UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENERGY SYSTEMS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PEDAL OPERATED SOYA

BEAN OIL EXPELLER

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

BY

OMEDO AUGUSTINE OREVA

(U2010/3025103)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER, 2015

i
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to God Almighty for his continuous blessings, and to my
parent and relatives for their support.

ii
 APPROVAL
This is to certify that this project was carried out by OMEDO AUGUSTINE OREVA
(U2010/3025103), under the supervision of Prof. H.U. Nwosu, and that this
project has been accepted and approved by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, having met the requirements for the award of Bachelor degree in
Mechanical Engineering (B.Eng.), college of Engineering, University of Port
Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Prof. H.U. Nwosu Date

(Project Supervisor)

Prof. H.U. Nwosu Date

(Head of Department)

External Examiner Date

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Reserving all glory, honor and praise to God Almighty for his mercy, blessings,
protection and direction throughout my quest for the search for knowledge, I am
greatly indebted to my supervisor, Prof H.U. Nwosu for his professional
supervision.
I must sincerely thank Mr Ikechukwu Anyanwu for his technical advice and
contributions towards the success of this project and also to all academic and
non-academic staff of the Department of Mechanical Engineering for all
assistance.
I want appreciate my mother Mrs Josephine Omedo, whose prayers, advice and
support carried me throughout my studies in the University.
I am grateful to Mr and Mrs John Ekpoke and Mr and Mrs Emmanuel Igbini for all
the support I received from them. To every member of my family who has in one
way or the other contributed to the success of my academics I say thank you.
I also want to thank the Association of Catholic Engineering Students (ACES) and
to all my friends, especially Obi Ifeoma Nancy and Omenwa Joseph, Unuagbokhe
Bashiru and Okeke David for their assistance and contribution of ideas. God bless
you all.

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 ABSTRACT

This project work deals with the design and fabrication of a pedal powered soya
bean oil extracting machine. The project was aimed at developing a manually
operated machine which can be used in rural areas, to promote small scale farming
and also serve as an exercising machine for fitness while doing useful work. The
basic components of the machine were fabricated based on the design
specifications gotten from the design calculations and other relevant charts. The
power required to drive the machine is provided through pedaling. The
components of the pedal unit and processing unit were assembled together using
bolts and nuts, screw and other permanent and non permanent fasteners and then
connected together by the chain drive. The machine was set into operation and
known weight of the sample was fed into the machine through the feeding hopper.
The helical screw drum conveyed, crushed, squeezed and pressed the sample in
order to extract the oil. The oil was separated from the press cake, weighed
separately and then the efficiency of each sample was computed. From the result,
it showed that as the soya bean is increased, the time taken to process is increased,
the rate of operation of the extractor is reduced, quantity of oil produced is
increased and the machine efficiency increased. The highest machine efficiency
was 68.5%, this was when the soya bean sample was increased to 12Kg

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 Table of Contents
TITTLE PAGE...................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... v

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ x

NOMENCLATURE.......................................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background Knowledge ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study ......................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Significance of Study ..................................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................ 4

1.6 Roadmap of Study ......................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6

LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 History, Botany, Characteristics and Importance of Soya Beans ................................................. 6

2.2 Early development ........................................................................................................................ 7

2.3 Recent Development in Soya Bean Oil Extracting Machine and other Pedal operated Machines
9

2.4 Knowledge Gap ........................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 13

vi
DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Mechanism of operation of the Soya bean oil extractor ............................................................ 13

3.3. Design Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 15

3.3.1 Design Consideration ......................................................................................................... 15

3.3.2 Design of the power unit .................................................................................................... 15

3.3.2.3 Design of the Flywheel ...................................................................................................... 23

3.3.3 Design of Processing Unit................................................................................................... 25

3.3.4 Bearing Design.................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.6 The Main Frame ................................................................................................................. 29

3.4 Materials Used ............................................................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 31

RESULTAND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 31

4.1 Result.......................................................................................................................................... 31

4.1.1 Input data for analysis......................................................................................................... 31

4.1.2. Computational result .......................................................................................................... 32

4.1.3. The components specification ............................................................................................ 34

4.1.4 Testing and Efficiency of the System .................................................................................. 34

4.2 Discussion.................................................................................................................................... 35

................................................................................................................................................................ 37

4.3 Breakdown of Fabrication Cost ................................................................................................... 38

4.4 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 39

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................... 39

5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 39

5.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 39

REFRENCE .................................................................................................................................................... 41

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APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................................................. 44

MICROSOFT EXCEL PROGRAM CALCULATION ........................................................................................ 44

APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................................................. 47

TABLES OF CHARTS FOR VARIOUS DATA ................................................................................................ 47

viii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Materials Used for Fabrication………………………………………29
Table 4.1: Input Data for Analysis………………………………………………31
Table 4.2: Result of Microsoft Excel Computations…………………………….32
Table 4.3: Result of machine testing …………………………………………….35
Table 4.4: Breakdown of Fabrication Cost……………………………………….38

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Chain Drive.......................................................................................19
Figure 3.2: Free body diagram of shaft..............................................................20
Figure 4.1: Graph of weight of sample against rate of machine operation……..36
Figure 4.2: Graph of weight of sample against quantity of oil……………………………..36
Figure 4.3: Graph of weight of sample against time…………………………………………………..37
Figure 4.4: Graph of quantity of oil against time……………………………………………………….37
Figure 4.5: Graph of time against efficiency…………………………………………………………………37

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 NOMENCLATURE
1. SParameter Symbol Unit
/
N
2. speed of pedaling, Np Rpm
3. speed of pedaling, Np m/s
4. pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket D1 M
5. service factor Ks -
6. pedaling power H W
7. pitch of chain P M
8. number of teeth on smaller sprocket T1 -
9. number of teeth on larger sprocket T2 -
10. mass per unit length of chain M Kg/m
11. acceleration due to gravity G m/s^2
12. diameter of flywheel Df Mm
13. mass of flywheel Mf Kg
14. radius of flywheel R Mm
15. density of soya bean ρsb Kg/m^3
16. density of stainless steel ρss Kg/m^3
17. factor of safety N -
18. Pie Π -
19. thickness of grinding disc T M
20. diameter of grinding disc Dd M
21. yield stress of steel σyp Mpa
22. span of bearing A M
23. shaft worm span B M
24. weight of hopper content Wh N
25. hopper top length L M
26. hopper to breadth B M
27. hopper bottom length Li M
28. hopper bottom breadth Bi M
29. frustum height H Mm
30. combined shock and fatigue factor for Kt -
torsion
31. combined shock and fatigue factor for Km -
bending
32. power transmission efficiency ᵑT -
33. Weight of pressing drum WD N
34. 3diameter of drum DD M
3
.
35. 3Radius of pressing drum RD M
4
.

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36. 3Shear stress of soya bean Τ N/m^2
5
.
37. Velocity ratio VR Rpm
38. Speed of smaller sprocket N1 Rpm
39. Pitch circle diameter of larger sprocket D2 M
40. Designed power Pd W
41. Pitch live velocity V1 m/s
42. Pedaling force Fd N
43. Chain load W N
44. Breaking load WB N
45. Operating factor of safety of chain F.O.s
46. Center distance of sprocket X M
47. Number of chain links K -
48. Length of chain L M
49. Maximum power transmitted by chain Pc W
50. Tension due to sagging Fs N
51. Centrifugal tension Fc N
52. Tangential driving force Ft N
53. Chain tension FT N
54. Angular velocity Ω rad/sc
55. Mass grinding disc Md Kg
56. Force on rotating grinding disc Fd N
57. Crushing force Fct N
58. Resisting torque TR Nm
59. Maximum bending M N
60. Minimum diameter of shaft D M
61. Volume of hopper V m^3
62. Hopper capacity Hc Kg
63. Minimum angular speed ω1 rad/sec
64. Maximum angula speed ω2 rad/sec
65. Centrifugal force Fc N
66. Velocity of flywheel Vf N
67. Power Output of the Flywheel to the
Processing Unit Pf W
68. Torque required to drive pressing drum TD Nm
69. Power required to drive the pressing drum PD W
70. Torque of drum in relation with the shear Ts Nm
stress of soya beans
71. Power to extract oil PE W
72. Total power PT W

