Dytran 2010 Reference Guide

Dytran 2010
Reference Manual
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DT*V2010*Z*Z*Z*DC-REF
Contents
Dytran Reference Manual
Contents
1 Introduction
Overview 18
Similarity with MD Nastran 19

Input 19
Loading 21
2 File Management Statements (FMS)

Overview 24
Summary 25
Prestress Analysis 25
New Analyses 25
Restart Control 25
User Code 25
File Selection 25
FMS Descriptions 26
BULKOUT — Prestress Grid Point Output, 27
EULINIT — Imports an Euler archive from a previous run, 28
IMMFILE — Initial Metric Method File Section, 30
NASTDISP — Prestress MD Nastran Displacement File, 31
NASTINP — Prestress MD Nastran Solution File, 32
NASTOUT — MD Nastran Input File for Prestress Analysis, 33
PRESTRESS — Prestress Analysis, 34
RESTART — Restarts a Previous Run, 35
RSTBEGIN — Restart Time Step, 36
RSTFILE — Restart File Section, 37
SAVE — Interval Between Saving an Output File, 38
SOLINIT — Specify an Initial Solution File from Prestress Analysis, 39
SOLUOUT — Specifies the Output Solution File from a Prestress Analysis, 40
START — Primary Analysis, 41
TYPE — Type of Output File, 42
USERCODE — User Subroutine Selection, 43
4 Dytran Reference Manual
3 Executive Control Statements

Overview 46
Executive Control Summary 47
Executive Control Descriptions 48

CEND — Terminates the Executive Control Section, 49
MEMORY-SIZE — Definition of Memory Usage, 50
TIME — Selects the Maximum CPU Time, 51
4 Case Control Commands

Overview 56
Case Control Summary 57

Analysis Control 57
Data Selection 57
Output Control 57
Output Selection – Entity Specification 57
Output Selection – Variable Specification 58
Output Frequency 58
User-Defined Output 58
Input File Control 59
Miscellaneous 59
Case Control Descriptions 60

ACC — Accelerometer Output, 61
CHECK — Data Check, 62
CMARKOUT — Marker Data to be Output, 63
CMARKS — CMARKS to be Output, 64
COG — Center of Gravity Calculation, 65
CONTOUT — Contact Surface Data to be Output, 66
CONTS — Contact Surfaces to be Stored, 67
CORDDEF — Coordinate System for Deformation Output, 68
CPLSOUT — Coupling Surface Data to be Output, 69
CPLSURFS — Coupling Surfaces to be Output, 70
CSECS — Cross Sections to be Output, 71
CSOUT — Cross-section Data to be Output, 72
EBDOUT — Eulerian Boundary Data to be Output, 73
EBDS — Eulerian Boundaries to be Output, 74
ELEMENTS — Elements to be Output, 75
ELEXOUT — User-defined Element Output, 76
ELOUT — Element Data to be Output, 77
CONTENTS 5
ENDSTEP — Final Time Step, 78

ENDTIME — Analysis Termination Time, 79
GBAGOUT — Gas Bag Data to be Output, 80
GBAGS — Gas Bags to be Output, 81
GPEXOUT — User-defined Grid Point Output, 82
GPOUT — Grid Point Data to be Output, 83
GRIDS — Grid Points to be Output, 84
HIC — Head Injury Criteria Calculation, 85
INCLUDE — Starts Reading of a New File, 87
MATBOUT — MATBX Data to be Output, 88
MATBX — Boxes to be Output, 89
MATOUT — Material Data to be Output, 90
MATS — Materials to be Output, 91
PARAM — Parameter Specification, 92
PLANES — Rigid Planes to be Output, 93
PLNOUT — Rigid Plane Data to be Output, 94
RBOUT — Rigid Body Data to be Output, 95
RELOUT — Rigid Ellipsoid Data to be Output, 96
RELS — Rigid Ellipsoids to be Output, 97
RIGIDS — Rigid Bodies to be Output, 98
SET — Set Definition, 99
SETC — List of Names, 101
SGAUGES — Surface Gauges to be Stored, 102
SPC — Single Point Constraint Set Selection, 103
STEPS — Time Steps at which Data is Written, 104
SUBSOUT — Subsurface Data to be Output, 105
SUBSURFS — Subsurfaces to be Stored, 106
SURFACES — Surfaces to be Stored, 107
SURFOUT — Surface Data to be Output, 108
TIC — Transient Initial Condition Selection, 109
TIMES — Times at which Data is Written, 110
TITLE — Output Title, 111
TLOAD — Transient Load Selection, 112
5 Bulk Data Entry Descriptions

Overview 123
Format of Bulk Data Entries 124

Free Field Format 124
Bulk Data Summary 127

Geometry 127
Lagrangian Elements 128
Eulerian Elements 129
Constitutive Models 129
Rigid Bodies 131
ATB Interface 131
Lagrangian Constraints 131
Lagrangian Loading 133
Eulerian Loading and Constraints 134
Euler/Lagrange Coupling 135
Miscellaneous 135
Bulk Data Descriptions 137

$ — Comment, 138
ACTIVE — Activate Elements and Interaction, 139
ALE — Arbitrary Lagrange Eulerian (ALE) Interface, 141
ALEGRID — Eulerian Grid Point Motion Definition, 142
ALEGRID1 — Eulerian Grid Point Motion Definition, 145
ATBACC — Acceleration Field Applied to ATB Segments, 147
ATBJNT — Interface to ATB Joints, 148
ATBSEG — Interface to ATB Segments, 151
BEGIN BULK — The Beginning of the Bulk Data, 153
BIAS — Bias Definition, 154
BJOIN — Breakable Join, 156
BODYFOR — Body Force Loading, 160
BOFYFR1 — Body Force for Eulerian Regions, 162
BOX — Defines the Shape of a Box, 164
BOX1 — Defines the Shape of a General BOX, 165
CBAR — Bar Element Connection, 166
CBEAM — Beam-Element Connectivity, 168
CDAMP1 — Damper Connectivity, 170
CDAMP2 — Linear Damper, 172
CELAS1 — Scalar-Spring Connection, 174
CELAS2 — Scalar-Spring Property and Connection, 176
CFACE — Face of an Element, 178
CFACE1 — Face of an Element, 180
CHEXA — Element with Eight Grid Points, 181
CONTENTS 7
CMARKB2 — Two-noded Marker Connectivity Definition, 183

CMARKN1 — One-noded Marker Connectivity Definition, 184
CONM2 — Concentrated Grid Point Mass and/or Inertia, 185
CONTACT — Contact Surface, 186
CONTFORC — Contact Force Definition Using Force-Deflection Curves, 205
CONTINI — Contact Initialization for In-Plane Folded Air Bags, 207
CONTREL — Contact with Rigid Ellipsoids, 209
CORD1C — Cylindrical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1, 210
CORD1R — Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1, 212
CORD1S — Spherical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1, 214
CORD2C — Cylindrical Coordinate System Definition, Form 2, 216
CORD2R — Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 2, 218
CORD2S — Spherical Coordinate System Definition, Form 2, 220
CORD3R — Moving Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1, 222
CORD4R — Moving Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 2, 224
CORDROT — Corotational-frame Definition, 226
COUHTR — Heat Transfer Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry, 227
COUINFL — Inflator Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry, 229
COUOPT — Coupling Options, 231
COUP1FL — Coupling Surface Failure, 233
COUP1INT — Coupling Surface Interaction, 234
COUPLE — General Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface, 235
COUPLE1 — Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface, 239
COUPOR — Coupling Porosity, 241
CPENTA — Solid Element with Six Grid Points, 246
CQUAD4 — Quadrilateral Element Connection, 247
CROD — Rod Element Connection, 249
CSEG — Segment of a Contact Surface or Coupling Surface, 250
CSPR — Spring Connection, 251
CTETRA — Solid Element with Four Grid Points, 252
CTRIA3 — Triangular Element Connection, 253
CVISC — Damper Connection, 255
CYLINDER — Defines the Shape of a Cylinder, 256
DAREA — Concentrated Load or Enforced Motion, 257
DETSPH — Spherical Detonation Wave, 258
DMAT — General Constitutive Model, 259
DMATEL — Isotropic Elastic Material Properties, 261
DMATEP — Elastoplastic Material Properties, 263
DMATOR — Orthotropic Elastic Material Properties, 264
DYMAT14 — Soil and Crushable Foam Material Properties, 267
DYMAT24 — Piecewise Linear Plasticity Material, 270
DYMAT25 — Cap Material Model, 272
DYMAT26 — Orthotropic Crushable Material Model, 274
ENDDATA — Terminates the Input Data, 278
EOSEX — User-defined Equation of State, 279

EOSEX1 — User-specified Equation of State, 280
EOSGAM — Gamma Law Gas Equation of State, 281
EOSIG — Ignition and Growth Equation of State, 283
EOSJWL — JWL Explosive Equation of State, 289
EOSMG — Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State, 291
EOSPOL — Polynomial Equation of State, 293
EOSTAIT — Tait Equation of State, 296
FABRIC — Woven Fabric Material, 298
FAILEST — Maximum Equivalent Stress and Minimum Time Step
Failure Model, 302
FAILEX — User Failure Subroutine, 303
FAILEX1 — Extended User Failure Subroutine, 304
FAILEX2 — User Failure Subroutine, 305
FAILJC — Johnson-Cook Failure Model, 306
FAILMES — Maximum Equivalent Stress Failure Model, 308
FAILMPS — Maximum Plastic Strain Failure Model, 309
FAILPRS — Maximum Pressure Failure Model, 310
FAILSDT — Maximum Plastic Strain and Minimum Time-Step Failure
Model, 311
FFCONTR — Closed Volume Intended for Fluid Filled Containers, 312
FLOW — Flow Boundary Condition, 314
FLOWC — Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition, 316
FLOWCDR — Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition for All Faces in Certain
Direction, 318
FLOWCSQ — Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition, 321
FLOWDEF — Default Flow Boundary, 324
FLOWDIR — Flow Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces in a
Specific Direction, 326
FLOWEX — User-defined Flow Boundary, 328
FLOWSQ — Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition, 330
FLOWT — Time-dependent Flow Boundary, 332
FLOWTSQ — Time dependent Flow Boundary, 335
FOAM1 — Foam Material Properties, 338
FOAM2 — Foam Material Properties, 340
FORCE — Concentrated Load or Velocity, 343
FORCE1 — Follower Force, Form 1, 344
FORCE2 — Follower Force, Form 2, 345
FORCE3 — Grid Point Velocity Definition, 346
FORCEEX — User-defined Enforced Motion at Grid Points, 348
GBAG — Gas Bag Pressure Definition, 349
GBAGC — Gas Bag Connection, 357
GBAGCOU — General Coupling to Gas Bag Switch, 360
GBAGHTR — Heat Transfer Model to be used With GBAG Entry, 361
CONTENTS 9
GBAGINFL — Inflator Model to be used with GBAG Entry, 363

GBAGPOR — Gas Bag Porosity, 365
GRAV — Gravity Field, 368
GRDSET — Grid Point Default, 369
GRID — Grid Point, 370
GROFFS — Grid Point Offset, 371
HGSUPPR — Hourglass Suppression Method, 372
HTRCONV — Air Bag Convection, 375
HTRRAD — Air Bag Radiation, 376
HYDSTAT — Hydrostatic Preset of Density in Euler Elements, 377
IGNORE — Ignore a Set of Euler Elements, 379
INCLUDE — Starts Reading a New Input File, 380
INFLATR — Air Bag Inflator Model, 381
INFLATR1 — Air Bag Inflator Model, 383
INFLCG — Airbag Cold Gas Inflator Model, 385
INFLFRAC — Hybrid Inflator Gas Fraction Definition, 387
INFLGAS — Inflator Gas Definition, 388
INFLHYB — Hybrid Inflator Model, 390
INFLHYB1 — Hybrid Inflator Model, 391
INFLTANK — Air Bag Tanktest Inflator Model, 392
INITGAS — Gas Bag or Coupling Surface Initial Gas Fraction Definition, 394
JOIN — Hinge-type Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF
Grid Points, 395
KJOIN — Kinematic Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF
Grid Points, 396
MADGRP — Group Name for Extended Coupling to MADYMO, 397
MAT1 — Material Property Definition, Form 1, 398
MAT2 — Anisotropic Material for Shells, 399
MAT8 — Orthotropic Elastic Material Properties, 400
MAT8A — Orthotropic Failure Material Properties, 401
MATINI — Eulerian Initialization Surface, 405
MATRIG — Rigid-Body Properties, 407
MESH — Mesh Generator, 410
MOMENT — Concentrated Moment or Enforced Motion, 418
MOMENT1 — Follower Moment, Form 1, 419
MOMENT2 — Follower Moment, Form 2, 420
NASINIT — MD Nastran Initialization, 421
PARAM — Parameter, 422
PBAR — Simple Beam Property, 423
PBCOMP — Beam Alternate Form of PBEAM, 424
PBEAM — Beam Property, 426
PBEAM1 — Beam Properties (Belytschko-Schwer), 428
PBEAM1 — Beam Properties (Hughes-Liu), 432
PBEAM1 — Beam Properties (Predefined Hughes-Liu Cross Sections), 434
PBEAML — Beam Cross-Section Properties, 439

PBELT — Belt Property, 442
PCOMP — Layered Composite Element Property, 444
PCOMPA — Additional Data for Layered Composite Element Property, 446
PDAMP — Linear Damper Properties, 448
PELAS — Elastic Spring Property, 449
PELAS1 — Nonlinear Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Property, 450
PELASEX — User-defined Spring Properties, 451
PERMEAB — Air Bag Permeability, 453
PERMGBG — Air Bag Permeability, 455
PEULER — Eulerian Element Properties, 456
PEULER1 — Eulerian Element Properties, 458
PLOAD — Pressure Loads on the Face of Structural Elements, 459
PLOAD4 — Pressure Loads on the Face of Structural Elements, 460
PLOADEX — User-defined Pressure Load, 462
PMARKER — Property Definition of a Marker Element, 463
PMINC — Constant Spallation Model, 464
POREX — User-defined Porosity Model Specified by a User Subroutine, 466
PORFCPL — Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Hole, 467
PORFGBG — Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Hole, 468
PORFLCPL — Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Large
Hole, 469
PORFLGBG — Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Large Hole, 470
PORFLOW — Porous Flow Boundary, 472
PORFLOWT — Time-dependent Porous Flow Boundary, 474
PORHOLE — Holes in Air Bag Surface, 477
PORHYDST — Porous Flow Boundary, 478
PORLHOLE — Large Hole in Air Bag Surface, 479
PROD — Rod Property, 481
PSHELL — Shell-Element Properties, 482
PSHELL1 — Shell-Element Properties, 484
PSOLID — Lagrangian Solid-Element Properties, 487
PSPR — Linear-Elastic Spring Properties, 489
PSPR1 — Nonlinear-Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Properties, 490
PSPREX — User-defined Spring Properties, 491
PVISC — Linear-Damper Properties, 492
PVISC1 — Nonlinear Damper Properties, 493
PVISCEX — User-defined Damper Properties, 494
PWELD — Spotweld Property, 495
PWELD1 — Skin-Stringer Delamination, 498
PWELD2 — Sandwich Structure Delamination, 502
RBC3 — Rigid-Body Constraint, 505
RBE2 — Rigid-Body Element, 507
RBHINGE — Rigid Body Hinge, 509
CONTENTS 11
RCONN — Rigid Connection, 510

RCONREL — Rigid Connection with Rigid Ellipsoids, 513
RELEX — External Definition of a Rigid Ellipsoid, 514
RELLIPS — Rigid Ellipsoid, 516
RFORCE — Rotational Force Field, 517
RIGID — Rigid Surface, 518
RJCYL — Cylindrical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 519
RJPLA — Planar-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 521
RJREV — Revolute-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 523
RJSPH — Spherical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 525
RJTRA — Translational-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 527
RJUNI — Universal-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies, 529
RPLEX — External Definition of a Rigid Plane, 531
RUBBER1 — Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Material, 533
SECTION — Cross Section, 535
SET1 — Set of Numbers, 536
SETC — List of Names, 537
SETTING — Application-Sensitive Defaults, 538
SHEETMAT — Sheet-Metal Material, 540
SHREL — Elastic Shear Model, 544
SHREX — User-specified Shear Model, 545
SHRLVE — Isotropic Linear Viscoelastic Shear Model, 546
SHRPOL — Polynomial Shear Model, 548
SPC — Single-Point Constraint, 549
SPC1 — Single-Point Constraint, 550
SPHERE — Defines the Shape of a Sphere, 555
SUBSURF — Multifaceted Subsurface, 556
SURFACE — Multifaceted Surface, 558
TABFILE — Text File Defined Function, 560
TABLED1 — Table, 561
TABLEEX — User-defined Function, 563
TIC — Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points, 564
TIC1 — Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points, 565
TIC2 — Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points, 566
TIC3 — General Form of Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points, 567
TICEEX — User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Elements, 569
TICEL — Transient Initial Conditions of Elements, 570
TICEUL — Transient Initial Conditions of Eulerian Regions, 571
TICGEX — User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Grid Points, 573
TICGP — Transient Initial Conditions for Grid Points, 574
TICVAL — Transient Initial Condition Set, 575
TLOAD1 — Transient Dynamic Load, 577
TLOAD2 — Transient Dynamic Load, Form 2, 579

VISCDMP — Dynamic Relaxation, 581
WALL — Lagrangian Rigid Wall, 583
WALLDIR — Wall Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces in a
Specific Direction, 585
WALLET — Barrier for Eulerian Transport, 586
YLDEX — User-defined Yield Model, 587
YLDEX1 — User-Specified Yield Model, 588
YLDHY — Hydrodynamic Yield Model, 589
YLDJC — Johnson-Cook Yield Model, 590
YLDMC — Mohr-Coulomb Yield Model, 592
YLDMSS — Multisurface Yield Model for Snow, 593
YLDPOL — Polynomial Yield Model, 595
YLDRPL — Rate Power Law Yield Model, 596
YLDSG — Steinberg-Guinan Yield Model, 597
YLDTM — Tanimura-Mimura Yield Model, 599
YLDVM — von Mises Yield Model, 601
YLDZA — Zerilli-Armstrong Yield Model, 604
6 Parameters
Overview 611
Parameters Summary 612

Contact Control 612
Coupling Subcycling 612
Blending Control 612
Time-Step Control 612
Limits 612
Restart Control 613
ALE Motion Control 613
Hourglass Suppression Control 613
Miscellaneous 613
Material Parameter Control 614
Shell Options 614
Dynamic Relaxation 614
Airbag Control 614
ATB Positioning 614
Output Control 614
Prestressing Analysis 615
Parameter Descriptions 615
ALEITR — Number of ALE Mesh Iterations, 616
ALETOL — Tolerance at ALE Interface, 617
CONTENTS 13
ALEVER — ALE Volume Computation Method, 618

ATB-H-OUTPUT — Write ATB Output to Dytran Time-History Files, 619
ATBAOUT — Output Frequency to Main Output File of ATB, 620
ATBSEGCREATE — Create Grids and Elements for ATBSEG, 621
ATBTOUT — Output Frequency to Time-History Files of ATB, 622
AUTHINFO — Licensing Information Control, 623
AUTHQUEUE — Licensing Queuing Control, 624
AXIALSYM — Axial Symmetric Analyses, 625
BULKL — Linear Bulk Viscosity Coefficient, 627
BULKQ — Quadratic Bulk Viscosity Coefficient, 628
BULKTYP — Bulk Viscosity Type, 629
CFULLRIG — Converts 123456 Constraints to FULLRIG on RBE2
Entries, 630
CLUFLIM — Limiter of Volume Stain Rate for Clumps, 631
CLUMPENER — Switch for Kinetic Energy Calculation Scheme of
Blended Clumps, 632
COHESION — Cohesion for Coulomb Friction, 633
CONM2OUT — CONM2 Summary Output, 634
CONTACT — Sets Defaults for CONTACT, 635
COSUBCYC — Growth of Subcycling Interval in Coupling, 639
COSUBMAX — Subcycle Limit in Euler/Lagrange Coupling, 640
COUFRIC — Coupling Surface Friction for Nonmetallic Eulerian Solids, 641
DELCLUMP — Delete Clump Fraction, 642
ELDLTH — Show List of Lagrangian Elements with Time Step in Ascending
Order, 643
ERRUSR — Redefinition of Severity and Number of Error Message
Prints, 644
EULER-BOUNDARY — Euler Boundary Treatment, 645
EULERCUB — Cube Sorting for Euler Domains, 646
EULERPR — Euler Cube Partition Control, 647
EULSTRESS — Stress Update Method, 648
EULTRAN — Switch for the Euler Transport Scheme of the Multi-material
Solver and the Single Material Strength Solver, 649
EUSUBCYC — Growth or Subcycling Interval in Euler Computations, 650
EUSUBMAX — Subcycle Limit in Euler Solver, 651
EXTRAS — Extra Input Constants, 653
FAILDT — Element Time-step Based Failure Model, 654
FAILOUT — Failed Element Output Parameter, 655
FASTCOUP — Fast Coupling Algorithm, 656
FBLEND — Blend Fraction, 658
FLOW-METHOD — Flow-Method Between Two Euler Domains Across Open
Areas in Coupling Surfaces, 659
FMULTI — Multimaterial Overflow Array Parameter, 662
GEOCHECK — Define Geometry Consistency Check, 663
GRADED-MESH — Glue Sets of Euler Elements, 664

HGCMEM — Shell Membrane Hourglass Damping Coefficient
Parameters, 665
HGCOEFF — Hourglass Damping Coefficient, 666
HGCSOL — Solid Hourglass Damping Coefficient, 667
HGCTWS — Shell Twisting Hourglass Damping Coefficient, 668
HGCWRP — Shell Warping Hourglass Damping Coefficient, 669
HGSHELL — Shell Hourglass Suppression Method, 670
HGSOLID — Solid Hourglass Suppression Method, 671
HGTYPE — Hourglass Suppression Method, 672
HICGRAV — Gravity Used by HIC Calculations, 673
HVLFAIL — Failure at Hydrodynamic Volume Limit, 674
HYDROBOD — Hydrodynamic Body Force, 675
IEEE — IEEE Binary Data Output Format, 676
IGNFRCER — Ignores Warnings, 677
IMM — Initial Metric Method Formulation, 678
INFO-BJOIN — List the Generated BJOINs and Spotwelds, 679
INISTEP — Initial Time Step, 680
INITFILE — Method of Initialization Definition, 681
INITNAS — Defines the Type of Displacement Initialization File, 683
LIMCUB — Contact Cube Sort Algorithm, 684
LIMITER — Euler Solver Scheme, 685
MATRMERG — Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies, 686
MATRMRG1 — Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies, 687
MAXSTEP — Maximum Time Step, 688
MESHELL — Mesh Density for Covering Ellipsoids, 689
MESHPLN — Mesh Density for Covering Rigid Planes, 690
MICRO — Micro-zoning Parameter, 691
MINSTEP — Minimum Time Step, 692
MIXGAS — Controls Updating of Gas Fractions, 693
NASIGN — Echo Ignored Data Entries, 694
NZEROVEL — Auto Constrain Failed Nodes, 695
OLDLAGTET — Use Collapsed Hexahedron Scheme for CTETRA, 696
PARALLEL — Parallel Execution Information, 697
PLCOVCUT — Pressure Cut Off Time, 698
PMINFAIL — Switches Failure at Spall Limit, 699
RBE2INFO — Lists MATRIG and RBE2 Grid Points, 700
RHOCUT — Global Density Cutoff Value, 701
RJSTIFF — Rigid-joint Stiffness, 702
RKSCHEME — Runge-Kutta Time-Integration Scheme, 703
ROHYDRO — Density Cut-Off Value, 704
ROMULTI — Density Cut-Off Value, 705
ROSTR — Density Cut-Off Value, 706
RSTDROP — Type of Elements Dropped at Restart, 707
CONTENTS 15
SCALEMAS — Mass Scaling Definition, 708

SHELLFORM — Sets the Default of the Shell Formulation, 709
SHELMSYS — Shell Element System Definition, 710
SHPLAST — Type of Plane-Stress Plasticity for Shells, 711
SHSTRDEF — Composite Shell Stress and Strain Output Definition, 712
SHTHICK — Shell-Thickness Modification Option, 713
SLELM — Store Shell Sublayer Variables, 714
SMP, ,BATCHSIZE — SMP Batchsize and CPULOOP Definition, 715
SMP, ,CPUINFO — SMP CPU Information, 717
SNDLIM — Sound Speed Minimum Value, 718
SPHERSYM — Spherical Symmetric Analyses, 719
STEPFCT — Time Step Scale Factor, 720
STEPFCTL — Time-step Scale Factor for Lagrangain Elements, 721
STRNOUT — Shell Sublayer Strain Output, 722
TOLCHK — Tolerance for Fast Coupling, 723
TOLFAC — Increase the Projection Tolerance for CONTACT
at Initialization, 724
UGASC — Universal Gas Constant, 725
VARACTIV — Activation or Deactivation of Grid-Point, Element, or
Face Variables, 726
VDAMP — Dynamic Relaxation Parameter, 728
VELCUT — Velocity Cutoff, 729
VELMAX — Maximum Velocity, 730
VISCOPLAS — Use Overstress Formula to Update Strain-rate
Dependent Plasticity, 731
7 User Subroutines
Overview 735
Loading the User Subroutines with Dytran 736
User Access to Element and Grid Point Data from User Subroutines 736
User-written Subroutine Notes 738
EEXOUT — User-defined Element Output, 739
EXALE — User-defined ALE Grid Point Motion, 743
EXBRK — User-defined Failure of Breakable Joins, 746
EXCOMP — User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model, 748
EXCOMP1 — User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model that allows to model
Property Degradation, 755
EXELAS — User-defined CELAS1 Spring Element, 767
EXEOS — User-defined Equation of State, 770
EXEOS1 — User-specified Equation of State, 775
EXFAIL — User-defined Failure Model, 779
EXFAIL1 — User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model, 781
EXFAIL2 — User-defined Failure Model, 785

EXFLOW — User-defined Flow Boundary, 788
EXFLOW2 — User-defined Flow Boundary, 791
EXFUNC — User-defined Function, 795
EXINIT — User-defined Initial Condition, 797
EXPBAG — User-defined Air Bag Pressure, 800
EXPLD — User-defined Pressure Load, 802
EXPOR — User-defined Porosity Model, 803
EXPOR2 — User-defined Porosity Mode for Multi-material Euler, 809
EXSHR — User-specified Shear Behavior, 813
EXSPR — User-defined CSPR Spring Element, 816
EXTLU — User-defined Logical Unit, 819
EXTVEL — User-defined Grid Point Constraint, 821
EXVISC — User-defined CVISC Damper Element, 823
EXYLD — User-defined Yield Behavior, 826
EXYLD1 — User-specified Yield Behavior, 829
GEXOUT — User-defined Grid Point Output, 834
8 Diagnostic Messages
A References
Chapter 1: Introduction
1 Introduction
 Overview 18

Similarity with MD Nastran 19
Overview
Overview
Input to Dytran™ takes the form of a data file where each line can contain up to 80 characters. The file
contains all the information to define the analysis model and control the analysis.
The input to Dytran is similar, but not identical, to that for MD Nastran® and Dyna. If you are familiar
with MD Nastran, learning to use Dytran will be very easy although you should note the areas in which
the two programs differ. These differences are summarized in Similarity with MD Nastran.
The input data is split into four main sections, which must be in the following order:
1. File Management Section (FMS)
2. Executive Control Section
3. Case Control Section
4. Bulk Data Section (Note that parameter options may appear at any location within the Bulk
Data Section.)
The File Management Section contains information about the files used during the analysis and to control
restarting. The Executive Control Section is not used often in Dytran, since the program does not have
an Executive System like MD Nastran.
The Case Control Section controls the analysis, specifies the type of input and output required, selects
the constraints and loading from the Bulk Data, and allows you to control the way the analysis progresses.
A discussion of the functions available in the Case Control Section and a detailed description of the
commands that can be used is given in the Case Control section of this manual.
The Bulk Data Section contains all data necessary to define the model, the constraints, loading
conditions, and initial conditions. Only one model can be defined in the input data, but several types of
constraints and loading can be specified. The constraints and loading actually used in the analysis are
selected in the Case Control Section. The Bulk Data Section is discussed in the this manual together with
a detailed description of the entries.
The File Management, Executive Control, and Case Control Sections use a free-format input, which
means that the data can appear anywhere on the line with individual items separated by commas or
spaces. The Bulk Data Section can also be in free format and can optionally be in fixed format. In cases
where additional precision is required, large format can be used, where each entry occupies two lines in
the input file. Free, fixed, and large format can be mixed as needed in the input file on a line-by-line basis.
Comments can appear anywhere in the input file by placing a $ at the start of the comment. A full
description of the various input formats is given in Format of Bulk Data Entries.
The input data can be present in several separate files. In this case, you can use the INCLUDE command
or entry, available in both the Case Control and Bulk Data Sections, to direct Dytran to read the
appropriate file. The mechanism can be used to store the infrequently changed Bulk Data in one file,
while the File Management, Executive Control, and Case Control Sections, which are usually modified
more often, can be stored in another file.
Chapter 1: Introduction 19
Similarity with MD Nastran

The input for Dytran is similar to the input for MD Nastran, since the vast majority of the input for the
two codes is identical. There are, however, a number of differences arising from the fundamental
differences between the two programs, and the fact that there are features available in Dytran that are not
available in MD Nastran and vice versa.
Similarity to MD Nastran has a number of advantages for anyone who works with both programs:
• You only need to learn one form of input.
• Models used for MD Nastran analyses can be reused with minor modifications for Dytran.
• Dytran can be used with a wide range of modeling packages.
It is important to remember that MD Nastran and Dytran are completely different programs even though
they offer similar input. A CQUAD4 shell element in Dytran has nothing in common with the CQUAD4
shell element in MD Nastran, since it differs in formulation, type of integration, and capabilities.
Similarly, other features defined using the same entries do not necessarily behave in the same way. The
solution method is different, so an identical analysis in MD Nastran and Dytran can give slightly different
results, although they will be within engineering accuracy.
Input
MD Nastran has a wide range of facilities of which a number are not available in Dytran. Therefore, there
are MD Nastran entries that are not valid in Dytran.
The following entries are compatible with both codes:
Elements
CBAR CHEXA
CBEAM CQUAD4
CDAMP1 CROD
CDAMP2 CTETRA
CELAS1 CTRIA3
CELAS2 CVISC
Properties
PBAR PROD
PBEAM PSHELL
PCOMP PSOLID
PDAMP PVISC
PELAS
Materials
MAT1 MAT8
Loads and Constraints

DAREA MOMENT1
FORCE MOMENT2
FORCE1 PLOAD
FORCE2 PLOAD4
GRAV RFORCE
GRDSET SPC
MOMENT TIC
Coordinate Systems
CORD1C CORD2C
CORD1R CORD2R
CORD1S CORD2S
Other Entries
CONM2 TITLE
GRID TLOAD1
TABLED1 TLOAD5
TIME
The FMS has the same purpose in both Dytran and MD Nastran, but it is less important in Dytran since
all the filenames are automatically defined. The FMS controls restarting and user-written subroutines as
well as specification of the type of the output files.
The Executive Control Section exists but is rarely used since Dytran does not have an Executive System
or DMAP.
Chapter 1: Introduction 21
The Case Control Section has the same function in both Dytran and MD Nastran but uses
different commands.
PARAM entries are used by Dytran but offer different options to those in MD Nastran.
Dytran offers slightly greater flexibility in the way the input file can be defined, as listed below:
• Free format data can have more than eight characters.
• Continuation mnemonics do not have to be unique.
• Fixed and free format input can be freely mixed on a line-by-line basis.
• Real numbers can be entered as integers.
However, continuation lines must follow the entry that references them. If you intend on using both
Dytran and MD Nastran on a regular basis, use only those options that are available in both programs to
avoid confusion and incompatibility.
Loading
Several of the entries used for static loading in MD Nastran (such as FORCE, MOMENT, and PLOAD) are
used for dynamic transient loading in Dytran. Instead of being referenced directly from Case Control,
they are referenced from a TLOAD1 entry that gives the variation of the load with time.
The DAREA entry, used for transient loading in MD Nastran, is also valid in Dytran.
Chapter 2: File Management Statements (FMS)
File Management Statements

2 (FMS)
 Overview 24

Summary 25

FMS Descriptions 26
 BULKOUT 27

EULINIT 28

IMMFILE 30
 NASTDISP 31

NASTINP 32
 NASTOUT 33
 PRESTRESS 34
 RESTART 35

RSTBEGIN 36
 RSTFILE 37
 SAVE 38

SOLINIT 39
 SOLUOUT 40

START 41

TYPE 42
 USERCODE 43
Overview
Overview
The File Management Section (FMS) controls any file assignments that are required by Dytran. It also
controls restarting. The FMS must be placed at the beginning of the input file, but the individual
statements can be in any order within the FMS.
Most of the file assignments are made automatically by Dytran and cannot be changed by the user. The
filenames used are machine dependent and are listed in the Dytran Installation and Execution Guide.
A summary of the statements available in the FMS is given below. Each statement is described in
this chapter.
Chapter 2: File Management Statements (FMS) 25
Summary
Summary
The following statements are valid in the FMS:
Prestress Analysis
PRESTRESS Indicates a prestress analysis.
BULKOUT Selects the file to which grid-point data is to be written.
NASTDISP Selects the MD Nastran displacement file to be used.
SOLUOUT Selects a file to which solution data is to be written.
New Analyses
START Indicates a new analysis.
NASTINP Selects an MD Nastran solution file from which Dytran is to be initialized.
SOLINIT Selects a Dytran prestress solution file from which Dytran is to be initialized.
NASTOUT Selects a file to which Dytran writes geometric and material data in MD
Nastran format.
Restart Control
RESTART Indicates a restart of a previous analysis.
RSTFILE Selects the restart file to be used.
RSTBEGIN Selects the time step at which the calculation is to be restarted.
User Code
USERCODE Indicates that user-written subroutines are required for the analysis and defines
the filename containing the Fortran user-written subroutines.
File Selection
TYPE Defines the format of a file
SAVE Defines the interval of saving an output file
FMS Descriptions
FMS Descriptions
The format of the FMS statements is free field. In presenting the general formats for each statement, the
following conventions are used:
• Uppercase letters should be typed as shown.
• Lowercase letters indicate that a value or option can be substituted.
• Brackets [ ] give a choice of different options.
The default value indicates the value that is used if no FMS command is present. The type column
indicates the type of data you must supply. This can be I (Integer), R (Real), or C (Character). In addition,
a range of permissible values may also be indicated. For example, I > 0 means that you must supply an
integer that is greater than zero.
BULKOUT 27
Prestress Grid Point Output
BULKOUT Prestress Grid Point Output
Defines a file to which grid point data is written at the end of the prestress analysis.
Format and Example Defaults

BULKOUT = filename Required
BULKOUT = GRID.DAT
Option Meaning Type

filename The filename to be used C
Remarks
1. The Bulk Data file filename contains only grid point data of the deformed geometry at the end
of the prestress analysis. It can be used to construct an ALE mesh for the final transient
dynamic analysis.
2. See NASTDISP, Prestress Analysis, and SOLUOUT in this chapter, and NASINIT, Chapter 5: Bulk
Data Entry Descriptions in this manual.
28 EULINIT
Imports an Euler archive from a previous run
EULINIT Imports an Euler archive from a previous run
Specifies an Euler archive used as input for a transient analysis. The Euler archive is mapped onto a set
of Euler elements that can equal in size or either finer or coarser.
Format and Example Default

EULINIT, filename,CYCLE,MESH-ID Required
0.
Option Meaning Type

CYCLE Cycle number
MESH-ID The MESH ID of the target elements See Remark 3.
Remarks
1. The target elements are the elements defined in the follow-up run and are the elements that will
be initialized using the import archive.
2. Both defined and imported Euler elements need to be orthogonal in the global system
3. MESH-ID enables support for multiple Euler domains. If MESH-ID is not set the import archive
will be mapped onto all Euler elements.
4. For multi-material Euler analyses with multiple Eulerian materials all material variables in the
import archive require the material number. These material variables are MASS, DENSITY, SIE,
FMAT. The required list of variables for a MMHYDRO run are: MASSXX, SIEXX, FMATXX,
XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL. Here XX denotes the material number. FOR MMSTREN the variables TXX,
TYY, TZZ, TXY, TYZ, TZX, EFFPLS have to be added. If the multi-material run uses only one
Eulerian material then the material numbers can be left out.
5. For multi-material Euler analyses with EOSIG, the following has to be added for the IG materials:
MASS-EXX, MASS-PXX, RHO-EXX, RHO-PXX, IGBURNXX, FMAT-PXX, FMAT-PXX,
SIE-EXX, and SIE-PXX. Here XX denotes the material number.
6. For the single-material Hydro Euler solver the required list is MASS, DENSITY, SIE, FMAT,
and FVUNC.
7. IF FVUNC is not included in the Import archive it is assumed that all elements in this archive are
fully uncovered. It is allowed to import such an archive in a simulation with a coupling surface.
In this follow up simulation the target elements can have uncover fractions different from one. In
this case conservative quantities of imported elements are reduced by the uncover fraction of the
target element. This is to avoid unwanted pressure increases. It simply means that any mass of the
import archive that is located in the covered part of the target elements is thrown away. As a result
not all mass in the import archive is mapped to the target elements. How much of the mass of the
import archive is mapped is shown in the out file.
EULINIT 29
Imports an Euler archive from a previous run
8. In the OUT file, a summary is shown of all variables that are mapped.
9. In the follow-up run, the cycle and time are taken from the import archive. The results of the first
cycle of the follow-up run are determined from remapping only and has not gone trough an
equation of state yet. This will happen in the next cycle.
10. If needed the remapping can be checked by doing only one additional cycle in the follow-up run
with a quite small time step. Then, the follow-up OUT file shows two cycles and the results should
be almost identical to the results of the import archive. Also, material summaries in the OUT file
between first run and follow-up run should be identical. The only exceptions are the summaries
of momentum, kinetic energy, and total energy per material. For these three quantities, only the
total amounts will remain constant between first and follow-up run.
30 IMMFILE
Initial Metric Method File Section
IMMFILE Initial Metric Method File Section
Defines the reference file to be used for the Initial Metric Method
.

