can signifcantly exceed ihe expeciod STC value due to overdiradiance (above 11000 W.my) and Iau module tomperaiure (balow 25 °C) Electrical measurements shall have uncertainty meating the roquiroments listed in Table 11 and Table 12 for measurements corrasponding to > 20% of the expected electrical output when the array is operating at STC. Table 11 lists the requirements for inverter-level electrical measurements, including DC Measurements on the PV array prior to power conversion and AC measurements followingProvided by: www spied =32- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 power conversion. Optionally the DC measurements may be performed at each combiner box Cer cach string in addition to or instead of at the invertors. Table 11 - Invortor-level electrical measurement roqi ‘Measurement Uncertainty Parameter Glass A Clase B Glass © High accuracy Medium accuracy Basic accuracy Input voltage (OC) 220% la a Tnput current (D6) 220% la wa Input power (OC) 20% la a ‘Quip wattage (RC) 20% xy wa ‘Ourput current (AC) 220% 0% a ‘Ourput power AC) 220% 0% a Table 12 lists the requirements for electrical measurements at the output of the power plant, i.e. the aggregate oulput produced by all inverters in the system, For multi-phase systems, each phase shall be measured, or 2 of 3 phases shall be measured (iwo wattmeter method). Table 12 - Plant-level AC electrical output measurement requirements Paramater Class A Clase B hese High accuracy Medium accuracy Basic accuracy ‘Active power and Class 02S Class 0.8 S ‘Class 2 energy as por IEC 6205.22 as per lec §2053.22 per EC 62053.21 Power factor class 1 Class 1 ia as por IEC 61587-12, a per HEC 8157-12 7.6 External system requirements ‘The monitoring system should document periods during which the PV system does not deliver fis maximum output power to the utility grid and/or local foads as a result of external system requests of requirements, which may include, for example, system oulpul power factor demand and system power curtailment. & Data processing and quality check 8.1 Daylight hours Processed dala for radiance and PV-generated power should be resiricted to the daylight hours of each day (sunrise to sunset, iftadiance 2 20 W/m?) to avoid extraneous night-time ata values that introduce errors in analyses, unless such errors have been demonstrated to be negligibleProvided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 =33- 8.2 Quality check 8.2.1 Removing invalid readings ‘The measured data shall be checked and filtered, either automatically or manually, to identity, missing or invalid data points and filer them oul of subsequent analysis. Such missing or invalid data shall be documented by the monitoring system. Recommended methods of identifying missing or invalid data points include: ‘= applying physically reasonable minimum and maximum limits; ‘+ applying physically reasonable limils on maximum rates of change; ‘+ applying statistical tests to identify out from multiple sensors: ‘© applying contract data to identify viable parameter boundaries for cent date; 1g values, including comparing measuroments performance ‘= noting error codes returned by sensors: ‘© Identifying and deleting redundant data entries; = identi 1g missing data: ‘= Identifying readings siuck at a single value for an extended time; ‘= checking timestamps to identity gaps or duplicates in data) checking systom availability reports. 8.2.2 Treatment of missing data ‘Missing or invalid data may be treated in one of the following ways: ‘+ the invalid or missing data may be replaced by values estimated from the valid date recorded before and/or after the invalid or missing data: ‘* the invalid or missing data may be replaced with an average value for the analyzed interval: ‘¢ the data may be treated in a manner specified in a valid contract, performance guarantee document, or other specification covering the installation: ‘+ the analysed interval may be treated as missing or invalid. ‘The treatment of missing or invalid data may depend on the goal of the measurement. For example, missing or invalid data associated with inverter issues should be discarded if the goal is strictly to quantify modulo performanco, but should be rotained if tho goal is to capture all aspects of plant performance and availability. Additional recommendations and requirements for treatment of missing or invalid data are Included in JEC 61724-2 and IEC 61724-3, ‘The specific treatment of missing or invalid data shall be documented in any reports, 9 Calculated parameters 9.1 Overview ‘Table 13 summarizes calculated parameters which are further defined below. All quantities in the table shall be reported with respect to the reporting period (typically a day, month, or year.Provided by: www epi -34- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 Table 13 - Calculated parameters Paramoior ‘Symbol Unit ‘Wradiation (7.3) Tn-plane wraaiaton % kwh? Electrical eneray @Al PV array output energy (OC) ey wh Energy autput fom PV systom (AC) Fut kwh ‘Array power rating @5) ‘ray power raling (OC) Ww ‘Aeray power rating (AC) Pane ow. Yields and yleld losses (@.6 and 9.7) PV array energy yield % whet Final system yield % whet Reterence yield x ewhawet ‘Aeray capture lose te uv awe Balance ot system (B05) 105s foo. bwin av Efficiencies (©) ‘Acray efficiency ™ ‘None ‘System eficioney a None BOS efficiency ‘aos None 9.2. Summations In the formulas given below involving summation, 7, denotes the duration of the &" recording interval within a reporting period (see Clause 6), and the symbol = denotes summation ever all recording intervals in the reporting period, Note that in formulas involving the product of power quantities with the recording interval 7) the power should be expressed in KW and the recording interval in hours in order to obtain energy in units of kWh. 9.3. Iradiation Irradiation, also known as insolation, is the time integral of irradiance. Each irradiation quantity #7 corresponding to an irradiance quantity G defined in Clause 2 is calculated by summing the irradiance as follows: HD axe 6) For example, the in-plane or plane-of-array (POA) irradiation, #,, is given by:Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 =35- a= Gaxn © < 9.4 Electrical energy 94.1 General Energy quantities may be calculated from the integral of thelr corresponding measured power parameters over the reporting period, Alternatively, if power measurements are performed using sensors with builtin totalizers, the energy quantities may be taken directly as measurement readings from the sensors. 