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Knowledge

There has been an increase in the world production of oilseeds over the last thirty
years (Murphy, 1994). This would appear to be related to the increasing demand
for oilseed products and by-products as oilseeds are primarily grown for their oil
and meal. Vegetable oil is always at a higher price per ton than the cake, this is
because the demand for oil is often higher than the cake. Oils from most edible
oilseeds are used in the food industry, though there is growing emphasis on
industrial utilization as feedstock for several industries with about 80% of the
world production of vegetable oils for human consumption. The remaining 20%
utilization is between animal and chemical industries (Murphy, 1994). The
production of oil plants takes third place in the world production in terms of value,
after starchy plants and fruits, and ahead of beverages and stimulants (Dari, 2009).
Edible seeds and nuts noted for their oil contents include palm nut, coconut, soya
bean, olive, groundnut, sunflower seed, and cottonseed, while non-edible seeds
and nuts include jatropha seed, neem seed, and castor bean. Moreover, soya bean
oil has strengthened its dominant role among fats and oils produced based on its
quality and nutritional grade (Dari, 2009).
Soya bean oil contains linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids that are found in many
plant oils. Shortage of these fatty acids leads to deficiency symptoms especially in
growing children and animals. Soya oil has the highest content of lecithin (1.1-
3.2%) which is a surface-active compound used as an emulsifier in the food and
pharmaceutical industries, and other industries (Sigmund and Gustav, 1991). Soya
bean oil is gotten from soya bean seed through different extraction
1
methods/machines. Soya bean is rich in oil, and is often called an "oilseed." The
value of the soya bean, which contains about 20% oil and 40% protein, lies in the
fact that there is a strong demand for both these ingredients, either directly or
indirectly, in human foods. The separation of these two major components has
given rise to the soya bean crushing industry.
The traditional method of processing soya bean into its valuable components has
long been in existence. Different types of machines have been developed using
modern methods for oil extraction from various oil seeds like soya beans.
Although the modern systems of soya bean oil extraction have high efficiency,
they are not readily available for use in the remote area where there is insufficient
power supply, operators, etc. In urban areas where they are available, the cost of
the machines, their operation and maintenance limit their uses. Therefore, the
need for the design of a manually operated soya bean oil extractor becomes very
imperative. This modified soya beans oil extractor is manually operated and will
be very useful in rural areas where there is hardly constant supply. Its source of
energy will not be dependent on fossil fuel; rather it will employ a renewable
energy source. Its work output will depend on the operator(s) as well as on the
machine itself. The machine operation will be by pedaling and energy required to
drive the machine will be generated through pedaling and this will be done from
the foot of the operator. This machine will not only be efficient but also be easy to
operate, economically viable, and can also be used by anybody irrespective of
their technical training. The modified pedal operated soya bean oil extracting
machine is developed to serve as a cheap and simplified machine that will be of
help to rural farmers operating on a small scale.

2
1.2 Statement of Problem
Over the years, in spite of all the benefits of soya beans and soya bean oil to both
human and animal, there are series of inadequacies of its available processing
methods. The traditional method of processing soya bean into its valuable
components has long been in existence. It is however, laborious, time consuming
and great amount of oil is lost. Therefore, there is need for the design of a
manually operated soya bean oil extracting machine that is effective, efficient, low
cost, electricity independent and easy to operate. This necessitated the design and
fabrication of a portable pedal operated soya bean oil extracting machine using
locally available materials.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of this project is to design and fabricate a pedal operated soya bean oil
extracting machine. Hence, the objectives are;
 To design a small scale machine for soya oil extraction;
 To fabricate a cheap but efficient soya oil extracting machine, which will be
easy to maintain and operate;
 To device a means of relaxation and burning fat while doing useful work.

1.4 Significance of Study

In engineering design it is very important to design equipment which will require
less input and maximize the output.
The importance of this work therefore is to help in the following;
 Ease the pain, stress, intensive labour, and time consumption encountered in
the existing manual (traditional) soya bean oil pressing processes.
 Reduce the problem of electrical power required to operate the modern
extracting machines by adopting a machine which will be independent of
non renewable energy.
 Design and construction of a cheap and easy to operate machine.
3
 Reduce the rate of unemployment and poverty by empowering farmers in
rural areas and young entrepreneurs.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

 This project will be carried out at University of Port Harcourt science and
engineering workshop.
 The soya bean oil extractor will be designed and thereafter fabricated
according to the design specifications.
 The soya bean oil extractor will be tested after fabrication.
Like every other project work this work has its limitations. As a result of the mode
of design and fabrication of this pedal operated soya bean oil extracting
machine, as well as the materials, it cannot be compared to highly advance
industrial machines used in urban areas for the extraction of oil from soya bean.
This machine is therefore suited for micro scale processing industry in rural
setting. Also this study will not lay claim to have identified adequately all the
issues on the design and fabrication of a soya bean oil extracting machine.

1.6 Roadmap of Study

To achieve the ultimate goal of this study which is the design and fabrication of a
pedal operated soya bean oil extractor certain procedures must be followed to
obtain the necessary results.
The process will involve
 Review and study of journals and articles related to the topic of interest.
 Materials needed for the fabrication was sourced for locally.
 An AutoCAD drawing of the machine was developed.
 The design and fabrication of the functional parts of the soya bean extracting
machine was done. These parts include; the Hopper (feeding unit), pressing

4
 drum, Shaft, frame, and pressing drum using mild steel, stainless steel,
etc.
 Thereafter, a performance test was carried out on the machine which leads
to the actual evaluation of the system.
 Finally, the results were analyzed, tabulated and discussed, and conclusions
were drawn based on the results obtained.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History, Botany, Characteristics and Importance of Soya Beans

The Soybean or Soya bean (Glycine max, L) is a species of legume widely grown
for its edible bean which has numerous uses (Perkins, 1995). Soya bean is from
the family Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae and genus Glycine. Glycine
comprises about 20 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and
Australia. The genus is further divided into three subgenera; Bracteata, Glycine
(perennials) and Soja (annuals). Soya bean is an arable, annual leguminous crop of
native East Asia.
Soy bean first arrived in Africa in Egypt in 1857 and was introduced as early as
1908 in Nigeria but its cultivation as a crop began in 1937 with the introduction of
the Malayan variety (SIC, 2009). Soya bean is an important crop in Nigeria since
it has high nutritional qualities. Soya bean grown in Nigeria has a high protein
content of 40% by weight, 32% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 5% minerals and 3% fiber,
and other trace substances (SIC, 2009). Approximately 85% of the world’s
soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and vegetable oil. It is used as
sources of protein for human food, animal feeds and industries (Adekunle and
others., 1995). Among the legumes it is classified as an oil-seed, it is preeminent
for its high protein content as well as its high oil content (Perkins, 1995). Soy
varies in growth and habit with the height of plant varying from 20cm up to
2meters. The pods, stems and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray hairs.
The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of 3-5; each pod is 3-8cm long and
usually contains 2-4 seeds, 5-11mm in diameter. Soya beans occurs in various
sizes and in many hull or seed coat colours including black, brown, green, yellow,
red and blue, with yellow being the most common and dominant (Boumans,
6
1985). The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant and protects the
cotyledon and hypocotyls (or “germ”) from damage (Blackman and others, 1992).
Modern crop cultivars generally reach a height of around 1 m, and take 80–120
days from sowing to harvesting. Cultivation is successful in climates with hot
summers with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20 to 30 0C
(68 to 860F). Temperatures below 200C and over 400C retard growth significantly.
They grow in a wide range of soils with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils
with a good organic content (EBO, 2008).
Soya beans, when unprocessed, have an undesirable bitterness and flavour; and
contain the toxic proteins hemagglutinin and antitrypsin. These substances are
inactivated by toasting the beans to make the beans palatable and digestible
especially for animals. Products from soya beans include soya oil, soya milk, soya
sauce, soya curd (tofu), yoghurt, soya concentrate and feed, defatted flours and
grits, isolates, textured flours, textured concentrates (commonly used as meat
extender), soya sprouts, commercial synthesis of steroid hormones and other
pharmaceuticals, and industrial products such as glue, synthetic fibre and foam
(Brink and Belay, 2006). Mature soya seeds are boiled and used for relishes in
tropical Africa, while the immature green beans are eaten as fresh vegetables. The
plants are used as feed (fodder, silage) for animals, while some farmers allow the
plant residue to decompose on their fields contributing to soil fertility.