IMMFILE = filename Required
IMMFILE = flat.dat
Option Meaning Type

filename The filename to be used for the Initial Metric Method. The file C
must exist in your runtime directory.
Remark
The Initial Metric Method is described in the Dytran User’s Guide in Initial Metric Method for Air Bags.
NASTDISP 31
Prestress MD Nastran Displacement File
NASTDISP Prestress MD Nastran Displacement File
Specifies an MD Nastran displacement file to be used as input for the prestress analysis.
.

NASTDISP = filename Required
NASTDISP = DISPLACE.DIS
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
1. The displacement file must be either in MD Patran format, formed by using NASPAT on the
MD Nastran OUTPUT2 results file.
2. The default file type is MSC.XL format. This can be changed using PARAM,INITNAS.
3. See also the BULKOUT, Prestress Analysis, and SOLUOUT in this chapter, and NASINIT, Chapter
5: Bulk Data Entry Descriptions in this manual.
32 NASTINP
Prestress MD Nastran Solution File
NASTINP Prestress MD Nastran Solution File
Specifies an MD Nastran solution file from which Dytran is to be initialized via element stresses and
grid-point displacements.

NASTINP = filename1, filename2 Required
NASTINP = ELEMENT. ELS, GRID. DIS
Option Meaning Type

filename1, The filenames to be used C, C
filename2
Remarks
1. The stresses and displacement files are obtained by using NASPAT on the OUTPUT2 results file
from MD Nastran.
2. Element stresses are defined in the material coordinate system.
3. It is recommended that the MD Nastran geometrical problem setup be performed by Dytran for
consistency (see NASTOUT).
4. This option causes Dytran to read a MASS.DAT file that is automatically generated by the
NASTOUT File Management Section statement.
NASTOUT 33
MD Nastran Input File for Prestress Analysis
NASTOUT MD Nastran Input File for Prestress Analysis
Specifies that Dytran write out MD Nastran input containing geometry and material definitions including
material coordinate systems, if applicable.

NASTOUT = filename Required
NASTOUT = NASGEO.DAT
Option Meaning Type

filename The filename to be used. C
Remark
The option causes a MASS.DAT file to be written containing the element initial masses. This file is read
when the NASTINP File Management Section statement is used.
34 PRESTRESS
Prestress Analysis
PRESTRESS Prestress Analysis
Indicates a prestress analysis.

PRESTRESS Start run.
PRESTRESS
Remarks
1. The following entries should be present elsewhere in the File Management Section or Bulk Data
Section for a prestress analysis:
NASTDISP Specifies an MD Nastran displacement file to be used as input (FMS).

BULKOUT Defines an output file to which grid-point data is written at the end of the
prestress analysis (FMS).
SOLUOUT Defines an output file to which solution data is written at the end of the
prestress analysis (FMS).
NASINIT A Bulk Data entry that controls the prestress analysis.
2. The SOLUOUT file is then used to initialize Dytran for the primary analysis (via a SOLINIT
FMS statement).
3. Prestressing is described in the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis,
PRESTRESS
RESTART 35
Restarts a Previous Run
RESTART Restarts a Previous Run
Requests that a previous run be restarted and continued.

RESTART Start run.
RESTART
Remarks
1. The RSTBEGIN File Management Section statement must be present to specify the time step from
which the calculation is to be restarted.
2. The RSTFILEFile Management Section statement must be present to specify the name of the
restart file to be used.
3. Restarting is described in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Restarting a
Previous Analysis.
36 RSTBEGIN
Restart Time Step
RSTBEGIN Restart Time Step
Defines the time step at which a calculation is to be restarted

RSTBEGIN = n Required
RSTBEGIN = 5000
Option Meaning Type

n The number of the time step at which the analysis restarts. I>0
Remarks
1. A RESTART File Management Section statement must be present to indicate a restart analysis.
2. A RSTFILE File Management Section statement must be present to specify the name of the restart
file to be used.
Previous Analysis.
RSTFILE 37
Restart File Section
RSTFILE Restart File Section
Defines the restart file to be used for restarting.

RSTFILE = filename Required
RSTFILE = NAME.RST
Option Meaning Type

filename The filename to be used for restarting. The file must exist in your C
runtime directory.
Remarks
1. A RESTART File Management Section statement must be present to indicate a Restart analysis.
2. A RSTBEGIN File Management Section statement must be present to specify the time step at
which the calculations are to be restarted.
Previous Analysis.
38 SAVE
Interval Between Saving an Output File
SAVE Interval Between Saving an Output File
Defines how often the file is written before it is closed and saved.

SAVE (logical_file) = n 10
SAVE (OUTPUT1) = 6
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file. C
n The number of times an output file is written before it is closed I
and saved. (See Remark 3.)
Remarks
1. When the file is written the specified number of times, it is closed, saved, and subsequent results
are stored in a new file.
2. Results are available for postprocessing when the file has been closed and saved. If the SAVE
statement is set to 1, results are stored in individual files and can be postprocessed immediately.
3. If value of n is negative for a RESTART request, the file is overwritten for every restart save. If
the n value is positive, a new file is created for every restart save request.
SOLINIT 39
Specify an Initial Solution File from Prestress Analysis
SOLINIT Specify an Initial Solution File from Prestress Analysis
Specifies a solution file used as input for a transient analysis of a prestressed structure.

SOLINIT = filename Required
SOLINIT = DYTRAN.SOL
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
1. The SOLINIT File Management Section statement causes Dytran to initialize the structural part
of the transient problem from a previous prestress analysis.
2. See also the BULKOUT, NASTDISP, PRESTRESS and SOLUOUT FMS statements, and the
NASINIT Bulk Data entry, for performing the prestress analysis.
3. The solution file should correspond to the filename used to write out the solution data at the end
of the prestress analysis (see the SOLUOUT File Management Section statement).
4. See PARAM,INITFILE for an overview of the different initialization methods and information
on the element types for which prestressing is available.
40 SOLUOUT
Specifies the Output Solution File from a Prestress Analysis
SOLUOUT Specifies the Output Solution File from a Prestress Analysis
Specifies an output file to which the solution data is written at the end of a prestress analysis.

SOLUOUT = filename Required
SOLUOUT = DYTRAN.SOL
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
1. The solution file is a binary file. It contains all necessary data of the solution at the end of an
Dytran prestress analysis.
2. See also the BULKOUT and PRESTRESS File Management Section statements, and the NASINIT
Bulk Data entry.
3. The solution output file should be the same file as used for initializing the primary analysis (see
the SOLINIT File Management Section statement).
4. See PARAM,INITFILE for an overview of the different initialization methods and information
on the element types for which prestressing is available.
START 41
Primary Analysis
START Primary Analysis
Indicates the primary analysis

.

START Primary analysis.
START
Remarks
1. Since the default is a start analysis, this statement can be omitted.
2. See also the PRESTRESS and RESTART File Management Section statements.
3. This entry can be accompanied by using either of the following File Management
Section statements:
SOLINIT The analysis is to be initialized from a previous Dytran prestress analysis.

or
NASTINP The analysis is to be initialized from a previous MD Nastran analysis.
42 TYPE
Type of Output File
TYPE Type of Output File
Defines the type of an output file

TYPE (logical_file) = type ARCHIVE
TYPE (OUTPUT1) = TIMEHIS
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical filename to which the command refers. C
type The format of the file: C
ARCHIVE: Archive file for storing results at a particular time step.
TIMEHIS: Time-history file for storing results for particular entities
at particular times during the analysis.
RESTART: Restart file used to restart the calculation.
STEPSUM: One-line time step summary.
MATSUM: A material summary at a particular time step.
MRSUM: A rigid body summary at a particular time step.
EBDSUM: An Eulerian boundary summary at a particular time step.
Remarks
1. Archive files are normally used to store results at one or more time steps during the analysis.
Archive files are used in postprocessing to produce deformed shapes, contour plots, and vector
plots. Archive files contain the model geometry and results.
2. Time-history files are normally used to store results for particular grid points and elements and
are used to produce time-history plots. Only the results are stored.
3. Restart files are used to restart the calculation.
4. The summaries STEPSUM, MATSUM, MRSUM, and EBDSUM are always printed on standard
output, irrespective of the value of logical_file.
5. The default output frequency is every 50 cycles for MATSUM, MRSUM, and EBDSUM. The default
for STEPSUM is every cycle.
USERCODE 43
User Subroutine Selection
USERCODE User Subroutine Selection
Defines the file containing user-written subroutines to be used with the analysis.

USERCODE = filename No user code is used.
USERCODE = user.f
Option Meaning Type

filename The name of the file containing the user-written FORTRAN C
subroutines. The file must exist in your working area.
Remarks
1. The USERCODE command causes the user-written subroutines to be compiled and linked into a
new, temporary version of Dytran. On most computers, this is automatic. See the Dytran
Installation and Execution Guide for details on how it is performed on your computer.
2. If the USERCODE statement is not present, the standard version of Dytran is used.
3. See Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual for details on how to write and use
user-written subroutines.
44 USERCODE
User Subroutine Selection
Chapter 3: Executive Control Statements
3 Executive Control Statements
 Overview 46

Executive Control Summary 47

Executive Control Descriptions 48
 CEND 49

MEMORY-SIZE 50

TIME 51
Overview
Overview
Executive Control is not used extensively by Dytran since, unlike MD Nastran, it does not contain an
Executive System, and DMAP is not available. It is retained for compatibility with MD Nastran.
The Executive Control Section immediately follows the FMS and is terminated by a CEND statement.
The Executive Control statements can appear in any order within the Executive Control Section.
Chapter 3: Executive Control Statements 47
Executive Control Summary
Executive Control Summary

Currently, three Executive Control statements are available:
CEND Marks the end of the Executive Control Section.

MEMORY-SIZE Defines the size of the integer and float core memory. The memory requested is
dynamically allocated
TIME CPU time limit for the analysis.
Executive Control Descriptions
Executive Control Descriptions

The format of the Executive Control statements is free field. In presenting the general formats for each
statement, the following conventions are used:
• Lowercase letters indicate that a value or option can be substituted.
The default value is used if the statement is not present. Where you can supply an option, the type heading
indicates the type of data you must supply. This can be I (Integer), R (Real), or C (Character). A
restriction on the range of the option may also be included. For example, I > 0 indicates that you must
supply an integer that is greater than zero, while 0 < R < 1. indicates that you must supply a real number
greater than zero and less than one.
CEND 49
Terminates the Executive Control Section
CEND Terminates the Executive Control Section
Marks the end of the Executive Control Section and the beginning of the Case Control Section.
Format and Example

CEND
Remark
If there are no FMS or Executive Control statements, the input file can start directly with the Case
Control Section.
50 MEMORY-SIZE
Definition of Memory Usage
MEMORY-SIZE Definition of Memory Usage
The MEMORY-SIZE statement defines the size of the integer and float core memory Dytran uses. The
memory requested is dynamically allocated.

MEMORY-SIZE = Value1, Value2 Default
MEMORY-SIZE = 250000,DEFAULT
Option Meaning Type

Value1 Defines the size of the integer memory in words I>0
Value2 Defines the size of the float memory in words I>0
Remarks
1. Both values are required data. If you wish to use the default memory size for any of the values,
you can use the word DEFAULT for that specific value entry. The entry is case insensitive.
2. Dytran defines the memory size according to the following rules.
a. The user-specified definition by the MEMORY-SIZE entry always prevails.
b. If the MEMORY-SIZE entry is not used, the default memory size depends on the setting when
the analysis was submitted. On UNIX platforms, the run script takes the “size” entry that
defines the memory size. The choices are small (default), medium, and large. On Windows
platforms, you can define the memory size from Dytran Explorer.
c. If you do not specify anything, the predefined default (small) applies.
3. Due to the implementation, it may still be possible that your analysis data does not fit in the
requested memory. You can then alter the definition in the input file, or increase the size using
Dytran Explorer. If you need an estimate of the size the analysis approximately needs, you can
look at the memory summary at the end of the output file. Please note the memory sizes mentioned
are only an indication, as the summary is written when the analysis stopped. If the analysis
completed successfully, the core memory size is accurate.
4. There is no entry to define the character memory size. Dytran does not use any core memory
character data.
TIME 51
Selects the Maximum CPU Time
TIME Selects the Maximum CPU Time
The TIME statement is used to set the CPU time of an Dytran analysis.

TIME = time 1 minute
TIME = 1.5
Option Meaning Type

time The maximum CPU time for the analysis in minutes. R>0
Remarks
1. When the CPU time specified on the TIME statement is used, the analysis terminates. The
analysis may be continued by performing a restart, if a restart file is requested at the end of
the analysis.
2. It is not possible to specify a maximum I/O time. I/O time is normally insignificant compared to
the CPU time for a Dytran analysis.
3. The time is specified in minutes. Thus, 1.5 is equivalent to 90 seconds, and 480 gives 8 hours.
4. It is advised to use the TIME statement to control CPU time, rather than specifying a time limit
for the batch queue or the job. If you do give a job or batch queue limit, make sure it is
significantly longer than specified on the TIME statement to ensure that Dytran terminates
normally and does not corrupt the files.
52 TIME
Selects the Maximum CPU Time
Chapter 4: Case Control Commands
4 Case Control Commands
 Overview 56

Case Control Summary 57

Case Control Descriptions 60
 ACC 61

CHECK 62

CMARKOUT 63
 CMARKS 64

COG 65
 CONTOUT 66
 CONTS 67
 CORDDEF 68

CPLSOUT 69
 CPLSURFS 70
 CSECS 71

CSOUT 72
 EBDOUT 73

EBDS 74

ELEMENTS 75

ELEXOUT 76

ELOUT 77

ENDSTEP 78

ENDTIME 79

GBAGOUT 80

GBAGS 81
 GPEXOUT 82

GPOUT 83

GRIDS 84
 HIC 85

INCLUDE 87

MATOUT 90
 MATS 91

PARAM 92

PLANES 93
 RBOUT 95

RELOUT 96
 RELS 97
 RIGIDS 98
 SET 99

SETC 101
 SPC 103
 STEPS 104

SUBSOUT 105
 SUBSURFS 106
Chapter 4: Case Control Commands 55

SURFACES 107

SURFOUT 108

TIC 109

TIMES 110

TITLE 111

TLOAD 112
Overview
Overview
The Case Control Section of the input file controls the analysis, makes selections from the Bulk Data
Section, and determines what results are output and how often. Case Control immediately follows the
CEND statement, marking the end of the Executive Control Section, and is terminated by a BEGIN
BULK entry or, in the case of a restart, by an ENDDATA entry. The Case Control commands can be in any
order within the section. A summary of the commands available is given below.
Case Control Summary

The following Case Control commands are available:
Analysis Control
ENDSTEP Termination step for the analysis
ENDTIME Termination time for the analysis
CHECK Data check
Data Selection
TLOAD Selects transient loading
TIC Selects transient initial conditions
SPC Selects single-point constraints
Output Control
CORDDEF Defines the moving rectangular coordinate system for deformation output
SET Defines lists of entity numbers for use in output requests
SETC Defines lists of names for use in output requests
TITLE Defines the title of the analysis
Output Selection – Entity Specification

GRIDS Defines the grid points for which results are to be written to a file
ELEMENTS Defines the elements for which results are to be written to a file
RIGIDS Defines the rigid surfaces or MATRIG for which results are to be written to a file
GBAGS Defines the gas bags for which results are to be written to a file
RELS Defines the rigid ellipsoids for which results are to be written to a file
PLANES Defines the rigid planes for which results are to be written to a file
MATS Defines the materials for which results are to be written to a file
CONTS Defines the contact surfaces for which results are to be written to a file
CSECS Defines the cross sections for which results are to be written to a file
CPLSURFS Defines the coupling surfaces for which results are to be written to a file
SUBSURFS Defines the subsurfaces for which results are to be written to a file
SURFACES Defines the surfaces for which results are to be written to a file
EBDS Defines the Eulerian boundary conditions for which results are written to a file
Output Selection – Variable Specification

GPOUT Defines the grid-point data that is written to a file
ELOUT Defines the element data that is written to a file.
RBOUT Defines the rigid surface, MATRIG or RBE2-FULLRIG data that is written to a file
GBAGOUT Defines the gas-bag data that is written to a file
RELOUT Defines the rigid-ellipsoid data that is written to a file
PLNOUT Defines the rigid planes data that is written to a file
MATOUT Defines the material data that is written to a file
CONTOUT Defines the contact surface data that is written to a file
CSOUT Defines the cross-section data that is written to a file
CPLSOUT Defines the coupling-surface data that is written to a file
SUBSOUT Defines the subsurface data that is written to a file
SURFOUT Defines the surface data that is written to a file
EBDOUT Defines the Eulerian boundary data that is written to a file
Output Frequency
TIMES Lists the times at which output is required
STEPS Lists the time steps at which output is required
User-Defined Output
GPEXOUT Indicates that user subroutines are used for grid point output
ELEXOUT Indicates that user subroutines are used for element output
Input File Control

INCLUDE Switches data input to another file
Miscellaneous
PARAM Specifies parameters
ACC Creates time history output of an accelerometer in local coordinate system
COG Calculates the center of gravity for a group of elements
HIC Calculates Head Injury Criteria (HIC) value
Case Control Descriptions
Case Control Descriptions

The format of the Case Control commands is free field. In presenting the general formats for each
statement, the following conventions are used:
• Lowercase letters indicate that a value or option must be substituted.
The default value is used if the command is not present. Where you need to supply an option, the type
heading indicates the type of data you must supply. This can be I (Integer), R (Real), or C (Character).
A restriction on the range of the option may also be included. For example, I > 0 indicates that you must
supply an integer greater than zero; 0. < R < 1. indicates that you must supply a real number greater than
zero and less than one.
ACC 61
Accelerometer Output
ACC Accelerometer Output
Creates time history output of an accelerometer in local coordinate system.

ACC, NAME, CID, SID, SAMPLE All are required.
ACC, HEADCOGS, 3, 10, 1.E-4
Option Meaning Type

NAME Unique ACC name C
CID Local coordinate system defined in the BULK DATA section. I>0
SID Unique SET number I>0
SAMPLE Dytran sampling rate. This value determines the time step when the R>0
measurements will be taken and stored in the timehistory file.
Remarks:
1. For each ACC output request, a file will be generated according to:
{JOBNAME}_{NAME}_XX.THS.
2. The set SID referenced must contain 1 grid point ID, which must be the same node that defines
the origin of the (moving) coordinate system referenced with CID.
3. The ACC output request automatically stores the following variables in the timehistory file:
a. XPOS, YPOS, and ZPOS: Position of accelerometer in global coordinate system.
b. XVEL, YVEL, and ZVEL: The velocity of the accelerometer in coordinates of the local
coordinate system.
c. XACC, YACC, and ZACC: The acceleration of the accelerometer in coordinates of the local
coordinate system.
d. RVEL and RACC: The absolute velocity and absolute acceleration of the accelerometer.
4. If any BODYFOR boundary condition is defined for the grid point defined in the SET, it is
subtracted from the global acceleration of the gird point. Any other acceleration fields like GRAV,
RFORCE, or ATBACC are not subtracted from the measured grid point acceleration.
62 CHECK
Data Check
CHECK Data Check
Selects the data checking option.

CHECK = [YES, NO] See Remark 2.
CHECK = YES
Option Meaning Type

YES A data check is performed. The analysis runs for two time steps. C
NO The analysis is run after the data is read in and checked. C
Remarks
1. The data check option performs the following:
a. Reads the input data.
b. Checks for errors.
c. Produces printed output.
d. Runs two time steps.
e. Writes the model data to the output files.
2. The default is YES for a new analysis and NO for a restart analysis.
CMARKOUT 63
Marker Data to be Output
CMARKOUT Marker Data to be Output
Indicates the marker results to be written to an output file.

CMARKOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2, var3, ... No data is written.
CMARKOUT (OUTPUT1) = PRESURE,ZVEL
Option Contents Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the element output is written. See C
Dytran’s User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting
Results
vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran’s User’s Guide, Chapter 9: C
Running the Analysis, Outputting Results
Remarks
1. The elements for which data is written are specified using the CMARKERS command. The element
results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
Analysis, Outputting Results.
2. The frequency of output is controlled using the TIMES and STEPS commands.
3. For a description of how to output the results, see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the CMARKOUT command. If the CMARKOUT
command exceeds 80 characters, a second CMARKOUT command (with the same
logical_file name) can be used as follows:
CMARKOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
CMARKOUT (logical_file) = var 3
64 CMARKS
CMARKS to be Output
CMARKS CMARKS to be Output
Defines the CMARKS for which results are to be output to a file.

CMARKS (logical_file) = n No CMARK data is written.
CMARKS (TH3) = 10

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the element output is written. C
ni Number of a SET command. Only the data for elements that appear in the 1>0
set are output.
Remarks
1. For a description of how to output results, see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
2. The element results written are specified using the CMARKOUT command. The element results
that can be output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting
Results. The frequency of output is controlled by using the TIMES and STEPS commands.
COG 65
Center of Gravity Calculation
COG Center of Gravity Calculation
Calculate the center of gravity for a group of elements and print the results in a time history file.

COG NAME TARGET SID SAMPLE No COG data is written.
COG SEAT ... 10 1.E-4

NAME Unique COG name C
TARGET Target type of COG. The ID number of the target will be defined in SID C
entry.
ELEM: Element
SID Unique SET number I>0
SAMPLE Dytran sampling rate. This value determines the time step when center of R>0
gravity will be calculated and stored in the timehistory file.
Remarks
1. For each COG output request, a file is generated according to: {JOB-NAME}_{NAME}_XX.THS
2. The elements referenced in the SET entry can be a combination of elastic, plastic and rigid
elements. However, CONM2 definitions are not included in this calculation of the center
of gravity.
66 CONTOUT
Contact Surface Data to be Output
CONTOUT Contact Surface Data to be Output
Indicates the contact surface results that are to be written to an output file.

CONTOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2, var3... No data is written.
CONTOUT (OUTPUT1) = XFORCE, FMAGN
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the contact surface output is written. C
vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide, Outputting Results C
Remarks
1. The contact surfaces for which data is written are specified using the CONTS command. The
contact-surface results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter
9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
2. The frequency of the output is controlled using theTIMES or STEPS command.
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the CONTOUT command. If the CONTOUT
command exceeds 80 characters, a second CONTOUT command (with the same logical_file name)
can be used as follows:
CONTOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2
CONTOUT (logical_file) = var3
5. For a time-history file, the following entities are written to the file together with the
corresponding results:
Master-Slave Contact:
C < Contact Surface ID > M:Forces/accelerations on/of the master surface.
C < Contact Surface ID > S:Forces/accelerations on/of the slave surface.
C < Contact Surface ID > T:Difference between the forces/accelerations on/of the master and
slave surfaces of the contact set.
Single-Surface Contact:
C < Contact Surface ID > T:Forces/accelerations on/of the single surface.
For an archive file, the combined entity C < Contact Surface ID > T is not written.
CONTS 67
Contact Surfaces to be Stored
CONTS Contact Surfaces to be Stored
Defines the contact surfaces for which results are to be output to a file

CONTS (logical_file) = n No contact-surface data is output.
CONTS(THS) = 14
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the contact-surface output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for contact surfaces that appear in I>0
the set are output.
Remarks
2. The results are specified using the CONTOUT command. The contact surface results that can be
requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis,
Outputting Results. The frequency of the output is controlled using the TIMES or
STEPS command.
3. An archive file can contain only one contact surface definition. You can, of course, define
multiple contact output definitions.
4. Contact-surface data can only be written to time-history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement.)
5. For a time-history file, the following entities are written to the file together with the
corresponding results:
Master-Slave Contact:
C < Contact Surface ID > M:Forces/accelerations on/of the master surface.
C < Contact Surface ID > S:Forces/accelerations on/of the slave surface.
C < Contact Surface ID > T:Difference between the forces/accelerations on/of the master and
slave surfaces of the contact set.
Single-Surface Contact:
C < Contact Surface ID > T:Forces/accelerations on/of the single surface.
For an archive file, the combined entity C < Contact Surface ID > T is not written.
68 CORDDEF
Coordinate System for Deformation Output
CORDDEF Coordinate System for Deformation Output
Defines the moving rectangular coordinate system in which the deformations are written to the
archive files.
The CORDDEF entry can be added to any output request of TYPE = ARCHIVE. The grid point locations
written to the archive file are the locations in the coordinate system referenced by the CORDDEF entry.
The option is particularly useful when studying the motion of a structure in a moving coordinate system
.

CORDDEF(logical_file) = n Basic system
CORDDEF(MYFILE) = 19
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which output is written. C
n Number of a CORDxR entry I 0
Remarks
2. Note that this entry is applicable only to output requests with TYPE=ARCHIVE.
CPLSOUT 69
Coupling Surface Data to be Output
CPLSOUT Coupling Surface Data to be Output
Defines the coupling surface results to be written to an output file.

CPLSOUT (logical_file) = var1,var2,var3... No data is written
CPLSOUT (SRF_1) = PRESSURE, CLUMP, FMAT
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical file name of the file to which coupling-surface output C
is written
var1 Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide,Outputting Results C
Remarks
1. The coupling surfaces for which output is written must be specified using the
CPLSURFS command. The coupling-surface results available for output are defined in Dytran
User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
2. The frequency of the output is controlled by the TIMESor the STEPS command.
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the CPLSOUT command. When the command line
exceeds 80 characters, a second CPLSOUT command (with the same logical file name) can be
used as follows:
CPLSOUT(SRF_1) = vanr, var2
CPLSOUT (SRF_1) = var3
70 CPLSURFS
Coupling Surfaces to be Output
CPLSURFS Coupling Surfaces to be Output
Defines the coupling surfaces for which results are to be output to a file.

CPLSURFS (logical_file) = n No coupling surface is output
CPLSURFS (SRF_1) = 44
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the coupling-surface output C
is written.
n Number of a SET command. Only data for coupling surfaces that appear I 0
in the set are output.
Remarks
Analysis, Outputting Results
2. The results written are specified using the CPLSOUT command. The coupling surface results
available for output are described in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis,
Outputting Results
3. The frequency of output is controlled by the TIMES or STEPS command.
CSECS 71
Cross Sections to be Output
CSECS Cross Sections to be Output
Defines the cross sections for which results are to be output to a file
.

CSECS (logical_file) = n No cross section is output.
CSECS (SEC001) = 17
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the cross-section output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for cross sections that appear in I>0
the set are output
Remarks
2. The results written are specified using theCSOUT command. The cross section results that can be
Outputting Results. The frequency of output is controlled using the TIMES or STEPS command.
3. Cross-section data can only be written to time-history files. (See theTYPE FMS statement.)
72 CSOUT
Cross-section Data to be Output
CSOUT Cross-section Data to be Output
Indicates the cross-section results to be written to an output file.

CSOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2, var3,... No data is written.
CSOUT (SEC001) = XFORCE, FMAGN
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical file name of the file to which the cross-section output is C
written.
vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: C
Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
Remarks
1. The cross sections for which output is written are specified using the CSECS command. The cross
section results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
2. The frequency of the output is controlled using the TIMES or the STEPS command.
Analysis,Outputting Results
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the CSOUT command. If the command exceeds 80
characters, a second CSOUT command (with the same logical filename) can be used as follows:
CSOUT(SEC001) = var1, var2
CSOUT (SEC001) = var3
5. Cross-section data can only be written to time-history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement.)
EBDOUT 73
Eulerian Boundary Data to be Output
EBDOUT Eulerian Boundary Data to be Output
Indicates the Eulerian boundary results to be written to an output file.

EBDOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2 No data is written.
EBDOUT (OUTPUT1) = MFL, XMOM
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the Eulerian boundary output is C
written.
vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running C
the Analysis, Outputting Results.
Remarks
1. The Eulerian boundaries for which data is written are specified using the EBDS command. The
Eulerian boundary results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results
2. The frequency of the output is controlled using the TIMES and STEPS commands.
4. Eulerian boundary data can only be written to time-history files.
5. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the EBDOUT command. If the EBDOUT exceeds
80 characters, a second EBDOUT (with the same logical_file name) can be used as follows:
EBDOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
EBDOUT (logical_file) = var 3
74 EBDS
Eulerian Boundaries to be Output
EBDS Eulerian Boundaries to be Output
Defines the Eulerian boundaries for which results are to be output to a file.

EBDS (logical_file) = n No Eulerian boundary output.
EBDS (EBD14) = 14
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the Eulerian boundary output is C
written.
n Number of a SET command. Only data for Eulerian boundaries that I>0
appear in the set are output.
Remarks
1. The Eulerian boundary results to be written are specified using the EBDOUT command. The
Eulerian boundary results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
2. The SET command n has to refer to a series of flow boundary names. For example, a flow
definition starts with FLOW,12.. and to get a time history for this particular flow definition, the
name FLOW12 has to be added to the SET entry.
5. Eulerian boundary results can only be written to time-history files.
ELEMENTS 75
Elements to be Output
ELEMENTS Elements to be Output
Defines the elements for which results are to be output to a file.

ELEMENTS (logical_file) = n No element data is written.
ELEMENTS (TH3) = 10
Option Meaning Type

n Number of a SET command. Only data for elements that appear in the set I>0
are output.
Remarks
Analysis, Outputting Results. The element results written are specified using the ELOUT
command. The element results that can be output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
2. The frequency of output is controlled using theTIMES and STEPS commands.
76 ELEXOUT
User-defined Element Output
ELEXOUT User-defined Element Output
Output element results using a user-written subroutine.

ELEXOUT (output_name) No user output.
ELEXOUT(USEROUT)
Option Meaning Type

output_name The name with which the subroutine is called. C
Remarks
1. At every time or time step specified by the TIMES or STEPS command, a subroutine named
ELEXOUT is called for each of the elements listed using the ELEMENTS command allowing the
user to calculate specific quantities for output.
3. For a description of how to use user-written subroutines, see Chapter 7: User Subroutines in
this manual.
4. The following commands:
ELEXOUT (USEROUT)
ELEMENTS (USEROUT) = 10
SET 10 = 101, THRU, 110
TIMES (USEROUT) = 1.0E-3, 2.0E-3
cause the EEXOUT subroutine to be called at times 1.0E–3 and 2.0E–3 for elements 101 through
110 with the user-supplied name USEROUT.
ELOUT 77
Element Data to be Output
ELOUT Element Data to be Output
Indicates the element results to be written to an output file.

ELOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2, var3,... No data is written.
ELOUT (OUTPUT1) = TXX, TYY, TZZ
Option Meaning Type

vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running C
the Analysis, Outputting Results.
Remarks
1. The elements for which data is written are specified using the ELEMENTS command. The element
Analysis, Outputting Results. The frequency of output is controlled using the TIMES and STEPS
commands.
2. For a description of how to output the results, see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
3. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the ELOUT command. If the ELOUT command
exceeds 80 characters, a second ELOUT command (with the same logical_file name) can
be used as follows:
ELOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
ELOUT (logical_file) = var 3
78 ENDSTEP
Final Time Step
ENDSTEP Final Time Step
Defines the time-step number at which the analysis terminates

.

ENDSTEP = n See Remark 4.
ENDSTEP = 3000
Option Meaning Type

n The time-step number at which the transient dynamic analysis terminates. I  0
Remarks
1. The RESTART statement can be used to continue a previous analysis. Therefore, you do not need
to set ENDSTEP to the final point you want to reach, but instead, to the point at which you want
the analysis to stop.
2. Unless you are very sure of what the analysis will do, you should always run the analysis in stages.
Then use the RESTART statement to continue the analysis after you have checked how the
mesh deforms.
3. The ENDTIME command can be used to terminate the analysis based on time.
4. If ENDTIME is specified, ENDSTEP is set to a large value (9999999).
5. At least one of the two termination criteria must be specified, either ENDSTEP or ENDTIME
ENDTIME 79
Analysis Termination Time
ENDTIME Analysis Termination Time
Defines the termination time for the analysis.

ENDTIME = time See Remark 4.
ENDTIME = 30.0E-3
Option Meaning Type

time The time, in analysis units, at which the transient dynamic R0
analysis terminates.
Remarks
1. The RESTART statement can be used to continue a previous analysis. Therefore, you do not need
to set ENDTIME to the final point you want to reach, but instead, to the point at which you want
the analysis to stop.
2. Unless you are very sure of what the analysis will do, you should always run the analysis in stages.
Then use the RESTART statement to continue the analysis after you have checked how the
mesh deforms.
3. The ENDSTEP command can be used to terminate the analysis based on the number of time steps.
4. If ENDSTEP is specified, endtime is set to large value (99999).
5. At least one of the two termination criteria must be specified, either ENDTIME or ENDSTEP.
80 GBAGOUT
Gas Bag Data to be Output
GBAGOUT Gas Bag Data to be Output
Indicates the gas-bag results to be written to an output file.

GBAGOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2,... Required
GBAGOUT (OUTPUT) = PRESSURE
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the gas-bag output is written. C
vari Variable name to be output. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running
the Analysis, Outputting Results, GBAGOUT — Gas Bag Results
Remarks
1. The gas bags, for which data is written, are specified using the GBAGS command. The gas-bag
Analysis, Outputting Results, GBAGOUT — Gas Bag Results.
Analysis, Outputting Results, GBAGOUT — Gas Bag Results.
4. Gas-bag data can only be written to time-history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement.)
5. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the GBAGOUT command. If the GBAGOUT
command exceeds 80 characters, a second GBAGOUT command (with the same logical_file
name) can be used as follows:
GBAGOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
GBAGOUT (logical_file) = var 3
GBAGS 81
Gas Bags to be Output
GBAGS Gas Bags to be Output
Defines the gas bags for which results are to be output to a file.

GBAGS (logical_file) = n No gas bag data is output.
GBAGS(THG) = 14
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the gas-bag output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for gas bags that appear in the set I0
are output.
Remarks
2. The results written are specified using the GBAGOUT command. The gas bag results that can be
Outputting Results, GBAGOUT — Gas Bag Results.
4. Gas bag data can only be written to time-history files. (See theTYPE FMS statement.)
User-defined Grid Point Output
GPEXOUT User-defined Grid Point Output
Output grid-point results using a user-written subroutine.

GPEXOUT (output_name) No user output.
GPEXOUT (DYTRAN_EXT_GP)
Option Meaning Type

output_name Name used when subroutine is called. C
Remarks
1. At every time or time step specified by the TIMES or STEPS commands, a subroutine called
GEXOUT is called for each of the grid points specified using a GRIDS command that allows you
to calculate specific quantities for output.
Analysis, Outputting Results
3. For a description of how to use user-written subroutines, see Chapter 7: User Subroutines in
this manual.
4. The following commands:
GPEXOUT (DYTRAN_EXT_GP)
GRIDS (DYTRAN_EXT_GP) = 3
SET, 3, 1 THRU 35.
STEPS (DYTRAN_EXT_GP) = 5, 10, 15
cause the GPEXOUT user subroutine to be called at time steps 5, 10, and 15 for grid points 1
through 35 with the user-supplied name DYTRAN_EXT_GP.
GPOUT 83
Grid Point Data to be Output
GPOUT Grid Point Data to be Output
Indicates the grid point results to be written to an output file.

GPOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2, var3,... No data is written.
GPOUT (OUTPUT1) XVEL, XFORCE
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the grid-point output is written. C
Remarks
1. The grid points for which data is written are specified using theGRIDS command. The grid-point
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the GPOUT command. If the GPOUT command
exceeds 80 characters, a second GPOUT command (with the same logical_file name) can
be used as follows:
GPOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
GPOUT (logical_file) = var 3
84 GRIDS
Grid Points to be Output
GRIDS Grid Points to be Output
Defines the grid points for which results are to be output to a file.

GRIDS (logical_file) = n No grid-point output.
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the grid-point output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for grid points that appear in the I>0
set are output.
Remarks
2. The grid point results to be written are specified using the GPOUT command. The grid point
HIC 85
Head Injury Criteria Calculation
HIC Head Injury Criteria Calculation
Calculate Head Injury Criteria (HIC) value, its time duration and resultants from head acceleration time
history curve, by means of the maximum of an integral with variable limits. Two different definitions are
used in HIC calculation: unlimited time envelope and a limited time envelope.

HIC, NAME, TARGET, SID, HIC TYPE, SAMPLE, THSOUT All are required.
HIC, ELL01, ELLIPS, 10, 0.036, 1.E-4, NO
Option Meaning Type

NAME Unique HIC name C
TARGET Target type of HIC. The Name or ID number of the target will be defined C
in SID entry.
ELLIPS Ellipsoid
GRID Grid point
RIGID Rigid
SID Unique SET or SETC number I>0
HIC TYPE The definition of HIC calculation. If a limited time envelope is chosen C or
then this entry provides the range of time envelope. R>0
UNLIMITED unlimited time envelope
REAL VALUE value indicates the range of time
SAMPLE Dytran sampling rate (in seconds). This value determines the time step R>0
where the head acceleration will be stored and used for HIC calculation.
THSOUT Option to write time history curve file. C
YES Time history file will be written with HIC name
NO No time history curve file
86 HIC
Head Injury Criteria Calculation
Remarks
1. The summary of HIC calculation will be written to *.OUT file
2. If the sampling rate (SAMPLE) is close to the delta time step of Dytran, then a warning message
is written to the *.OUT file of suspicious HIC values.
3. The value of the gravity used by the HIC calculations has to be set by the parameter HICGRAV.
When this value is not set, a warning message is issued and the default value of 9.80665 is used.
INCLUDE 87
Starts Reading of a New File
INCLUDE Starts Reading of a New File
Switches reading of the input data to another file. Once that file has been read, processing returns to the
original file immediately after the INCLUDE file.

INCLUDE filename Read .dat file.
INCLUDE INPUT.DAT
Option Meaning Type

filename The name of the new input file to be used. The name must be appropriate C
to the machine on which Dytran is executing.
Remarks
1. The file must be present in the working area where Dytran is executing.
2. BEGIN BULK and ENDDATA may be included in an INCLUDE file.
88 MATBOUT
MATBX Data to be Output
MATBOUT MATBX Data to be Output
Indicates the matbx results to be written to an output file.

MATBOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2,... No data is written.
MATBOUT (OUTPUT1) = XMOM, YMOM
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the material output is written. C
Running the Analysis, Outputting Results, MATOUT —
Material Results.
Remarks
1. The boxes for which data is written are specified using the MATBX command. The MATBX results
that can be requested for output are listed in the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
Analysis, Time Histories for Boxes. All Eulerian element variables can be requested. In most
cases, results are the mass weighted average of all element values that are inside a box. Exceptions
are MASS, ENER, XMOM, YMOM, ZMOM. These are not averaged but simply accumulated. Material
Fractions are weighted with the uncovered volume of the elements inside the box. The uncovered
volume fraction FVUNC is weighted with total element volume.
Analysis, Time Histories for Boxes.
4. MATBX data can only be written to time-history files.
5. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the MATBOUT command. If the MATBOUT
command exceeds 80 characters, a second MATBOUT command (with the same logical_file
name) can be used as follows:
MATBOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
MATBOUT (logical_file) = var 3
MATBX 89
Boxes to be Output
MATBX Boxes to be Output
Defines the boxes for which results are to be output to a file.

MATBX (logical_file) = n No element data is written.
MATBX (TH3) = 10
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the MATBX output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for elements that appear in the I>0
set are output.
Remarks
1. For a description of how to output results, see the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
Analysis, Time Histories for Boxes.
2. The box results written are specified using the MATBOUT command. The element results that can
be output are listed in the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Time Histories
for Boxes.
3. For each box, it is determined which elements are inside the box. Elements that are only partially
inside a box will also be partially be taken into account.
4. MATBX is only available for Eulerian elements and fully supports multiple coupling surfaces.
5. MATBX can be seen as a CHEXA marker. For non-orthogonal meshes, markers are not supported
and MATBX is then a good alternative. There are no limits on the volume of the box, so the box
can be chosen small such that matbx resembles a marker. Defining many MATBX entries will not
significantly increase simulation times.
7. An example is given below
TYPE (ARCMATBX) = TIMEHIS
MATBOUT (ARCMATBX) = DENSITY4,DENSITY4,MASS100,MASS100,
XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,FMAT4,FMAT100,PRESSURE
MATBX (ARCMATBX) = 70
SET 70 = 50,60
STEPS (ARCMATBX) = 0,THRU,END,BY,1
SAVE (ARCMATBX) = 99999
BOX,50,,0.5625,-1,9.68,3.75,2,0.93
BOX,60,,0.5625,-1,4.35,3.75,2,0.93
90 MATOUT
Material Data to be Output
MATOUT Material Data to be Output
Indicates the material results to be written to an output file.

MATOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2,... No data is written.
MATOUT (OUTPUT1) = XMOM, YMOM
Option Meaning Type

Running the Analysis, Outputting Results, MATOUT —
Material Results.
Remarks
1. The materials for which data is written are specified using the MATS command. The material
Analysis, Outputting Results,MATOUT — Material Results.
Analysis, Outputting Results, MATOUT — Material Results .
4. Material data can only be written to time-history files.
5. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the MATOUT command. If the MATOUT command
exceeds 80 characters, a second MATOUT command (with the same logical_file name) can
be used as follows:
MATOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
MATOUT (logical_file) = var 3
MATS 91
Materials to be Output
MATS Materials to be Output
Defines the materials for which results are to be output to a file.

MATS (logical_file) = n No material output.
MATS (MAT19) = 19
Option Meaning Type

n Number of a SET command. Only data for materials that appear in the I>0
set are output.
Remarks
2. The material results to be written are specified using the MATOUT command. The material results
that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
4. Material results can only be written to time-history files.
92 PARAM
Parameter Specification
PARAM Parameter Specification
Defines the values for the parameters that are used during the analysis

PARAM, name, value See Chapter 6: Parameters in this manual
PARAM, INISTEP, 1.E-7
Option Meaning Type

name Parameter name C
value Value associated with name I, R,
C
Remark
This command is normally used in the Bulk Data Section. A list of parameters that can be set, along with
the parameter names and values, is given in Chapter 6: Parameters of this manual.
PLANES 93
Rigid Planes to be Output
PLANES Rigid Planes to be Output
Defines the rigid planes for which results to be output to a file.

PLANES (logical_file) = n No rigid-plane output.
PLANES (OUTPUT1) = 170
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the rigid plane output is written. C
n Number of a SETC command. Only data for rigid planes that appear in I>0
the set are output.
Remarks
1. The rigid planes results to be written are specified using the PLNOUT — Rigid Plane Results
command. The rigid planes results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s
Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
4. A SETC is used to enable output for rigid planes obtained from MADYMO.
5. Rigid plane data can only be written to archive files. See also the TYPE FMS statement.
94 PLNOUT
Rigid Plane Data to be Output
PLNOUT Rigid Plane Data to be Output
Indicates the rigid plane results to be written to an output file

PLNOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2 No data is written.
PLNOUT (OUTPUT1) = GEOMETRY
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the rigid plane output is written. C
vari Variable name to be output. See Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, C
Outputting Results.
Remarks
1. The rigid planes for which data is written are specified using the PLANES command. The rigid
plane results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
4. The keyword GEOMETRY causes a mesh to be placed on the rigid planes for visualization
purposes in the postprocessor.
5. Plane output can only be used for ARCHIVE output requests.
6. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the PLNOUT command. If the PLNOUT
command exceeds 80 characters, a second PLNOUT (with the same logical_file name) can
be used as follows:
PLNOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
PLNOUT (logical_file) = var 3
RBOUT 95
Rigid Body Data to be Output
RBOUT Rigid Body Data to be Output
Indicates the rigid body results to be written to an output file.

RBOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2 No data is written.
RBOUT (OUTPUT1) = XVEL, YVEL, XAVEL, YAVEL, ZAVEL
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the rigid body output is written. C
Remarks
1. The rigid bodies for which data is written are specified using the RIGIDS command. The rigid
body results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
4. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the RBOUT command. If the RBOUT command
exceeds 80 characters, a second RBOUT (with the same logical_file name) can be used
as follows:
RBOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
RBOUT (logical_file) = var 3
96 RELOUT
Rigid Ellipsoid Data to be Output
RELOUT Rigid Ellipsoid Data to be Output
Indicates the rigid ellipsoid results to be written to an output file.

RELOUT (logical_file) = var1, var2 No data is written.
RELOUT (OUTPUT1) = GEOMETRY
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the rigid ellipsoid output is written. C
Running the Analysis, Outputting Results, RELOUT — Rigid Ellipsoid
Results.
Remarks
1. The rigid ellipsoids for which data is written are specified using the RELS command. The rigid
ellipsoid results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
Running the Analysis, Outputting Results, RELOUT — Rigid Ellipsoid Results.
Analysis, Outputting Results, RELOUT — Rigid Ellipsoid Results.
4. The keyword GEOMETRY causes a mesh to be placed on the rigid ellipsoids for visualization
purposes in the postprocessor. This keyword can be used only with archive files.
5. Continuation lines are not allowed when using the RELOUT command. If the RELOUT command
exceeds 80 characters, a second RELOUT command (with the same logical_file name) can
be used as follows:
RELOUT (logical_file) = var 1, var 2
RELOUT (logical_file) = var 3
RELS 97
Rigid Ellipsoids to be Output
RELS Rigid Ellipsoids to be Output
Defines the rigid ellipsoids for which results are to be output to a file.

RELS (logical_file) = n No rigid-ellipsoid output.
RELS (FILE_REL) = 170
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the rigid ellipsoid output is written. C
n Number of a SETC command. Only data for rigid ellipsoids that appear I>0
in the set are output.
Remarks
2. The rigid ellipsoid results to be written are specified using the RELOUT command. The rigid-
ellipsoid results that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
4. A SETC is used to enable output for rigid ellipsoids obtained from MADYMO or ATB.
98 RIGIDS
Rigid Bodies to be Output
RIGIDS Rigid Bodies to be Output
Defines the rigid bodies for which results are to be output to a file.

RIGIDS(logical_file) = n No rigid-body output.
RIGIDS (TH5Z) = 32
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the user output is written.
n Number of a SET command. Only data for rigid bodies that appear in the I > 0
set are output.
Remarks
2. The rigid-body results to be written are specified using the RBOUT command. The rigid-body
3. The SET can refer to a RIGID surface (id), a MATRIG (MR<id>), or an RBE2-FULLRIG
(FR<id>).
SET 99
Set Definition
SET Set Definition
Defines a list of grid points, elements, etc., for which output is required.

SET n = i1,[, i2, i3 THRU i4 BY i5] Required
SET 77 = 5
SET 88 = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 THRU 55 BY 3
15, 16, 77, 78, 79, 100 THRU 300 BY 2
SET 99 = 1 THRU 100000
SET 44 = ALLSHQUAD
Option Meaning Type

n Set number. I>0
i1, i2 etc. Element or grid-point number at which the output is requested. I>0
i3 THRU i4 BY i5 Output at numbers i3 to i4 (i4 > i3) with an increment of i5. I > 0
ALLSHQUAD Data is output for all entities associated with quadrilateral shell C
elements or grid points. (CQUAD4)
ALLSHTRIA Data is output for all entities associated with triangular shell C
elements or grid points. (CTRIA3)
ALLMEMTRIA Data is output for all entities associated with triangular membrane C
elements or grid points. (CTRIA3)
ALLLAGSOLID Data is output for all entities associated with Lagrangian solid C
elements or grid points.
ALLEULHYDRO Data is output for all entities associated with hydrodynamic C
Eulerian elements or grid points.
ALLEULSTRENGTH Data is output for all entities associated with Eulerian elements or C
grid points with shear strength.
ALLDUMQUAD Data is output for all entities associated with dummy CQUAD4 C
ALLDUMTRIA Data is output for all entities associated with dummy CTRIA3 C
ALLMULTIEULHYDRO Data is output for all entities associated with hydrodynamic C
Eulerian multimaterial elements or grid points.
ALLMULTIEULSTREN Data is output for all entities associated with C
Eulerian multimaterial elements or grid points with
shear strength.
100 SET
Set Definition
Option Meaning Type

ALLELEM1D Data is output for all entities associated with one-dimensional C
ALLELEMENTS Data is output for all entities associated with all elements. C
ALLGRIDPOINTS Data is output for all entities associated with all grid points. C
ALLCONTACTS Data is output for all entities associated with all contacts. C
ALLCSECS Data is output for all entities associated with all cross sections. C
Remarks
1. A SET command may occupy more than one line in the input file. A comma (,) at the end of a line
signifies that the next line is a continuation. Commas cannot end a set.
2. The keyword BY does not have to be used when specifying an i1 THRU i2 range since the
assumed default is 1.
SETC 101
List of Names
SETC List of Names
Defines a list of names (character strings) that are used to specify what output is required.

SETC n = name1, name2, name3,name4 Required.
SETC 10 = HUB, RIM, FLOW200, ALE2
Option Meaning Type

n SETC number. I>0
namei Character string. C
Remarks
1. A SETC command may occupy more than one line of the input file. A comma (,) at the end of a
line signifies that the next line is a continuation. Commas cannot end a set.
2. This SETC may be referred to from outside the Case Control Section.
3. The length of the character string must be 16 characters or less.
4. The RELS command uses the SETC instead of the normal SET1, enabling the user to specify
character strings rather than integers.
102 SGAUGES
Surface Gauges to be Stored
SGAUGES Surface Gauges to be Stored
Defines the surface gauges for which results are to be output to a file.

SGAUGES (logical_file) = n No surface gauge data is output.
SGAUGES (SG12) = 245
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the surface gauge output is written. C
n Number of a SET command. Only data for surface gauges that appear in I>0
the set are output.
Remarks
2. The frequency of the output is controlled using the TIMES or STEPS command.
3. Surface gauge data can only be written to time-history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement).
SPC 103
Single Point Constraint Set Selection
SPC Single Point Constraint Set Selection
Selects the single-point constraints to be used.

SPC = n No SPCs are used.
SPC = 100
Option Meaning Type

n Number of a set of SPC, SPC1, SPC2, and SPC3 entries to be used. I>0
Remark
Single point constraints are not used by Dytran unless they are selected in the Case Control Section.
104 STEPS
Time Steps at which Data is Written
STEPS Time Steps at which Data is Written
Defines the time steps at which data is written to an output file

.

STEPS (logical_file) = i1, [i2, i3, THRU, i4, BY, i5] Required
STEPS (OUTPUT1) = 0, THRU, END, BY, 100
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the user output is written. C
i1, i2, etc. Time steps at which output is required. I
i3,THRU, i4 BY, i5 Time steps i3 to i4 using an increment i5 (i4 > i3). I
Remarks
1. The keyword END can be used to indicate the end of the calculation.
2. The TIMES command can be used instead to control the output using the values of time.
4. A list of steps should be in ascending order.
SUBSOUT 105
Subsurface Data to be Output
SUBSOUT Subsurface Data to be Output
Indicates the subsurface results that are to be written to an output file.

SUBSOUT(logical_file) var1, var2, var3...
SUBSOUT(SUBSURF) TEMPTURE, MSFR, PRESSURE
Option Meaning
logical_file The logical name of the file to which the subsurface output is written.
vari Variable name to be output.
Remarks
1. The subsurfaces for which data is written are specified using the SUBOUT command. The
subsurface data that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
4. Subsurface output data can only be written to a time history files. (See theTYPE FMS statement.)
106 SUBSURFS
Subsurfaces to be Stored
SUBSURFS Subsurfaces to be Stored
Defines the subsurfaces for which results are to be written to a file.

SUBSURFS (logical_file) N
SUBSURFS (SUBSURF) 14
Option Meaning
n Number of a SET command. Only data for GBAG or COUPLING
subsurfaces that appear in the set are output.
Remarks
2. The results are specified using the SUBSOUT command. The subsurf data that can be requested
for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
4. Subsurface output data can only be written to a time history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement).
5. The SUBSURFACEs specified in the SET command need to be part of a SURFACE referenced by
a COUPLE or GBAG entry.
SURFACES 107
Surfaces to be Stored
SURFACES Surfaces to be Stored
Defines the surfaces for which results are to be written to a file.

SURFACES(logical_file) N
SURFACES(SURF_1) 14
Option Meaning
logical_file The logical name of the file to which the surface output is written.
n Number of a SET command. Only data for GBAG or COUPLING
surfaces that appear in the set are output.
Remarks
2. The results are specified using the SURFOUT command. The subsurf data that can be requested
for output is listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Outputting Results.
4. Surface output data can only be written to a time history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement).
5. The SURFACEs specified in the SET command need to be referenced by a COUPLE or
GBAG entry.
108 SURFOUT
Surface Data to be Output
SURFOUT Surface Data to be Output
Indicates the surface results that are to be written to an output file.

SURFOUT(logical_file) var1, var2, var3...
SURFOUT(SURF_1) TEMPTURE, MSFR, PRESSURE
Option Meaning
vari Variable name to be output.
Remarks
1. The surfaces for which data is written are specified using the SURFACES command. The surface
data that can be requested for output are listed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the
4. Surface output data can only be written to a time history files. (See the TYPE FMS statement.)
TIC 109
Transient Initial Condition Selection
TIC Transient Initial Condition Selection
Selects the transient initial conditions to be used.

TIC = n No initial conditions are applied.
TIC = 42
Option Meaning Type

n Number of a set of TIC, TIC1, TIC2, TICGP, or TICEL I>0
to be used.
Remark
Initial conditions are not used by Dytran unless they are selected in the Case Control Section.
110 TIMES
Times at which Data is Written
TIMES Times at which Data is Written
Defines the times at which data is to be written to an output file.

TIMES (logical_file) = t1, [t2, t3, THRU, t4, BY, t5] Required.
TIMES (OUTPUT1) = 0.0, THRU, 5.0, BY, 0.5, 0.6, THRU, END, BY, 0.03
TIMES (ARC) = 1.0E-3, 3.0E-3, 7.-3
Option Meaning Type

logical_file The logical name of the file to which the user output is written. C
t1, t2, etc. Times at which output is required. R
t3, THRU, t4 BY, t5 Times t3 to t4 using an increment t5 (t4 > t3). R
Remarks
1. The keyword END can be used to indicate the end of the calculation.
2. The STEPS command can be used instead to control the output using the time-step numbers.
4. A list of times should be in ascending order.
TITLE 111
Output Title
TITLE Output Title
Defines the title for the Analysis

TITLE = string No title
TITLE = ANALYSIS - run 13
Option Meaning Type

string A string of up to 72 alphanumeric characters giving a title for C
the analysis.
Remark
The title is written to the output files for use in postprocessing.
112 TLOAD
Transient Load Selection
TLOAD Transient Load Selection
Selects the transient loading to be applied.

TLOAD = n No loads are applied.
TLOAD = 2
Option Meaning Type

n Number of a set of TLOAD1 or TLOAD2 entries. I>0
Remark
Loads, pressures, flow boundaries, and enforced motion are not used by Dytran unless they are selected
in the Case Control Section.
Chapter 5: Bulk Data Entry Descriptions
5 Bulk Data Entry Descriptions
 Overview 123

Format of Bulk Data Entries 124

Bulk Data Summary 127
 Bulk Data Descriptions 137

$ 138

ACTIVE 139
 ALE 141

ALEGRID 142
 ALEGRID1 145
 ATBACC 147
 ATBJNT 148

ATBSEG 151
 BEGIN BULK 153
 BIAS 154

BJOIN 156
 BODYFOR 160

BOFYFR1 162

BOX 164
 BOX1 165

CBAR 166

CBEAM 168

CDAMP1 170

CDAMP2 172

CELAS1 174

CELAS2 176
 CFACE 178

CFACE1 180

CHEXA 181
 CMARKB2 183

CMARKN1 184

CONM2 185
 CONTACT 186

CONTFORC 205

CONTINI 207
 CONTREL 209

CORD1C 210
 CORD1R 212
 CORD1S 214
 CORD2C 216

CORD2R 218
 CORD2S 220
 CORD3R 222

CORD4R 224
 CORDROT 226

COUHTR 227

COUINFL 229
 COUOPT 231
 COUP1FL 233
Chapter 5: Bulk Data Entry Descriptions 115

COUP1INT 234

COUPLE 235

COUPLE1 239

COUPOR 241

CPENTA 246

CQUAD4 247
 CROD 249

CSEG 250

CSPR 251
 CTETRA 252

CTRIA3 253

CVISC 255
 CYLINDER 256

DAREA 257

DETSPH 258
 DMAT 259

DMATEL 261
 DMATEP 263
 DMATOR 264
 DYMAT14 267

DYMAT24 270
 DYMAT25 272
 DYMAT26 274

ENDDATA 278
 EOSEX 279

EOSEX1 280

EOSGAM 281
 EOSIG 283
 EOSJWL 289

EOSMG 291

EOSPOL 293

EOSTAIT 296

FABRIC 298

FAILEST 302

FAILEX 303
 FAILEX1 304

FAILEX2 305

FAILJC 306
 FAILMES 308

FAILMPS 309

FAILPRS 310
 FAILSDT 311

FFCONTR 312

FLOW 314
 FLOWC 316

FLOWCDR 318
 FLOWCSQ 321
 FLOWDEF 324
 FLOWDIR 326

FLOWEX 328
 FLOWSQ 330
 FLOWT 332

FLOWTSQ 335
 FOAM1 338

FOAM2 340

FORCE 343
 FORCE1 344
 FORCE2 345

FORCE3 346

FORCEEX 348

GBAG 349

GBAGC 357

GBAGCOU 360

GBAGHTR 361
 GBAGINFL 363

GBAGPOR 365

GRAV 368
 GRDSET 369

GRID 370

GROFFS 371
 HGSUPPR 372

HTRCONV 375

HTRRAD 376
 HYDSTAT 377

IGNORE 379
 INCLUDE 380
 INFLATR 381
 INFLATR1 383

INFLCG 385
 INFLFRAC 387
 INFLGAS 388

INFLHYB 390
 INFLHYB1 391

INFLTANK 392

INITGAS 394
 JOIN 395
 KJOIN 396

MADGRP 397

MAT1 398

MAT2 399

MAT8 400

MAT8A 401

MATINI 405
 MATRIG 407

MESH 410

MOMENT 418
 MOMENT1 419

MOMENT2 420

NASINIT 421
 PARAM 422

PBAR 423

PBCOMP 424
 PBEAM 426

PBEAM1 428
 PBEAM1 432
 PBEAM1 434
 PBEAML 439

PBELT 442
 PCOMP 444
 PCOMPA 446

PDAMP 448
 PELAS 449

PELAS1 450

PELASEX 451
 PERMEAB 453
 PERMGBG 455

PEULER 456

PEULER1 458

PLOAD 459

PLOAD4 460

PLOADEX 462

PMARKER 463
 PMINC 464

POREX 466

PORFCPL 467
 PORFGBG 468

PORFLCPL 469

PORFLGBG 470
 PORFLOW 472

PORFLOWT 474

PORHOLE 477
 PORHYDST 478

PORLHOLE 479
 PROD 481
 PSHELL 482
 PSHELL1 484

PSOLID 487
 PSPR 489
 PSPR1 490

PSPREX 491
 PVISC 492

PVISC1 493

PVISCEX 494
 PWELD 495
 PWELD1 498

PWELD2 502

RBC3 505

RBE2 507

RBHINGE 509

RCONN 510

RCONREL 513
 RELEX 514

RELLIPS 516

RFORCE 517
 RIGID 518

RJCYL 519

RJPLA 521
 RJREV 523

RJSPH 525

RJTRA 527
 RJUNI 529

RPLEX 531
 RUBBER1 533
 SECTION 535
 SET1 536

SETC 537
 SETTING 538
 SHEETMAT 540

SHREL 544
 SHREX 545

SHRLVE 546

SHRPOL 548
 SPC 549
 SPC1 550

SPC2 551

SPC3 553

SPHERE 555

SUBSURF 556

SURFACE 558

TABFILE 560
 TABLED1 561

TABLEEX 563

TIC 564
 TIC1 565

TIC2 566

TIC3 567
 TICEEX 569

TICEL 570

TICEUL 571
 TICGEX 573

TICGP 574
 TICVAL 575
 TLOAD1 577
 TLOAD2 579

VISCDMP 581
 WALL 583
 WALLDIR 585

WALLET 586
 YLDEX 587

YLDEX1 588

YLDHY 589
 YLDJC 590
 YLDMC 592

YLDMSS 593

YLDPOL 595

YLDRPL 596

YLDSG 597

YLDTM 599

YLDVM 601
 YLDZA 604
Overview
Overview
The Bulk Data Section of the input file contains all the data to fully describe the analysis model, including
the geometry, topology, constraints, and loading. This section must begin with a BEGIN BULK entry.
Thereafter, entries can appear in any order except that continuation lines must follow the entry from
which they are referenced. Entries can be numbered in any manner that is convenient. Gaps in the
numbering are allowed. The input file must finish with an ENDDATA entry.
Many of the entries are the same as those used for MD Nastran. However, sometimes not all the fields
are used for Dytran. If data occurs in the unused fields, a User Warning Message is issued and the excess
data is ignored, see Chapter 1: Introduction, Similarity with MD Nastran in this manual. Similarly, any MD
Nastran entry that is not used by Dytran is ignored.
Format of Bulk Data Entries

A Bulk Data entry consists of one or more lines in the input file. The first line starts with a mnemonic
that identifies the entry and is called the parent entry. Any other lines are called continuations. Each line
can be in free or fixed format. In free format, the fields can appear anywhere on the line and are separated
by commas. With fixed format, each field must be located in a set part of the line. There are two types of
fixed format: small and large. Small format consists of ten fields, each of which has eight characters. The
entire entry is defined on a single line of the input file. Large format splits the entry so that it occupies
two lines of the input file. Each line consists of one field of eight characters, four fields of sixteen
characters, and one of eight characters. Small- and large-format entries must be in fixed format, that is,
the data must be entirely within the columns that make up the field.
Free and fixed field lines can be freely mixed in the input file so, for example, a fixed format entry can
have a free format continuation, or vice versa.
The first field of each Bulk Data entry contains a mnemonic that identifies the type of entry. Fields 2
through 9 contain data, while field 10 is used for a continuation identifier or for user comment if there
are no continuation lines. The mnemonic must start in column one of the first field.
Fields 2 through 9 are for data items. The only limitations on data items are that they cannot have
embedded blanks and must be of the proper type; that is, blank, Integer, Real, or Character. A blank is
interpreted as a real default value. Real numbers may be encoded in various ways. For example, the real
number 7.0 may be encoded as 7.0, .7E1, 0.7+1, 70.–1, 7+0, 7, etc. Character data values consist of one
to eight alphanumeric characters, the first of which must be alphabetic.
In the case of continuation lines, the first character of Field 10 must contain a +, and the first character
of Field 1 on the next line must contain a +.
Free Field Format

With free field input, the position of the data items on the line is irrelevant. The mnemonic and data items
must be separated by commas. For example:
GRID, 7, 0, 0.0, 1.0, 3.7569
Free-field entries must start in column one; data fields can consist of any number of characters as long as
the whole entry fits on one line of 80 characters.
A field may be left blank by entering two commas with or without spaces between them:
GRID, 7, , 0.0, 1.0, 3.7569
Only those fields containing data need be entered. All the extra fields are given their default values. In
the example above, only six fields have been entered, so the last four are set to the default.
Small Field, Fixed Format Entry

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
The small-field, fixed-format entry consists of a single line in the input file containing 80 characters and
comprising 10 fields, each of which has eight characters. The data in each field must lie completely
within the designated columns.
Large Field, Fixed Format Entry

The small-field format should be adequate for most applications. Occasionally, however, the input is
generated by another computer program or is available in a form where a wider field is desirable. For
these cases, the larger field format with a 16-character data field is provided. Two lines of the input file
are used as indicated:
1a 2 3 4 5 6a
8 16 16 16 16 8
1b 2 3 4 5 6b
8 16 16 16 16 8
The large field format is denoted by placing the symbol * after the mnemonic in Field 1a and a + as the
first character of Field 10a. The second line contains the symbol * in column one. The second line may,
in turn, be used to point to a large or small field continuation line, depending on whether the continuation
line contains the symbol * (for a large field) or the symbol + (for a small field) in column one. The use
of multiple and large field lines is illustrated in the following examples:
Small Field Entry with Small-Field Continuation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TYPE +
+
Large Field Entry

TYPE* +
+
Large Field Entry with Large Field Continuation

TYPE* +
* +
* +
*
Large Field Entry Followed by a Small Field Continuation and a Large

Field Continuation
TYPE* +
* +
+ +
* +
+
Small-Field Entry with Large Field Continuation

TYPE +
+ +
*
Bulk Data Summary
Bulk Data Summary

This section contains a summary of all the Bulk Data entries under the following subsections:
• Geometry
• Lagrangian and Eulerian Elements
• Constitutive Models
• Rigid Bodies
• Lagrangian Constraints
• Lagrangian Loading
• Eulerian Loading and Constraints
• Euler/Lagrange Coupling
• Miscellaneous
Geometry
Grid Points
GRID Grid-point location, coordinate system selection.
GRDSET Default options for GRID entries.
GROFFS Grid-point offset in the local coordinate system.
CONM2 Concentrated grid-point mass and/or inertia.
Coordinate Systems
CORD1R,CORD2R Rectangular coordinate system definition
CORD1C, CORD2C Cylindrical coordinate system definition
CORD1S, CORD2S Spherical coordinate system definition
CORD3R Moving rectangular coordinate system definition, form 1
CORD4R Moving rectangular coordinate system definition, form 2
CORDROT Corotational frame definition
Mesh Generation
MESH Mesh generator
Bulk Data Summary
Lagrangian Elements
Solid Elements
CHEXA Connection definition for brick element with eight grid points
CPENTA Connection definition for wedge element with six grid points
CTETRA Connection definition for tetrahedron element with four grid points
PSOLID Property definition for CHEXA, CPENTA, CPENTA
Surface Elements
CQUAD4 Connection definition for a quadrilateral shell element with four grid points
CTRIA3 Connection definition for a triangular shell or membrane element with three grid points
PSHELL Property definition for CQUAD4 and CTRIA3
PSHELL1 Extended property definition for CQUAD4and CTRIA3
PCOMP Layered composite element property
PCOMPA Additional data for layered composite element property
1-D Elements
CBAR Connection definition for a line element with two grid points
CBEAM Connection definition for a line element with two grid points
CROD Connection definition for a line element with two grid points
CDAMP1 Connection definition for a scalar damper element with two grid points
CDAMP2 Connection definition for a linear damper element with two grid points
CELAS1 Connection definition for a scalar spring element with two grid points
CELAS2 Connection and property definition for a scalar spring element with two grid points
CSPR Connection definition for spring element with two grid points
CVISC Connection definition for a viscous damper element with two grid points
PBAR Property definition for a CBAR element
PBEAM Property definition for CBAR and CBEAM
PBEAM1 Extended property definition for CBARand CBEAM
PBEAML Complex property definition forCBAR and CBEAM by cross-sectional dimensions
PBELT Property definition for a seat belt element defined by CROD
PDAMP Property definition forCDAMP1 and CDAMP2
PELAS Property definition for CELASn
PELAS1 Property definition on nonlinear elastic springs for CELASn
PELASEX Property definition for CELASn with user subroutines
Bulk Data Summary
PROD Property definition forCROD

PSPR Property definition for CSPR
PSPR1 Property definition for nonlinear CSPR
PSPREX Property definition for CSPR with user subroutines
PVISC Property definition for CVISC
PVISC1 Property definition for nonlinear CVISC
PVISCEX Property definition for CVISC with user subroutines
PWELD Property definition for spot welds with failure
PWELD1 Property definition for skin-stringer delamination (shell beam)
PWELD2 Property definition for sandwich structure delamination (solid shell)
Eulerian Elements
Solid Elements
CHEXA Connection definition for a brick element with eight grid points
CPENTA Connection definition for a wedge element with six grid points
CTETRA Connection definition for a tetrahedral element with four grid points
PEULER Property definition for CHEXA, CPENTA CTETRA
PEULER1 Property definition for CHEXA, CPENTA, CTETRA using geometrical regions
Constitutive Models
DMAT General constitutive model
DMATEL Isotropic elastic material properties
DMATEP Elastic or elastoplastic material properties
DMATOR Orthotropic material properties
DYMAT14 Soil and crushable foam material properties
DYMAT24 Piecewise linear plasticity material properties, with strain rate dependent plasticity
DYMAT25 Kinematic hardening Cap material properties
DYMAT26 Orthotropic crushable material properties used to model composites
FABRIC Bi-directional woven fabric material properties
FOAM1 Crushable foam material properties
FOAM2 Crushable foam material properties
MAT1 Linear-isotropic material properties
MAT2 Anisotropic material properties
Bulk Data Summary
MAT8 Orthotropic elastic material properties used to model composites

MAT8A Failure properties for orthotropic material properties
RUBBER1 Mooney-Rivlin model for rubber-like materials
SHEETMAT Anisotropic plasticity material used in sheet metal forming simulations
Yield Models
YLDHY Hydrodynamic yield properties
YLDVM von Mises yield properties
YLDJC Johnson-Cook yield properties
YLDMC Mohr-Coulomb yield properties
YLDTM Tanimura-Mimura yield properties
YLDZA Zerilli-Armstrong yield properties
YLDRPL Rate power law yield properties
YLDMSS Snow material yield properties
YLDPOL Polynomial yield properties
YLDEX User-defined yield properties
Shear Models
SHREL Elastic shear properties
SHRLVE Isotropic linear viscoelastic shear properties
SHRPOL Polynomial shear properties
SHREX User-defined shear properties
Equations of State
EOSPOL Polynomial equation of state
EOSJWL JWL explosive equation of state
EOSGAM Gamma law equation of state
EOSTAIT Equation of state based on Tait model
EOSEX Equation of state defined by user subroutines
EOSIG Ignition and growth equation of state
Detonation Models
DETSPH Spherical detonation wave
Bulk Data Summary
Failure Models
FAILEST Maximum equivalent stress and minimum time-step failure model
FAILEX Failure model defined by user subroutines
FAILEX1 Extended failure model defined by user subroutines
FAILMES Maximum equivalent stress failure model
FAILMPS Maximum plastic strain failure model
FAILPRS Maximum pressure failure model
FAILSDT Maximum plastic strain and minimum time-step failure model
Spallation Models
PMINC Constant spallation pressure properties
Rigid Bodies
MATRIG Rigid-body properties
RBE2 Rigid-body element
RELEX MADYMO or ATB ellipsoid to be used with Dytran
RPLEX MADYMO planes to be used in Dytran
RELLIPS Analytical rigid ellipsoid
RIGID Rigid-body properties
SURFACE Geometry of a rigid body
ATB Interface
ATBACC Acceleration field applied to ATB segments
ATBJNT Interface to ATB joints
ATBSEG Interface to ATB segments
Lagrangian Constraints
Single-Point Constraints
GRDSET Includes the default for single-point constraints on the GRID entry
GRID Includes the single-point constraint definition (permanentSPCs)
SPC Single-point constraint to put velocity components to zero
SPC1 Single-point constraint to put velocity components to zero
Bulk Data Summary
SPC2 Rotational velocity constraint