9.4.2 DC output energy ‘The PY array DC output energy is given by: Ex-X Paar te a 9.4.3 AC output energy ‘The AC energy output is given by: Foun = Dy Pouta® te @) © 9.5. Array power rating 9.5.1 DC power rating The array DC power rating, Po. Is the total DC power output of all installed PY modules ar the power rating reference condition, assumed to be standard test conditions (STC) oF concentrator standard test conditions (CSTC) unless stated otherwise. Pq is given in units of kw Po should be calculated by using data from manufacturer datasheets er module labols, or, Provided that the choice is specified, using alternative data such as laboratory or on-site test cata. ‘The definition of Fo that Is used should be specified explicitly, whenever quantities that depend on Pg are reporled. 9.5.2 AC power rating ‘The array AC power rating. Po ac. 18 the lesser of the array DC power rating Pa or the sum of the inverter ratings in the system at a specified operating temperature. 9.6 Yields 9.6.1 General Yields are ratios of an energy quantity to the array power rating Pg. They indicate actual array operation rolative to its rated capacity. Yields have units of kWhkW"7, where units of kWh in the numerator describe the energy Production and units of kW in the denominator describe the system power rating. The ratio of Units Is equivalent to hours, and the yleld ratio indicates the equivalent amount of time during which the array would be required to operate at Po (0 provide the particular energy quantity measured during the reporting period.Provided by: www spied =36- HEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 9.6.2 PV array energy yield ‘The PV array eneray yield Yy Is the array energy output (DC) per rated KW (DC) of installed PV array, Yp= Fal Po ° 9.6.3 Final system yield ‘The final PY system yield ¥¢ is the nat energy output of the entire PV system (AC) per rated KW (DC) of installed PV array: ¥, = Fou! Po (10) 9.6.4 Reference yield ‘The reference yield Y, can be calculated by dividing the total in-plane irradiation by the module's reference plane of array radiance: HI Gir a here the reference plane of array itradiance Giger (ON-m-2) Is the irradiance at which Py is determined. ‘The reference yield represents the number of hours during which the solar radiation would need lo be al reference radiance levels In order to contribute the same incident solar energy 25 was monitored during the reporting period while the utility grid and/or local load were available, If the reporting period is equal to one day, then ¥, would be, in effect, the equivalent number of sun hours at the reference irradiance per day. 9.7 Yield losses 9.7. General Yield losses are calculated by subtracting yields. The yield losses also have units of kWh: kW"7 (or bh). They represent the amount of time the array would be required to operate at its Fated power Pg to provide for the respective losses during the reporting period, 9.7.2. Array capture loss ‘The array capture loss Z, represents the losses due to atray operation, including array temperature effects, soiling, etc., and is defined as: le= Ya «ay 9.7.3. Balance of systems (BOS) loss ‘The balance of systems (BOS) 10S Laps represents the losses in the BOS components, including the inverter and ali wiring and juniction boxes, and is defined as:Provided by: www spied IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 -37- Laos = Ya" (13) 9.8 Efficiencies 9.8.1 Array (DC) efficiency ‘The rated array efficiency is given by tino ~ Po! (Gior 40) aay where the overall array area Ag 1s the total module area, corresponding to the sum of the areas of ihe front surfaces of the PV modules as defined by thelr outer edges. For a concentrator module, if the front surface Is not coplanar, the front surface shall be projecied onto an appropriate two-dimensional surface to define the area. ‘The mean actual array efficiency over the reporting period is defined by: m= Eq! > AQ) as) 9.8.2 System (AC) efficiency ‘The mean system efficiency aver the reporting period is dotined by ne Bout | (Hi Ag) (16) Formula (16) can also be rewritten as: = Ing x PR an where 7p. is the rated array efficiency defined in 9.8.1 and PR is the performance ratio defined in 10.3.1 9.8.2 BOS officioncy ‘The mean BOS efficiency over the reporting period is defined by: (a8) Fout ! Ea 10 Performance metrics 10.1 Overview ‘A number of metrics are defined here for quantifying system performance. These are listed in Table 14 and are furiher defined in the subsequent indicated sections. The mosi appropriate metric for a given system depends on the system design and user requirements, Performance ratios (see 10.3) are based on the system name-plate rating, while a performance index (seo 10.4) is based on a moro detailed modal of system performance. ‘The rating-based porformance ratio metrics are rolativoly simplo to calculate but may omit known factors that cause system power output to deviate from expectations based on the name-plate rating alone. For example, systems with high DC-10-AC ratio operate at less than the DC nameplate rating during times of high irradiance, bul this is an expected attribule of the system design, Such effects are better treated by a performance index based on a detailed system model.Provided by: www spied -38- IEC 61724-1:2017 © IEC 2017 NOTE The performance ratios compare tho measured euldoor performance and the module name plate value. 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SOB @ a @ d a] Kove S08] : . é é {aisisans a9 19 Kau 10 a HEN c : canst Buydro> 90 7 Fou H WH Ped Lz alee] ¢ ai | gf Bsfes gee) & ee ee Luojtenba 40 joauit's soyoureied eqs mi: Ke popmoidProvided by: www epi HEC 61724-1:2017 © 1EC 2017 -87- Bibliography IEC TS 61724-2, Photovoltaic system performance ~ Part 2: Capacity evaluation method IEC TS 61724-3, Photovoltaic system performance ~ Part 3: Energy evaluation method“rojce ms: f popmorg“rojce ms: f popmorgHoye mi: fe popHand