2.2 Early development

AD 1000-1907. The earliest known removal of edible oils from oil seeds was
practiced by the Egyptians before the Christian era. All of the world’s earliest
soya bean crushing took place in East Asia, Primarily in Manchuria and china,
using primitive stone mills. Most of the oil was used for cooking and the meal for
fertilizer. In 1896 Manchuria’s first mechanically powered (steam-driven) roller
mill, consisting of machinery made in Hong Kong was installed in Newchwang.
7
The soya beans were crushed between steam-driven iron cylinders, then crushed
flakes were steamed, and pressed in iron screw presses using hand-turned capstan
bars to extract the oil, which was sold in wicker baskets lined with waterproof
paper.In about 1907 the first soyabean crushing began in the west, initially in
England, which quickly became the dominant crushing country in Europe. Shortly
after soya bean crushing also began on the continent, especially in Germany and
after 1911, in the US. Exports of meal to Japan increase after 1895.

Hosie (1901) gave a good first hand description of the earliest known devices
(machine) used in china for the commercial crushing of soya bean and expression
of their oil were the crush-stone mill and the wedge press. According to Hosie,
description of the crushing process, the whole sun-dried, soya beans preferably the
variety called “oil beans”, were first crushed beneath a giant stone roller (4 feet in
diameter and 5-24 inches thick, that rolled like a wheel around a central pivot,
being drawn by a cow or mule) or between 5 feet-diameter millstones (first a
coarse, then a fine-toothed pair; hence the name “oil mill”).

Bongiwar and others (1977) stated that when Pressure was applied during the
crushing by means of wedge driven in between the cross beams and beams placed
on top of the frames. The wedges were stuck by stones suspended from the ceiling
on ropes or wooden mallets. The oil, forced out by the heavy pressure applied for
4 hours, ran through a wooden trough and was collected in an earthen vessel
beneath the press.

Blackman and others (1992) stated that classical extraction technologies are based
on the use of an appropriate solvent to remove lipophilic compounds from the
interior of plant tissues. The most widely used solvent to extract edible oils from
plant sources is hexane. There are various methods reported for extraction:
pressurized solvent extraction, ultrasonic and microwave extraction, extraction by

8
stirring, shaking, and by the soxhlet method.Some of the methods are time
consuming (Soxhlet, ultrasonic), require large amounts of solvent, and are
expensive (SE) and/or energy intensive (pressurized liquid extraction).

Woerfel (1995) explained that the microwave has the potential to be used in oil
extraction processes to improve efficiency and reduce processing time. During
commercial solvent extraction, a series of time-consuming preparation steps is
necessary to achieve the maximum oil yield. A rapid extraction method for
soybeans has been developed using Continuous microwave-assisted technology.

Perkins (1995) explained the attempts that have been made to develop processes
that are more effective in extracting oil than standard mechanical extraction
methods. One possibility is to use a special proprietary compressed gas mixture
that when under pressure is a liquid and acts as a solvent to extract oil. Upon
release of pressure, the gas is collected and recompressed for use in the next
sample.

2.3 Recent Development in Soya Bean Oil Extracting Machine and other
Pedal operated Machines
Ndaliman (2006) developed a dual-operational mode cassava grating machine. the
constructed grating machine was found to be effective and efficient. it can be
powered both electrically and manually. Therefore, it can be used by both rural as
well as urban dwellers. it is also affordable since the cost of production is low.

Lee and Lin, (2007) showed that using the microwave process is one of the
modern methods in oil extraction from soybeans by solution that leads to
considerable decrease of energy consumption. From their work, they discovered
that microwave performance with determined intensity in the process of oil
extraction from soybeans by hexane solution is a major component to the
extraction process.

9
According to De Moura and others, (2008) this process of water-based oil
extraction, called enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, offers the potential to
degrade anti-nutritional compounds such as phytic acid or α-galactosides by
adding the appropriate enzymes during the extraction process. This method also
offers the potential to create unique protein concentrates during the aqueous
fractionation of the seed.

Nazareth and others (2009) stated that Gas-supported screw-pressing (GSSP) is

another technology that is showing some promise GSSP consists of applying a
high-pressure gas, typically carbon dioxide, into a traditional expeller so that the
gas forces additional oil out of the soybean during the extraction process. This
process is of particular interest to those interested in potentially making protein
concentrates or isolates and need low oil, high-protein solubility. Since the carbon
dioxide can be used to cool the meal as well as extract oil, the meal retains very
high protein solubility.

Nazareth and others (2009) showed that microwaves have been used to assist in
extraction, as microwave extraction can be a more environmentally and
economically friendly process. The efficiency of the microwave-assisted
extraction (MAE) process depends on the time, temperature, solid-liquid ration,
and type and composition of the solvent used. During MAE, incident
electromagnetic waves (in the microwave region) heat the dielectric material
(solvent-oil-food matrix) through two major mechanisms.

Hatwalne and others (2011) designed and developed a pedal operated flour mill.
The machine consists of a chain drive and belt drive that turns conventional stone
wheels ,where the poured wheat gets crushed to produce flour. The machine is
economically viable, can be used by common people, save time otherwise spent in
traditional hand cranking of stone wheels and can be adopted for human-powered

10
process units which could have intermittent operation without affecting the end-
product.

Agulanna and Oriaku (2013) carried out a work on Design and Fabrication of a
Micro-Scale Wet Process Soya-Bean De-Coating Machine and showed that the
processing of soya bean seed into several by-products such as soya-meal, flour,
edible oil, confectionary, akara, moi-moi, dawadawaetc requires diverse
processing sequence. According to their work, the wet soya bean seeds are
decoatedin between two padded rollers (dynamic and static rollers) that
sandwiches an abrasive fabric material.The results of the test runs were tabulated
and analysis showed 90% de-coating efficiency.

Tambari and others (2014) carried out a design analysis in order to ascertain the
performance and output capacity of a pedal powered cassava grinding machine
which according to them proved very efficient and affordable. In their design, they
asserted that human energy expended for an average age man of 70kg (1501b) at a
cycling speed range of 16km/h – 24km/h or 233 r.p.m was used, and after the
analysis the efficiency and human power required to drive the shaft was calculated
to be 56% and 1.02hp respectively. The machine which is very cheap and
affordable is highly recommended for farmers as it can deliver an output capacity
of 58:59kg of cassava per hour and can produce a mechanical advantage of 0.42
which is less than 1 as recommended under simple machines.

Anebi and others (2014) carried out a design and construction of a soya bean oil
extracting machine. The results obtained from their designed machine showed that
mechanical extraction was a suitable method for extracting soya bean oil because
of its high yield and high oil purity. In addition, they stated that use of an electric
motor to operate the extractor produces less noise thereby reducing the cost of
abating pollution. This process also generates little or no waste since the soya

11
bean cake can be used as animal feeds thereby reducing cost of waste disposal.
From the output of the machine they concluded that design and installation of a
commercial plant as such would be viable.

Okegbile and others (2014) designed a pedal driven pulverizing and sieving
machine for dewatered grated cassava. The Machine is designed to be driven like
a bicycle, which sends rotary motion to the system for the desire work. When
fabricated, the pulverizing and sieving of dewatered grated cassava will be
achieved mechanically using human effort of bike pedal.

Ghazvehi, and Nasiri (2015) carried out a work on improving the yield of soya
bean oil extraction process by using of microwave system, according to their
report, Soybeans (100g) were sieved and soybeans larger than 3.18 cm were
collected. The cleaned soya beans after Grinding in Cracker. Ground soybean
flakes (100g) at first operated in one Microwave unit with power 800 w at 90
seconds. Conclusively, the results obtained in this study have implications for the
edible oil industry.