SPC3 Single-point constraint to put velocity components to zero in a local
coordinate system
Contact Surfaces
CONTACT Defines contact between Lagrangian objects
CONTINI Defines initialization of contact state between two subsurfaces
CONTREL Defines rigid-ellipsoid contact with Lagrangian grid points or rigid bodies
SURFACE Defines a multifaceted surface
SUBSURF Defines a multifaceted subsurface
CSEG Defines segments of a surface
CFACE Defines segments of a surface
CFACE1 Defines segments of a surface
Connections
JOIN Defines a rigid connection between grid points of 1-D, shell, and solids
BJOIN Defines a breakable rigid connection between grid points of 1-D and
shell elements
KJOIN Defines the kinematic join of shell and solid grid points
RCONN Defines a rigid connection between two surfaces
RCONREL Defines a connection with rigid ellipsoids for grids and surfaces
RJCYL Cylindrical-joint constraint between rigid bodies
RJPLA Planar-joint constraint between rigid bodies
RJREV Revolute-joint constraint between rigid bodies
RJSPH Spherical-joint constraint between rigid bodies
RJTRA Translational-joint constraint between rigid bodies
RJUNII Universal-joint constraint between rigid bodies
Rigid Walls
WALL Defines a rigid wall for grid points
Bulk Data Summary
Rigid Body Constraints

RBC3 Three-point constraint on a rigid body
FORCE Concentrated load or enforced translational velocity
MOMENT Concentrated moment or enforced rotational velocity
Lagrangian Loading
Transient Loading
TLOAD1 Defines the transient load
TLOAD2 Defines the transient time-varying load
DAREA Defines the position and scale factor of a concentrated load
FORCE Defines the position and scale factor of a concentrated force
FORCE1 Defines a follower force, form 1
FORCE2 Defines a follower force, form 2
MOMENT Defines the position and scale factor of a concentrated moment
MOMENT1 Defines a follower moment, form 1
MOMENT2 Defines a follower moment, form 2
PLOAD Defines the position and scale factor of a pressure load
PLOAD4 Defines the position and scale factor of a pressure load
PLOADEX Defines a pressure load of which the magnitude is specified by a user subroutine
RFORCE Defines the centrifugal load
GRAV Defines the gravitational load
Enforced Motion
TLOAD1 Defines the transient enforced motion
TLOAD2 Defines the transient time-varying enforced motion
DAREA Defines the direction and scale factor of motion
FORCE Defines the direction and scale factor of motion
FORCE3 Defines the direction and scale factor of motion in local coordinate systems
FORCEEX Enforced translational velocity defined by user subroutines
MOMENT Defines the direction and scale factor of motion
Bulk Data Summary
Initial Conditions
TIC Defines transient initial velocities of grid points
TIC1 Defines transient initial velocities of grid points
TIC2 Defines an initial rotational velocity field for grid points
TICEL Defines the transient initial conditions of element variables
TICGP Defines the transient initial conditions of grid point variables
TICEEX Transient initial conditions of element variables defined by user subroutines
TICGEX Transient initial conditions of grid-point variables by a user-written subroutine
Eulerian Loading and Constraints

Single-Point Constraints
ALEGRID Defines the motion of Eulerian grid points
SPC Single-point constraint to put velocities of ALEGRID points to zero
SPC1 Single-point constraint to put velocities of ALEGRID points to zero
SPC2 Rotational velocity constraint for ALEGRID points
SPC3 Single-point constraint to put velocity components to zero in a local
coordinate system for ALEGRID points
Flow Boundary
TLOAD1 Defines the transient load
FLOW Defines the flow boundary
FLOWEX Flow boundary defined by user subroutines
FLOWDEF Defines the free Eulerian faces to be a flow boundary by default
POREX Defines a porosity model through a user-written subroutine
PORFLOW Defines a porous flow boundary
PORHOLE Defines a hole in a couple and/or GBAG(sub)surface
PORLHOLE Defines a large hole in a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface
CSEG Defines the face to which the flow boundary is applied
CFACE Defines the face to which the flow boundary is applied
CFACE1 Defines the face to which the flow boundary is applied
Wall
WALLET Defines a wall for Eulerian material flow
Bulk Data Summary
Gravity
GRAV Defines the gravitational load
Initial Conditions
TIC Defines the initial rotational grid-point velocities for ALEGRIDpoints
TICGP Defines the transient initial grid-point variables
TICEL Defines the transient initial condition for element variables
TICEUL Defines the transient initial conditions for element variables using
geometric regions
TICVAL Defines the transient initial conditions
CYLINDER, Defines the geometrical shapes
SPHERE, BOX
Euler/Lagrange Coupling
COUP1FL Defines the surrounding variables when a segment of a coupling surface fails
COUP1INT Defines the interaction between two coupling surfaces
COUPLE Defines the general coupling between the Eulerian and Lagrangian meshes
COUPLE1 Defines the general coupling between the Roe solver for single hydro materials
and Lagrangian structures
COUOPT Defines the coupling options
COUPOR Defines the coupling surface or subsurface porosity
ALE Defines the arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) coupling
GBAG Gas bag pressure definition
GBAGC Defines flow between two gas bags
GBAGCOU General coupling to gas bag switch to save CPU time
SURFACE Defines the coupling surface
SUBSURF Defines the subsurface
Miscellaneous
Comments
$ For inserting comments in Bulk Data Section
Parameters
PARAM Specifies values for the parameters used in the solution
Bulk Data Summary
Tabular Input
TABLED1 Tabular functions for loads, properties, materials, etc.
TABLEEX Analytical function for loads, properties, materials, etc. defined
by user subroutines
Sets
SET1 Sets of numbers for use by other entries
SETC Sets of names for use by other entries
Solution Control
ACTIVE Activates or deactivates elements and interaction
VISCDMP Defines dynamic relaxation factors for damping
Output
SECTION Cross section
Prestress Analysis
NASINIT Defines the prestress analysis logistics
Input File Control

INCLUDE Switches data input to another file
Bulk Data Control

BEGIN BULK Marks the end of the Case Control and the beginning of Bulk Data
ENDDATA Marks the end of the input data
Bulk Data Descriptions
Bulk Data Descriptions

The format of each Bulk Data entry and the contents of each field on the entry is described here. The
Type column indicates the type of data in the field. This can be I (Integer), R (Real), or C (Character).
In addition, there may be limits on the value that can be entered in the field. For example, I > 0 indicates
that you must supply an integer with a value greater than zero. The value limitation 0 < R  1 indicates
that you must supply a real number greater than zero and less than or equal to one.
The Default column indicates the value that is used if the field is left blank. If the word “Required”
appears, there is no default and you must supply a value.
138 $
Comment
$ Comment
Anything that appears after a $ on a line is treated as a comment and is ignored. If a $ appears as the first
character, the entire line is a comment.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
$ followed by any characters on the rest of the line
$ THE WHOLE LINE IS A COMMENT.CONTACT
GRID 1 0.0 10.0 130.0 $ THE REST OF THE LINE IS A
COMMENT.
Remark
If a comment is placed in fields which would otherwise contain data, the data in those fields is given the
fields’ default values.
ACTIVE 139
Activate Elements and Interaction
ACTIVE Activate Elements and Interaction
Allows you to activate parts of the program for a part of the problem time only.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ACTIVE ID TYPE TYPEV +
ACTIVE 3 INTERACT COUPLE +
+ TIME TIMEV
+ TABLE 1
Field Contents Type Default

ID Unique active number I>0 Required
TYPE Type of activity switch. C Required
ELEMENT Switches are for the element type as
defined under TYPEV.
INTERACT Switches are for an algorithm defining
the interactions between different parts
of the model. The type of algorithm is
RIGID Switches are for rigid entities as
TYPEV Depends on the value of TYPE: C Required
TYPE TYPEV
ELEMENT SHTRIA
SHTRIA
SHQUAD
MEMTRIA
DUMTRIA
DUMQUAD
LAGSOLID
EULHYDRO
EULSTRENGTH
MULTIEULHYDRO
ELEM1D
INTERACT CONTACT COUPLE
GBAG
RIGID SURFACE
140 ACTIVE
Activate Elements and Interaction

TIME Type specification for switches. C Required
TABLE Part is switched on and off, depending
on the y-value of the table with ID as
specified in TIMEV. The x-value of the
table represents the time; the y-value
means:
ON y>0
OFF y<0
TIMEV Number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX I>0 Required
Remarks
1. The default is all parts of the program are active at all times.
2. For CONTACT, an activity switch can also be set on the entry itself. These settings overrule
settings on the ACTIVE entry.
3. The active option for multimaterial with shear strength is activated by using
TYPEV = MULTIEULHYDRO.
4. For COUPLE and C in combination with PARAM, LIMITER, ROE, an activity switch can also be
set on the COUPLE1 entry. These settings overrule the settings on the ACTIVE entry.
ALE 141
Arbitrary Lagrange Eulerian (ALE) Interface
ALE Arbitrary Lagrange Eulerian (ALE) Interface
Defines the surfaces of an ALE interface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ALE AID SIDLG SIDEU
ALE 32 3 5

AID Unique ALE interface number. I>0 Required
SIDLG Number of a SURFACE entry that defines the Lagrangian part of the I>0 Required
ALE interface.
SIDEU Number of a SURFACE entry that defines the Eulerian part of the I>0 Required
ALE interface.
Remarks
1. SIDLG and SIDEU must reference the SID of a SURFACE entry.
2. The Eulerian and Lagrangian SURFACEs must have a one-to-one correspondence. This means
that the Eulerian and Lagrangian grid points in the SURFACEs must coincide in physical but not
in logical space (same position, different number).
3. The tolerance used in finding coinciding SURFACE nodes is defined by the ALETOL parameter.
4. ALE is not applicable in combination with the single material Euler solver with a
full-stress tensor. (EULSTRENGTH), please use the multimaterial solver instead
of (MULTIEULSTRENGTH).
142 ALEGRID
Eulerian Grid Point Motion Definition
ALEGRID Eulerian Grid Point Motion Definition
Definition of ALE motion for Eulerian grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ALEGRID AID MINCUT MAXCUT TYPE WEIGHT NAME +
ALEGRID 28 0. 1. STANDARD COMPUTED +
+ G1 G2 THRU G3 BY G4 -etc.-
+ 1 2 THRU 15 BY 3

AID ALEGRID number I>0 Required
MINCUT See Remark 1. R 0
MAXCUT See Remark 1. R 1.E20
TYPE Indicates the type of motion. (See Remark 2.) C SPECIAL
STANDARD
FREE
FIXED
FLOW
SPECIAL
USER
WEIGHT Method of calculating weight factors. (See Remark 6.) C COMPUTED
EQUAL
COMPUTED
NAME Name of the motion prescription passed to the user subroutine. C None
See Remark 2.
G1,G2... Grid points to which the motion applies. THRU indicates the I>0 Required
range, while BY allows an increment to be used within
this range.
ALEGRID 143
Remarks
1. The MINCUT and MAXCUT parameters define the minimum and maximum allowable grid-point
velocity of ALE grid points. Usually the defaults are sufficient.
q
u g = max  MINCUT ------- u g   sign  u g 
 t 
q
u g = min  MINCUT ------- u g   sign  u g 
 t 
where q is the element characteristic dimension and t is the time step.

2. The TYPE definition causes the grid point motion algorithm to define grid point velocities
as follows:
STANDARD: Each grid point moves to the center of its neighbors.

FREE: The grid points that are defined as FREE move as on a free surface.
The grid point velocity becomes u g = u g tentative +   u fs – u g tentative   n   n
where n is the normal to the free surface. u fs is the free surface velocity defined
as:
 vi
i =1 -
-------------
u fs =
N
with v i the material velocity of the elements connected to the grid point.
ug
tentative
is the tentative grid point velocity.
FIXED: Grid points that are defined as FIXED move as on a fixed wall.
The grid point velocity becomes
ug = ug –  ug  n  n
tentative tentative
where n is the normal to the wall.

144 ALEGRID
FLOW: Grid points move as on a flow boundary.
The grid point velocity becomes
ug = ug +   ug – ug   t  t
int tentative int
where g int is the grid point velocity of the closest internal grid point.
The vector tangent to the flow boundary is given by t .

SPECIAL Dytran searches the grid points defined on the ALEGRID entry. It detects which
surface boundary condition the grid points are part of. The grid point motion is
corrected correspondingly.
USER: The grid point motion is defined via the EXALEuser-written subroutine. The
name that is defined in the NAME field can be used to distinguish different
motion prescriptions in the user subroutine.
3. More than one ALEGRID entry can occur in input, with each one having a different type
definition. All ALEGRID entries that have the same AID are merged into one definition. This
requires a consistent definition with respect to the options of all of the ALEGRID entries that have
the same AID.
4. The number of relaxation iterations for the grid point displacement is one by default but can be
changed using PARAM,ALEITR.
5. There can be as many continuation lines as necessary.
6. The weight factors determine the grid point motion. If the option is set to COMPUTED (default),
Dytran computes the weight factors based on geometrical considerations. If the option is set to
EQUAL, all weight factors are set to a constant. The latter is automatically done when a local
distortion of the Eulerian mesh is encountered that does not allow for the computation of the
weight factors.
7. If the TYPE field is set to USER, all other fields are ignored except the NAME field which
is mandatory.
8. For a description of user-written subroutines, see Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual.
ALEGRID1 145
ALEGRID1 Eulerian Grid Point Motion Definition
Definition of ALE motion for Eulerian grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ALEGRID1 AID SID EDGE FDIAG EDIAG +
ALEGRID1 28 11 YES NO NO +

AID ALEGRID1 number. I>0 Required
SID Number of SET1 grid point entries (see Remark 3.) I>0 Required
EDGE YES/NO C YES
Specifies if the neighboring grid points along the edges need to be

taken into account for the mesh motion.
FDIAG YES/NO C NO
Specifies if the neighboring grid points along the face diagonals need
to be taken into account for the mesh motion.
Adding these nodes increases the required amount of memory to

store the data, but might improve the motion of the mesh.
146 ALEGRID1

EDIAG YES/NO C NO
Specifies if the neighboring grid points along the element diagonals

need to be taken into account for the mesh motion.
Remarks
1. The ALEGRID1 mesh motion algorithm has the following features:
No limit on the number of neighboring grid points exists. This is in contrast to the ALEGRID
algorithm where a limit of eight neighboring nodes exists.
The velocity of the grid points is based on a changing weight factor, which is calculated
accordingly
  l gi  u gi 
u g = -----------------------------------
 l g i
ug = the velocity component of the Eulerian grid point

ug = the velocity component of the neighbor grid points i
i
l g = the distance between the Eulerian grid point and the neighbor grid points i
i
2. When the Lagrangian mesh is moving very fast it can happen that the Eulerian mesh is not
properly following the structure, and Eulerian elements get distorted.
The mesh motion can be improved by increasing the value of PARAM,ALEITR. Multiple
iterations per time step will be performed to determine the grid point velocities.
3. Multiple SET1 entries with the same SID are automatically concatenated.
4. A combination of ALEGRID and ALEGRID1 entries in one analysis model is not allowed.
ATBACC 147
Acceleration Field Applied to ATB Segments
ATBACC Acceleration Field Applied to ATB Segments
Defines an acceleration field that will be applied to ATB segments.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ATBACC LID SCALE NX NY NZ +
ATBACC 32 386.088 1.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ NAME1 NAME2 NAME3 NAME4 NAME5 NAME6 NAME7 -etc-

+ LT MT UT N H RUL RLL

LID Number of a set of loads I>0 Required
SCALE ATBACC scale factor R  0.0 1.0
NX, NY, NZ Components of gravity vector. At least one component must R  0.0 0.0
be nonzero.
NAMEi Name of an ATB segment as given in the first field of a B.2 C Required
entry in the ATB input file.
Remarks
1. The acceleration a  t  is defined as:
a  t  = T  t  * SCALE * N
where SCALE is the acceleration scale factor; N is the vector defined by NX, NY, and NZ; T  t  is
the value interpolated at time t from the table referenced by the TLOADn entry.
2. LID must be referenced by a TLOADn entry.
3. The type field on the TLOADn entry must be set to zero.
4. More than one ATBACC acceleration field can be defined per problem.
5. This acceleration field is intended to apply a crash pulse to ATB segments that define a crash
dummy. The acceleration is multiplied by the mass of the segment and the resulting force is added
as an external force.
6. To compare the accelerations of the ATB segments to experiments, the crash pulse needs to be
subtracted from the total acceleration. The acceleration of the segments as defined on the H1
entries in the ATB input file are automatically corrected.
148 ATBJNT
Interface to ATB Joints
ATBJNT Interface to ATB Joints
This entry can only be used together with the ATBSEG entries that this joint connects. The ATBSEG
entries overwrite the position and orientation of the ATB segments as specified in the ATB input file. The
ATBJNT entry can be used to create a Bulk Data file containing elements and grid points to visualize the
ATB segment together with its joints. This visualization of the joints makes it possible to position the
ATB model in any available preprocessor. See also PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ATBJNT ID NAME +
ATBJNT 1 HN +
+ G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 +

+ 1010 1011 1012 1013 1004 1005 1006 +
+ G4 G5 G6 G7 EID4 EID5 EID6

+ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2004 2005 2006

ID Unique ATBJNT number I>0 Required
NAME Name of an ATB joint as given in the first field of a B.3 entry C Required
in the ATB input file
G0-G3 An ATB joint connects two segments. A local joint coordinate I > 0 Required
G4-G7 system is attached to each of these two segments. The position
and orientation of these two coordinate systems relative to the
segment coordinate systems is given on entry B.3 in the ATB
input file. For each joint (J = 1,NJNT) a B.3 entry is defined
in the ATB input file. The joint J connects the segment JNT(J)
as given on the B.3 entry and the segment J + 1. Dytran finds
the two segments that are connected by the joint with name =
NAME. The grid points G0-G3 and G4-G7 define the joint
coordinate systems for the segments JNT(J) and J + 1,
respectively:
G0 located at the origin of the joint coordinate system for the
ATB segment JNT (J)
G1 located on the local x-axis.
G2 located on the local y-axis.
G3 located on the local z-axis.
ATBJNT 149

G4 located at the origin of the joint coordinate system for the
ATB segment J + 1.
G5 located on the local x-axis.
G6 located on the local y-axis.
G7 located on the local z-axis.
EID1-EID3 If EID1 through EID6, and PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE have I>0 Blank
EID4-EID6 been specified, Dytran generates a Bulk Data file at time =
0. The grid points G0-G3 and G4-G7, at their initial position
as specified in the ATB input file, are written to the file. The
files also contain the following CBAR entries:
For segment JNT(J):
CBAR, EID1, PID-JNT(J), G0, G1, G2
For segment J+1
CBAR, EID4, PID-(J + 1), G4, G5, G6
150 ATBJNT
Remark
All elements related to an ATB segment refer to the same material number. This material number is
defined on the ATBSEG entry. If the material is defined to be rigid by means of a MATRIG entry, all
elements can be easily connected to the contact ellipsoid of the ATB segment by means of an RCONREL
entry referencing the MATRIG entry. In this way, all elements related to an ATB segment move together
with the ATB segment during the analyses and can be postprocessed.
ATBSEG 151
Interface to ATB Segments
ATBSEG Interface to ATB Segments
Defines the position and orientation of the ATB segments. The position and orientation as specified on
the G.2 and G.3 entries in the ATB input file will be overruled by the definitions given here.
This entry can be used to create a Bulk Data file containing elements and grid points to visualize the ATB
segment, together with the contact ellipsoid and the joints it is connected by. See also ATBJNT and
PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE.
Format and Example:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ATBSEG ID NAME COVER NUMELM GSTART ESTART MID PIDCOV +
ATBSEG 1 HEAD YES 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 +
+ G0 G1 G2 G3 EID1 EID2 EID3 PIDCG

+ 1010 1001 1002 1003 1001 1002 1003 1001

ID Unique ATBSEG number I>0 Required
NAME Name of an ATB segment as given in the first field of a B.2 entry in C Required
the ATB input file
COVER YES If PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE has been specified, Dytran C NO
generates a Bulk Data file containing grid points and elements
located on the surface of the segment contact ellipsoid. The shape and
position of the segment contact ellipsoid is defined on the B.2 entry
in the ATB input file. See Remark 2.
NO The covering is not performed.

NUMELM Maximum number of elements used for covering the ellipsoid. I>0 128
GSTART Grid-point numbering for covering the ellipsoid starts at GSTART. I>0 1
ESTART Element numbering for covering the ellipsoid starts at ESTART. I>0 1
MID All elements created by Dytran to visualize the ATB segment will I>0 1
have a rigid material MATRIG) with MID as the material number.
MID is used by both the elements covering the segment contact
ellipsoid as well as by the CBAR elements used to visualize the
segment coordinate system and joint coordinate systems (See
ATBJNT).
PIDCOV All elements created by Dytran to cover the ATB segment contact I>0 1
ellipsoid will have PIDCOV as the property number.
152 ATBSEG
Interface to ATB Segments

G0-G3 The grid points span the local coordinate system of the ATB segment: I > 0 Required
G0: located at the origin of the ATB segment.
G1: l located on the local x-axis.
G2: located on the local y-axis.
G3: located on the local z-axis.
The above is used by Dytran to overwrite the initial position and

orientation of the segments as specified in the ATB input file.
See below (EID1-EID3) on how to generate the above grid points

for an existing ATB input file.
EID1- If EID1, EID2, EID3, and PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE have been I>0 Blank
EID3 specified, Dytran generates a Bulk Data file containing the grid
points G0-G3 at the initial position as specified in the ATB input file.
The file also contains the three following CBAR entries:
CBAR, EID1, PIDCG, G0, G1, G2

PIDCG Property number used by Dytran in generating the CBAR entries I>0 1
EID1 through EID3.
Remarks
1. All elements related to an ATB segment reference the same material number. This material
number is defined on the ATBSEG entry. If the material is defined as rigid by means of a
MATRIGentry, all elements can be easily connected to the contact ellipsoid of the ATB segment
by means of an RCONREL entry referencing the MATRIGentry. In this way, all elements related
to an ATB segment move together with the ATB segment during the analysis and can be
postprocessed. The elements can also be used in a CONTACT ALE, and/or COUPLING surface to
define interaction between the ATB segment and other parts of the finite element model. The
forces and moments acting on the elements are transferred to the ATB segment to which they
are connected.
2. The MATRIG entry written to the file has the inertia properties of the segment, as defined in the
ATB input file.
BEGIN BULK 153
The Beginning of the Bulk Data
BEGIN BULK The Beginning of the Bulk Data
Marks the end of the Case Control Section and the beginning of the Bulk Data Section in the input file.
Format and Example

BEGIN BULK
Remark
A BEGIN BULK entry must always be present.
154 BIAS
Bias Definition
BIAS Bias Definition
Specifies a variation of the mesh-size in one direction for use in the MESH entry. The MESH entry can
create a biased or non-uniform mesh. A uniform mesh consists of a number of planes separated by a fixed
distance, but for a biased mesh the distance between subsequent planes can differ. The BIAS definition
allows specifying the locations of planes in one direction. For a number of intervals the density of planes
can be specified.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BIAS ID +CONT1
BIAS 100 +CONT1
+CONT1 X0 GROWTH0 N0 +CONT2

+CONT1 -4.5 0.2 15 +CONT2

+CONT2 -1 1 20 +CONT3

+CONT3 1 5 15 +CONT4
ID Unique bias number. I>0 Required

Xi Begin coordinate of an interval. The interval ends at the next R Required
Xi entry.
GROWTHi GROWTHi is the ratio between the step size at the beginning of R>0 Required
the interval and at the end of the interval. If it is smaller than 1.0
then the mesh refines when going from the beginning of the
interval to the end of the interval.
Ni Ni is the number of elements inside the interval. I>0 Required
BIAS 155
Bias Definition
Remarks
1. The begin point of the first interval has to be equal the X0 field of the MESH entry and may be left
unspecified. The end point of the last interval is given by X0+DX as specified by the MESH entry.
In the example above the first interval is given by [-4.5, -1], The second one by [-1,1] and the last
one by [1,4.5], assuming that X0+DX =4.5 on the MESH entry that uses the bias definition as a
IBIDX.
2. The locations of the planes are written out in the OUT file as part of MESH output. Also the total
number of elements is written out.
3. Here it is assumed that the BIAS ID-number was used on the IBIDX field of the MESH entry.
4. GRWTHi is not equal 1.0 the smallest mesh-size in an interval is given by:
Xi + 1 – Xi
-----------------------------------------------------------------
GROWSM * GRSTP – 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
GRSTP – 1
where
1
---------------
Ni – 1
GRSTP = GROWSM
Here GROWSM is the maximum of GROWTHi and 1.0/GROWTHi, which is the ratio between the
largest mesh size and smallest mesh-size. Furthermore X(i) denotes Xi and X(i+1) denotes the
next Xi value. The locations of the planes are written to the OUT file. In addition, the growth of
the element sizes is written out in the next column. This is given as the ratio in element size
between the layer of elements to the right of the plane and to the left of the plane. Let x0, x1 and
x2 denote three subsequent planes, then the element size to the left of the x1-plane is given x1-x0
and to the right it is given by x2-x1. The ratio by which the element size grows if one goes across
the x1-plane is:
X2 – X1
---------------------
X1 – X0
To get physically meaningful results, this value should not exceed 1.3 or be smaller than 0.7
156 BJOIN
Breakable Join
BJOIN Breakable Join
Defines (multiple) pairs of grid points of one-dimensional and/or shell elements to be joined during
the analysis. When the failure criterion for a grid point pair is satisfied, the grid point pair is removed
from the join and the grid point motion is computed for the separate grid points. The join ceases to exist
when all pairs of the join have failed, after which all of the grid points of the join are treated as separate
grid points
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BJOIN BID SID TOL TYPE CRIT VALUE1 VALUE2 VALUE3 +
BJOIN 1 2 1.E-04 COMPO FORCE 1.E3 1.E4 1.E3 +
+ VALUE4 VALUE5 VALUE6 EQUIV MULTI +

+ 1.E5 1.E4 1.E2 YES YES +
+ VALUE7 VALUE8 VALUE9

+

BID BJOIN number I>0 Required
SID SET1 number I>0 Required
TOL Tolerance used in matching grid-point pairs R  0.0 1.E-4
TYPE Type of failure criterion: C FOMO
FOMO Constant force
and/or moment.
CRIT No meaning (ignored). C Blank
VALUE1 Force at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE2 Moment at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
USER User-defined failure.
VALUE1 Name of the user-defined criterion C Required
to be used in the EXBRK
user subroutine.
TIME Failure at a specified time.
VALUE1 Time of failure. R  0.0 1.E20
BJOIN 157
Breakable Join

COMPO Component failure at constant values.
CRIT Criterion for failure. C BOTH
FORCE Failure on forces.
MOMENT Failure on moments.
BOTH Failure on force and moment. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE1 x-force at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE2 y-force at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE3 z-force at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE4 x-moment at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE5 y-Moment at failure. R  0.0 1.E20
VALUE6 z-Moment at failure.
SPOTWELD Spot weld-type failure.
CRIT No meaning.
VALUE1 Failure force in tension. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE2 Failure force in compression. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE3 Failure force in shear. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE4 Failure torque. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE5 Failure bending moment. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE6 Failure total force. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE7 Failure total moment. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE8 Failure time. R  0.0 No failure
RUPTURE Rupture-like failure for 1-D grid points connected
to shell grid points. Used to model skin-stringer
delamination.
CRIT No meaning.
VALUE1 Failure force per unit length in tension. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE2 Failure force per unit length R  0.0 No failure
in compression.
VALUE3 Failure force per unit length in shear. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE4 Failure torque per unit length. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE5 Failure bending moment per R  0.0 No failure
unit length.
VALUE6 Failure total force per unit length. R  0.0 No failure
VALUE7 Failure total moment per unit length. R  0.0 No failure
158 BJOIN
Breakable Join

VALUE8 Failure time. R > 0.0 No failure
VALUE9 Position of the stringer with respect to C MID
the skin element it is connected to:
MID Stringer and the skin are at
the same location.
UPPER Stringer is located on the
upper side of the skin.
LOWER Stringer is located on the
lower side of the skin
EQUIV Equivalence the positions of the grid points at time step zero. C YES
YES The positions of the two grid points are
equivalenced as:
1
x bjoin = ---  x gr id + x gr id 
2 1 2
NO The positions of the two grid points are not

equivalenced. The BJOIN behaves as a rigid body
with the correct inertial properties until failure
occurs.
MULTI Multiple breakable joins, where the grid points must be entered as C NO
a sequence of BJOIN pairs.
YES The grid points are entered on the SET1 entry as a
sequence of BJOIN pairs.
NO Dytran creates BJOIN pairs for every two grid
points entered on the SET1 entry when the grid
point positions fall within the tolerance (TOL).
Independent of the setting of MULTI (either YES or NO), all
BJOIN pairs that fall within the defined tolerance (TOL) are
merged into one multiple breakable join
Remarks
1. If the TYPE field is set to USER, the user subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the
USERCODE FMS statement.
2. The breakable joins can only be used for grid points of Lagrangian one-dimensional and shell
elements. Note that any grid point can be made into a one-dimensional grid-point type by
connecting a dummy spring to the grid point.
BJOIN 159
Breakable Join
3. The constant force or constant moment failure criterion (TYPE=FOMO) is met once the following
inequality is true:
2 2 2 2
 F x1 – F x2  +  F y1 – F y2  +  F z1 – F z2   F
In the above formula, F is either a force or a moment. F max is the value defined in the
VALUEn fields.
4. If component failure is requested (TYPE=COMPO), the comparison is performed for each
component of the force and moment vector. Depending on the criterion-type definition, the forces,
the moments, or both are taken into account to determine whether the join fails.
5. In component failure, note that if one of the determining failure component values is left blank,
this component can never cause the join to fail.
6. The first entity that satisfies the criterion for failure will cause the join to fail.
7. The undefined components in component failure are automatically set to infinity. This means that
when failure on force components is requested, the moment criteria are set to infinity. The same
is true for the forces when moment component failure is requested.
8. The user-defined criterion name can be a maximum of eight characters long.
9. At the moment of failure, an informational message is written to the output file.
10. The breakable joins for skin-stringer delamination (TYPE=RUPTURE) can only be used for beam-
shell element connections. This type of connection can also be defined by the PWELD entry. The
PWELD1 definition has an additional advantage in that it gives you access to the load on the
connection. SeePWELD1 for more details.
11. A solid-shell connection, like for example the connection of the facing and core of a sandwich
structure can be modeled using the PWELD2 entry. See PWELD2for more details.
160 BODYFOR
Body Force Loading
BODYFOR Body Force Loading
Defines a body force loading per unit mass.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BODYFOR BID TYPE TYPEV +
BODYFOR 100 EULER +
+ CID SCALE VALUE N1 N2 N3

+ 5 TABLE 13 1. 0. 0. +
+

BID Unique body force number I>0 Required
TYPE Type of entity: C LAGRANGE
LAGRANGE Lagrangian type of grid point.
EULER Eulerian type of element.
ELLIPS Ellipsoid
GRID List of Lagrangian grid points
TYPEV Name or ID of type of entity. C or I See Remark 1.
TYPE TYPEV
LAGRANGE ELEM1D
SHTRIA
SHQUAD
MEMTRIA
LAGSOLID
EULER EULHYDRO
EULSTREN
EULMM
ELLIPS ELLIPS ID
GRID SET1 ID
CID Number of a CORDxxx entry I0 0
SCALE Scale factor for the load: C CONSTANT
CONSTANT Constant scale factor.
BODYFOR 161
Body Force Loading

TABLE Tabular input for the scale factor.
VALUE Value or TABLE id for SCALE I or R Required
N1,N2,N3 Components of a vector giving the load (acceleration) R See Remark 2.
direction. At least one must be nonzero.
Remarks
1. The default for entity TYPEV is all entities of TYPE.
2. By default the components are zero, but at least one of them should be nonzero.
3. Only one BODYFOR entry per type of entity TYPEV is allowed.
162 BOFYFR1
Body Force for Eulerian Regions
BOFYFR1 Body Force for Eulerian Regions
Defines body force for Eulerian regions. The Eulerian regions are defined by geometric shapes. For each
coordinate direction a time-depended acceleration can be defined.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BODYFR1 SID +CONT
1
BODYFR1 300 +CONT
1
+CONT1 TYPE1 VID1 MID1 ACCX ACCY ACCz LEVEL +CONT

2
+CONT1 BOX 400 100 100 200 300 0.0 +CONT
2
+CONT2 TYPE2 VID2 MID2 ACCX ACCY ACCz LEVEL +CONT

3
+CONT2 ELEM 500 200 400 500 500 1.0 +CONT
3
+CONT3 TYPE3 VID3 MID3 ACCX ACCY ACCz LEVEL

+CONT3 CYLINDER 300 300 700 800 900 2.0

SID Unique BODYFR1 number referenced from a PEULER1 I>0 Required
entry.
TYPEi The type of Eulerian region. C Required
SURF Region inside or outside a multifaceted
surface
SPHERE Region inside a sphere.
CYLINDER Region inside a cylinder.
BOX Region inside a box.
ELEM Region defined by element list.
VIDi Number of a geometric entity, a SET1 number, or number of I>0 Required
a MATINI entry.
BOFYFR1 163
Body Force for Eulerian Regions

MIDi Number of a DMAT entry to which the body force will be I>0 Required
applied.
ACCi Unique table number that defines the variation of I>0 Required
acceleration in time. ACCX, ACCY, and ACCZ, respectively
denote the acceleration in the x-,y- and z-direction.
LEVELi Level indicator for this material and initial values. R 0.0
Remarks
1. BODYFR1 is only available for the multi-material Euler solver.
2. The combination of Eulerian region and material ID determines where the body force load
is applied.
3. It is allowed to cover only part of the Euler domain with BODYFR1 definitions.
4. All level indicators LEVELi must have different values. The level indicator can be negative.
5. To increase the accuracy of the region definition, the MICRO parameter can be used.
6. The total acceleration per element can be visualized by requesting the Eulerian scratch variable
FLUXVOL.
164 BOX
Defines the Shape of a Box
BOX Defines the Shape of a Box
Box shape used in the initial condition definition on the TICEUL entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BOX VID X0 Y0 Z0 DX DY DZ +CONT1
BOX 4 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. +CONT1

VID Unique box number. I>0 Required
X0, Y0, Z0 Coordinates of point of origin R Required
DX, DY, DZ Width of box in different directions R Required
Remarks
1. The box is aligned with the coordinates axis.
2. Initial conditions are defined for the elements that are fully or partially inside the box. See Dytran
User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Eulerian Loading and Constraints
3. See also TICEUL Bulk Data entry.
BOX1 165
Defines the Shape of a General BOX
BOX1 Defines the Shape of a General BOX
Box1 shape used in the initial condition definition on the TICEUL entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BOX1 VID +
BOX1 4 . . +
+ X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2 +
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 +
+ X3 Y3 Z3 X4 Y4 Z4 +
+ 0 0 1 1 0 0 +
+ X5 Y5 Z5 X6 Y6 Z6 +
+ 0 1 0 0 0 1 +
+ X7 Y7 Z7 X8 Y8 Z8
+ 0 0 1 1 1 0

VID Unique box1 number. I>0 Required
X1,..,Z8 Coordinates of 8 grid points R Required
Remarks
1. The Box1 allows a general box and edges do not need to be aligned with the coordinates axis. The
eight grid points define the box identical to the CHEXA grid point numbering. Points may
coincide as illustrated in the example values. These values give a pyramid shape.
2. Initial conditions are defined for the elements that are fully or partially inside the box. See
Eulerian Loading and Constraints.
3. See also TICEUL Bulk Data entry.
166 CBAR
Bar Element Connection
CBAR Bar Element Connection
Defines a simple beam element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CBAR EID PID G1 G2 X1, G3 X2 X3
CBAR 2 39 7 3 3 13

EID Unique element number. I>0 Required
PID Number of a PBARor PBEAM property entry. I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers at the ends of the beam. G1 must not be I>0 Required
the same as G2.
G3 Grid-point number to specify the vector defining the local x-y I>0 See Remark 2.
plane for the element. G3 must not be co-linear with G1
and G2.
X1, X2, X3 Components of a vector at G1 in the basic coordinate system R See Remark 3.
that lies in the element x-y plane.
CBAR 167
Bar Element Connection
Remarks
1. The element number must be unique with respect to all other element numbers.
2. The third grid point is used to specify a vector from G1 to G3. The local x-axis of the beam is in
the direction of the beam from point G1 to G2. The local y-axis is perpendicular to the beam in
the plane containing the vector from G1 to G3. The local z-axis is perpendicular to the local x and
y-axes (see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements, Beam Elements).
3. If field 6 (X1, G3) is an integer, G3 is used to define the x-y plane. If field 6 (X1, G3) is real, X1,
X2, and X3 are used.
4. The following figures define the elemental force and moment sign convention (a and b are
equivalent with G1 and G2, respectively).
168 CBEAM
Beam-Element Connectivity
CBEAM Beam-Element Connectivity
Defines a beam element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CBEAM EID PID G1 G2 X1,G3 X2 X3 +
CBEAM 2 39 7 3 13 +
+ W1A W2A W3A W1B W2B W3B +