2.4 Knowledge Gap

From the foregoing, it was observed that soya bean oil extraction has been in
existence since the early 1800s where crushing and mechanical pressing were the
two major method of extraction of oil from soya bean. Also literature shows that
early development of oil extraction took place in East Asia primarily in Manchuria
and China. In spite of the advantages of the advanced methods it is observed that
most of these modern methods and machineries used in the extraction of oil from
soya bean are expensive and have a high energy consumption rate. Therefore there
is need to develop small-scale machines for the extraction in other for people in
the rural areas to be able extract oil from soya bean efficiently and effectively at
low cost.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Mechanism of operation of the Soya bean oil extractor

In construction of the pedal operated soya bean oil extractor, there are two basic
units of the machine namely; the drive unit and the processing unit.
The drive unit is mainly concerned with transmission of human power to the
processing unit through the use of pedal power. Pedal power is simple, efficient,
and practical. Its most familiar use is the bicycle for personal or cargo
transportation. But pedals can also power small stationary machines. Pedal power
is the transfer of energy from a human source through the use of a foot pedal and
crank system (Kajogbola, 2010). It provides the connection between the cyclist
shoe and crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel the
bicycle wheels. Pedals usually consists of a spindle that threads into the end of the
crank and a body, on which the feet rests or are attached, that is free to rotate on a
bearing with respect to the spindle. With the body in seat, the legs can provide a
pedal work (Wikipedia, 2008). Pedal power enables a person to drive device at
same rate as achieved by hand cranking but with less efforts and fatigue. A person
can generate four times more power (1/4 horse power) by pedaling than by hand
cranking. At the rate of ¼ hp, continuous pedaling can be done for only about 10
minutes (Tiwari ,2011). However, pedaling at half this power can be sustained for
about 60 minutes. Maximum power produced by leg is generally limited by
adaptations within the oxygen transportation system. On the other hand the
capacity for arm exercise is dependent upon the amounts of muscle mass engaged
and that is why a person can generate more power by pedaling than hand cranking
(Tiwari ,2011). This transmission of human power to processing unit is usually
accomplished in two stages. In the first stage the operator uses his feet and legs to
13
rotate pedal around the crank axle. The pedals in turn are fixed to the chain ring
(sprocket) with the teeth that engages continuous chain. The chain transmits the
pedaling action to the cog on the front wheel causing the front sprocket to rotate
and the drive the shaft. In the second stage this power from the shaft is transmitted
to the processing unit.
The processing unit essentially consists of worm shaft, shaft casing, hopper and
crushing disc, pressing chamber, driving mechanism, adjustable regulator and lock
nut. The feed is supplied into the machine through the hopper through which the
seeds are introduced into the pressing chamber. The pressing chamber contains a
screw auger drum. The screw drum is supported by bearing at its ends and
powered by a pedal power through a chain drive and sprocket at a regulated speed.
The lower part of the pressing chamber is perforated with orifices to drain the oil
into the collection pan.
The machine works on pressing principle. At the beginning, the groove is
relatively deep but as the product is forced down the rotating shaft, the depth of
the groove decreases, creating outward pressure. As the pressure builds, oil is
“expelled” from the seed which effectively reduces the pressure on the seed. At
the exit, a tapered plug prevents the seed from flowing freely out of the press. The
plug can be adjusted inward to create more pressure. Standard radial screw presses
offer the advantages of being scalable from very small (1hp) to very large
(500hp). However, they are very sensitive to seed moisture and temperature, so
proper cooking and conditioning prior to expelling are essential. The pedal power
provides the primary motion that drives the auger drum. In operation, the
gradually built up pressure along the screw drum travel conveys, crushes, grinds,
presses and squeezes oil out of the prepared soya bean into the oil outlet via the oil
channel. The residual cake from where the oil is extracted is extruded out of the
cake outlet in form of flakes. The cake is conveyed along the screw to the concave
14
end and forced out of the chamber through the outlet chute. Clearance between
screw auger drum and cylinder is adjusted by the screw drum regulator. Turning
the handle anticlockwise moves the taper plug section of the screw drum axially
further into the taper borne of the cylinder, thus reducing the thickness of the cake.
Turning the screw drum regulator clock-wise withdraws the screw drum and
increases the cake thickness (Akinoso, 2009).The lock nut has to be released to
allow the operating screw to move and should be relocked after each adjustment.

3.3. Design Analysis

3.3.1 Design Consideration
Some of the criteria considered in the design include; use of local materials,
adequate capacity, affordability, reduction in time and energy spent in extraction of
oil manually, detachable components, using bolts and nuts to attach for easy repair
and maintenance.

3.3.2 Design of the power unit

3.3.2.1 Chain Design

Chain Velocity
Konz (1983), has recommended that allowable design power is about (74.5W) and
a speed of 50rpm involving the use of the leg.
Average velocity of chain
πDN1 TpN1
v= = (3.1)
60 60
p 180
Where, D = 180 = ⁡pcosec⁡ is the pitch diameter (mm),
sin⁡( ) T
𝑛

p = chain pitch (mm),

N1 = number of teeth on small sprocket.

15
Using the American Chain Association (ACA) chart, the chain pitch and number of
teeth on smaller sprocket will read.
Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives
The velocity ratio of a chain drive is given by
N1 T2
V.R. = = [-] (3.2)
Np T1

Where; N1= Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket (speed of shaft required) in

r.p.m.,
Np = Speed of rotation of larger sprocket (speed of pedaling) in r.p.m.,
T1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket, and
T2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket (number of teeth on sprocket
on the drive wheel).
D2
T2 = x T1 (3.3)
D1
180 p
D1 ⁡ = pcosec⁡ = 180 ⁡is⁡the⁡pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket
T1 sin⁡( )
𝑇1

(sprocket on shaft)
180 p
D2 ⁡ = pcosec⁡ = 180 ⁡[mm]⁡is⁡the⁡pitch circle diameter of largerr
T2 sin⁡( )
𝑇2

sprocket (sprocket on pedal)

Size of sprocket
The size of the sprocket attached to the drive pedal was calculated from
NxD1
D2= D1xVR = [mm] (3.4)
Np

Designed Power
The designed power was calculated using the relation
𝑃𝑑⁡ = 𝐻𝐾𝑠 [kW] (3.5)

16
Pedaling force
The pedaling force is gotten from
𝐻
𝐹𝑑 = (3.6)
𝑉

Where H = pedaling power

V=speed of pedaling in m/s
The type of chain was selected from a standard table in a textbook of machine
design by Khurmi and Gupta (2005)
Ks = service factor, which is gotten from⁡𝐾𝑠=⁡𝐾1 𝐾2𝐾3 = 1.875
Where
K1 = load factor. The value is 1.0 for constant loading
K2 = lubrication factor. The value is 1.5 for periodic loading
K3 = rating factor. The value is 1.25 for 16 hours of operation per day.
(Khurmi and Gupta 2005)
Chain Load
The relations give the total load on the chain:
H
𝑊= [N] (3.7)
V1

Where, H =74.5W is the power (W),

πD1 N1
V⁡1 = ⁡⁡is the pitch line velocity of the smaller sprocket (m/s).
60

Breaking load was checked from the relation below

𝑊𝐵 = 106𝑝2 [N] for roller chain (3.8)
𝑊𝐵 = 106𝑝 [N]for silent chain (3.9)
Where p = pitch of chain
Factor of safety was calculated thus;
WB
F. O. S = ⁡ [-] (3.10)
W

17
Center Distance of Sprocket
The minimum center distance, x, of sprocket was calculated from the pitch circle
diameters of the twp sprockets using the relation below;
𝐷1 +𝐷2
𝑥= + 50 [mm] (3.11)
2

Number of Chain Links

The numbers of chain links, k, was calculated from
T1 +T2 2x p T1 +T2 2
K= + + ( ) (3.12)
2 p x 2π

Length of Chain
The length of chain was determined using the formula below
𝐿 = 𝐾𝑝 [mm] (3.13)
Where p is the pitch of chain

Bearing Stress Shaft on Chain

The bearing stress was calculated from
𝑃𝑚 𝐾𝑠
𝜎𝑏 = ⁡ [N/mm2] (3.14)
𝐴𝑣
𝑣𝑊𝐵
Where; 𝑃𝑚 = ⁡ is the maximum power transmitted by the chain;
𝑛𝐾𝑠

A is the projected bearing area [mm2]

𝜎𝑏 is the bearing stress
n = F.O.S.

18
Maximum Tension on the Chain

Figure 3.1: Chain Drive

The maximum tension on chain is the sum of the tangential driving force, F t, the
centrifugal tension Fc, and the tension due to sagging. These forces were calculated
from the relations below;

𝑃𝑚
𝐹𝑡 = [N] (3.15)
𝑣

𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 2 [N] (3.16)
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐾𝑚𝑔𝑥 [N] (3.17)
Where ;Ft = tangential driving force
Fc= centrifugal tension
Fs= tension due to sagging
K= 6 for chain inclination to the horizontal less than 400
x = center distance of sprockets
m = mass per unit lenth of chain
Maximum chain Tension is therefore given as
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑡 + 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠 [N] (3.18)

19
 3.3.2.2 Worm shaft Design
The worm shaft conveys the maize to the crusher, turns the crusher to grind and
discharge the grinded maize. The worm shaft is subjected to the chain tension,
reactions at the bearings, loads due to hopper content and a constant resisting
torque of the grinding wheels.
The shafts are cylindrical with circular cross sections and a bearing mounted on it.
The shaft has worms (conveyor screw). The shaft will be subjected to fluctuating
torque and bending moments and therefore combined shock and fatigue factors are
taken into account.
To determine the shaft diameter and the equivalent bending moment, the following
were used in the calculation
Km combined shock and fatigue factor for bending (= 1.5 for gradual loading) and
Kt = combined shock and fatigue factor for tension (= 1.0 for gradual loading)
(Khurmi and Gupta, 2005)
Bending moment and Shear force bending can occur as a result of applied load
(load due to hopper content, Wh) on the shaft, the chain tension, Ft and the
constant resisting torque TR on the grinding surface of the discs.

Fr Wr

C
A
E
B D

a b

R1 R2

Fig. 3.2: Free body diagram of shaft

20
Resisting Torque to be overcome TR
The resisting torque to be overcome for the shaft to rotate steadily is determined as
follows;
𝐹𝑐𝑡
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑑𝐷 [N-m] (3.19)
2

Where
𝐹𝑐𝑡 = 𝑛𝐹𝑑⁡ [N] (3.20)
Is the total force required for crushing and for steady rotation of the shaft/grinding
disc assembly;
dD is the diameter of grinding disc;
𝐹𝑑 = 𝑀𝑑 𝜔2 [N] Is the force on rotating grinding disc (3.21)
𝑑𝐷 2
𝑀𝑑 = ⁡𝜌𝜋𝑡 [kg] Is the mass of the grinding disc (3.22)
4
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔 =⁡ [rad/s] Is the angular velocity (3.23)
60

N is the rotational speed of shaft;

Ρ is the density of steel;
t is the thickness of grinding disc;
n is the factor of safety.

Reactions on the bearings

The upward forces on the shaft must balance the downward forces.
From Fig. 3.2, I have;
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 𝐹𝑇 + 𝑊ℎ (3.24)
Taking moment about C gives;
𝑎𝐹𝑇 𝑎𝑊ℎ
𝑎𝑅1 − + − 𝑇𝑅 = 0 (3.25a)
2 2

From which
1 𝑇𝑅 𝑊ℎ
𝑅1 = 𝐹𝑡 + −𝑏 [N] (3.25b)
2 𝑎 2𝑎

21
From the equation 3.23;
𝑅2 = 𝐹𝑇 + 𝑊ℎ − 𝑅1 [N] (3.25c)

Shear force calculation

The shear forces at points A, B, C, D and E of the shaft are calculated from the
relation below;
𝑆𝐹𝐴 = 𝑅1 [N] (3.26a)
𝑆𝐹𝐵 = 𝑅1 − 𝐹𝑇 [N] (3.26b)
𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝑆𝐹𝐵 + 𝑅2 [N] (3.26c)
𝑆𝐹𝐷 = 𝑆𝐹𝐶 − 𝑊ℎ [N] (3.26d)
𝑆𝐹𝐸 = 0.0 [N]

Bending Moment calculation

The bending moment at points A, B, C, D and E of the shaft are calculated from
the expressions below;
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑂. 𝑂 [N]
𝑎
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑅1 [N] (3.27a)
2
𝑎
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑎𝑅1 − 𝐹𝑇 [N] (3.27b)
2
𝑏 1 1
𝑀𝐷 = (𝑎 + ) 𝑅1 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝐹𝑇 + 𝑏𝑅2 [N] (3.27c)
2 2 2

𝑀𝐸 = 𝑂. 𝑂 [N]
The maximum bending moment is likely to occur at point B or C. therefore it is
calculated as;
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥⁡⁡[𝑀𝐵 , 𝑚𝐶 ] [N] (3.28)

Minimum Diameter of Shaft

The diameter of shaft was calculated using the expression below;
1
𝑀𝑒 = [𝐾𝑚 𝑀 + √(𝐾𝑚 𝑀)2 + (𝐾𝑡 𝑇)2 ] (3.29a)
2

22
Also,
𝜋 3
𝑀𝑒 = s𝑑 (3.29b)
32 s

Therefore;
1
16 3
𝑑={ [𝐾𝑚 𝑀 + √(𝐾𝑚 𝑀)2 + (𝐾𝑡 𝑇)2 ]} [mm] (3.30)
𝜋ss

Where SS = Maximum Permissible Shear Stress,

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒⁡𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
SS =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦,𝐹𝑆

Kb = Combined shock and fatigue factor applied to bending moment,

Kt = Combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional moment,
M = max ( |MB|, |MC|);Maximum bending moment, Nm,
TR = resisting torque, Nm.
d is the minimum diameter of shaft

3.3.2.3 Design of the Flywheel

Mean speed during the cycle in
𝑁1 +𝑁2
𝑁= [rpm] (3.31)
2

Mean angular speed during the cycle

𝜔1 +𝜔2
𝜔= [rad/s] (3.32)
2

Coefficient of fluctuation of speed

𝑁1 +𝑁2 𝜔1 +𝜔2
𝐶𝑠 = ⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ (3.33)
𝑁 𝜔

Mean Kinetic Energy of the flywheel,

1 1
𝐸 = 𝑥𝐼𝜔2 = 𝑚𝑘 2 𝜔2 [N-M] or [J] (3.34)
2 2

Maximum fluctuation energy

As the speed of the flywheel changes from 𝜔1 to 𝜔2 , the maximum fluctuation of
energy,
∆𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐾. 𝐸 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐾. 𝐸 (3.35)
23
 1 1
= 𝐼𝜔1 2 − 𝜔2 2 (3.36)
2 2

= 𝐼𝜔2 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑚𝑘 2 𝐶𝑠 (3.37)
∆𝐸 = 2𝐸𝐶𝑠 [J] (3.38)
Where; 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑘 2 ⁡is the Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel about the axis of
rotation in kg-m2
𝐸 = mean kinetic energy
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg,
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in metres,
N1 and N2 = Maximum and minimum speeds during the cycle in r.p.m.,
2𝜋𝑁1 2𝜋𝑁1
𝜔1 = and 𝜔2 = ⁡= Maximum and minimum angular speeds during
60 60

the cycle in rad/s. i.e, the input speed of the driver sprocket and the output speed of
the driven sprocket
The radius of gyration (k) may be taken equal to the mean radius of the rim (R),
because the
Thickness of rim is very small as compared to the diameter of rim. Therefore
substituting k = R
∆𝐸 = 𝑚𝑅2 𝜔2 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐶𝑠 [J] (3.39)
From this expression, the mass of the flywheel rim may be determined.
The mass of the flywheel rim is given by
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑥𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐴 [kg] (3.40)
Where: ρ =the density of flywheel material
V=volume [m3]
A = b × t= area [m2]
B=Width of the rim [m], and
t = Thickness of the rim [m]

24
Centrifugal Force
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 2 (3.41)
Power Output of the Flywheel to the Processing Unit
𝑃𝑓 = 𝐹𝑐 𝑥𝑉𝑓 (3.42)
Where 𝑉𝑓 = 𝜔2 𝑟 velocity of the flywheel
r = radius of flywheel

3.3.3 Design of Processing Unit

3.3.3.1 Design of Hopper

The hopper is designed to be fed in a vertical position only. The hopper has the
shape of a frustum of a pyramid truncated at the top, with top and bottom having
rectangular forms.