+ 3.0 +
+ COORD
+

PID Number of a PBEAM or PBEAM1property entry. I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers at the ends of the beam. G1 must I>0 Required
not be the same as G2.
G3 Grid-point number to specify the vector v , defining the I>0 See Remark 2.
local x-y plane for the local element. G3 must not be
co-linear with G1 and G2.
X1, X2, X3 Components of a vector v at G1, in the basic coordinate R See Remark 3.
system that lies in the element x-y plane.
W1A, W2A, W3A Components of offset vectors, measured in the R 0.0
W1B, W2B, W3B displacement coordinate systems at grid points A and
B, from the grid points to the end points of the axis of
shear center.
COORD Coordinate frame in which offset is defined. C GLOBAL
GLOBAL Vector is defined in Global
coordinate System.
LOCAL Vector is defined in Local Beam
Coordinate System.
CBEAM 169
Beam-Element Connectivity
Figure 5-1 CBEAM Element Geometry System
Figure 5-2 CBEAM Internal Element Forces and Moments.
Remarks
2. The third grid point is used to specify a vector from G1 to G3. The local x-axis of the beam is in
the direction of the beam from point G1 to G2. The local y-axis is perpendicular to the beam in
the plane containing the vector from G1 to G3. The local z-axis is perpendicular to the local x-
and y-axes (See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements, Beam Elements).
3. If field 6 (X1, G3) is an integer, G3 is used to define the x-y plane. If field 6 (X1, G3) is real, X1,
X2, and X3 are used.
4. Offset vectors are treated like rigid elements.
170 CDAMP1
Damper Connectivity
CDAMP1 Damper Connectivity
Defines a scalar damper element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CDAMP1 EID PID G1 C1 G2 C2 +
CDAMP1 19 6 7 3 104 3 +
+ CORD FOLLOW
+ 3 G1

PID Number of a PDAMP property entry. I>0 EID
G1,G2 Grid-point numbers at the ends of the damper. G1 must not be I0 0
the same at G2. If either G1 or G2 are zero, the damper is
connected to the ground.
C1,C2 Degree of freedom at G1 and G2 where the damper is 1  I  Required
connected. 6
CORD Number of a coordinate system in which the degree of I0 0

freedom (C1, C2) is defined.
FOLLOW CORD: direction vector follows the motion of the C CORD
coordinate system as specified under CORD.
G1: direction vector follows the motion of end point
G1.
G2:direction vector follows the motion of end point
G2.
Remarks
2. The damper always acts in the direction given by C1 and C2 regardless of the relative positions
of the grid points. CVISC defines a damper with an orientation that changes during the analysis.
3. Setting G1 or G2 to zero gives a grounded damper.
4. The damper can connect translational or rotational degrees of freedom.
5. The property entry PDAMP defines the damper characteristic.
CDAMP1 171
Damper Connectivity
6. If the degree of freedom is defined in a nonbasic coordinate system, the degrees of freedom G1
and G2 must be equal or one must be grounded.
7. The coordinate system CORD must be rectangular.
8. For fast rotating structures, it is advised to use a CORD3R or CORD4R to define the follow
motion. A moving coordinate system CORD4R is updated according to the full-rotation
equations, while a direction vector that rotates with G1 or G2 is updated using the Hughes-Winget
relation. The Hughes-Winget relation becomes less accurate when the rotation angle per time step
is very high.
172 CDAMP2
Linear Damper
CDAMP2 Linear Damper
Defines a linear scalar damper element where the damping coefficient is defined directly.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CDAMP2 EID B G1 C1 G2 C2 +
CDAMP2 19 2.4 E3 7 3 14 3 +
+ CORD FOLLOW
+ 3 G1

B Damping coefficient. (Force/velocity). R 0.0
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers at the end of the damper. G1 must not be the I0 0
same as G2. If either G1 or G2 are zero, the damper is connected
to the ground.
C1, C2 Degree of freedom at G1 and G2 where the damper is connected. 1 I 6 Required
CORD Number of a coordinate system in which the degree of freedom I0 0

(C1, C2) is defined.
FOLLOW CORD direction vector follows the motion of the coordinate system C CORD
as specified under CORD.
G1: direction vector follows the motion of end point G1.
Remarks
2. The damper always acts in the direction given by C1 and C2, regardless of the relative positions of
the grid points. CVISC defines a damper with an orientation that can change during the analysis.
3. Setting G1 or G2 to zero gives a grounded damper.
4. The damper can connect translational or rotational degrees of freedom.
5. CDAMP1 can also be used to define linear scalar dampers. When there are many dampers with the
same damping coefficient, it is more efficient to use CDAMP1.
CDAMP2 173
Linear Damper
6. When the degree of freedom is defined in a nonbasic coordinate system, the degrees of freedom
G1 and G2 must be equal or one must be grounded.
8. For fast rotating structures, it is advised to use a CORD3R or CORD4R to define the follow
motion. A moving coordinate system CORD4R is updated according to the full-rotation
equations, while a direction vector that rotates with G1 or G2 is updated using the Hughes-Winget
relation. The Hughes-Winget relation becomes less accurate when the rotation angle per time step
is very high.
174 CELAS1
Scalar-Spring Connection
CELAS1 Scalar-Spring Connection
Defines a scalar-spring element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CELAS1 EID PID G1 C1 G2 C2 +
CELAS1 2 6 6 2 8 1 +
+ CORD FOLLOW
+ 3 G1

PID Number of a PELASn property entry. I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point number. I0 0
C1, C2 Component number. 0I6 0

FOLLOW CORD: direction vector follows the motion of the coordinate C CORD
system as specified under CORD.
Remarks
1. A grounded spring is defined by setting G1 or G2 to zero in which case the corresponding C1 or
C2 is zero or blank. (A grounded grid point is a grid point where the displacement is constrained
to zero.)
2. Element numbers must be unique with respect to all other element numbers.
3. The connection grid points G1 and G2 must be distinct.
CELAS1 175
Scalar-Spring Connection

6. For fast rotating structures it is advised to use a CORD3R or CORD4R to define the follow motion.
A moving coordinate system CORD4R is updated according to the full-rotation equations, while
a direction vector that rotates with G1 or G2 is updated using the Hughes-Winget relation. The
Hughes-Winget relation becomes less accurate when the rotation angle per time step is very high.
176 CELAS2
Scalar-Spring Property and Connection
CELAS2 Scalar-Spring Property and Connection
Defines a scalar-spring element where the spring stiffness is defined directly.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CELAS2 EID K G1 C1 G2 C2 +
CELAS2 28 6.2+3 32 1 19 4 +
+ CORD FOLLOW
+ 3 G1

EID Unique element number I>0 Required
K The stiffness of the scalar spring R 0.
G1, G2 Grid-point number I0 0
C1, C2 Component number 0I6 0

FOLLOW CORD: direction vector follows the motion of the coordinate C CORD
system as specified under CORD.
Remarks
1. A grounded spring is defined by:
a. Setting G1 or G2 to zero in which case the corresponding C1 or C2 is zero or blank.
b. Using a scalar point for G1 and/or G2 in which case the corresponding C1 and/or C2 is zero
or blank. (A grounded grid point is a grid point where the displacement is constrained to zero.)
3. This entry completely defines the element since no material or geometric properties are required.
4. The two connection points G1 and G2 must be distinct.
CELAS2 177
Scalar-Spring Property and Connection

7. For fast rotating structures it is advised to use a CORD3R or CORD4R to define the follow motion.
A moving coordinate system CORD4R is updated according to the full-rotation equations, while
a direction vector that rotates with G1 or G2 is updated using the Hughes-Winget relation. The
Hughes-Winget relation becomes less accurate when the rotation angle per time step is very high.
8. If possible, use of the PELAS, CELAS1 entries is preferable. Many CELAS2 elements result in
excessive input manipulation and storage.
178 CFACE
Face of an Element
CFACE Face of an Element
Defines a face on an Eulerian or a Lagrangian element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CFACE FID SID EID FACE
CFAC4E 37 100 1796 4

FID Unique face number. I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of faces to which the face belongs. It is referenced I>0 Required
by a FLOW or SURFACE entry.
EID Element number to which the face is attached. I>0 Required
FACE The number of the element face that is to be used. See Remark 3. 1I6 Required
Remarks
1. The face number FID must be unique with respect to all other face numbers.
2. The CSEG entry is also used to define faces in terms of the grid-point numbers. The CFACE1
entry is also used to define faces.
3. A negative face number indicates that the face normal direction is reversed.
4. The element-face numbers are as follows:
CFACE 179
Face of an Element
180 CFACE1
Face of an Element
CFACE1 Face of an Element
Defines a face on an element in terms of the element number and two grid points on the required face.
This is particularly suitable for defining the faces on solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CFACE1 FID SID EID G1 G3/G4
CFACE1 497 100 2796 32 4162

FID Unique face number. I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of faces to which the face belongs. It is I>0 Required
referenced by a FLOW or a SURFACE entry.
EID Element number to which the face is attached. I>0 Required
G1 Number of a grid point connected to a corner of the face. I>0 Required
G3 Number of a grid point connected to a corner diagonally I>0 Blank
opposite to G1 on the same face of a CHEXA or
CPENTAelement. This applies to quadrilateral faces of
CPENTA elements only. G3 must be omitted for a triangular
face on a CPENTA element.
G4 Number of the grid point of a CTETRA element that is not on I>0 Required
the required face.
Remark
A PLOAD4 entry with an absolute pressure of 9999. is automatically converted to a CFACE1 entry. This
makes defining CFACE1 entries in preprocessors very easy. See also Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9:
Running the Analysis, Using a Modeling Program with Dytran.
CHEXA 181
Element with Eight Grid Points
CHEXA Element with Eight Grid Points
Defines an Eulerian or a Lagrangian element with eight corner grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHEXA EID PID G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 +
CHEXA 71 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 +
+ G7 G8
+ 9 10

PID Number of a PSOLID or PEULER property entry. I>0 EID
G1-G8 Grid-point numbers of the connected grid points. They must all be I>0 Required
unique.
182 CHEXA
Element with Eight Grid Points
Remarks
2. Grid points G1 through G4 must be given in consecutive order about one quadrilateral face. G5
through G8 must be on the opposite face with G5 opposite G1, G6 opposite G2, etc.
3. Number according to the figure shown in this CHEXA entry description.
4. The property number references a PSOLID or a PEULER entry. This determines whether the
element is Lagrangian or Eulerian.
5. Only the first eight grid points on a CHEXA are used in Dytran. The excess is ignored.
CMARKB2 183
Two-noded Marker Connectivity Definition
CMARKB2 Two-noded Marker Connectivity Definition
Defines a two-noded marker beam element by means of connecting two grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CMARKB2 ID PID G1 G2
CMARKB2 7 1 9 10

ID Unique element number. I>0 Required
PID Property ID referring to a PMARKER entry I>0 Required
G1 Grid-point number connectivity 1. I>0 Required
G2 Grid-point number connectivity 2. I>0 Required
Remarks
1. A CMARKB2 element may refer to two types of grid points:
a. Structural grid points, thus grid points that are part of the connectivity of an element.
b. Free grid points in space. These grid points do not have mass associated with them. The
motion of these grid points is specified by the PMARKER property.
2. The ID must be unique in the model and may not be used as structural element ID.
184 CMARKN1
One-noded Marker Connectivity Definition
CMARKN1 One-noded Marker Connectivity Definition
Defines a one-noded marker element on a grid point.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CMARKN1 ID PID G
CMARKN1 7 1 9

ID Unique element number. I>0 Required
PID Property ID referring to a PMARKER entry I>0 Required
G Grid-point number. I>0 Required
1. A CMARKN1 element may refer to two types of grid points:

a. Structural grid points, thus grid points that are part of the connectivity of an element. In this
case, the PMARKER ID is ignored.
b. Free grid points in space. These grid points do not have mass associated with them. The
motion of these grid points is specified by the PMARKER property.
2. The ID must be unique in the model and may not be used as structural element ID.
CONM2 185
Concentrated Grid Point Mass and/or Inertia
CONM2 Concentrated Grid Point Mass and/or Inertia
Defines a concentrated grid point mass and/or inertia for Lagrangian elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CONM2 ID G M I
CONM2 7 9 .1 4.4E-3

ID Unique CONM2 number I>0 Required
G Grid-point number I>0 Required
M Mass R 0.0
I Inertia R 0.0
Remarks
1. All grid points in the model must have mass associated with them, either by the properties of the
elements attached to the grid point or by using a CONM2 entry.
2. When PARAM,CONM2OUT is set to NO, there is no summary on the CONM2 entries defined. This
means that the mass, momentum, and energy of the CONM2s are not added to the material and
cycle summaries. Setting PARAM,CONM2OUT,NO saves memory and CPU time.
3. The CONM2 results cannot be output on time-history or archive files.
186 CONTACT
Contact Surface
CONTACT Contact Surface
Defines contact between Lagrangian grid points and elements. The algorithm is based on the contact of
slave nodes with master faces.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CONTACT CID STYPE MTYPE SID MID FS FK EXP +
CONTACT 7 SURF SURF 3 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ VERSION SIDE SEARCH ADAPT THICK GAP DAMPING WEIGHT +

+ V4 BOTH FULL NO 1.0 0.0 YES BOTH +
+ PEN PENV MONVEL FACT MONDIS MONDISV +

+ DISTANCE 1.E20 1.1 0.1 FACTOR 2.0 +
+ TSTART TEND REVERSE INITPEN PENTOL INIID INITMON SLVACT +

+ 0.0 1.E20 ON ON 1.E20 +
+ DRWBEADF CONTFORC TOLPROJ1 TOLPROJ2 EVIEW +

+ +
+ TENDNEW
+

CID Unique contact number. I>0 Required
STYPE Type of entity used to define the slave nodes: C SURF
SURF All nodes belonging to a SURFACE.
ELEM All nodes belonging to a list
of elements.
PROP All nodes belonging to elements with
certain property numbers.
MAT All nodes belonging to elements with
certain material numbers.
GRID A list of grid points.
CONTACT 187
Contact Surface

ELLIPS A list of ellipsoid IDs. See Remark 2.
SURFEDGE All edges belonging to a surface See Remark 6.
MTYPE Type of entity used to define the master faces: C Blank
blank All faces belonging to the slave
SURFACE, or the faces belonging to
the elements referenced by
STYPE,SID. This option is only
allowed for STYPE = SURF, ELEM,
PROP, or MAT. The option results in a
so-called single surface contact.
SURF All faces belonging to a surface.
ELEM All faces belonging to a list
of elements.
PROP All faces belonging to elements with
certain property IDs.
MAT All faces belonging to elements with
certain material IDs.
ELLIPS A list of ellipsoid IDs. See Remark 2.
SURFEDGE All edges belonging to a surface. See Remark 6.
SID Number of a SURFACE entry if STYPE = SURF, or I>0 Required
number of a SET1 entry if STYPE = ELEM, PROP, MAT,
or GRID, or number of a SETC entry if STYPE =
ELLIPS.
MID Number of a SURFACE entry if MTYPE = SURF, or I>0
number of a SET1 entry if MTYPE = ELEM, PROP,
MAT, or GRID, or number of a SETC entry if
MTYPE = ELLIPS.
FS Static coefficient of friction (See Remark 3.) R 0.0
FK Kinetic coefficient of friction (See Remark 3.) R 0.0
EXP Exponential decay coefficient (See Remark 3.) R 0.0
VERSION Version of the algorithm (See Remark 3.): C Required
V2 Obsolete (use V4 version)
V3 Obsolete (use V4 version).
188 CONTACT
Contact Surface

V4 Most recent algorithm.
An option is available to assign
spring/damper characteristics to the
contact force (CONTFORC).
BELT Suited for modeling
contact between a
belt element and a
rigid structure.
Master slave contact
only.
The contact logic doesn't
apply a contact force, but
applies an enforced
displacement and
velocity that keeps the
slave nodes exactly on
top of the master face.
The slave node does not
slide relative to the
master face when the
friction coefficient (FS)
is set to 1E20.
BELT1 Identical to BELT
algorithm, except that
the slave nodes are
initially repositioned on
top of the closest master
face.
All slave nodes initially
penetrated or within a
distance of INITMON
from a master face,
are repositioned.
DRAWBEAD Suited for modeling a
drawbead.
:
STYPE Must be GRID. The list
of slave nodes must be
ordered along the
drawbead line.
CONTACT 189
Contact Surface

MTYPE Must be SURF. The
restraining force per unit
drawbead length is
specified in the field
DRWBEADF.
SIDE Defines which side will be the monitoring side of a C BOTH
master face. The opposite side of the master face will be
the penetration side.
BOTH The side from which a slave node
approaches the master face will become
the monitoring side.
TOP The monitoring side will always be on
the side of the master face that its
normal is pointing at.
BOTTOM The monitoring side is always on the
opposite side of the master face that its
normal is pointing at.
The options TOP/BOTTOM are useful in the
following cases:
1. When a slave node initially is located on the master
face (see the picture below), the contact situation is
uniquely defined, only if the TOP or BOTTOM side of
the master surface is defined.
190 CONTACT
Contact Surface

2. When hooking of slave nodes on the wrong side of a
master face might occur. This often is the case when
the master face is at the edge of a shell element
structure:
SEARCH Defines the type of search algorithm: C FULL

FULL Regular search algorithm.
SLIDE Special option for in-plane folded air
bags. This option should be used with
care in other applications.
BPLANE Search algorithm, where a back-up
plane region alleviates the problem for
SLIDE when a slave node has entered a
dead region.
BPFULL Search algorithm that combines
features of the BPLANE and the FULL
search contact algorithms.
See Remark 5. for a more detailed description of
these methods.
ADAPT Defines whether the master faces are (de)-activated based C NO
on element failure. Slave nodes only check for contact
with active master faces:
NO The contact is nonadaptive, and all the
master faces are active during the
whole analysis.
YES The contact is adaptive. The master
faces are (de)activated according to the
following logic:
CONTACT 191
Contact Surface

Shell elements – At time zero all the
master faces are active. Once an
element fails, its corresponding master
face will be deactivated. The contact
treats it as an actual hole.
Lagrangian solids – At time zero only
the free faces are active. All the internal
faces are deactivated. When an element
fails, some of its faces might become
free faces. These free faces will be
activated. Once all the elements
connected to a master face have failed,
it is deactivated for the remainder of the
analyses. This logic allows for
modeling of impact-penetration
phenomena, and is sometimes called
“eroding contact.”
Note: (De)-activation of slave nodes is selected on the
SLVACT field.
THICK Shell thickness scale factor. See Remark 2. and 4. R Required for
VERSION =
V4
GAP Artificial contact thickness. See Remark 4. R 0.0
DAMPING [YES/NO] - VERSION V4 only. C YES
Specifies if a high frequency damping is active or not.

The damping force is based on the relative velocity of a
slave node with respect to a master face.
The damping is preferably turned on in all cases, except

for RIGID-RIGID contact. In RIGID-RIGID contact it
can result in a substantial loss of energy.
WEIGHT For contact versions V2 and V4, the contact force is C BOTH
multiplied by a mass-weighting factor. The following
options are available:
M master M slave
BOTH M s cale = ------------------------------------------
M ma ster + M slave
SLAVE M s cale = M slave
MASTER M s cale = M master
NONE M s cale = 1.0

192 CONTACT
Contact Surface

Recommended usage:
Default setting, if ELLIPS is used in either STYPE or

MTYPE entry, is as follows:
PEN Allowed penetration check. C No check

If the penetration depth exceeds a certain value it is
assumed that the slave node is in a bad contact state. No
contact force is applied and the slave node is taken out of
the contact for the remainder of the calculation. This
option is useful in the following applications:
1. In airbag analysis to prevent “locking” of the
unfolding bag.
2. In crash analysis to prevent high contact forces in
extremely folded regions that would require a much
finer mesh without this option.
DISTANCE The allowed penetration depth is
specified in PENV.
FACTOR The allowed penetration depth is equal
to a factor times a characteristic length
of the master faces. The factor is
specified in PENV.
PENV Value of the allowed penetration depth or value of the R No check
FACTOR to calculate the allowed penetration depth.
CONTACT 193
Contact Surface

MONVEL The contact monitoring distance is increased by a value R 1.1
based on the relative velocity of a slave node and a master
face. The increase is only used if the slave node is moving
towards the master face, and is equal to:
MONVEL * (relative velocity) * DT

FACT Scale factor for the contact forces. R > 0.0 0.1
The default value for FACT works in most applications.

When the slave nodes penetrate too much, the contact can
be made stiffer by increasing the value of FACT.
It is advised to limit the value of FACT to:
Single Surface Contact: FACT = 0.5
Master-Slave Contact: FACT = 1.0
When a CONTFORC entry is defined for this contact, the
value of FACT is not used. The contact force is based
solely on the spring/damper characteristics as specified
on the CONTFORC entry.
MONDIS Defines the fixed part of the monitoring distance. C FACTOR
When the normal distance of a slave node to a master face
becomes smaller than the monitoring distance the slave
node will tag itself to the master face. The side from
which the slave node is moving towards the master face
becomes the monitoring region.
The monitoring distance contains a fixed part and a
velocity dependent part. See MONVEL for a description of
the velocity dependent part.
DISTANCE The monitoring distance is specified in
MONDISV.
FACTOR The monitoring distance is equal to a
factor times a characteristic length of
the master faces. The factor is specified
in MONDISV.
MONDISV Value of the monitoring distance or value of the FACTOR R 2.0
to calculate the monitoring distance.
TSTART Time at which the contact is activated. This overrules a R0 0.0
possible definition on an ACTIVE entry.
194 CONTACT
Contact Surface

TEND Time at which the contact is deactivated. This overrules a R0 ENDTIME
possible definition on an ACTIVE entry.
REVERSE [ON/OFF] C ON
Automatic reversal of master faces such that their normal
point in the same direction. (See Remark 7.)
INITPEN [ON/OFF] C ON
Allowed initial penetration check.
Each slave node is checked for an initial penetration, and
if the initial penetration depth is within an allowed limit.
If an initial penetration occurs, and the penetration depth
falls within the allowed limit, a warning is issued.
If an initial penetration occurs and the initial penetration
depth is larger than the allowed value, the contact
between the slave node and the master face is not
initialized. No warning is issued.
PENTOL Tolerance for the allowed initial penetration check. R 1.E20
INIID ID of a set of CONTINI entries used to define the initial I>0 Blank
contact state. This option is useful for in-plane folded
air bags.
INITMON Fixed part of the monitoring distance used during the R > 0.0 MONDIS
initialization. If not specified, the value of MONDIS
is used.
SLVACT Defines the method used to (de)activate the slave nodes. C See Remark 9.
VERSION=V2 Applies only when ADAPT = YES.
NO The slave nodes are
deactivated after all its
connected elements
have failed.
YES The slave nodes are
always active.
VERSION=V4 Applies for both ADAPT = YES and
ADAPT = NO.
METHOD1 Applies to all V4 contacts.
CONTACT 195
Contact Surface

METHOD1A Applies to master-slave V4
contacts only.
contacts only.
contacts only.
contacts only
See Remark 9. for a detailed description of
these methods.
DRWBEADF Drawbead force per unit length. R > 0.0 Required for
VERSION =
DRAWBEAD.
CONTFORC ID of a CONTFORC entry. I>0 Blank
When specified, the contact force is not based on the
Lagrangian multiplier method, but determined by
spring/damper characteristics. The spring/damper
characteristics are specified on a CONTFORC entry.
When the CONTFORC entry is specified, the value of
FACT and DAMPING are not used.
TOLPROJ1, Projection tolerance for inside and outside corners. Faces R > 0.0 1.E-3
TOLPROJ2 are automatically extended to cover the “dead region” at
corners. (See Remark 5.)
EVIEW The view angle (in degrees) of edges. Used only in case 0<R< See Remark 6.
of edge-to-edge contact. 90
TENDNEW Deactivation time for new contact search algorithm for R > 0.0 1.E20
BPFULL contact. See Remark 8..
Remarks
1. See also the information on the contact algorithm in the Getting Started Manual.
2. The SETC ID referred to by ELLIPS may contain more than one ellipsoid. The ELLIPS option
may only use the V4 contact algorithm and the default thickness factor for the ELLIPS option
is 0.0.
196 CONTACT
Contact Surface
3. The coefficient of friction is given by:

– v
 =  k +  u s –  k e
where
s = static coefficient of friction FS

k = kinetic coefficient of friction FK
 = exponential decay coefficient EXP
v = relative sliding velocity at the point of contact
4. When a nonzero value has been specified for THICK and/or GAP, a contact thickness is assigned
to both the slave nodes and the master faces
CASE 1: Shell-to-shell Contact
The contact thickness is equal to:

t_contact = THICK * 0.5 * t_shell_slave + THICK * 0.5 * t_shell_master + GAP
where
t_contact = contact thickness

THICK = scale factor for shell thickness
t_shell = shell thickness
GAP = artificial contact thickness
CONTACT 197
Contact Surface
CASE II: Solid-to-solid Contact
t_contact = GAP
CASE III: Shell-to-solid Contact:

t_contact = THICK * 0.5 * t_shell_slave + GAP
CASE IV: Solid-to-shell Contact:

t_contact = THICK * 0.5 * t_shell_master + GAP
The shell thickness is zero for the faces of Lagrangian solids.

The shell thickness for slave nodes is not calculated for STYPE = GRID.
198 CONTACT
Contact Surface
For all other options, the shell thickness of each slave node is calculated as the average thickness
of those elements in the slave surface that are connected to the slave node.
Contact occurs when the contact thickness of a slave node overlaps the contact thickness of a
master face. This is the best physical contact representation of shell structures. There are also
several other advantages to using a contact thickness:
a. Use of a contact thickness prevents “hooking” in case of T-joints:
b. Use of a contact thickness prevents losing contacts in the “dead region” on the “penetrated
side” of neighboring master faces. When a slave node enters the “dead region” between
neighboring master faces, it is not projected on either face, and the contact is lost:
CONTACT 199
Contact Surface
Using a contact thickness has the disadvantage that an unwanted initial penetration
might occurs where the edge of shell elements meets a master surface. The following is a
good example:
5. The search for the closest master face for a slave node is performed by a normal projection of the
slave node on the faces of the master surface. For the search option FULL, all faces of the master
surface are taken into account. This is the most reliable option, but takes the most
computational time.
The SLIDE search option searches for the closest master face under the assumption that a slave
node will only slide from the current master face to its neighbors during one time step. This search
algorithm is much faster than the FULL option. However, this search option can cause problems
for slave nodes that have entered the “dead-region” on the “penetrated side” between neighboring
master faces, where it can not be projected on either face, and the contact is lost because of that.
The BPLANE search option alleviates the problems for slave nodes that have entered the “dead-
region” by creating automatically a plane perpendicular to the folding line between two master
faces. Contact for slave nodes that reside in the back-up plane area is preserved and the nodes
remain in the contact search algorithm. A force perpendicular to the BPLANE is applied to those
nodes, since they are on the penetrated side of the master surface.
Because the BPLANE search algorithm is very fast, it is the recommended contact search
algorithm for air bag analysis.
200 CONTACT
Contact Surface
The BPFULL algorithm combines features of the FULL search contact algorithm and the BPLANE
search contact algorithm. The same back-up planes are generated as the BPLANE contact;
however, new contacts can be initialized during the simulation. This new initiation is especially
important for air bags that have large internal open regions and where contacts between layers
occur later during the simulation time. Special care is taken into account to initialize the correct
side of the master face so that hooking behind layers is reduced to a minimum. Consequently, this
type of contact is very CPU intensive. To this end, the new search algorithm can be skipped after
a certain time has been reached. This time can be defined by the user with the TENDNEW entry on
the CONTACT option. After this time has been reached, no new contact is searched for.
Effectively, after the new TENDNEW is reached, the BPFULL contact algorithm behaves the same
as the regular BPLANE contact algorithm.
6. An edge-to-edge contact is defined by specifying the surfaces of which you want the free edges
to be included in the contact definition. The “free” edges are derived only from the supplied
elements within those surfaces. This means that they are not necessarily the real free edges of
the model.
Limitation: when you want to use the edge-to-edge contact, you need to define a contact entry
that has both the master and the slave surface in contact be of the type SURFEDGE. Of course,
you can combine “normal” contact definitions with the edge-to-edge definition. Please note that
each contact must be separately defined as a contact specification.
You can influence the behavior of the searching algorithm that defines the edges that are in
contact. By default, the edge contact is recognized when the direction of the velocity of the point
that has potential contact is in the direction of the normal to the edge. This criterion may be too
strict for some occasions. Therefore, with the EVIEW definition on the contact specification you
may define an angle that defines a 3-D cone with the edge normal as the center line. When the
velocity vector of a point searching for contact with an edge falls within this 3-D cone, the point
is considered for contact with the edge. If the velocity vector of the point falls outside the 3-D
cone, the point is ignored in the contact search. You can use this parameter when you encounter
spurious edge-to-edge contact situations.
7. In case of V4 contact, REVERSE=ON takes effect only for edge-to-edge and master-slave
contacts. For master-slave contact, it is only necessary to align the face normal when the SIDE
entry is TOP or BOTTOM. For other situations, in principle, it is not necessary without violating
the contact constraints.
8. TENDNEW is used only when the BPFULL contact search algorithm is used. After the TENDNEW
time is reached, no new contacts are searched for.
9. A detailed description of the slave node (de)activation methods is given here. These methods are
only available for VERSION = V4:
When a master surface might fold onto itself, is more suited for eroding master-slave contact
behaves as a single surface.
CONTACT 201
Contact Surface
METHOD1 Nodes become active as slave once they reside on the outside of the mesh. In
case of master slave contact, nodes on the master surface will not act as a slave.
Nodes will be deactivated as slave once all connected elements have failed.
METHOD2 Nodes become active as slave once they reside on the outside of the mesh. In
case of master-slave contact, nodes on the master surface will not act as a slave.
Nodes will remain active as slave once all connected elements have failed.
METHOD3 Nodes are active as slave from the start of the calculation, independent of
whether they reside on the inside or the outside of the mesh. In case of master-
slave contact, nodes on the master surface will not act as a slave.
METHOD4 Nodes are active as slave from the start of the calculation, independent of
whether they reside on the inside or the outside of the mesh. In case of master-
slave contact, nodes on the master surface will not act as a slave.
METHOD1A For master-slave contact only. Nodes become active as slave once they reside
on the outside of the mesh. Nodes on the master surface will also act as slave,
once they reside on the outside of the mesh. This method is more suited for
eroding master-slave contact than METHOD1.
METHOD2A For master-slave contact only. Nodes become active as slave once they reside
on the outside of the mesh. Nodes on the master surface will also act as slave,
once they reside on the outside of the mesh. This method is more suited for
eroding master-slave contact than METHOD2.
METHOD3A For master-slave contact only. Nodes are active as slave from the start of the
calculation, independent of whether they reside on the inside or the outside of
the mesh. Nodes on the master surface will also act as slave, once they reside on
the outside of the mesh. This method is more suited for eroding master-slave
contact than METHOD3.
METHOD4A For master-slave contact only. Nodes are active as slave from the start of the
calculation, independent of whether they reside on the inside or the outside of
the mesh. Nodes on the master surface will also act as slave, once they reside on
the outside of the mesh. This method is more suited for eroding master-slave
contact than METHOD4.
202 CONTACT
Contact Surface
To choose the correct slave activity switch, you can use the following flow schemes. The selection
of a method depends on the desired results, and can be captured by three questions:
a. Only nodes on the outside of the mesh are active?
In most cases only the slave nodes on the outside need to be active.
In cases of high-velocity impact, it might be necessary to activate the internal slave nodes also.
This will prevent missing contacts for slave nodes that move across the monitoring region of
the master face during the time-step it is activated.
b. Deactivate slave nodes when all connected elements have failed?
This determines whether slave nodes will remain active after all its connected elements have
failed. This option only applies to an adaptive contact.
c. Nodes on the master surface will also act as slave?
When a master surface might fold onto itself this will prevent the master surface from
penetrating itself. Therefore the master surface will behave as a single surface.
Flow scheme for a single surface contact:
CONTACT 203
Contact Surface
Flow scheme for a master-slave contact:

204 CONTACT
Contact Surface
CONTFORC 205
Contact Force Definition Using Force-Deflection Curves
CONTFORC Contact Force Definition Using Force-Deflection Curves
The contact force is determined by force-deflection curves for loading and unloading. Damping can be
specified either as a constant value or as a tabular function.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CONTFORC CID K LOAD UNLOAD B-CONST B-TABLE
CONTFORC 9 1.E6 212

CID Unique CONTFORC number, referenced from I>0 Required
CONTACT entry.
K Constant value for the contact stiffness. R 0 See Remark 1.
The contact force is calculated as:
F contact = Kd
where d is the penetration depth. The force acts in the direction

normal to the master face. The same value is used during
loading and unloading.
LOAD Number of aTABLED1entry specifying the force versus I>0 See Remark 1.
penetration depth to be used when penetration increases. This
is the loading phase.
UNLOAD Number of a TABLED1entry specifying the force versus I>0 Table number
penetration depth to be used when penetration decreases. This specified
is the unloading phase. under LOAD
By choosing a different unloading than loading curve,
hysteresis can be modeled.
B-CONST Constant value of damper stiffness. R 0 See Remark 2.
The damper acts on the velocity difference between the slave
node and the master face in the direction normal to the
master face.
B-TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry specifying the damper stiffness. I>0 See Remark 2.
The damper acts on the velocity difference between the slave
node and the master face in the direction normal to the
master face.
206 CONTFORC
Contact Force Definition Using Force-Deflection Curves
Remarks
1. Either K or LOAD must be specified.
2. None or just one of the options B-CONST, or B-TABLE must be specified.
CONTINI 207
Contact Initialization for In-Plane Folded Air Bags
CONTINI Contact Initialization for In-Plane Folded Air Bags
Defines the initial contact state between two SUBSURF entries. Used for contact initialization of in-plane
folded air bags.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CONTINI CID INIID SUBID1 SUBID2 LEVEL SIDE REVERSE
CONTINI 1 79 53 54 1.0 BOTH NO

CID Unique number of a CONTINI entry. I>0 Required
INIID Number of a set of CONTINI entries. INIID must be I>0 Required
referenced from a CONTACTentry.
SUBID1 Number of a slave SUBSURF. The SUBSURF must be part of I>0 Required
the slave SURFACE, referenced on the CONTACT entry. (In
case of a single surface contact, it must be part of that
SURFACE.)
SUBID2 Number of a master SURFACE. The SURFACE must be part I>0 Required
of the master SURFACE, referenced on the CONTACT entry.
(In case of a single surface contact, it must be part of
that SURFACE.
LEVEL Defines the LEVEL of a contact initialization. R  0.0 1.0
See Remark 2.
SIDE Defines the side of the contact that will be accepted. C See Remark1.
BOTH Contact from both sides is accepted.
TOP Only contact from the TOP side is accepted.
BOTTOM Only contact from the BOTTOM side is accepted.
REVERSE Defines if the reverse CONTINI must be generated: C NO
YES A reversed CONTINI is generated with SUBID2
as the slave and SUBID1 as the master:
CONTINI,-,INIID,SUBID2,SUBID1
NO A reversed CONTINI is not generated.
208 CONTINI
Contact Initialization for In-Plane Folded Air Bags
Remarks
1. By default the SIDE is equal to the SIDE as specified on the CONTACT entry.
2. It is allowed to have multiple CONTINIs defined for a slave subsurface. If a grid point of a slave
subsurface (SUBID1) finds a contact in more than one master subsurface, only the ones with the
highest level are accepted.
For example, suppose a subsurf is used as slave in three CONTINI definitions:
CONTINI,1,101,SUBID1,SUBID2,,LEVEL1
When a slave node of SUBSURF,SUBID1 finds a contact in all three master SUBSURFs. The
following logic applies:
LEVEL1=LEVEL2=LEVEL3  all contacts are accepted
LEVEL1>LEVEL2,LEVEL3  only contact 1 is accepted
LEVEL1=LEVEL2>LEVEL3  only contact 1 and 2 are accepted
LEVEL1,LEVEL2<LEVEL3  only contact 3 and 2 are accepted
LEVEL1<LEVEL2>LEVEL3  only contact 2 is accepted
3. The options LEVEL, SIDE, and REVERSE are only valid for contact version V4.
CONTREL 209
Contact with Rigid Ellipsoids
CONTREL Contact with Rigid Ellipsoids
Defines contact between rigid ellipsoids and Lagrangian grid points or rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CONTREL CID SIDC TYPE SID ARF
CONTREL 20 30 GRID 40

CID Unique contact number. I>0 Required
SIDC Number of a SETC entry giving a list of the names of rigid I>0 Required
ellipsoids on which contact can occur.
TYPE The type of entity that can contact the rigid ellipsoids. C Required
GRID Grid points.
RIGID Rigid bodies.
SID The number of a SET1 entry listing the grid points or rigid I>0 Required
bodies that can contact the rigid ellipsoids. (See also
Remark 2.)
ARF Artificial restoration factor. This is the factor by which 0.0  R  1.0 See Remark 1.
penetrated grid points are moved back to the surface of the
ellipsoids. A value of 0 indicates that they are not moved.
A value of 1 indicates that they are moved all the way back
to the surface of the ellipsoid.
Remarks
1. For grid points attached to Lagrangian elements, the default for ARF is 1.0. For rigid surfaces, the
default is 0.1.
2. Only rigid surfaces can be defined in the SET1 entry and are referenced by their number. MATRIG
and RBE2-FULLRIGs cannot be referenced by this entry. Use the CONTACT entry instead.
210 CORD1C
Cylindrical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
CORD1C Cylindrical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
Defines up to two cylindrical coordinate systems per entry by referencing three grid points that define a
coordinate system. The grid points must be defined in a coordinate system other than the coordinate
system that is being defined. The first grid point is the origin, the second lies on the z-axis, and the third
lies in the plane of the azimuthal origin.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD1C CID G1 G2 G3 CID2 G4 G5 G6
CORD1C 3 16 321 19

CID Coordinate system number I>0 Required
G1, G2, G3 Grid point numbers G1, G2, and G3. The grid point numbers must I>0 Required
be unique.
CID2 Optional second coordinate-system number. I>0 Blank
G4, G5, G6 Grid point numbers G4, G5, and G6. The grid point numbers must I>0 Blank
be unique.
Figure 5-3 CORD1C Definition

CORD1C 211
Remarks
1. All coordinate system numbers must be unique.
2. The three grid points G1, G2, and G3 must not be colinear.
3. The location of a grid point in the coordinate system is given by ( R ,  , Z ) where  is measured
in radians.
4. The velocity component directions at P depend on the location of P as shown above by U r , U  ,
and U z , when the coordinate system is used in a motion prescription.
5. One or two coordinate systems may be defined on a single line.
212 CORD1R
Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
CORD1R Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
Defines up to two rectangular coordinate systems per entry by referencing three grid points that define a
coordinate system. The grid points must be defined in a coordinate system other than the coordinate
system that is being defined. The first grid point is the origin, the second lies on the z-axis, and the third
lies in the x-z plane.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD1R CID G1 G2 G3 CID2 G4 G5 G6
CORD1R 3 16 321 19

CID Coordinate system number. I>0 Required
G1, G2, G3 Grid point numbers G1, G2, and G3. The grid points must I>0 Required
be unique.
CID2 Optional second coordinate system number I>0 Blank
G4, G5, G6 Grid point numbers G4, G5, and G6. The grid point numbers must I>0 Blank
be unique.
Figure 5-4 CORD1R Definition

CORD1R 213
Remarks
2. The three grid points G1, G2, and G3 must not be collinear.
3. The location of a grid point in this coordinate system is given by ( X , Y , Z ).
4. The velocity component directions at P depend on the location of P as shown above by U x , U y ,
214 CORD1S
Spherical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
CORD1S Spherical Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
Defines up to two spherical coordinate systems per entry by referencing three grid points that define a
coordinate system. The grid points must be defined in an independent coordinate system. The first grid
point is the origin. The second lies on the z-axis. The third lies in the plane of the azimuthal origin.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD1S CID G1 G2 G3 CID2 G4 G5 G6
CORD1S 3 16 321 19

G1, G2, G3 Grid point numbers G1, G2, and G3. The grid points must I>0 Required
be unique.
CID2 Optional second coordinate-system number. I>0 Blank
G4, G5, G6 Grid point numbers G4, G5, and G6. The grid points must I>0 Blank
be unique.
Figure 5-5 CORD1S Definition

CORD1S 215
Remarks
2. The three grid points G1, G2, and G3 must not be collinear.
3. The location of a grid point in this coordinate system is given by ( R ,  ,  ) where  and  are
measured in degrees.
and U  , when the coordinate system is used in a motion prescription.
5. Grid points on the polar axis may not have their displacement directions defined in this coordinate
system, since an ambiguity results.
216 CORD2C
CORD2C Cylindrical Coordinate System Definition, Form 2
Defines a cylindrical coordinate system by referencing the coordinates of three grid points. The first point
defines the origin, the second defines the direction of the z-axis, and the third lies in the plane of the
azimuthal origin. The reference coordinate system must be independently defined.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD2C CID RID A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 +
CORD2C 3 17 -2.9 1.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 +
+ C1 C2 C3
+ 5.2 1.0 -2.9

CID Coordinate system number I>0 Required
RID Reference coordinate system that is defined independent of the I>0 0
new coordinate system.
A1, A2, A3 Coordinates of three points in the coordinate system referenced by R 0.0
B1, B2, B3 RID.
C1, C2, C3
Figure 5-6 CORD2C Definition

CORD2C 217
Remarks
1. The continuation line must be present.
2. The three points (A1, A2, A3), (B1, B2, B3), and (C1, C2, C3) must be unique and must not
be collinear.
4. The location of a grid point in the coordinate system is given by ( R ,  , Z ) where  is measured
in degrees.
and U z when the coordinate system is used in a motion prescription.
6. A RID of zero references the basic coordinate system.
218 CORD2R
CORD2R Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 2
Defines a rectangular coordinate system by referencing the coordinates of three points. The first point
defines the origin, the second defines the direction of the z-axis, and the third defines a vector that, with
the z-axis, defines the x-z plane. The reference coordinate system must be independently defined.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD2R CID RID A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 +
CORD2R 3 17 -2.9 1.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 +
+ C1 C2 C3
+ 3.14 .1592 .653

RID Reference coordinate system that is defined independent of the I>0 0
A1, A2, A3 Coordinate of three points in the coordinate system referenced R 0.0
B1, B2, B3 by RID.
C1, C2, C3

CORD2R 219
Remarks
be collinear.
4. The location of a grid point in this coordinate system is given by ( X , Y , Z ).
5. The velocity-component directions at P depend on the location of P as shown above by U x , U y ,
6. An RID of zero references the basic coordinate system.
220 CORD2S
CORD2S Spherical Coordinate System Definition, Form 2
Defines a spherical coordinate system by referencing the coordinates of three points. The first point
defines the origin, the second defines the direction of the z-axis, and the third lies in the plane of the
azimuthal origin. The reference coordinate system must be independently defined.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD2S CID RID A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 +
CORD2S 3 17 -2.9 1.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 +
+ C1 C2 C3
+ 5.2 1.0 -2.9

RID Reference coordinate system that is defined independently of the I>0 0
A1, A2, A3 Coordinates of three points in the coordinate system referenced R 0.0
B1, B2, B3 by RID.
C1, C2, C3
Figure 5-8 CORD2S Definition

CORD2S 221
Remarks
2. The three points (A1, A2, A3), (B1, B2, B3) and (C1, C2, C3) must be unique and must not be
collinear.
4. The location of a grid point in this coordinate system is given by ( R ,  ,  ) where  and  are
measured in degrees.
5. The velocity components directions at P depend on the location of P as shown above by U r , U  ,
and U  , when the coordinate system is used in a motion prescription.
6. Grid points on the polar axis may not have their displacement directions defined in this coordinate
system, since an ambiguity results.
7. A RID of zero references the basic coordinate system.
222 CORD3R
Moving Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
CORD3R Moving Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 1
Defines a rectangular coordinate system by referencing three grid points. The grid points must be defined
in an independent coordinate system. The first grid point is the origin, the second lies on the z-axis, and
the third lies in the x-z plane. The position and orientation of the coordinate system is updated as the grid
points move.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD3R CID G1 G2 G3 CID G1 G2 G3
CORD3R 3 16 321 19

CID Coordinate-system number. I>0 Required
G1, G2, G3 Grid-point numbers G1, G2, and G3 must be unique. I>0 Required

CORD3R 223
Remarks
2. The three points G1, G2, G3 must not be collinear.
3. The location of a grid point P in this coordinate system is given by ( X , Y , Z ).
4. The displacement coordinate directions at P are shown above by ux , uy , and uz .
6. The orientation of the coordinate system is updated each time step based on the motion of the
grid points.
224 CORD4R
CORD4R Moving Rectangular Coordinate System Definition, Form 2
Defines a rectangular coordinate system by referencing the coordinates of three points. The first point
defines the origin, the second defines the direction of the z-axis, and the third defines a vector that, with
the z-axis, defines the x-z plane. The position and orientation of the coordinate system moves during the
analysis by prescribed translation and rotation.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORD4R CID RID A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 +
CORD4R 3 17 -2.9 1.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 +
+ C1 C2 C3 +
+ 5.2 1.0 -2.9 +
+ TTX TTY TTZ TRX TRY TRZ

+ 33

RID Reference coordinate system that is defined independently of the I>0 0
A1, A2, A3 Coordinates of three points in the basic coordinate system. R 0.0
B1, B2, B3
C1,C2, C3
TTX, TTY, Number of TABLED1 entries defining the velocity of the origin of I > 0 Fixed
TTZ the coordinate system in the x-, y-, z-directions of the basic
coordinate system.
TRX, TRY, Number of TABLED1 entries defining the angular velocity of the I>0 Fixed
TRZ coordinate system about the x-, y-, z-axes of the basic coordinate
system.
CORD4R 225
Remarks
be collinear.
3. All coordinate-system numbers must be unique.
4. The location of a grid point P in this coordinate system is given by ( X , Y , Z ).
5. The displacement coordinate directions at V are shown by ux , uy , and uz .
226 CORDROT
Corotational-frame Definition
CORDROT Corotational-frame Definition
Defines the direction of corotational axes in a material.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CORDROT CID G1 G2 G3
CORDROT 100 1 2 3

CID Unique coordinate-system number referred to by a DMAT or I0 Required
DMATEL Bulk Data entry.
G1, G2, G3 Relative grid-point numbers of elements of DMAT and DMATEL 1  I  8 1,5,2
referring to this entry defining the orientation of the corotational
frame. See Remark 5.
Remarks
1. The DMAT and DMATEL entries can refer to this type of coordinate system.
2. G1 defines the origin, G2 lies on the corotational z-axis, and G3 lies in the corotational
(X-Z) plane.
Figure 5-11 Element Corotational Frame According to the Example Given Above
3. The orientation of the element corotational frame is updated according to the spin of the element.
4. If the fields G1, G2, G3 are left blank, the default applies.
5. If it is referred by linear tetrahedron elements, the default of G1, G2, G3 is 1, 2, 4, respectively
COUHTR 227
Heat Transfer Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry
COUHTR Heat Transfer Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry
Defines an heat transfer model suited for Euler Coupled analyses. The heat transfer model is defined as
part of the coupling surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUHTR CID HTRID SUBID HTRTYPE HTRTYPID COEFF COEFFV
COUHTR 100 1 2 3

CID Unique number of a COUHTR entry I0 Required
HTRID Number of a set of COUHTR entries HTRID must be I0 Required
referenced from a COUPLE entry.
SUBID >0 Number of a SUBSURF, which must be a I0 0
part of the SURFACE referred to from the
COUPLE entry.
=0 COUHTR definitions are used for the entire
SURFACE referred to from the
COUPLE entry.
HTRTYPE Defines the type of heat transfer C
HTRCONV The HTRCONV logic is used to model heat
transfer through convection in an air bag. The
area of convection is defined by a subsurface
(SUBID). The area of convection through
which the energy is trans ported is equal to the
area of the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV.
A value of COEFFV = 1.0 exposes the
complete subsurface area, while a value of
COEFFV = 0.0 results in no heat transfer
through the subsurface.
HTRRAD The HTRRAD logic is used to model heat
transfer through radiation in an air bag. The
(SUBID). The area of convection through
which the energy is transported is equal to the
area of the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV.
A value of COEFFV = 1.0 exposes the
complete subsurface area, while a value of
COEFFV = 0.0 results in no heat transfer
through the subsurface.
228 COUHTR
Heat Transfer Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry

HTRTYPID ID of the entry selected under HTRTYPE, e.g. I Required
HTRCONV, HTRTYPID.
COEFF Method of defining the area coefficient. C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The area coefficient is constant and specified
on COEFFV.
TABLE The area coefficient varies with time. COEFV
is the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX
entry giving the variation with time.
COEFFV The area coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or 0<R<1 1.0
TABLEEXentry depending on the COEFF entry. or I > 0
Remarks
1. The same HTRTYPE entry referenced from this COUHTR entry can be referenced by a GBAGHTR
entry. This allows for setting up the exact same model for either a uniform pressure model or an
Euler Coupled model:
This makes it possible to set up the model using the switch from full gas dynamics to uniform
pressure (GBAGCOU).
2. A mixture of multiple COUHTR with different HTRTYPEs is allowed.
3. For the same SUBSURF, multiple different types of heat transfer may be defined.
4. A more detailed description can be found in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 6: Air Bags and
Occupant Safety, Porosity in Air Bags.
COUINFL 229
Inflator Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry
COUINFL Inflator Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry
Defines an inflator model suited for Euler Coupled analyses. The inflator model is defined as part of the
coupling surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUINFL CID INFID SUBID INFTYPE INFTYPID COEFF COEFFV
COUINFL 112 14 1204 INFLATR 80 0.012

CID Unique number of a COUINFL entry. I>0 Required
INFID Number of a set of COUINFL entries INFID must be I>0 Required
SUBID Number of a SUBSURF, which must be a part of the I>0 Required
SURFACE referred to from the COUPLEentry.
INFTYPE Defines the type of inflator. C Required
INFLATR The INFLATR logic is used to model
inflators in an air bag.
INFLATR1 The INFLATR1 logic is used to model
INFLHY The INFLHYB logic is used to model
hybrid inflators in an air bag.
INFLHYB1 The INFLHYB1 logic is used to model
INFLCG The INFLCG logic models a cold
gas inflator.
INFTYPID ID of the entry selected under INFTYPE; for example, I Required
INFLATR,INFTYPID.
COEFF Method of defining the area coefficient C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The area coefficient is constant and
specified on COEFFV.
TABLE The area coefficient varies with time.
COEFV is the number of a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry giving the variation with
time.
COEFFV The area coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or 0.0 < R < 1.0 1.0
TABLEEX entry depending on the COEFF entry. or I > 0
230 COUINFL
Inflator Model to be Used with COUPLE Entry
Remarks
1. The INFLATR, INFLATR1, INFLHYB, or INFLHYB1 inflator geometry and location is defined
by a subsurface (SUBID). The area of the hole through which the gas enters is equal to the area
of the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV. A value of COEFFV = 1.0 opens up the complete
subsurface area, while a value of COEFFV = 0.0 results in a closed inflator area with no inflow.
2. The same INFTYPE entry referenced from this COUINFL entry can be referenced by a
GBAGINFL entry. This allows for setting up the exact same model for either a uniform pressure
model or an Euler Coupled model:
pressure (GBAGCOU).
3. One couple entry can reference more than one COUINFL entry. This allows for modeling multiple
inflators in an airbag module.
COUOPT 231
Coupling Options
COUOPT Coupling Options
Defines the interaction factor and a pressure load from the covered side acting on a SURFACE
or SUBSURF.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUOPT CID OPTID SUBID FACTOR FACTORV +
COUOPT 1 80 42 CONSTANT 0 +
+ PLCOVER PLCOVERV
+ CONSTANT 1.E5

CID Unique number of a COUOPT entry. I0 Required
OPTID Number of a set of COUOPT entries. OPTID must be I0 Required
SUBID > 0 Number of a SUBSURF, which must be part I0 0
of the SURFACE.
=0 COUOPT definitions used for the
entire SURFACE.
FACTOR Method of defining the interaction FACTORV with which C CONSTANT
the Eulerian pressure acting on the SURFACE is multiplied.
CONSTANT The FACTOR is constant and specified
in FACTORV.
FACTORV The interaction factor R 1
PLCOVER Method of defining the pressure load exerted on the (SUB) C CONSTANT
SURFACE from the covered side. The pressure load is
applied only when the Eulerian pressure is greater
than zero.
CONSTANT The PLCOVER is constant and specified
in PLCOVERV.
TABLE The PLCOVER varies with time.
PLCOVERV is the number of aTABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry giving the variation of the
PLCOVER (y- value) with time (x-value).
PLCOVERV The pressure load or the number of a TABLED1 or R0 0.
TABLEEXentry depending on the PLCOVER entry.
232 COUOPT
Coupling Options
Remarks
1. The effect of specifying an interaction FACTOR is similar to specifying a porosity coefficient on
a COUPOR entry. The difference is that in this case the SURFACE or SUBSURF still acts as a
wall boundary for the Eulerian material.
2. Applying a PLCOVER instead of applying a pressure load on the faces through either a PLOAD,
PLOAD4, or DAREA entry gives the following differences:
a. PLCOVER is applied only when there is a balancing Eulerian pressure greater than zero.
b. Possible porosity as defined on a COUPOR entry is taken into account when applying
the PLCOVER.
c. With PARAM,PLCOVCUT you can define a cut-off time that is applied to PLCOVER.
3. The covered side of a SURFACE lies on the side where there is no Eulerian material. See Dytran
User’s Guide, Chapter 4: Fluid Structure Interaction, General Coupling.
COUP1FL 233
Coupling Surface Failure
COUP1FL Coupling Surface Failure
Defines the surrounding variables when a segment of a coupling surface will fail.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUP1FL CFID RHO SIE XVEL YVEL ZVEL PRESSURE MATERIAL
COUP1FL 3 1.225 204082 900.

CFID Unique number of a COUP1FL entry I>0 Required
RHO Surrounding density R > 0. See Remark 2.
SIE Surrounding specific internal energy R See Remark 2.
XVEL Surrounding x-velocity R See Remark 2.
YVEL Surrounding y-velocity R See Remark 2.
ZVEL Surrounding z-velocity R See Remark 2.
PRESSURE Surrounding pressure R See Remark 4.
Remarks
1. This entry can only be used in combination with PARAM,FASTCOUP,FAIL and with either the
HYDRO, MMHYDRO, or MMSTREN Euler Solver. For restrictions on the use of COUP1FL
refer to param,flow-method. The coupling surface failure is associated with the element failure of
the structure to which the surface is connected. Therefore, you have to define a failure model for
the structure for the entry to take effect in the analysis.
2. For the Roe solver at least one of the surrounding variables should be defined. The default value
of the density (RHO) will be set equal to the reference density as defined on the DMAT entry and
the other variables (SIE, XVEL, YVEL, and ZVEL) are, by default, equal to zero.
3. The coupling surface must only consist of CQUADs and/or CTRIAs elements.
4. The PRESSURE field has to be left blank in combination with the Roe solver.
5. In combination with multi-material Euler, only outflow of material is allowed. Each material in
an outflow Euler element is transported. The materials are transported in proportion to their
relative volume fractions.
234 COUP1INT
Coupling Surface Interaction
COUP1INT Coupling Surface Interaction
Defines the interaction between two coupling surfaces.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUP1INT CIID CID1 CID2
COUP1INT 33 2 5

CIID Unique number of a COUP1INT entry. I>0 Required
CID1 Number of COUPLE or COUPLE1 entry 1 I>0 Required
CID2 Number of COUPLE or COUPLE1 entry 2 I>0 Required
Remarks
1. This entry can only be used in combination with PARAM,FASTCOUP, ,FAIL and with either
the HYDRO, MMHYDRO or MMSTREN Euler Solver. For restrictions on the use of
COUP1INT refer to PARAM, FLOW-METHOD. The interaction will be activated when failure of
a Lagrangian structure on which the coupling surface lies is defined. Therefore, you have to define
a failure model for the material of the structure.
2. The coupling surface should consist of CQUADs and/or CTRIAs.
3. For more detail on modeling flow between Eulerian domains, see PARAM, FLOW-METHOD.
COUPLE 235
General Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface
COUPLE General Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface
Defines a coupling surface that acts as the interface between an Eulerian (finite volume) and a Lagrangian
(finite element) domain.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUPLE CID SID COVER REVERSE CHECK PORID OPTID CTYPE +
COUPLE 100 37 INSIDE ON ON +
+ INFID HTRID FS FK EXP INTID +

+ 0.0 0.3 0.0 +
+ SET1ID MESHID TDEAC COUP1FL HYDSTAT SKFRIC

+

CID Unique number of a COUPLE entry. I>0 Required.
SID Number of a SURFACEentry defining the I>0 Required.
coupling surface.
COVER The processing strategy for Eulerian elements inside and C INSIDE
outside of the coupling surface:
INSIDE The Eulerian elements inside the closed
volume of the coupling surface are
not processed.
OUTSIDE The Eulerian elements outside the closed
not processed.
REVERSE Auto-reverse switch for the coupling surface segments: C ON
ON If required, the normals of the coupling
surface segments are automatically
reversed so that they all point in the same
general direction as to give a positive
closed volume.
OFF The segments are not automatically
reversed. The user is responsible for
defining the correct general direction of
the segment normals.
236 COUPLE

CHECK Check switch for coupling surface segments: C ON
ON The normals of the segments are checked
to verify that they all point in the same
general direction and yield a positive
closed volume.
OFF The segments are not checked. It the
responsibility of the user to ensure that the
direction of the segment normals yield a
positive closed volume.
When REVERSE is set to ON, the CHECK option is
automatically activated.
PORID Number of a set of COUPOR entries that define the I>0 No porosity
porosity for the SURFACE and/or SUBSURF entries.
OPTID Not available for the Roe solver. I>0 No special options
Number of a set of COUOPT entries that define special
options for the SURFACE and the SUBSURF entries.
CTYPE Not available for the Roe solver. C STANDARD
Coupling surface type definition:
STANDARD Standard Euler-Lagrange interaction.
AIRBAG Coupling for air bag applications.
It is equivalent to the standard coupling algorithm with
the following exceptions that tailor the solution for air
bag applications:
• Inflow through a porous (sub)surface occurs only

when there is already some material (gas) in the
Eulerian element.
• Almost empty Eulerian elements will be
automatically eliminated. The standard algorithm
redistributes the small mass to the most suitable
neighbor elements.
INFID Not available for the Roe solver. I>0 No inflators
Number of a set of COUINFL entries that define the
inflator(s) on the subsurface(s) of the coupling surface.
HTRID Not available for the Roe solver. I>0 No heat transfer
Number of a set of COUHTR entries that define the heat
transfer definition(s) on the subsurface(s) of the
coupling surface.
COUPLE 237

FS Not available for the Roe solver. R0 0.0
Static friction coefficient (See Remark 6.)
FK Not available for the Roe solver. R0 0.0
Kinetic friction coefficient (See Remark 6.)
EXP Not available for the Roe solver. R0 0.0
Exponential decay coefficient (See Remark 6.)
INTID ID of an INITGAS entry specifying initial gas I>0 No initial gas
composition for the Euler mesh (See Remark 7.) composition
SET1ID The number of a SET1 entry, which defined the Eulerian I>0 See Remark 8.
elements associated with this coupling surface.
MESHID The number of a MESH entry, which defines the Eulerian I > 0 See Remark 8.
mesh associated with this coupling surface.
TDEAC Time of deactivation of the coupling surface and the R>0 1.E20
associated Eulerian mesh.
COUP1FL The number of a COUP1FL entry, which defines the I>0 See Remark 9.
surrounding variables for the coupling surface when its
segments fail.
HYDSTAT The number of a HYDSTAT entry which specifies a I>0 No hydrostatic
hydrostatic preset. The preset is applied to all Euler preset
elements specified by the SET1ID and MESHID.
SKFRIC SKINFRICTION R>0 0.0
See Remark 11.
Remarks
1. All coupling surfaces must from a multi-faceted closed volume. If necessary, additional segments
must be defined to achieve the closed volume. The closed volume must intersect at least one Euler
element initially.
2. All segments must de attached to the face of an element. Dummy elements can be used to define
any additional segments that are required to create the closed volume.
3. The normals of all segments that from the coupling surface must point in the same general
direction and result in a positive closed volume. Setting the REVERSE option to ON ensures that
this condition is satisfied, regardless of the initial definition of the segments.
4. The COVER field determines how Eulerian elements that are inside and outside of the coupling
surface are processed. The default setting of INSIDE is appropriate for most of the problems. In
the majority of analyses, the Eulerian material flows around the outside of the coupling surface.
Therefore, the Eulerian elements that fall within the coupling surface do not contain material.
For some specific applications, such as air bag inflation, the Eulerian material (gas) is completed
contained within the coupling surface. In these cases, the COVER definition should be set
to OUTSIDE.
238 COUPLE
5. When you want to use the fast coupling algorithm, you can define the parameter
PARAM,FASTCOUP in the input file. The algorithm then used is substantially faster than the
general coupling. The restriction is that you cannot use an arbitrarily shaped Euler mesh with the
fast coupling algorithm. All element faces of the Euler mesh must have their normal pointing in
any of the three basic coordinate directions. Thus, the mesh must be aligned with the three basic
coordinate directions.
6. The friction model implemented for the coupling algorithm is a simple Coulomb friction
definition. The friction coefficient  is defined as:
–  v
 = k +  s – k   e
where  s is the static friction coefficient,  k is the kinetic friction coefficient,  the exponential
decay coefficient and v the relative sliding at the point of contact.
7. An initial gas composition is for use with the single-material hydrodynamic Euler solver and an
ideal-gas equation of state (EOSGAM) only.
8. Multiple coupling surfaces are available when you associate one Eulerian domain with a single
coupling surface by either using the SET1ID or the MESHID option. Note that only one of the
two options may be set and work only in combination with the fast coupling algorithm defined by
PARAM,FASTCOUP.
9. The COUP1FL option is available and valid only in combination with the fast coupling algorithm
with the failure option (PARAM,PARAM, ,FAIL). If no number is given the default values of the
surrounding variables are used; the density (RHO) is set equal to the reference density as defined
on the DMAT entry. By default, the other variables (SIE, XVEL, YVEL, and ZVEL are set equal
to zero.
10. If an ACTIVE entry is present, its definition is ignored in case the TDEAC value is defined in
combination with the fast coupling algorithm (PARAM,FASTCOUP).
11. The skin friction is defined as:
w
C f = --------2-
u
Here,  w denotes the shear friction in an Euler element adjacent to a couple surface segment where
 is the density and u is the tangential relative velocity in the Euler element that is adjacent to a
couple surface segment.
COUPLE1 239
Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface
COUPLE1 Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface
Use COUPLEas this entry will be obsolete in the next release of Dytran.
Defines a coupling surface that acts as the interface between an Eulerian and a Lagrangian mesh for the
Roe solver for single hydrodynamic materials.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUPLE1 CID SID COVER REVERSE CHECK PORID +
COUPLE1 23 4 +
+ SET1ID MESHID TDEAC COUP1FL

CID Unique number of a COUPLEentry. I>0 Required
SID Number of a SURFACE entry defining the coupling surface. I > 0 Required
COVER The processing strategy for Eulerian elements inside and C INSIDE
outside of the coupling surface.
INSIDE The Eulerian elements inside the closed
not processed.
OUTSIDE The Eulerian elements outside the closed
not processed.
REVERSE Auto reverse switch for coupling surface segments. C ON
ON If necessary, the normals of the coupling
surface segments are automatically reversed so
that they all point in the same general direction
and give a positive closed volume.
OFF The segment normals are not automatically
reversed.
CHECK Checking switch for coupling-surface segments. C ON
ON The normals of the segments are checked to see
whether they all point in the same general
direction and give a positive closed volume.
OFF The segment normals are not checked.
When REVERSE is set to ON, CHECK is automatically set
to ON.
240 COUPLE1
Euler-Lagrange Coupling Surface

PORID Number of a set ofCOUPOR entries that define the porosity I>0 No porosity.
for the SURFACE and/or SUBSURF entries. Only the
porosity models PORFLCPL or PORHOLE are supported.
SET1ID The number of a SET1 entry, which defines the Eulerian I>0 See Remark 7.
region when multiple coupling surfaces are defined.
MESHID The number of a MESH entry, which defines the Eulerian I>0 See Remark 7.
region when multiple coupling surfaces are defined.
TDEAC Time of deactivation of the coupling surface and its Eulerian R>0 1.E20
region.
COUP1FL The number of a COUP1FL entry, which defines the I>0 See Remark 8.
surrounding variables for the coupling surface when its
segments fail.
Remarks
1. All coupling surfaces must form a multifaceted closed volume. If necessary, additional segments
must be specified to achieve this.
2. All segments must be attached to the face of an element. Dummy elements must be used to define
any additional segments that are required to create a closed volume.
3. The normals of all the segments that form the coupling surface must point in the same general
direction and result in a positive closed volume. Setting the REVERSE field to ON ensures that
this condition is satisfied, regardless of how the segments are defined initially.
4. The COVER field determines how Eulerian elements that are inside and outside of the coupling
surface are processed. The default setting of INSIDE is appropriate for most problems, since in
the majority of analyses, the Eulerian material flows around the outside of the coupling surface.
Therefore, the Eulerian elements within the coupling surface are empty. However, for some
specialized applications (such as air bag inflation), the Eulerian material is completely contained
within the coupling surface, and in these cases COVER should be set to OUTSIDE.
5. For the fast coupling algorithm use PARAM,FASTCOUP.
6. The COUPLE1 entry can only be used in combination with PARAM,LIMITER,ROE.
7. Multiple coupling surfaces can be used defining one Eulerian region belonging to each coupling
surface by setting the SET1ID or the MESHID option. Only one of the two options can be set and
works only in combination with PARAM,FASTCOUP.
8. The COUP1FL option is only working in combination with PARAM,FASTCOUP, ,FAIL. If
no number is given, the default values of the surrounding variables are given; the RHO is equal to
the reference RHO on the DMAT entry and the other variables (SIE, XVEL, YVEL and ZVEL) are,
by default, equal to zero.
9. The ACTIVE entry is ignored in case TDEAC is used in combination with PARAM,FASTCOUP.
COUPOR 241
Coupling Porosity
COUPOR Coupling Porosity
Defines porosity for SURFACE and SUBSURFentries used in general coupling.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
COUPOR CID PORID SUBID PORTYPE PORTYPID COEFF COEFFV
COUPOR 111 203 31 PORFLOW 75 0.2

CID Unique number of a COUPOR entry. I0 Required
PORID Number of a set of COUPOR entries. PORID must be I0 Required
COUPLE entry.
=0 COUPOR definitions used for the entire
SURFACE referred to from the COUPLE
entry.
PORTYPE Defines the type of porosity: C PORFLOW
PORFLOW The PORFLOW logic models a flow
boundary in the coupling surface. The
flow boundary acts on the open area of the
coupling (sub)surface (SUBID). The open
area is equal to the area of the (sub)surface
multiplied by COEFFV. A hole can be
modeled when COEFFV is set to 1.0. A
closed area results for COEFFV = 0.0.
The characteristics of the flow are defined
on a PORFLOW entry, with ID as defined
on the PORTYPID.
242 COUPOR
Coupling Porosity

PORHOLE The PORHOLE logic models small holes in
an air bag. A subsurface (SUBID) defines
the hole. The open area of the hole is equal
to the area of the (sub)surface multiplied
by COEFFV. A value of COEFFV = 1.0
opens up the complete area of the hole,
while a value of COEFFV = 0.0 results
in a closed hole. The velocity of the gas
flow through the hole is based on the
theory of one-dimensional gas flow
through a small orifice. The velocity
depends on the pressure difference. The
characteristics for the flow are defined on
a PORHOLE entry, with ID as defined on
the PORTYPID.
PORLHOLE The PORLHOLE logic can be used to
model holes in an air bag. A subsurface
(SUBID) defines the hole. The open area
of the hole is equal to the area of the (sub)
surface multiplied by COEFFV. A value of
COEFFV = 1.0 will open up the
complete area of the hole, while a value of
COEFFV = 0.0 will result in a closed
hole. The velocity of the gas flow through
the hole is based on the velocity method.
The characteristics for the flow are defined
on a PORHOLE entry, with ID as defined
on the PORTYPID.
PERMEAB The PERMEAB logic models permeable
air-bag material. The permeable area can
be defined for a subsurface (SUBID) or for
the entire coupling surface. The velocity of
the gas flow through the (sub)surface is
defined as a linear or tabular function of
the pressure difference between the gas
inside the air bag and the environmental
pressure. The function is specified on a
PERMEAB entry, with ID as defined on the
PORYPID. The area actually used for
outflow is the subsurface area multiplied
by the value of COEFFV.
COUPOR 243
Coupling Porosity

PORFGBG The PORFGBG logic models gas flow
through a hole in the coupling surface
connected to a GBAG. A subsurface
(SUBID) defines the hole. The open area
of the hole is equal to the area of the
(sub)surface multiplied by COEFFV. A
value of COEFFV = 1.0 opens up the
complete area of the hole, while a value of
COEFFV = 0.0 results in a closed hole.
The velocity of the gas flow through the
hole is based on the theory of
one-dimensional gas flow through a small
orifice. The velocity depends on the
pressure difference. The characteristics for
the flow are defined on aPORFGBG entry,
with ID as defined on the PORTYPID.
PORFLGBG The PORFLGBG logic can be used to
model gas flow through a large hole in the
coupling surface connected to a GBAG. A
subsurface (SUBID) defines the hole. The
open area of the hole is equal to the area of
the (sub) surface multiplied by COEFFV.
A value of COEFFV = 1.0 will open up
the complete area of the hole, while a
value of COEFFV = 0.0 will result in a
closed hole. The velocity of the gas flow
through the hole is based on the velocity
method. The characteristics for the flow
are defined on a PORFLGBG entry, with
ID as defined on the PORTYPID.
PERMGBG The PERMGBG logic models gas flow
through a permeable area in the coupling
surface connected to a GBAG. The
permeable area can be defined for a
subsurface (SUBID) or for the entire
coupling surface. The velocity of the gas
flow through the (sub)surface is defined as
a linear or tabular function of the pressure
difference. This function is specified on a
PERMGBG entry, with ID as defined on
the PORYPID. The area actually used for
outflow is the subsurface area multiplied
by the value of COEFFV.
244 COUPOR
Coupling Porosity

POREX A EXPOR user subroutine defines a C PORFLOW
porosity model on the coupling surface.
The volume and mass flow through the
(sub)surface, the velocity of the flow, the
pressure, the specific internal energy and
the porosity coefficient COEFFV are all
computed by the model programmed in
the user subroutine. The name of the
model to be used is defined on a POREX
entry with the ID as specified on the
PORTYPID field.
PORFCPL The PORFCPL logic can be used to model
gas flow through a hole in the coupling
surface connected to another coupling
surface. A subsurface (SUBID) defines the
hole. The open area of the hole is equal to
the area of the (sub) surface multiplied by
COEFFV. A value of COEFFV = 1.0 will
open up the complete area of the hole,
while a value of COEFFV = 0.0 will result
in a closed hole. The velocity of the gas
flow through the hole is based on the
theory of one-dimensional gas flow
through a small orifice. The velocity
depends on the pressure difference. The
a PORFCPL entry, with ID as defined on
the PORTYPID.
PORFLCPL The PORFLGBG logic can be used to
model gas flow through a large hole in the
coupling surface connected to another
coupling surface. A subsurface (SUBID)
defines the hole. The open area of the hole
is equal to the area of the (sub) surface
multiplied by COEFFV. A value of
COEFFV = 1.0 will open up the complete
area of the hole, while a value of COEFFV
= 0.0 will result in a closed hole. The
velocity of the gas flow through the hole is
based on the velocity method. The
a PORFLCPL entry, with ID as defined on
the PORTYPID.
COUPOR 245
Coupling Porosity