Volume of the hopper

The volume of hopper can be calculated from the relationship;
1 (𝐿2 ⁡𝑥⁡𝐵−𝐿𝑙 2 𝑥𝐵𝑙 )
𝑉 = ℎ[ ] [mm3] (3.43)
3 𝐿−𝐿𝑙

Or
1 (𝐿3 −𝐿𝑙 3 )
𝑉=
3 (𝐿−𝐿𝑙 )

Where L= length of larger part of hopper [mm]

Ll = length of smaller part of hopper [mm]
B = Width of larger part of hopper [mm]
Bl = Width of smaller part of hopper [mm]
h = height of hopper [mm]
Hopper Capacity
The hopper capacity is determined from the equation
HC ⁡ = ⁡𝜌V⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ [Kg] (3.44)

25
Where;
𝜌 = Density of Soya bean sample [KG/m3]
V = Volume of hopper

3.3.3.2 Design of the Pressing Drum

Screw Pitch of the Pressing Drum
The pitch of a thread is the distance from a point on one thread to the
corresponding point on an adjacent thread. Thus for a drum auger of length L and
M number of flights, the pitch is given by;
𝐿
P= (3.45)
𝑀

Where, L = Length of drum

M = Number of flights
Shear Failure Analysis of Pressing Drum
The shearing stress of the pressing drum is defined by;
16𝑀𝑡
𝜏= [N/mm2] (3.46)
𝜋𝑑 3

Mt = WR
Where; 𝜏 = shearing stress,
R = d = core diameter of pressing drum
Mt = Torsional moment
The maximum allowable shear stress for steel screws is 55Mpa (Bhandari, 1994).
Therefore, for the pressing screw will not fail and for the design to be considered
safe the maximum shear stress calculated for the screw press should be far less
than the maximum permissible shear stress.
3.3.3.3 Power Requirement of the Machine
The total power requirement of the machine is the sum of the power to drive the
pressing drum (PD), the power to extract the oil (PE) and power deliver by the
flywheel (Pf)
26
 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐸 + 𝑃𝑓 [kW] (3.47)

Power to drive the pressing drum;

𝑃𝐷 = 𝑇𝐷 𝜔𝐷 [kW] (3.48a)
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑊𝐷 𝑅𝐷 [N-m] (3.48b)
Where; WD = Weight of pressing drum
RD = Radius of pressing drum
ωD= Angular velocity of pressing drum (Rad/s).
2𝜋𝑁
Angular Velocity, ωD = (3.48c)
60

Power to extract oil is defined by;

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑇𝑆 𝜔𝐷 [kW] (3.49a)
And
𝑇 𝜋𝐷𝐷 2 𝜏 [N-m] (3.49b)
𝑆=⁡
16

Where; PE = Power required to extract oil, W

ωD = Angular velocity of drum
TS =Torque of drum in relation with the shear stress of soya beans, Nm.
DD = Diameter of drum
𝜏 = Shear stress of soya bean = 88480N/m2 (determined experimentally)
Total Power,
PT= PE+PD [kW] (3.49c)
0.746KW = 1 horse power (HP)

27
3.3.4 Bearing Design
The purpose of a bearing is to support a load while permitting relative motion
between two elements of a machine. The type of bearing used is the radial rolling
contact bearing.
The term rolling contact bearings refers to the wide variety of bearings that use
spherical balls or some other type of roller between the stationary and the moving
elements. The most common type of bearing supports a rotating shaft, resisting
purely radial loads or a combination of radial and axial (thrust) loads. These
bearings are used for radial load, thrust load. Radial loads act toward the center of
the bearing along a radius and such loads are typical of those created by power
transmission elements on shafts such as spur gears, V-belt drives, and chain drives.
Design Load
𝐿𝑑= 𝑈𝑥𝑊𝑟 (3.50)
Where; U=rotating factor (1.0 if the inner race rotates and 1.2 if the outer race
rotates)
Wr=given radial load
Dynamic Capacity
𝑅 𝐶 𝜀 106 hour (3.51)
𝐿⁡⁡=⁡( ) ( )
𝐾𝑠 𝑊𝑟 ⁡ 60𝑛

Where; Ks= service factor (read from standard tables)

RL= rating life(read from standard tables)
N=revolutions
𝜀 = 3 for ball bearing and
10/3 for roller bearing
C=dynamic capacity

28
3.3.6 The Main Frame
The main frame will be constructed with angle iron. The angle iron are welded
together to form the frame work. The welding provides very rigid joints. This is in
line with the modern trend of providing rigid frames. This provides the strength
and rigidity for the overall machine. 1 ½ ″ by 1½ ″ angle bars was used.

3.4 Materials Used

Equipment used includes weighing balance, Vernier caliper, and volumetric
cylinder. Table 3.1 shows the materials used for the construction of different parts
of the machine
Table 3.1: Materials Used for Fabrication
S/N MACHINE MATERIAL CRITERIA FOR MATERIAL
SELECTED SELECTION
COMPONENTS

1. Hopper Stainless Steel Corrosion resistance, workability,

availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness

2. Shaft Stainless Steel Corrosion resistance, workability,

availability, machinability, and cost
3. Chain, sprocket Alloy steel Corrosion resistant, strength
4. Pulley Cast iron Strength, Availability, and cost
effectiveness
5. Foot pedal Mild steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness
6. Frame Mild steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness
7. Oil outlet Stainless steel Strength, rigidity and lightness

29
 8. Adjustable handle Mild steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness
9. Handle Mild steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness
10. Bolts Mild steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness
11. Pressing drum Stainless Steel Corrosion resistance, workability,
availability, machinability, and cost
effectiveness

30
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTAND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result
4.1.1 Input data for analysis
The data for analysis were obtained from design textbooks, journal and by direct
measurement. The data are presented in Table 4.1
Table 4.1: Input Data for Analysis
S/N Parameter Symbol Value Unit
1. speed of pedaling, Np 50 Rpm
2. speed of pedaling, Np 6.3 m/s
3. pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket D1 0.084 m
4. service factor Ks 1.875 -
5. pedaling power H 74.5 W
6. pitch of chain P 0.0127 m
7. number of teeth on smaller sprocket T1 15 -
8. number of teeth on larger sprocket T2 45 -
9. mass per unit length of chain M 5.4 Kg/m
10. acceleration due to gravity G 10 m/s^2
11. diameter of flywheel Df 0.35 mm
12. mass of flywheel Mf 5 Kg
13. radius of flywheel R 0.175 mm
14. density of soya bean ρsb 800 Kg/m^3
15. density of stainless steel ρss 7850 Kg/m^3
16. factor of safety N 4 -
17. Pie Π 3.142 -
18. thickness of grinding disc T 0.01 m
19. diameter of grinding disc Dd 0.15 m
20. yield stress of steel σyp 230 Mpa
21. span of bearing A 0.12 m
22. shaft worm span B 0.2 m
23. weight of hopper content Wh 19.62 N
24. hopper top length L 0.15 m
31
25. hopper to breadth B 0.15 M
26. hopper bottom length Li 0.75 M
27. hopper bottom breadth Bi 0.75 M
28. frustum height H 0.15 mm
29. combined shock and fatigue factor for torsion Kt 1 -
30. combined shock and fatigue factor for bending Km 1.5 -
31. power transmission efficiency ᵑT 0.85 -
32. Weight of pressing drum WD 63 N
33. diameter of drum DD 0.076 M
34. Radius of pressing drum RD 0.048 M
35. Shear stress of soya bean Τ 88480 N/m^2

4.1.2. Computational result

The data for analysis were inputted into a Microsoft Excel computer program
written based on the design formula
as in chapter three of this work. The computer program executed the calculations
and the results are recorded in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Result of Microsoft Excel Computations
S/N Parameter Symbol Value Unit
1. Velocity ratio VR 3 rpm
2. Speed of smaller sprocket N1 150 rpm
3. Pitch circle diameter of larger D2 0.252 m
sprocket
4. Designed power Pd 139.69 W
5. Pitch live velocity V1 0.66 m/s
6. Pedaling force Fd=H/V 11.8254 N
7. Chain load W 112.91 N
8. Breaking load WB 1709.67 N
9. Operating factor of safety of F.O.s 15.14
chain
10. Center distance of sprocket X 0.218 m
11. Number of chain links K 69.64 -
12. Length of chain L 0.88 m
13. Maximum power transmitted by Pc 150.41 W
chain

32
14. Tension due to sagging Fs 70.62 N
15. Centrifugal tension Fc 2.35 N
16. Tangential driving force Ft 227.96 N
17. Chain tension FT 300.94 N
18. Angular velocity Ω 5.24 rad/sc
19. Mass grinding disc Md 1.39 Kg
20. Force on rotating grinding disc Fd 38.05 N
21. Crushing force Fct 152.18 N
22. Resisting torque TR 11.41 Nm
23. Reaction at point 1 R1 245.35 N
24. Reaction at point 2 R2 72.21 N
25. Shear force at A SFA 245.35 N
26. Shear force at B SFB -55.59 N
27. Shear force at C SFC 19.62 N
28. Shear force at D SFD 0 N
29. Shear force at E SFE 0 N
30. Bending moment at A MA 0 N
31. Bending moment at B MB 14.72 N
32. Bending moment at C MC 11.39 N
33. Bending moment at D MD 13.35 N
34. Bending moment at E ME 0 N
35. Maximum bending M 14.72 N
36. Minimum diameter of shaft D 0.01615 m
37. Volume of hopper V 0.035 m3
38. Hopper capacity Hc 27.9 Kg
39. Minimum angular speed ω1=2πNp/60 5.24 rad/sec
40. Maximum angula speed ω2=2πN1/60 15.71 rad/sec
41. Centrifugal force Fc=mrω2 172.76 N
42. Velocity of flywheel Vf=ω2 r 2.75 N
43. Power Output of the Flywheel to
the Processing Unit Pf=FcxVf 474.97 W
44. Torque required to drive pressing TD 3.024 Nm
drum
45. Power required to drive the PD 15.84 W
pressing drum
46. Torque of drum in relation with Ts 80.07 Nm
the shear stress of soya beans
47. Power to extract oil PE 419.28 W
48. Total power PT 910.08 W
33
4.1.3. The components specification
The components for the construction of the machine were specified based on
Microsoft Excel computation result. Other necessary conditions were also
considered in giving the specification. Table C contains the parts/components
specification.

4.1.4 Testing and Efficiency of the System

4.1.4.1 Testing
The fabricated soya bean oil extractor was tested to evaluate its performance in
the extraction process. The soya bean sample to be tested on the fabricated soya
bean oil extractor was sorted and heated to remove its water content. Materials
required for the test include weighing balance, measuring cylinder, soya bean
seeds, cake receiving container and oil receiving container.
The machine which is powered by pedaling was set into operation and the known
weight of the prepared sample was fed into the machine through the feeding
hopper. The helical screw drum conveyed, crushed, squeezed and pressed the
sample in order to extract the oil. The oil was separated from the press cake. The
oil extracted and the press cake were collected, weighed separately and the rate of
operation and efficiency of the machine calculated before storage as it is the
product that is of interest.
The results obtained from the testing of the fabricated soya bean oil extracting
machine are presented in tabular form. Table 4.3 shows the time take to process
each sample size, the weight of oil extracted, rate of operation (Kg/hr) and
efficiency of the soya bean oil extractor and also shows the weight of oil
extracted at three different sample size (4, 8, and 12 Kg).
The efficiency of the system according to the formula given by Adesoji et al.
(2013) is calculated using;

34
 100𝑊𝑂𝐸
OE = % (4.1)
𝑋𝑊𝐹𝑆

Where

WOE = Weight of oil extracted,

WFS = Weight of fed sample,

X = 56% (0.56) is the oil content of soya bean (Wikipedia).

Table 4.3: Analysis of machine operation

S/N Weight of sample Weight of sample Weight of Time taken Rate Efficiency
before extraction after extraction oil extracted to process (Kg/hr) (%)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (s)
1. 4 2.6 1.2 720 0.33 53.6
2. 8 5.1 2.5 1680 0.29 55.8
3. 12 7.1 4.6 2880 0.25 68.5

4.2 Discussion
From the calculations in table 4.2, it was observed that for a pedaling speed of
50rpm and power of 74.5W a pedaling force of 11.83N is required. This is the
force required to drive the flywheel. Also, power output of the flywheel (pedal
unit) is given as 474.968W. This is the power delivered to the processing unit
(power required to rotate the shaft).
Also from the table above, it is observed that the 4Kg sample took lesser time to
process (about 720s), followed by the 8Kg sample at 1680s and then the 12Kg
sample at 2880s. Also, Table 4.3 showed that increasing the soya beans sample
will reduce the rate of operation of the extractor, increase the quantity of oil
produced thereby increasing the machine efficiency. The machine has a higher
efficiency of about 68.5% when the soya bean sample was increased to 12Kg.

35
Therefore, to get increased quantity of the oil and for the machine to be more
efficient the quantity of soya bean to be processed has to be more.
Figure 4.1: Graph of weight of sample against rate of machine operation
9
8
7
weight of sample

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
rate of machine operation

Figure 4.2: Graph of weight of sample against quantity of oil

9
8
weight of sample

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
quantity of oil

36
Figure 4.3: Graph of weight of sample against time
10

8
weight of sample

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
time

Figure 4.4: Graph of quantity of oil against time

5

4
quantity of oil

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
time

Figure 4.5: Graph of time against efficiency

time against efficiency

4000
3000
time

2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

efficiency

37
4.3 Breakdown of Fabrication Cost
The total cost of the fabrication process of the soya bean oil extracting machine is
broken down in Table 4.3
Table 4.4: Bill Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
S/N Description Quantity Unit cost Total cost
(N) (N)
1. Steel pipe(circular section) 1 full 1800 1800
length
2. Sprockets 2 400 800
3. Seat 1 2400 2400
4. Welding electrode 3 pcks 1200 3600
5. Bearings 3 1000 3000
6. Steel plate ¼ full 4000 4000
size
7. Pedals 2 1000 2000
8. Crushing/grinding and 10000 10000
Squeezing Components
(Shafts, screw drum, spindles)

9. Chain 1 1000 1000

10. Frame, Casing/Components 5000
and
Structural Stand

11. Miscellaneous 5000 10000

12. Labor 15000
TOTAL COST (N) 53,600
4.4 Maintenance
The simplicity of this design allows for minimum maintenance to be carried out
on the machine, such as lubrication of the movable and rotating parts to prevent
stiffness, removing soya bean piece from the pressing drum at intervals. Regular
inspection of the machine parts and chain should be carried out to ensure optimum
machine life. The machine should also be used for what it is meant for and it
should be kept in a place free from rain and harsh weather conditions

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
This design was carried out based on challenges faced by rural farmers in
acquiring modernized and sophisticated soya bean oil expeller. These modern
expellers are not readily available for use in the remote area where there is
insufficient power supply, operators, etc. In urban areas where they are available,
the cost of the machines, their operation and maintenance limit their uses. This
project succeeded in designing an easy to operate low cost machine, that can
sufficiently produce oil with little cost of maintenance
The results obtained from the designed machine shows that mechanical extraction
is a suitable method for extracting soya bean oil because of its high yield and high
oil purity. The efficiency of this fabricated soya bean oil machine cannot be
overemphasized as it has quite acceptable values of efficiency. This process also
generates little or no waste since the soya bean cake can be used as animal feeds
thereby reducing cost of waste disposal. From the output of the machine it can be
concluded that design and installation of a commercial plant is viable.