PORHYDST Prescribes a hydrostatic pressure profile
PORTYPID Number of a PORFLOW entry. I>0 Required
COEFF Method of defining the porosity coefficient. C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The porosity coefficient is constant and
TABLE The porosity coefficient varies with time.
COEFFV is the number of a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry defining the variation
with time.
COEFFV The porosity coefficient or the number of a TABLED1or 0 < R < 1. 1.0
Remarks
1. A mixture of multiple COUPORs with different PORTYPEs is allowed.
2. All options of PORTYPE except PORFLOW, POREX, PORFCPL, and PORFLCPL can also be
referenced by a GBAGPOR. This makes it possible to setup the exact same model for either a
uniform pressure model (GBAG GBAGPOR) or an Eulerian model (COUPLE COUPOR). It
allows for setting up the model using a switch from full gas dynamics to uniform
pressure (GBAGCOU).
3. The options PORFGBG and PERMGBG can be used to model air bags with
different compartments.
4. The pressure, as defined by a PORFLOW or PORHOLE entry, is exerted on the Eulerian material.
Similarly, the pressure in the connected GBAG, in case of a PORFGBG entry, is exerted on the
Eulerian material. This pressure is applied over the open area only. The open area is equal to the
area of the (sub)surface multiplied by COEFFV. The remaining closed area behaves as a wall
boundary condition for the gas.
5. Any model that is not supported by the default types can be user-programmed in a subroutine
called EXPOR.
6. To determine to use small hole definition (PORHOLE/PORFGBG/PORFCPL) or large hole
definition PORLHOLE/PORFLGBG/PORFCPL) depends on the size of the hole relative to the
size of the Euler elements. In general, when the size of the hole is 2-3 times larger than the Euler
elements, use the velocity (or large hole) definition. When it is smaller use the pressure (or small
hole) definition.
246 CPENTA
Solid Element with Six Grid Points
CPENTA Solid Element with Six Grid Points
Defines a solid wedge element with six grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CPENTA EID PID G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
CPENTA 112 2 3 15 14 4 103 115

PID Number of a PSOLID or PEULER n property entry I>0 EID
G1–G6 Grid-point numbers of the connection points. They must all be unique. I > 0 Required
Remarks
1. The element number must be unique with respect to all other elements.
2. G1, G2, and G3 must define a triangular face. G4, G5, and G6 define the opposite face with G1
opposite G4; G2 opposite G5, etc.
3. The faces may be numbered either clockwise or counterclockwise.
4. The Lagrangian CPENTA element performs poorly compared with the CHEXA element. This
element should only be used where the geometry demands it, and it should be located well away
from any critical areas. Always use the CHEXA element if you can.
5. The property number references a PSOLID or a PEULER entry. This determines whether the
element is Lagrangian or Eulerian.
CQUAD4 247
Quadrilateral Element Connection
CQUAD4 Quadrilateral Element Connection
Defines a Lagrangian quadrilateral shell element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CQUAD4 EID PID G1 G2 G3 G4 THETA +
CQUAD4 111 203 31 74 75 32 +
+ T1 T2 T3 T4
+

PID Number of a PSHELL property entry I>0 EID
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers of the connection points. They must all be I>0 Required
unique.
THETA Material property orientation specification (Real or blank; or 0  I or R
Integer < 1,000,000). If real, it specifies the material property
orientation angle in degrees. If integer, the orientation of the
material x-axis is along the projection onto the plane of the
element of the x-axis of the coordinate system specified by the
integer value. The figure below gives the sign convention for
THETA.
T1-T4 Thickness at the grid points G1 through G4. R > 0.0 See Remark 4.
248 CQUAD4
Quadrilateral Element Connection
Remarks
2. Grid points G1 to G4 must be ordered consecutively around the perimeter of the element.
3. If a CQUAD4 element has a thickness of 9999. (set on the PSHELL entry), it is not a shell element
but it is converted to a CSEG entry. This conversion allows CSEGs to be easily defined using
standard preprocessors. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Using a
Modeling Program with Dytran for details.
4. If the four grid-point thicknesses are defined, the element thickness is the average of the defined
thickness at the four grid points. If the thicknesses are not defined, the default thickness as
specified on the PSHELLentry is used.
5. The THETA entry is only used with orthotropic materials.
CROD 249
Rod Element Connection
CROD Rod Element Connection
Defines a tension-compression element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CROD EID PID G1 G2
CROD 17 6 59 79

PID Number of a PROD, PBELT or PWELD property entry I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers of connected grid points I>0 Required
Remarks
2. Only one rod element may be defined on a single line.
250 CSEG
Segment of a Contact Surface or Coupling Surface
CSEG Segment of a Contact Surface or Coupling Surface
Defines a segment with either three or four grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CSEG ID SID G1 G2 G3 G4
CSEG 101 17 13 19 64 63

ID Unique segment number. I>0 Required
SID Number of the set of segments to which this CSEG belongs. I>0 Required
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers defining the connectivity of the segment. For I>0 Required
triangular segments, G4 should be blank or zero. All the grid points must
be unique.
Remarks
1. The segment number must be unique with respect to all other segments.
3. Segments can be automatically generated for shell and membrane elements, thereby saving the
effort of creating several CSEG entries for contact surfaces and coupling with CQUAD4 and
CTRIA3 elements. The elements for which segments are automatically generated are selected on
SET1 entries referenced by the SURFACE entry.
4. To simplify the generation and checking of CSEG entries, CSEG entries can alternatively be
defined using the CQUAD4 and CTRIA3 entries with a thickness of 9999. For details, see Dytran
User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Using a Modeling Program with Dytran.
5. Segments also can be defined using the CFACE and CFACE1 entries.
CSPR 251
Spring Connection
CSPR Spring Connection
Defines a spring element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CSPR EID PID G1 G2
CSPR 2 6 9 33

PID Number of a PSPR property entry I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers at the ends of the spring. G1 must not be the same I>0 Required
as G2
Remarks
2. This entry defines a spring acting between two grid points. The force always acts in the direction
of the line connecting the two grid points. The direction changes during the analysis as the grid
points move.
3. The spring can have a linear or nonlinear force/deflection characteristic depending on the PSPR
entry it references.
Linear elastic with failure (PSPR)
Nonlinear elastic (PSPR1)
User-defined (PSPREX)
4. CELAS1 and CELAS2define springs with a fixed orientation.
252 CTETRA
Solid Element with Four Grid Points
CTETRA Solid Element with Four Grid Points
Defines a solid tetrahedral element with four grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CTETRA EID PID G1 G2 G3 G4
CTETRA 112 2 3 15 14 4

PID Number of a PSOLID or PEULERn property entry I>0 EID
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers of the connection points. They must all be unique. I > 0 Required
Remarks
2. The element can be numbered in any convenient order.
3. There are two types of Lagrangian CTETRA elements. The first one is based on linear tetrahedron
FE formulation. The second one is based on collapsed CHEXA formulation that is the default due
to upward compatibility reason. It performs poorly compared with the CHEXA element and should
not be used unless absolutely necessary. It should be located well away from any area of interest.
4. The property number references a PSOLIDor PEULER entry. This determines whether the
element is Lagrangian or Eulerian. To activate the linear tetrahedron FE formulation, IN and ISOP
entry of the PSOLID must be set to 1.
CTRIA3 253
Triangular Element Connection
CTRIA3 Triangular Element Connection
Defines a Lagrangian triangular shell or membrane element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CTRIA3 EID PID G1 G2 G3 THETA +
CTRIA3 111 203 31 74 75 +
+ T1 T2 T3
+

PID Number of a PSHELL property entry I>0 EID
G1-G3 Grid-point numbers of the connection points. They must all be I > 0 Required
unique.
THETA Material property orientation specification (Real or blank; or I or R
0  Integer < 1,000,000). If real, specifies the material
property orientation angle in degrees. If integer, the
orientation of the material x-axis is along the projection onto
the plane of the element of the x-axis of the coordinate system
specified by the integer value. The figure below gives the sign
convention for THETA.
T1-T3 Thickness at the grid points G1 through G3. R > 0.0 See Remark 3.
254 CTRIA3
Triangular Element Connection
Remarks
3. If a CTRIA3 element has a thickness of 9999 (set on the PSHELLn entry), it is not a shell element
but is converted to a CSEG entry. This conversion allows CSEGs to be easily defined using
standard preprocessors. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Using a
Modeling Program with Dytran for details.
If the three grid point thicknesses are defined, the element thickness is the average of the defined
thickness at the three grid points.
If the thicknesses are not defined, the default thickness as specified on the PSHELL entry is used.
CVISC 255
Damper Connection
CVISC Damper Connection
Defines a viscous damper element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CVISC EID PID G1 G2
CVISC 19 6 7 104

PID Number of a PVISC property entry I>0 EID
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers at the ends of the damper. G1 must not be the same I>0 Required
as G2.
Remarks
2. This entry defines a damper acting between two grid points. The force always acts in the direction
of the line connecting the two grid points. The direction changes during the analysis as the grid
points move.
3. The damper can have a linear or nonlinear force/velocity characteristic depending on the PVISC
entry it references.
Linear (PVISC)
Nonlinear (PVISC1)
User-defined (PVISCEX)
4. CDAMP1 and CDAMP2 define dampers with a fixed orientation.
256 CYLINDER
Defines the Shape of a Cylinder
CYLINDER Defines the Shape of a Cylinder
Cylindrical shape used in the initial condition definition on the TICEUL entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CYLINDER VID XC1 YC1 ZC1 XC2 YC2 ZC2 +
CYLINDER 4 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. +
+ RAD
+ .5

VID Unique cylinder number. I>0 Required
XC1, YC1, ZC1 Coordinates of point 1 (See Remark 1.) R Required
XC2, YC2, ZC2 Coordinates of point 2 (See Remark 1.) R Required
RAD Radius of the cylinder. R Required
Remarks
1. A cylinder is defined by the two end points of the cylinder axis and a radius.
2. Initial conditions are defined for the elements that are fully or partially inside the cylinder. See
Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Eulerian Loading and Constraints.
3. Also see theTICEUL Bulk Data entry.
DAREA 257
Concentrated Load or Enforced Motion
DAREA Concentrated Load or Enforced Motion
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOAD entry and defines the location and direction of a
concentrated load or enforced motion with a scale factor.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DAREA LID G DIR SCALE G DIR SCALE
DAREA 3 6 2 8.2 15 1

G Grid point or rigid body where the load is applied See Remark 5. Required
DIR Direction of the load. Enter 1, 2, or 3 to apply a loading in the 1I6 Required
x-, y-, or z-directions. Enter 4, 5, or 6 to apply loading about
the x-, y-, or z-axes.
SCALE Scale factor for the load R 1.0
Remarks
1. One or two loads can be defined on a line.
2. At time t , the load F  t  is given by
F  t  = SCALE * T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor and T  t  is given by a table referenced from the TLOAD entry.
3. The load direction is defined in the basic coordinate system.
4. The direction of the load does not change during the analysis.
5. If G references a MATRIG, an RBE2 FULLRIG, or a RIGID surface, the load is applied to the
center of the rigid body. If G references a MATRIG, G must be MR<id>, where id is the MATRIG
number. If G references an RBE2 FULLRIG, G must be FR<id>, where id is the RBE2 number.
If G references a RIGID surface, G is the RIGID surface number.
6. If the TYPE field on the TLOAD entry is 0, it defines a force or moment applied to a grid point. If
the TYPE field is 2, it defines an enforced motion of the grid point. If the TYPE field is set to 12,
it defines an enforced motion applied to the center of a rigid body. If the TYPE field is 13, it
defines a force or moment applied to the center of a rigid body.
258 DETSPH
Spherical Detonation Wave
DETSPH Spherical Detonation Wave
Defines the ignition point from which a spherical detonation wave travels, causing the reaction of high
explosive materials.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DETSPH DID MID X Y Z VEL TIME
DETSPH 100 10 96.5 177.6 37.4 2379. 1.7E-6

DID Unique detonation number I>0 Required
MID Material number I>0 Required
X, Y, Z Coordinates of the ignition point R 0.0
VEL Velocity of the detonation wave R  0.0 0.0
TIME Detonation time R  0.0 0.0
Remark
An element detonates when a spherical detonation wave originating from the detonation point at the
specified time reaches the element.
DMAT 259
General Constitutive Model
DMAT General Constitutive Model
Defines a complete constitutive model as a combination of an equation of state, a shear model, a yield
model, a failure model, a spall model (PMIN), and corotational frame.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DMA MID RHO EID SID YID FID PID CID +
DMAT 22 3000. 100 109 307 308 402 +
+ BULKL BULKQ BULKTYP

+

MID Unique material number I>0 Required
RHO Density R > 0.0 Required
EID Number of an EOSxxx entry defining the I>0 Required
pressure/density characteristic of the material
SID Number of a SHRxxx entry defining the shear properties I  0 Hydrodynamic
of the material shear model
YID Number of a YLDxxx entry defining the yield model for I  0 Hydrodynamic
the material yield model
FID Number of a FAILxxx entry defining the failure model I0 No failure
for the material
PID Number of a PMINC entry defining the spallation I0 See Remark 6.
characteristics of the material
CID Number of a CORDROT entry. See Remark 7. I0 No corotational
coordinate system
BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient R  0.0 0.0
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient R  0.0 1.0
BULKTYP Bulk viscosity type. C DYNA
DYNA Standard DYNA3D model
DYTRAN Enhanced DYNA model
260 DMAT
General Constitutive Model
Remarks
1. This material model can be used with Lagrangian and Eulerian solid elements and membrane
elements.
2. If YID is blank or zero, a hydrodynamic yield model is used.
3. For Eulerian elements, if the TYPE field on the PEULER entry is set to HYDRO, then YID is either
blank or references a YLDHY entry, and SID is blank. Conversely, if the TYPE field is set to
STRENGTH, a non hydrodynamic yield model is specified.
4. This material is discussed in Materials.
5. Materials of shell elements need to be specified using the MAT1, MAT8, DMATEP, DYMAT24 or
SHEETMAT entries.
6. If no PMINCentry is referenced, a minimum pressure of zero is assumed for the Eulerian elements,
while spallation is prevented for the Lagrangian solid elements by assuming a minimum pressure
of -1.E20. The PMINC entry will be ignored when a cavitation model through the EOSTAIT entry
has been given.
7. The definition of a corotational coordinate system can only be used for Lagrangian solid elements.
If no corotational coordinate system is specified, all stresses are in the basic coordinate system.
8. The failure model for Eulerian materials can be FAILEXor FAILMPS. For Lagrangian materials
FAILMPS, FAILEX, FAILMES, and FAILSDTcan be addressed.
9. When PARAM,PMINFAIL is also set and a failure model is defined, Lagrangian solid elements
also fail on the defined spallation pressure.
DMATEL 261
Isotropic Elastic Material Properties
DMATEL Isotropic Elastic Material Properties
Defines the properties of an isotropic elastic material for Lagrangian solid and membrane elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DMATEL MID RHO E NU G K CID +
DMATEL 11 7850.0 210.E9 0.3 +
+ CSCALE DMPFAC BULKTYP BULKQ BULKL

+

MID Unique material number. I>0 Required
RHO Density. R > 0.0 Required
E Young’s modulus. R > 0.0 See Remark 1.
NU Poisson’s modulus. R > 0.0 See Remark 1.
G Shear modulus. R > 0.0 See Remark 1.
K Bulk modulus. R > 0.0 See Remark 1.
CID Number of a CORDROT entry. See Remark 5. I>0 No corotational
coordinate system
CSCALE When this material model is used with MEMB shell R  0.0 1.0
elements, the compressive stresses in the principal See Remark 5.
directions will be scaled with this factor.
CSCALE=0.0 results in a tension only material.
DMPFAC When this material model is used with MEMB shell R  0.0 0.0
elements, damping is applied to the stresses: See Remark 5.
·
d ij = DMPFAC  E   ij  dt elm
DMPFAC = 0.05 results in 5% damping applied to

membrane stresses.
BULKTYP For Lagrangian solids only, Bulk-viscosity model: C DYNA
DYNA Standard DYNA3D model.
DYTRAN Enhanced DYNA model.
BULKQ For Lagrangian solids only, Quadratic bulk-viscosity R  0.0 1.0
coefficient.
262 DMATEL
Isotropic Elastic Material Properties

BULKL For Lagrangian solids only, Linear bulk- R  0.0 0.0
viscosity coefficient.
IIMMREL Relaxation factor used with the Initial Metric 0.0 < R < 1.0 1.0e-3.
Method. This option is only used when this material See Remark 7.
model is used with MEMB shell elements and the
IMM method is activated.
Remarks
1. Only two of the elastic constants E, Nu, G, and K should be defined.
2. The behavior of this material is discussed in Materials.
3. This material model can be used only with Lagrangian solid and membrane shell elements.
4. The definition of the corotational coordinate system can be used only for Lagrangian
solid elements. If no corotational coordinate system is specified, all stresses are in the basic
coordinate system.
5. For air bag modeling the following values of CSCALE and DMPFAC are suggested:
CSCALE = 0.1
DMPFAC= 0.05 to 0.20
6. The entry PMAXCUT, which was supported by Dytran V4.5 has become obsolete. A better
methodology is now offered by scaling the compressive stresses in the principal directions, and
using damping to suppress high-frequency oscillations (CSCALE and DMPFAC).
7. The Initial Metric Method relaxation factor is used to slow down the expansion of the membrane
elements during the calculation. The default is sufficient in most simulations. The value of
IMMREL is not used when the type of IMM is zero (see PARAM, IMM). The Initial Metric Method
is described in the Dytran User’s Guide in Initial Metric Method for Air Bags.
DMATEP 263
Elastoplastic Material Properties
DMATEP Elastoplastic Material Properties
Defines the properties of an isotropic-elastoplastic material for shell and beam elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DMATEP MID RHO E v G K YID FID
DMATEP 11 7850.0 210.E9 0.3 100 101

E Young’s modulus R > 0.0 See Remark 1.
v Poisson’s ratio 0.5 R 0.0 See Remark 1.
G Shear modulus R  0.0 See Remark 1.
K Bulk modulus R  0.0 See Remark 1.
YID Number of a YLDxxx entry defining the yield model for the I  0 See Remark 5.
material. (See Remark 6.)
FID Number of a FAILxxx entry defining the failure model for I No Failure
the material. (See Remark 7.)
Remarks
1. Only two of the elastic constants E , v , G , or K should be defined.
3. This material model can be used only with shell and beam elements.
4. If YID is 0 or blank, the material is elastic.
5. YID can refer to a YLDVM entry, in which case the material is elastoplastic with isotropic
hardening, or for CQUADy and CTRIAz elements only, to a YLDJC entry to define a Johnson-
Cook yield model.
6. If an elastoplastic material is specified for Belytschko-Schwer beams, a resultant plasticity model
is used. The entire cross section yields at once.
7. The failure models that can be addressed by the DMATEP material definition are FAILMPS
and FAILEX
264 DMATOR
Orthotropic Elastic Material Properties
DMATOR Orthotropic Elastic Material Properties
Defines an orthotropic elastic material for Lagrangian solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DMATOR MID RHO OPTION FILE FID +
DMATOR 9 7800E-9 ELMAT MAT.DAT 1 +
+ EA EB EC NUBA NUCA NUCB +

+ 200E3 175.E3 105.E3 0.3 0.25 0.29 +
+ GAB GBC GCA +

+ 50E3 70E3 65.5E3 +
+ X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2 +
+ +
+ BULKTYP BULKQ BULKL

+ 1.2

OPTION Material axes option used to determine how the local material C ELEM
axis system is defined.
VECT Globally orthotropic with the material axes
defined by two vectors V1 and V2, specified using
the fields X1, Y1, Z1 and X2, Y2, Z2. The a-axis
is defined by the first vector. The b- and c-axes are
then defined as:
DMATOR 265

ELEM Globally orthotropic material with the material
axes defined by element topology. The a, b, and c
axes are defined as follows:
Grid point 1 defines the origin, grid point 5 lies on

the c-axis, and grid point 2 lies in the ac-plane.
ELMAT Orthotropic material properties and the material
coordinate system are defined by the element. The
material properties are read from a file
(formatted). The filename is specified in the sixth
field of the first line.
Format of material properties file:
Record#
EID, DENSITY, DUMMY, DUMMY, DUMMY,
E a , E b , E c , G ab , G bc , G ca ,
v ab , v ac , v bc , v ba , v ca , v cb
ELPROP Globally orthotropic material with the material

axes defined by element topology (see also
ELEM). The elasticity matrix is available per
element.
FILE Material file name (OPTION=ELMAT only). C
FID Failure model number. I>0 No Failure
EA, EB, EC Young’s moduli in the a, b, and c directions. R > 0.0 Required
NUBA, Poisson’s ratio among the a, b, and c material directions. See 0.0  R  1.0 Required
NUCA, Remark 6.
NUCB
GAB, GBC, Shear moduli among the three material directions. R > 0.0 Required
GCA
X1, Y1, Z1 Components of the vector V1 in the basic coordinate system. R 0.0
X2, Y2, Z2 Components of the vector V2 in the basic coordinate system. R 0.0
266 DMATOR

BULKTYP Bulk viscosity type: C DYNA
DYNA Standard DYNA3-D model.
DYTRAN Enhanced DYNA model.
Remarks
1. The continuation line with bulk-viscosity data can be omitted.
3. This material model can be used only with Lagrangian solid elements.
4. The failure models addressed by an orthotropic (DMATOR) material definition are FAILEX
FAILEX1, FAILMES, FAILPRS, and FAILEST.
5. If FAILEX1, the extended user-defined failure, is used, set the OPTION to either ELMAT or
ELPROP. The user-defined failure, FAILEX1, gives access to the material properties on an
element basis.
6. The sum of any two ratios is less or equal to 1.
DYMAT14 267
Soil and Crushable Foam Material Properties
DYMAT14 Soil and Crushable Foam Material Properties
Defines a nonlinear material for Lagrangian solid elements that crushes under hydrostatic loading and is
elastic-plastic under deviatoric loading. Material failure can be included.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DYMAT14 MID RHO G K TABLE TYPE VALUE CUTOFF +
DYMAT14 3 0.01 5. 3. 111 CRUSH -100. PFRAC +
+ A0 A1 A2 YIELD YSTYP +
+ 1. 0. 0. YSURF DYNA +

+ DYNA 1.4 0.05

G Shear modulus R > 0.0 Required
K Bulk modulus R > 0.0 Required
TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry giving the variation of pressure I>0 Required
(y-value) with crush factor or volumetric strain (x-value).
TYPE The type of data defined as the x value in the table: C CRUSH
CRUSH Crush factor (1 = relative volume)
STRAIN Volumetric (true) strain
See Remark 3.
VALUE The value for the cut-off pressure R < 0.0 See Remark 4.
CUTOFF Cut-off pressure C PFRAC
PFAIL Pressure for total tensile failure
PFRAC Pressure for tensile failure
PMIN Minimum pressure
A0 , A1 , A2 Yield function constants. R 0.0
YIELD Surface description: C YSURF
YSURF The yield surface (see Remark 7.) is defined as a
function of p and J 2 .
268 DYMAT14

YSTRESS The yield surface is defined as a function of p
and s y .
YSTYP Type of YSURF Yield Surface description: C DYNA
DYNA DYNA definition
DYTRAN Dytran additional definition (See Remark 7.)
BULKTYP Bulk-viscosity model: C DYNA
Remarks:
1. If BULKTYP, BULKQ, or BULKL are blank or zero the default values are used.
2. The continuation line with the bulk-viscosity data can be omitted.
3. The pressure-volume characteristic can either be defined in terms of the amount of crush, which
is minus the engineering strain and is defined as (1 – V/V0), with V/V0 as the relative volume; or
in terms of the volumetric (true) strain which is defined as:
t
dV
 -----
V
- or, ln  V  V 0  .
t0
The crush must be between 0 and 1.

The volumetric strain must always be negative.
4. If the field for the value of PFAIL/PFRAC/PMIN is left blank, then this value is calculated from
the yield function defined by the constants A0, A1, and A2. In case of a Mohr-Coulomb yield
model, the cut-off pressure is calculated as the root of the pressure-yield stress curve. If the
YSURF option is used, the cut-off pressure is calculated as the intersection point of the yield
surface with the hydrostat (if only A0 is nonzero, then the cut-off pressure is set to -100K, where
K is the bulk modulus). The cut-off pressure must be negative.
5. Either a minimum pressure (PMIN) or a failure pressure (PFAIL or PFRAC) can be specified. In
the first case, this corresponds to a tensile cutoff, where the pressure cannot fall below the
minimum value. In the second case, if the pressure falls below the failure pressure the element
fails and cannot carry tensile loading for the remainder of the analysis. Thus, the pressure can
never become negative again. If PFAIL is used, the elements can physically fail, which means
that the stresses are set to zero, but also the failure flag is used as in normal FAILxxx models. If
PFRAC is used, only the stresses are set to zero.
6. This material can only be used with Lagrangian solid elements.
7. If the YSTRESS option is used, the yield stress is determined by a Mohr-Coulomb model:
 y = MIN  A 0 + A 1 p A 2 
DYMAT14 269
If the YSURF option is used, the yield surface in three-dimensional space is defined by  s = 0
here
1 2 2
 s = --- s ij s ij –  B 0 + B 1 p + B 2 p  = J 2 –  B 0 + B 1 p + B 2 p 
2
where s ij are the deviatoric stresses and J 2 is the second invariant of the stress deviation. The
coefficients B 0 , B 1 , and B 2 can be related to the coefficients A 0 , A 1 , and A 2 , which are defined
on the DYMAT14 entry. The relation between the coefficients depends on the YSTYP field as
shown below. If the YSTYP field is DYTRAN, then
B0 = A0
B1 = A1
B2 = A2
Thus, the yield stress (see Dytran User Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading) is defined as
2
y = 3  A0 + A1 p + A2 p 
If the YSTYP field is DYNA, then

1 2
B 0 = --- A 0
3
2
B 1 = --- A 0 A 1
3
1 2
B 2 = --- A 1
3
and A 2 is ignored.
Thus, the yield stress is defined as
y = A0 + A1 p
8. The behavior of this material is described in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 3: Materials.
270 DYMAT24
Piecewise Linear Plasticity Material
DYMAT24 Piecewise Linear Plasticity Material
Defines the properties of a nonlinear, plastic material with isotropic hardening where the stress-strain
curve is piecewise linear for shell, beam and Lagrangian solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DYMAT24 MID RHO E NU TABLE TYPE TABY +
DYMAT24 17 7850. 210.E9 0.3 39 ENG +
+ YIELD EH EPSF D P VOLF EPSF-C +

+ 0.37 40.5 5 1.E-6 +

+ DYNA 1.4 0.05

E Young’s modulus R > 0.0 Required
NU Poisson’s ratio 0.0 < R  0.5 Required
TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry giving the variation of I>0 See Remark 3.
effective stress (y-value) with effective strain (x- value).
TYPE The type of stress and strain defined in TABLE. C TRUE
ENG Engineering stress and strain.
TRUE True stress and strain.
PLAST True stress and plastic strain.
PMOD Plastic modulus and plastic strain.
TABY Number of a TABLED1 entry giving the variation of the I>0 See Remark 5.
scale factor for the yield stress (y-value) with the strain
rate (x-value). Strain rate effects can also be specified
using the Cowper-Symonds relation. (See input
parameters D and P.)
YIELD Yield stress R > 0.0 See Remark 5.
EH Hardening modulus R > 0.0 See Remark 5.
EPSF Plastic strain at failure R > 0.0 No failure
DYMAT24 271
Piecewise Linear Plasticity Material

D Factor D in the Cowper-Symonds rate R  0.0 See Remark 5.
enhancement equation
P Factor P in the Cowper-Symonds rate R 0.0 See Remark 5.
enhancement equation
EPSF-C Plastic strain at failure for material under compression R > 0.0 EPSF
VOLF If the volume of Lagrangian solid elements becomes less R 0.0 1.E-12
than VOLF, the element fails.
BULKTYP Bulk viscosity model C DYNA
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient R 0.0 1.0
BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient R 0.0 0.0
Remarks:
1. If BULKTYP, BULKQ, or BULKL are blank or zero, the default values apply.
3. If TABLE is blank or zero, a bilinear stress-strain curve is assumed. If TABLE has a value, it refers
to a TABLED1 entry giving the stress-strain curve for the material.
4. If TABLE is defined, the value of YIELD should be left blank, since it is determined from the
stress-strain curve.
5. If TABY is blank or zero, and D and P are blank or zero, the yield stress does not vary with strain
rate. If TABY has a value, then it references a TABLED1 entry, which gives the variation with
strain rate of the scale factor applied to the yield stress (D and P must be blank or zero).
If TABY is blank or zero and D and P are defined, the enhancement of the yield stress with strain
rate is calculated as
d  1P
·
------ = 1 +  ----
y  D
where  d is the dynamic stress and  y is the static yield stress (YIELD), and · is the equivalent
plastic strain rate.
6. If TYPE is set to ENG or TRUE, Young’s modulus is calculated from the stress-strain curve. When
Young’s modulus is specified together with TYPE set to ENG or TRUE, the calculated Young’s
modulus is substituted by the value specified.
7. The behavior of this material is described in Section Materials.
8. This material can only be used with Lagrangian solid, shell and beam elements.
272 DYMAT25
Cap Material Model
DYMAT25 Cap Material Model
Defines a kinematic hardening Cap material model. The material can be used to model soil with
compaction to capture a soft soil response. It can also be used to model materials like concrete or rock.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DYMAT25 MID RHO G K ALPHA THETA GAMMA BETA +
DYMAT25 101 2700.0 1.1E+10 1.4E+10 2.7E+7 0.11 8.0E+6 1.4E-7 +
+ R D W X0 CBAR N TYPE ITER +

+ 4.43 4.6E-10 0.42 1.1E+8 SOIL +
+ TOFF +
+ -1.0E+11 +

+ DYNA 1.44 0.06

MID Unique material number I>0 Required.
RHO Material density R  0.0 Required.
G Shear modulus R  0.0 Required.
K Bulk modulus R  0.0 Required.
ALPHA Failure envelope parameters R  0.0 Required.
THETA Failure envelope linear coefficient R  0.0 Required.
GAMMA Failure envelope exponential coefficient R  0.0 See Remark 3.
BETA Failure envelope exponent R  0.0 Required.
R Cap surface axis ratio R  0.0 Required.
D Hardening law exponent R  0.0 Required.
W Hardening law coefficient R  0.0 Required.
X0 Hardening law exponent R  0.0 0.0
CBAR Kinematic hardening coefficient R  0.0 0.0
N Kinematic hardening parameter R  0.0 0.0
DYMAT25 273
Cap Material Model

TYPE Formulation type: C SOIL
SOIL Soil or concrete (cap surface may contract)
ROCK Rock (cap surface does not contract)
ITER Iteration scheme: C VEC
VEC Fixed number of iterations (vectorized)
FULL Fully iterative
TOFF Tension cut off (positive in compression) R < 0.0 See Remark 5.
BULKTYP Bulk viscosity model: C DYNA
Remarks
1. If BULKTYP, BULKQ, or BULKL are blank or zero, the default values apply.
2. The continuation lines with the bulk viscosity data may be omitted.
3. For a physically meaningful model, the value of the failure envelope exponential coefficient
should be less than the failure envelope parameter      .
5. The tension cut off value ( T off ) can be defined on the entry and must be less than zero. If the
tension cut off is left blank, Dytran calculates the tension cut off as the intersection point of the
failure envelope surface with the J1-axis as described in the Theory Manual.
6. The behavior of this material is discussed in detail in the Theory Manual.
274 DYMAT26
Orthotropic Crushable Material Model
DYMAT26 Orthotropic Crushable Material Model
Defines the properties of an orthotropic, crushable material model for Lagrangian solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DYMAT26 MID RHO E NU YIELD RELV TYPE OPTION +
DYMAT26 5 1800. 180.E9 0.3 180.E6 0.1 CRUSH VECT +
+ TIDXX TIDYY TIDZZ TIDXY TIDYZ TIDZX TIDSR +

+ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 +
+ EXX EYY EZZ GXY GYZ GZX +

+ 60.E9 70.E9 60.E9 20.E9 10.E9 15.E9 +
+ BULKTYP BULKQ BULKL +

+ DYNA 1.4 0.05 +
+ NUYX NUZX NUZY +

+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2
+ 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0.