5.2 Recommendations
The soya bean oil extracting machine is seen to have met the necessary design
objectives specifications after being tested. It is therefore recommended that;
 the soya bean oil extractor should be used, especially in rural areas where
there is inadequate power to operate the modern oil extracting machines.
 It is also suggested that more studies be carried out on development of some
key aspect of this study for example; further studies on this machine should

39
 investigate the effect of other operational parameters that can improve the
quantity and quality of the extracted soya bean oil.
 Researchers carrying more study on the subject matter should device
means to improve the rate of operation of this oil extractor so as to reduce
time consumption in carrying out the extraction process.
 Furthermore, this study advice that the production of this soya bean oil
extractor in commercial quantity should be encouraged with a view to
reduce the cost of production, and consequently make it more affordable to
Nigerians.
 Also, the large scale production of this oil extractor will not only create
employment opportunity to the people but will also reduce the wide
dependence on automatic methods or larger machines used in established
industries.

40
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43
 APPENDIX A

MICROSOFT EXCEL PROGRAM CALCULATION

INPUT PARAMETERS
50 rpm
Speed of pedaling, Np=
0.084 m
Pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket D1
1.875 -
Service factor Ks=
74.5 W
Pedaling power H=
0.00127 m
Pitch of chain p=
15 -
Number of teeth on smaller sprocket T1=
45 -
Number of teeth on larger sprocket T2=
5.4 Kg/m
Mass per unit length of chain M
10 m/s^2
Acceleration due to gravity G
800 Kg/m^3
Density of soya bean Ρsb
7850 Kg/m^3
Density of stainless steel Ρss
4 -
Factor of safety N
3.142 -
Pie Π
0.01 m
Thickness of grinding disc T
0.15 m
Diameter of grinding disc dD
230 Mpa
Yield stress of steel Σyp
0.12 m
Span of bearing A
0.2 m
Shaft worm span B
19.62 N
Weight of hopper content Wh
0.15 m
Hopper top length L
0.15 m
Hopper to breadth B
0.075 m
Hopper bottom length Li
0.075 m
Hopper bottom breadth Bi
0.15 mm
Frustum height H
1 -
Combined shock and fatigue factor for torsion Kt
1.5 -
Combined shock and fatigue factor for bending Km
diameter of flywheel Df 0.35 mm
mass of flywheel Mf 5 kg
radius of flywheel R 0.175 mm

0.85 -
Power transmission efficiency ᵑT

44
 63 N
Weight of pressing drum WD
0.096 M
Diameter of drum DD
0.048 M
Radius of pressing drum RD
88480 N/m^2
Shear stress of soya bean Τ

DETERMINATION OF SPROCKET SIZES

3 -
Velocity ratio VR=N1/Np=T2/T1
150 rpm
Speed of smaller sprocket N1=NpxVR
0.252 M
Pitch circle diameter of larger sprocket D2= D1xVR

DETERMINATION OF CHAIN PARAMETERS

139.688 W
Designed power Pd =HKs
11.8254 N
Pedaling force Fd=H/V
0.65982 m/s
Pitch live velocity V1 = (πD1xN1)/60
112.91 N
Chain load W=H/V1
1709.67 N
Breaking load WB=106*p^2E06
15.142
Operating factor of safety of chain F.O.s=Wb/W
0.218 M
Center distance of sprocket X=((D1+D2)/2)+50
69.6417
Number of chain links K=((T1+T2)/2)+((2*X)/p)+(p/X(T1+T2)/2π)^2
0.88445 m
Length of chain L=Kxp
150.41 W
Maximum power transmitted by chain Pc=(V1xWB)/(F.O.SXKs)
70.632 N
Tension due to sagging Fs=KmgX
2.35096 N
Centrifugal tension Fc=mv^2
227.957 N
Tangential driving force Ft=Pc/V1
300.939 N
Chain tension FT=Ft+Fc+Fs

WORM SHAFT CALCULATIONS

5.23667 rad/sec
Angular velocity ω=2πNp/60
1.38739 Kg
Mass grinding disc Md=(ρss*π*t*dD^2)/4
38.0459 N
Force on rotating grinding disc Fd=Md*ω^2
152.184 N
Crushing force Fct=n*Fd
11.4138 Nm
Resisting torque TR=Fct/2*dD

REACTIONS ON THE BEARINGS

245.349 N
Reaction at point 1 R1=1/2*FT+TR/a-b*Wh/2a
72.2104 N
Reaction at point 2 R2=FT+Wh-R1

45
SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION
245.349 N
Shear force at A SFA=R1
-55.59 N
Shear force at B SFB=R1-FT
19.62 N
Shear force at C SFC=SFB+R2
0 N
Shear force at D SFD=SFC-Wh
0 N
Shear force at E SFE=0.0

BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION

0 N
Bending moment at A MA=0.0
14.7209 N
Bending moment at B MB=a/2*R1
11.3855 N
Bending moment at C MC=a*R1-a/2*FT
13.3475 N
Bending moment at D MD=((a+b)/2)*R1-1/2*(a+b)*FT+1/2*b*R2
0 N
Bending moment at E ME=0.0
14.7209 N
Maximum bending M=max[MB,MC]

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF SHAFT

0.01615 M
Minimum diameter of shaft d={16/πσb[Km*M+√(Km*M)^2+(Kt*TR)^2]}^1/3

HOPPER CAPACITY CALCULATION

0.03488 m^3
Volume of hopper V=1/3*h[(L^2*B-Li^2*Bi)/(L-Li)]
27.9 Kg
Hopper capacity Hc=ρsb*V

FLYWHEEL CALCULATION

Minimum angular speed ω1=2πNp/60 5.23667 rad/sec

Maximum angula speed ω2=2πN1/60 15.71 rad/sec
Centrifugal force Fc=mrω2^2 172.763 N
Velocity of flywheel Vf=ω2 r 2.74925 N
Power Output of the Flywheel to the Processing
Unit Pf=FcxVf 474.97 W

PRESSING DRUM CALCULATION

3.024 Nm
Torque required to drive pressing drum TD=WD*RD
15.8357 W
Power required to drive the pressing drum PD=TD*ω
Torque of drum due to shear stress of soya Nm
80..0652
beans Ts=(π*DD^2 τ)/16
419.275 W
Power to extract oil PE= TS*ω
910.08
Total power PT=PE+PD+Pf

46
 APPENDIX B

TABLES OF CHARTS FOR VARIOUS DATA

Table B1: Ball and Roller Bearing Service Factors For Different Loads
Ks Ball bearing Roller bearing
Uniform load 1 1
Light shock 1.5 1
Moderate shock 2 1.3
Heavy shock 2.5 1.7
Extreme shock 3 2
Source: Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Ninth Edition

Table B2: Dimensions and Basic Load Ratings for Cylindrical Roller Bearings
0-2 series 0-3 series
Bore OD Width Loading rate(kN) OD Width Loadingrate(kN)
Mm Mm Mm C10 C0 Mm mm C10 C0
25 52 15 16.8 8.8 62 17 28.6 15.0
30 62 16 22.4 12.0 72 19 36.9 20.0
35 72 17 31.9 17.6 80 21 44.6 27.1
40 80 18 41.8 24.0 90 23 56.1 32.5
Source: Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Ninth Edition

Table B3: Components/Material

S/N
A Pedal Power Unit
Components Dimension Unit Material
1. Sprocket on Ø252 mm Alloy steel
pedal
2. Sprocket on Ø84 mm Alloy steel
shaft
3. Chain Length=880 mm 08B roller
Pitch= 12.7 chain
B Machine Processing Unit
Components Dimension Unit Material
Shaft Ø = 20 mm Stainless steel
4. Grinding disc Ø = 150 mm Stainless steel
5. Shaft casing Ø100 mm Stainless steel

47
6. Centre X = 218 mm
distance of
sprocket
7. Hopper hopper top length =150 mm Stainless steel
hopper top breadth = mm
150
hopper bottom length = mm
75
hopper bottom breadth Mm
=75
Feed hopper = 350000 mm

48