E Young’s modulus for the fully compacted material R > 0.0 Required
NU Poisson’s ratio for the fully compacted material -1.0 < R < 0.5 Required
YIELD Yield strength for fully compacted material R Required
RELV Relative volume at which the material is 0.0 < R < 1.0 Required
fully compacted.
TYPE The type of data defined as the x-value in the tables. C CRUSH
CRUSH Crush factor (1-relative volume)
N RELVOL Relative volume V  V 0 .
DYMAT26 275

OPTION Material axes option used to determine how the local C ELEM
material axis system is defined.
VECT Globally orthotropic with the material axes
defined by two vectors V 1 and V 2 , specified
using the fields X1, Y1, Z1 and X2, Y2, Z2.
The x-axis is defined by the vector V 1 . The z-
axis is defined as the cross product of V 1 and
V 2 . The y-axis is defined as the cross product
of the z-axis and V 1 .
Material Axes Defined by Two Vectors

ELEM Global orthotropic material with the material
axes defined by element topology. The x-, y-,
and z-axis are defined in the following way:
Element Relative Grid Point Numbering

TIDXX Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of I>0 Required
the (local) xx-stress (y-value) with relative volume or
crush (x-value).
TIDYY Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of I>0 Required
the (local) yy-stress (y-value) with relative volume or
crush (x-value).
276 DYMAT26

TIDZZ Number of aTABLED1 entry defining the variation of the I > 0 Required
(local) zz-stress (y-value) with relative volume or crush
(x-value).
TIDXY Number of aTABLED1 entry defining the variation of the I > 0 Required
(local) xy-shear stress (y-value) with relative volume or
crush (x-value).
TIDYZ Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of I > 0 Required
the (local) yz-shear stress (y-value) with relative volume
or crush (x-value).
TIDZX Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of I > 0 Required
the (local) zx-shear stress (y-value) with relative volume
or crush (x-value).
TIDSR Number of an optional TABLED1 entry defining the I>0 See Remark 7.
variation of a yield factor (y-value) with the deviatoric
strain rate (x-value).
EXX The elastic modulus in the (local) x-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
EYY The elastic modulus in the (local) y-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
EZZ The elastic modulus in the (local) z-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
GXY The shear modulus in the (local) xy-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
GYZ The shear modulus in the (local) yz-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
GZX The shear modulus in the (local) zx-direction when the R > 0.0 Required
material expands.
BULKTYP Bulk-viscosity model C DYNA
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient R > 0.0 1.0
BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient R > 0.0 0.0
NUYX The Poisson’s ratio between the (local) x- and y-axis -1.0 < R < 1.0 0.0
when the material expands.
NUZX Poisson’s ratio between the (local) x- and z-axis when -1.0 < R < 1.0 0.0
the material expands.
NUZY Poisson’s ratio between the (local) y- and z-axis when -1.0 < R < 1.0 0.0
the material expands.
DYMAT26 277

X1, Y1, Z1 Components of the vector V 1 in the basic coordinate R 0.0
system.
X2, Y2, Z2 Components of the vector V 2 in the basic coordinate R 0.0
system.
Remarks
1. If BULKTYP, BULKQ, or BULKL are blank or zero, the default values are used.
2. If the initial Poisson’s ratios are not supplied, the default is set to zero. Therefore, the behavior of
the material during compaction is uncoupled. This means that straining in the (local) x-direction
produces stresses only in the (local) x-direction, and not in the (local) y- or z-direction. The tables
define the variation of the stress in a particular direction with the relative volume or the crush. The
relative volume is defined as (current volume)/(initial volume) and varies from 1.0
(uncompressed) to 0.0 (zero volume). Crush is defined as one minus the relative volume and
varies from 0.0 to 1.0. Since the tables should be defined with increasing x-values, it is convenient
to use the default value for type, which is CRUSH. When defining the curves, care should be taken
that the extrapolated values do not lead to negative yield stresses.
3. The elastic moduli (and the initial Poisson’s ratios only if they are supplied) vary linearly with the
relative volume from their initial uncompacted values to the fully compacted ones.
4. When the material is fully compacted, its behavior becomes isotropic with an elastic perfectly
plastic material characteristic.
6. If the TIDSR option is used, you can supply a table including strain-rate effects. Strain rate is
defined here as the Euclidean norm of the deviatoric strain-rate tensor; i.e., e· = e· dev · d ev
ij e ij . The y-
values in this table are factors with which the stresses in the other tables are multiplied to
incorporate strain-rate effects.
7. The behavior of this material is described in Materials.
278 ENDDATA
Terminates the Input Data
ENDDATA Terminates the Input Data
Marks the end of the input file.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ENDDATA
ENDDATA
Remarks
1. Anything after the ENDDATA entry is ignored.
2. An ENDDATA entry in an INCLUDE file is ignored.
EOSEX 279
User-defined Equation of State
EOSEX User-defined Equation of State
Defines an equation of state specified by a user subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSEX EID NAME VISC
EOSEX 12 WATER 0.01

EID Unique equation of state number I>0 Required
NAME Name of the equation of state passed to the user subroutine. C Blank
VISC Viscosity coefficient R>0 No viscosity. See
Remarks 5.and 6.
Remarks
1. The EXEOS subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE FMS statement.
2. See Chapter 7: User Subroutines in the manual for a description of how to use
3. The equation of state name is passed to the EXEOS subroutine and can be used to identify the
equation of state.
4. This entry can only be used for Lagrangian and Eulerian solids. Viscosity is only available for
Eulerian solids.
5. The viscosity coefficient is the dynamic viscosity. It is the ratio between shear stress and velocity
Ns
gradient. The SI-unit of viscosity is Pa  s = ------
2
.
m
6. For the single mat solver viscous stresses can be requested by the use of TXX through TZX. Also,
EFFSTS is available. For the multi-material solver viscous stresses are stored in TXX-VIS,
TYY-VIS, TZZ-VIS, TXY-VIS, TYZ-VIS, TZX-VIS. These viscous stresses only depend on
the current velocity gradients. The stresses like TXX are elastic-plastic stresses and depend on past
stresses. The total stress tensor in the element is given by the average of the viscous stress and
elastic-plastic stress. The weight factors are the material fraction of viscous fluid and the
remaining materials.
280 EOSEX1
User-specified Equation of State
EOSEX1 User-specified Equation of State
Defines an equation of state specified by a user subroutine. The pressure can depend on the amount of
failure or damage of the Euler element and on the VOLPLS and SOFTE element variables. The amount
of damage can be either specified by the damage variable of theFAILJC entry or by a more general failure
estimate by using the FAILEX2 entry. The VOLPLS and SOFTE variables can also be filled by the
EXYLD1, FAILEX2 user-subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSEX EID NAME VISC

EOSEX 12 STEEL

NAME Name of the equation of state passed to the user subroutine C Blank
VISC Viscosity coefficient R > 0. No viscosity.
See Remarks
5.and 6.
Remarks
1. This model is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver.
2. A FAILJC entry or FAILEX2 entry is required.
3. The EXEOS1 subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE
FMS statement.
4. See User-written Subroutine Notes in Chapter 7: User Subroutines for a description of how to use
5. The equation of state name is passed to the EXEOS1 subroutine and can be used to identify the
equation of state.
Ns
gradient. The SI-unit of viscosity is = Pa s = ------
2
.
m
7. For the single mat solver, viscous stresses can be requested by the use of TXX through TZX. Also
EFFSTS is available. For the multi-material solver, viscous stresses are stored in TXX-VIS,
EOSGAM 281
Gamma Law Gas Equation of State
EOSGAM Gamma Law Gas Equation of State
Defines the properties of a Gamma Law equation of state where the pressure p is defined as
p =   – 1 e
where
e = specific internal energy per unit mass

 = overall material density
 = a constant
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSGAM EID GAMMA R CV CP VISC
EOSGAM 35 1.4

GAMMA Constant  R  0. Required
R Gas constant R>0 See Remarks 2.
and 3.
CV Specific heat at constant volume R>0 See Remarks 2.
and 3.
CP Specific heat at constant pressure R>0 See Remarks 2.
and 3.
Remarks 5.and 6.
Remarks
1. This equation of state is discussed in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, EOSGAM –
Gamma Law Equation of State.
2. The temperature of the gas is calculated when one of the gas constants, R , C v , or C p is specified.
When temperature is not mentioned in an output request, the constants can be omitted.
3. The Euler variable name for temperature is TEMPTURE.
4. Gamma, R , C v , and C p have the following relationships:
Cp
 = ------ R = C p – C v
Cv
282 EOSGAM
Gamma Law Gas Equation of State
Ns- kg
2
= ------- .
M ms
6. If possible, use (in coupled analysis) the FASTCOUP coupling algorithm because viscous fluxes
are computed more accurately for fast coupling than for general coupling.
7. For the single mat solver, viscous stresses can be requested by the use of TXX through TZX. Also,
TYY-VIS, TZZ-VIS, TXY-VIS, TYZ-VIS, TZX-VIS. These viscous stresses depend only on
EOSIG 283
Ignition and Growth Equation of State
EOSIG Ignition and Growth Equation of State
Defines the properties of Ignition and Growth equation of state and the reaction rate equation used to
model high explosives.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSIG EID AE BE R1E R2E OMGE I G +EOIG1
EOSIG 30 +EOIG1
+EOIG1 A AP BP R1P R2P OMGP X Y +EOIG2

+EOIG1 +EOIG2
+EOIG2 Z R ECHEM PRSTOL ITRMAX UNITDEF DBEXPL UNITCNV

+EOIG2

AE Constant A e for un-reacted explosive R Required. See Remark 5.
BE Constant B e for un-reacted explosive R Required. See Remark 5.
R1E Constant R 1e for un-reacted explosive R Required. See Remark 5.
R2E Constant R 2e for un-reacted explosive R Required. See Remark 5.
OMGE Constant  e for un-reacted explosive R Required. See Remark 5.
I First ignition coefficient R Required. See Remark 5.
G Second ignition coefficient R Required. See Remark 5.
A Density ignition coefficient R Required; See Remark 5.
AP Constant A p for reacted product R Required. See Remark 5.
BP Constant B p for reacted product R Required. See Remark 5.
R1P Constant R 1p for reacted product R Required. See Remark 5.
R2P Constant R 2p for reacted product R Required. See Remark 5.
OMGP Constant  p for reacted product R Required. See Remark 5.
X Surface burning exponent R 2./9; see Remark 5.
Y Surface burning exponent R 2./3; see Remark 5.
Z Pressure exponent R Required. See Remark 5.
284 EOSIG

R Relative density exponent R 4; see Remark 5.
ECHEM Chemical energy of high explosive per unit mass R Required. See Remark 5.
PRSTOL Tolerance for pressure equilibrium iterations in R>0 1.E-6
mixed phase elements
ITRMAX Maximum number of iterations in pressure I>0 16
equilibrium iterations
UNITDEF User-defined default unit for the inputs: C See Remarks 2. and 3.
CGMS cm/g/s units
SI International System units
METRIC Metric units
IMPER Imperial units
MMMGS mm/mg/s units
DBEXPL Use explosive material from the database (See C NO
Remarks 4. and 6.). The following detonation
materials are available in the data base:
NO The database is not used. See Remark 5.
P94A PBX-9404 (a) explosive
TATB TATB explosive
PETN PETN explosive
CTNT Cast TNT explosive
LCOMPB LANL COMP B explosive
MCOMPB Military COMP B explosive
P94B PBX-9404 (b) explosive
LX17 LX-17 explosive
UNITCNV User-defined conversion units: C See Remarks 2.and 3.
CGMS cm/g/s units
SI International System units
METRIC Metric units
IMPER Imperial units
MMMGS mm/mg/s units
Remarks
1. This equation of state can be used with solid Lagrangian and Eulerian elements.
EOSIG 285
2. The definition of the unit system in which the input values are defined is required information
only in case you wish to have an automatic conversion to a different unit system as defined by the
UNITCNV field. In case you are using the conversion mechanism, note that the density RHO in the
corresponding DMAT entry is interpreted in the unit system defined here.
Table 5-1 defines sets of units available:
Table 5-1 Sets of Units used in the IG Model

Quantity CGMS SI METRIC IMPERIAL MMMGS
Length Centimeter Meter (m) Centimeter Inch (in) Millimeter
(cm) (cm) (mm)
Time Microsecond Second (s) Second (s) Second (s) Microsecond
(s) (s)
Mass Gram (g) Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Slug (lbf-s2/in) Milligram
(mg)
Force Teradyne Newton (N) Dyne Pound force kN
(lbf)
Density g/cm3 Kg/m3 g/cm3 lbf-s2/in4 mg/ mm3
Stress Mbar Pascal (Pa) bar Lbf/in2 GPa
Energy 1012 erg Joule (J) Erg Lbf-in J
(Mbars-cm3)
Temperature Kelvin (K) Kelvin (K) Kelvin (K) Kelvin (K) Kelvin (K)
3. The UNITCNV field defines the unit system to which the material parameters are converted. In
case you are not using one of the database material models, you also have to define the default
unit system (UNITDEF) in which you supplied the data.
4. You can use the database containing several detonation materials to start the analysis. The
material data are taken from Lee/Tarver (Ref.1.) and Murphy/Lee (Ref.2.) papers in the Dytran
Theory Manual. The equations of state parameters are given in the table 2.
5. The default setting for DBEXPL is NO, which means you should define the values in the input
fields (fields 3 to 18). If the database material name is defined, all values in the input fields will
be overridden. The reference density RHO defined on the corresponding DMAT entry is set to the
value from the database.
6. The default unit system for the material database parameters is the CGMS unit system. If you wish
to use the material base data in a different unit system, you can specify this by defining the target
unit system in the UNITCNV field.
7. You can define the shear property and yield model of the material with respectively SHXXX and
YLDXX entry. Note that the unit system of data required in these entries should be consistent with
the unit system defined in the UNITCNV field.
8. The IG equation of state cannot be used in combination with a spallation model.
286 EOSIG
9. The following JWL equation of state is used to calculate the pressure of the un-reacted explosive
(in “solid” state):
– R 1e –R2 e
 e  e ------------

-
 e  e ------------

-
p e = A e  1 – ------------ e e + B e  1 – ------------ e e +  e  e  0 E e
 R 1e   R 2e 
where
e
 e = ----- = the relative density of the un-reacted explosive
0
Ee = the specified internal energy per unit mass of the unreacted explosive
0 = the initial density of the explosive
A e , B e ,  e , R 1e , R 2e = the input constants of the un-reacted explosive.
Similarly, the pressure in the reaction products (in “gas” state) is defined by another JWL form
as follows:
– R 1p – R 2p
------------- -------------
p p p p p p
pp = A p  1 – ------------- e + B p  1 – ------------- e + p p 0 Ep
 R 1p   R 2p 
where
p
 p = ----- = the relative density of the reaction product.
0
Ep = the specified internal energy per unit mass of the reacted product.
A p , B p ,  p , R 1p , R 2p = the input constants of the reaction product.
The chemical reaction rate for conversion of un-reacted explosive to reaction products is
described by the following reaction rate equation:
F
------- = I  1 – F  x   e – 1 – a  y + G  1 – F  x F y  P  z
t
Here F denotes the burn fraction that is defined as the fraction of the explosive that has already
reacted. For more details concerning the implementation of this equation of state, please refer to
the Dytran Theory Manual.
EOSIG 287
10. You can access the results of the un-reacted explosive and reaction products for IG elements.
These EOSIG specific output variables are:
Keyword Description
SIE-E Specific internal energy per unit mass of un-reacted explosive part
SIE-P Specific internal energy per unit mass of reaction products part
FMAT Volume fraction
RHO-E Density of un-reacted explosive part
RHO-P Density of reaction products part
MASS-E Mass of un-reacted explosive part
MASS-P Mass of reaction products part
The output variables for the burn fraction are
Keyword Type of Elements Description

FBURN Solid Lagrangian Elements Burn fraction of EOSIG material
Euler Elements Not applicable for EOSIG materials. Burn
fraction for EOSJWL material
IGBURN Solid Lagrangian Elements Not available
Euler Elements Burn fraction of EOSIG MATERIAL
11. The ignition of IG material can be initiated by:

• Compression of the IG material in a small region, where the compression originates from
outside that region. This is the most physical method to initiate ignition. Examples are a shock
wave entering the region, a flow boundary that supplies mass to the region and a plate or other
structural part that compresses the region. In all these cases the IG material should be
initialized with zero pressures. This can be achieved by not specifying the specific energy on
the TICVAL entry that prescribes the initial state of the IG material. The specific energy will
be computed such that the initial pressure is zero.
• Compression of the IG material in a small region where the compression originates within that
region. This can be done by specifying either a density that exceeds the compression limit or
a specific energy that gives rise to a sufficiently large pressure.
288 EOSIG
Table 5-2 Coefficients for the IG Model of Several Explosions in the Database
PBX- Cast LANL Military PBX-
Explosive 9404 (a) TATB PETN TNT COMP B COMP B 9404 (b) LX-17
Un-reacted Equation of State and Constitutive Values:
RHO (g/cm3) 1.842 1.90 1.842 1.61 1.712 1.630 1.842 1.903
AE (bar) 69.69 108.2 37.46 17.98 778.1 1479. 9522. 778.1
BE (bar) -1.727 -2.406 -1.313 -0.931 -0.05031 -0.05261 -0.5944 -0.05031
R1E 7.8 8.2 7.2 6.2 11.3 12. 14.1 11.3
R2E 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.1 1.13 1.2 1.41 1.13
OMGE 0.8578 1.251 1.173 0.8926 0.8938 0.9120 0.8867 0.8938
Reacted Product Equation of State Values:
AP (bar) 8.524 6.5467 6.17 3.712 5.242 5.5748 8.524 6.5467
BP (bar) 0.1802 0.071236 0.16926 0.032306 0.07678 0.0783 0.1802 0.071236
R1P 4.6 4.45 4.4 4.15 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.45
R2P 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.95 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2
OMGP 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.34 0.38 0.35
ECHEM 0.0554 0.0363 0.0548 0.0435 0.0496 0.04969 0.0554 0.03626
bar-cm3/g)
Reaction Rate Parameters:
I (s-1) 44.0 50.0 20.0 50.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 50.0
G (bar-z s-1) 200.0 125.0 400.0 40.0 414.0 514.0 850.0 500.0
A 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0
Z 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0
X 2/9 2/9 2/9 2/9 2/9 2/9 2/9 2/9
Y 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
R 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
EOSJWL 289
JWL Explosive Equation of State
EOSJWL JWL Explosive Equation of State
Defines the properties of a JWL equation of state commonly used to calculate the pressure p of the
detonation products of high explosives
–R1 –R2
 ----------  ----------
p = p 0 + A  1 – -------- e  + B  1 – -------- e  +  0 e
 R1   R2 
e = specific internal energy per unit mass

0 = reference density
 =   0
p0 = initial pressure
A , B , R1 , R2 are constants.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSJWL EID A B R1 R2 OMEGA P0
EOSJWL 37 5.2E11 0.77E11 4.1 1.1 0.34

EID Unique equation of state number. I>0 Required
A Constant A . R 0.0
B Constant B . R 0.0
R1 Constant R 1 . R 0.0
R2 Constant R 2 . R 0.0
OMEGA Constant  . R 0.0
P0 Initial pressure R 0.0; see Remark 4.
Remarks
1. This equation of state can be used only with Eulerian elements.
2. A DETSPH entry must be used to specify the detonation model.
3. This equation of state is discussed in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, EOSJWL – JWL
Equation of State.
290 EOSJWL
JWL Explosive Equation of State
4. In simulations with ideal gases, the JWL material needs to have an initial pressure to counter
balance the pressure of the ideal gas. Similarly, in case of under calculations where an explosive
is located at a certain depth, P0 should be preset to equal the initial hydrostatic pressure.
EOSMG 291
Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State
EOSMG Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State
Defines the properties of a Mie-Gruneisen equation of state commonly used to calculate the pressure p
in high strain rate processes.
0 c 2  0 
p = ----------------------2-  1 – ---------- +  0  0 e
 1 – s   2 
0
 = 1 – -----
1
 1 = min   RM 
where
e = specific internal energy per unit mass. For material at zero pressure, e has to be initialized
as zero.
0 = Gruneisen parameter at reference density
s = definition by U s = c 0 + sU p where U s and U p are the linear shock velocity and particle
velocity, respectively, as obtained from the shock data.
c = sound speed at reference density
RM = cut-off value for density
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSMG EID c S 0 RM
EOSMG 37 2000 1.5 2.0 2000

EID Unique equation of state number. I>0 Required
c Sound speed at reference density. R Required
s Constant s . R Required
0 Gruneisen gamma R Required
RM Cut-off value for density. R Required
292 EOSMG
Mie-Gruneisen Equation of State
Remarks
1. This equation of state can only be used with Eulerian elements.
2. This equation of state is discussed in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, EOSMG - Mie-
Gruneisen Equation of State.
3. The cut off value RM is only used for limiting the pressure. To prevent division by zero, RM
s
should be less than -----------  ref . RM can be set slightly below this value. In case the simulation gets
s–1
unstable because of too large pressures, RM can be decreased.
EOSPOL 293
Polynomial Equation of State
EOSPOL Polynomial Equation of State
Defines the properties of a polynomial equation of state where the pressure p is defined as follows:
In compression    0  ,
2 3 2 3
p = a 1  + a 2  + a 3  +  b 0 + b 1 + b 2  + b 3   0 e
In tension  i  0  ,
p = a 1  +  b 0 + b 1   0 e
where
 = –1
 =   0

E = specific internal energy per unit mass
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSPOL EID A1 A2 A3 B0 B1 B2 B3 +
EOSPOL 100 80.E6 +
+ HVL VISC
+ 1.1

A1 Coefficient a1 or Bulk Modulus R 0.0
A2 Coefficient a2 R 0.0
A3 Coefficient a3 R 0.0
B0 Coefficient b0 R 0.0
B3 Coefficient b3 R
294 EOSPOL

HVL Hydrodynamic volume limit R  1.0 1.1
VISC Viscosity coefficient R > 0. No viscosity.
See Remarks
4. and 5.
Remarks
1. When the relative volume   0    exceeds HVL, the pressure is cut off to
P HVL = f   HVL 
with
1
 HVL = ------------ – 1
HVL
e.g., for p = a1   , the pressure behavior is as follows:
2. When the PARAM,HVLFAIL is set to YES, the elements where the relative volume   0   
exceeds HVL fail completely. Their stress state is zero.
3. This equation of state is discussed in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, EOSPOL –
Polynomial Equation of State.
Ns kg
- = ------- .
2M ms
5. If possible, use in coupled analysis the FASTCOUP coupling algorithm, because viscous fluxes
EOSPOL 295
the current velocity gradients. Stresses like TXX are elastic-plastic stresses and depend on past
296 EOSTAIT
Tait Equation of State
EOSTAIT Tait Equation of State
Defines the properties of an equation of state based on the Tait model in combination with a cavitation
model where the pressure p is defined as follows:
No cavitation     e  ,

p = a0 + a1   – 1 
Cavitation   c ,
p = pc
where
 =   0
c = critical density which produces the cavitation pressure p c
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EOSTAIT EID A0 A1 GAMMA RHOC VISC
EOSTAIT 3 1.E6 3.31E9 7.15 .9999578 .0001

A0 Constant a 0 R 0.0
A1 Constant a 1 R 0.0
GAMMA Constant  R>0 1.0
RHOC Constant  c R Required
Remarks 4.and 5.
EOSTAIT 297
Tait Equation of State
Remarks
 
1. The pressure can not fall below the cavitation pressure p c = a 0 + a 1   -----c – 1 , although the
0
density can continue to decrease below its critical value  c .
2. The Tait equation of state can not be used in combination with a spallation model.
3. For a more detailed description, see the Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, EOSTAIT –
Tait Equation of State.
Ns- kg
2
= ------- .
M ms
5. If possible, use in coupled analysis the FASTCOUP coupling algorithm, because viscous fluxes
the current velocity gradients. Stresses like TXX are elastic-plastic stresses and depend on past
298 FABRIC
Woven Fabric Material
FABRIC Woven Fabric Material
Defines the properties of a bi-directional woven fabric material for shell elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FABRIC MID RHO ECOAT NUCOAT GCOAT DAMPCOAT COMPCOAT PERC +
FABRIC 3 850. 5.52E6 0.33 50. +
+ E1L E1Q THETA1 XWARP YWARP ZWARP +

+ 21.6E7 1.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ E2L E2Q THETA2 XWEFT YWEFT ZWEFT +

+ 21.6E7 0.0 1.0 0.0 +
+ SCOF G12 DAMPFIB COMPFIB LOCKANG1 LOCKANG2

+

ECOAT Young’s modulus of coating material R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
NUCOAT Poisson’s ratio of coating material R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
GCOAT Shear modulus of coating material R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
DAMPCOAT Damping is applied to the coating stresses: R  0.0 0.1
d ij = DAMPCO  E   ij  dt elm See Remark 3.
COMPCOAT Scale factor for coating compression stresses 1.0 R  0.0 1.0
See Remark 4.
PERC Thickness percentage of coating material 100.0 R  0.0 (no
0.0 coating)
E1L Young's modulus of fabric in warp direction, linear R > 0.0 Required
coefficient
E1Q Young's modulus of fabric in warp direction, quadratic R  0.0 0.0
coefficient
THETA1 Orientation angle between the element coordinate R See Remark 5.
system and the warp ends
FABRIC 299

XWARP, Vector indicating the warp direction of the fabric R (1., 0., 0.)
YWARP, material. The vector is with respect to the basic See Remark 5.
ZWARP coordinate system.
E2L Young's modulus of fabric in weft direction, linear R > 0.0 Required
coefficient
E2Q Young's modulus of fabric in weft direction, quadratic R  0.0 0.0
coefficient
THETA2 Orientation angle between the element coordinate R See Remark 5.
system and the weft ends
XWEFT, Vector indicating the weft direction of the fabric R (0., 1., 0.)
YWEFT, material. The vector is with respect to the basic See Remark 5.
ZWEFT coordinate system.
SCOF Shear coefficient of friction R 0.0
See Remark 7.
G12 Shear modulus of fabric material R See Remark 8.
DAMPFIB Damping is applied to the fiber stresses: R  0.0 0.1
d ij = DAMPFI  E   ij  dt elm See Remark 3.
COMPFIB Scale factor for fiber compression stresses 1.0 R  0.0 1.0
See Remark 4.
LOCKANG1 Locking angle 1 for change in fiber cross-over angle R  0.0 10.0
See Remark
11.
LOCKANG2 Locking angle 2 for change in fiber cross-over angle R  0.0 15.0
See Remark
11.
Remarks
1. For a description of the bi-directional woven fabric model, see Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter
3: Materials.
2. When a coating is defined (PERC>0), two out of three values need to be specified for ECOAT,
NUCOAT, and GCOAT.
3. For air bag modeling the following values of DAMPCOAT and DAMPFIB are suggested:
DAMPCOAT= 0.05
DAMPFIB= 0.05
4. The compressive stresses in the fibers are scaled with the value of COMPFIB. Putting
COMPFIB = 0.0 results in a tension only fiber model.
The compressive stresses in the coating are scaled with the value of COMPCOAT. Putting
COMPCOAT = 0.0 results in a tension only coating model.
300 FABRIC
The compressive stresses are scaled in the direction of the principal stresses.
When PERC = 100%, and the coating of this fabric model is used to simulate an isotropic air bag
material, it is best to scale down the compressive stresses of the coating. A suggested value is
COMPCOAT = 0.1.
5. Since this is a model which tracks warp and weft directions and uses total warp/weft strain as a
state variable, the initial warp and weft directions must be specified. There are two ways to
indicate the initial warp and weft directions:
a. THETA1 and THETA2
Orientation angles between the element coordinate system and the warp/weft ends. If no
orientation angle is specified, vectors will be used to indicate the warp/weft directions of the
fabric material with respect to the basic coordinate system.
b. XWARP, YWARP, ZWARP and XWEFT, YWEFT, ZWEFT
Vectors indicating the warp/weft directions of the fabric material with respect to the basic
coordinate system. The projection of these vectors on the surface of each element is used to
determine the angle between the element and the material coordinate system. If the orientation
angles are defined, these vectors are ignored.
6. For shell element properties (PSHELL1), when the material is FABRIC, the material angle
THETA is ignored. The orientation of the fabric fibers is defined completely on the FABRIC entry.
For layered composite element properties (PCOMP), when the material of a ply is FABRIC, the
angle THETAi is ignored. The orientation of the fabric fibers is defined completely on the
FABRIC entry.
7. The maximum shear stress is given by a friction coefficient of the fabric (SCOF) times the RMS
value of the direct fiber stresses.
8. If the field G12 is left blank, the shear modulus is computed from the RMS value of the two linear
stiffness coefficients.
9. When Fabric material is referenced by shell elements, the Spin Rate method (SPIN) is applied
automatically when no stress-rotation correction is specified on SPINCOR option. See PSHELL
entry for the details on SPINCOR option.
10. There are a number of specific output sublayer variables useful for this material:
Q1AF Direction cosines/sines between the element coordinate

Q2AFIB System and the warp ends
Q1BFIB Direction cosines/sines between the element coordinate
Q2BFIB System and the weft picks
SGMA Direct stress in fabric parallel to the warp ends
SGMB Direct stress in fabric parallel to the weft picks
SGFRIC Stress due only to shear in the weave of the fabric
EPSFA Strain in fabric parallel to the warp ends
FABRIC 301
EPSFB Strain in fabric parallel to the weft picks

ANGLE Crossover angle between warp ends and weft picks
11. When a fabric is being sheared, the angle between the fibers changes. At a certain moment, the
fibers will reach a locking angle, after which a further change in the fiber angle is no
longer possible.
The simulation models this behavior as follows:
a. Change in Fiber Crossover Angle < LockAng1
The shear stress between the fibers is cut off based on the friction coefficient SCOF
b. LockAng1 < Change in Fiber Crossover Angle < LockAng2
The shear stress between the fibers is linearly increased.
c. Change in Fiber Crossover Angle > LockAng2
The shear stress between the fibers is no longer cut off.
This situation is equal to an infinite friction coefficient SCOF.
302 FAILEST
Maximum Equivalent Stress and Minimum Time Step Failure Model
FAILEST Maximum Equivalent Stress and Minimum Time Step Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where total failure occurs when the equivalent stress exceeds
the specified value and the element time step drops below the specified limit.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILEST FID MES DT
FAILEST 1 1.E9 1.E-9

FID Unique failure model number. I>0 Required
MES Maximum equivalent stress that causes failure on the deviatoric part of R Required
the stress tensor.
DT Minimum time step that causes total failure. R Required
Remarks
1. This failure model is valid for Lagrangian solid (CHEXA) orthotropic materials. (See also the
DMATOR entry.)
2. The FAILEST failure model is a two-stage failure. The first stage retains the hydrodynamic
properties of the material. The second stage is reached when the global time step falls below the
specified value. The element is then removed from the calculation.
FAILEX 303
User Failure Subroutine
FAILEX User Failure Subroutine
Specifies that a user subroutine is being used to define the failure model.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILEX FID
FAILEX 200

Remarks
1. The subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE FMS statement.
2. See Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual for a description of how to use
304 FAILEX1
Extended User Failure Subroutine
FAILEX1 Extended User Failure Subroutine
Specifies that a user subroutine is being used to define a failure model.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILEX1 FID
FAILEX1 300

Remarks
2. The failure model is available for orthotropic materials only. The FAILEX1 entry must be
referenced on the DMATOR entry.
3. The failure model allows for an extensive description of the failure of composite materials in
three-dimensional elements. It includes the possibility to have property degradation according to
material damage.
4. See Chapter 7: User Subroutines for a description of how to use user-written subroutines.
FAILEX2 305
User Failure Subroutine
FAILEX2 User Failure Subroutine
Defines a damage model specified by a user subroutine. In addition, the VOLPLS and SOFTE element
variables can be set by this routine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILEX2 FID METH
FAILEX2 200 CONT

FID Unique failure model number I>0 Required
MTH Specifies how failure is applied C CONT
CONT continuous failure
DISC discrete failure
NOFAIL No failure
Remarks
1. This model is only supported by the Multi-material solver with strength.
3. See User-written Subroutine Notes in Chapter 7: User Subroutines for a description of how to use
4. For each material and for each Euler element a variable will be created that monitors the degree
of failure of the material. This variable is denoted by DAMAGE and is between 0 and 1. The
EXFAIL2 routine allows updating this damage variable due to the plastic strain increment of the
current cycle.
5. There are two ways in which this damage variable can model failure These are:
• Continuous failure: The yield stress is reduced by a factor (1-D). When D exceeds 1, the yield
stress equals zero and the element fails.
• Discrete failure: the element fails when D equals one.
When NOFAIL is set, positive damage values will not lead to failure. This is useful if the failure
modeling is done by an EXYLD1 routine. Then the yield stress can be reduced depending on the
magnitude of the damage variable.
306 FAILJC
Johnson-Cook Failure Model
FAILJC Johnson-Cook Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where failure is determined by a damage model. The damage
model is given by:
 p
D =  ------------
 frac
-
time
 ·
 pl
 frac =  D 1 + D 2 exp  D 3  *    1 + D 4 ln ------
-  1 + D 5 T * 
 ·0
 pl 
m
 * = -------

T – T room
T * = ---------------------------------
T melt – T room
The summation is performed over all past time increments. The variable D measures the damage; T is
the temperature,  m the mean stress,  is the von Mises equivalent stress, and  frac is the fracture strain.
The fracture strain depends on a nondimensional plastic strain rate · pl  · pl0 . If D exceeds one it set equal
to one.
The damage variable D is transported along with the Eulerian material.
There are two methods to determine when elements fail:
• Continuous failure: The yield stress is reduced by a factor  1 – D  . When D exceeds 1 the yield
stress equals zero and the element fails.
• Discrete failure: the element fails when D equals one.
This failure model applies to high-strain rate deformation of metals. It is less suitable for
quasi-static problems.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILJC FID D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 ELPLDOTREF TROOM +
FAILJC 1 .05 3.44 -2.1 0.002 0.61 1.0 0 +
+ TMELT CP MTH
+ 1495 450 CONT
FAILJC 307
Johnson-Cook Failure Model

D1..D5 Parameters R 0.0
ELPLDOTREF Reference plastic strain rate R 1.0
TROOM Room temperature R 0.0
TMELT Melt temperature R 1.E+20
CP Heat capacity R 1.E+20
MTH Specifies how failure is applied: C CONT
CONT continuous failure
DISC discrete failure
NOFAIL damage is not used for failure. Failure modeling can

then be done by an EXYLD1 subroutine.
Remarks
1. This failure model is only available for Eulerian materials. The use of the multi-material solver
with strength is required.
2. The variable D can be visualized by adding DAMAGE to the Output request for Euler elements.
308 FAILMES
Maximum Equivalent Stress Failure Model
FAILMES Maximum Equivalent Stress Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where failure occurs when the equivalent stress exceeds the
specified value.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILMES FID MES
FAILMES 1 1.E9

MES Maximum equivalent stress that causes failure R Required
Remark
This failure model is valid for Lagrangian solid element materials. (See also the DMAT and
DMATOR entries.)
FAILMPS 309
Maximum Plastic Strain Failure Model
FAILMPS Maximum Plastic Strain Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where failure occurs when the equivalent plastic strain exceeds
the specified value.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILMPS FID MPS MPS-C
FAILMPS 1 .15

MPS Maximum plastic strain that causes failure R Required
MPS-C Maximum plastic strain when material is under compression that R MPS
causes failure
Remark
This failure model is valid for Eulerian, shell (CQUAD4 and CTRIA3), Hughes-Liu beams, and
Lagrangian solid element materials. (Also see the DMAT and DMATEP entries.)
310 FAILPRS
Maximum Pressure Failure Model
FAILPRS Maximum Pressure Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where failure occurs when the hydrodynamic pressure exceeds
the specified value.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILPRS FID PRS
FAILPRS 1 5.E8

PRS Maximum pressure that causes failure R Required
Remark
This failure model is valid for Lagrangian solid element orthotropic materials. (See also the
DMATORentry.)
FAILSDT 311
Maximum Plastic Strain and Minimum Time-Step Failure Model
FAILSDT Maximum Plastic Strain and Minimum Time-Step Failure Model
Defines the properties of a failure model where total failure occurs when the equivalent plastic strain
exceeds the specified value and the element time step falls below the specified limit.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAILSDT FID MPS DT
FAILSDT 1 .15 1.E-9

MPS Maximum plastic strain that causes failure on the deviatoric part of the R Required
stress tensor
DT Minimum time step that causes total failure R Required
Remarks
1. This failure model is valid for Lagrangian solid element materials. (See also the DMAT entry.)
2. The FAILSDT failure model is a two-stage failure. The first stage retains the hydrodynamic
properties of the material. The second stage is reached when the global time step falls below the
specified value. The element then is removed from the computation.
312 FFCONTR
Closed Volume Intended for Fluid Filled Containers
FFCONTR Closed Volume Intended for Fluid Filled Containers
Defines the pressure within a closed volume. Intended for the use in (partially) filled containers, where
dynamic fluid effects are negligible; e.g. top loading and hot filling.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FFCONTR GID SID FVOL PATM TEMPTAB DENSTAB TACTIVE
FFCONTR 1 2 1.50E-03 0.1E6 10 20

GID Unique FFCONTR number I>0 Required
SID Surface number I>0 Required
FVOL Fluid volume in the container R  0.0 Required
PATM Atmospheric pressure. Used for determination of the constant C R > 0.0 Required
for p  V = C .
TEMPTAB A reference to a TABLED1 ID that specifies how temperature of I>0
the container changes in time.
DENSTAB Density of the container changes with temperature I>0
TACTIVE Time at which the pressure computation inside the bottle R>0 0
equals the ambient pressure. The volume of the bottle at TACTIV
will be used for the finial pressure computation of the gas in
the bottle.
Remarks
1. The gas above the fluid is assumed to be an ideal, iso-thermal gas: p  V = C , where C is a
constant. If TEMPTAB is set, the temperature is applied to both the fluid as well as the gas. Then,
the gas satisfies p  V  T = C , where T is the temperature of the fluid.
2. The fluid is assumed incompressible.
3. The pressure is based on the uniform pressure gas bag algorithm, where the pressure is uniform
in the volume, but variable in time.
4. Output for the fluid-filled container is available through a GBAGOUT definition. The available
variables are: PRESSURE, VOLUME, TEMPTURE, VOLGAS, VOLFLUID, GAUGEPRES,
and RHOFLUID.
5. The normals of the surface referenced by SID are automatically reversed if required.
6. Modeling guidelines are described in the “Getting Started” section.
FFCONTR 313
Closed Volume Intended for Fluid Filled Containers
7. If DENSTAB is set, then the volume of the fluid changes according to

Fluid
  T 0 V 0
V Fluid = -------------------------------
T
Here, T 0 and V 0Fluid are initial values for temperature and fluid volume,  is the fluid density, and
T denotes the current temperature. If TEMPTAB is not set, the DENSTAB entry will not be used.
8. At time = TACTIVE, the gas is assumed to be in contact with the ambient pressure for the last time.
This means that at Time = TACTIVE, the pressure in the bottle equals the ambient pressure for the
last time. After TACTIVE, the bottle has been closed and there is no longer contact between
ambient and gas inside the bottle. Any change in volume of the bottle or temperature or fluid will
result in change of pressure of the gas inside the bottle.
314 FLOW
Flow Boundary Condition
FLOW Flow Boundary Condition
Defines the properties of a material for the boundaries of a Eulerian mesh.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOW LID SID TYPE1 VALUE1 TYPE2 VALUE2 TYPE3 VALUE3 +
FLOW 120 122 XVEL 100.0 +
+ TYPE4 VALUE4
+

LID Number of a set of flow boundary conditions I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of segments, specified by CSEG, CFACE, or I>0 Required
CFACE1 entries, where the flow boundary is located.
TYPEi The flow boundary property being defined: C
MATERIAL The material number.
XVEL The material velocity in the x-direction.
YVEL The material velocity in the y-direction.
ZVEL The material velocity in the z-direction.
PRESSURE The pressure of the material at the boundary.
DENSITY The density of the material at inflow.
SIE The specific internal energy at inflow.
FLOW The type of flow boundary required.
HYDSTAT A Hydrostatic pressure profile using a HYDSTAT
entry.
VALUEi The value for the property defined: R or C Required
For TYPEi set to FLOW, the value is a character entry being either IN,
OUT, or BOTH defining that the flow boundary is defined as an inflow,
outflow, or possibly an in- or outflow boundary. The default is BOTH.
VALUEi is required data only if one or more of the TYPEi entries are
defined. The TYPEi entries are not required. Thus, a flow boundary
by default allows for in- or outflow of the material adjacent to the
boundary.
For TYPE=HYDSTAT, the value is an integer entry denoting the
HYDSTAT entry to be used.
FLOW 315
Flow Boundary Condition
Remarks
1. LID must be referenced by a TLOAD1entry.
2. Any material properties not specifically defined have the same value as the element with the flow
boundary condition.
3. TLOAD entries referencing FLOW entries must have the TID field blank or zero.
4. In the case of material flow into a multi-material Euler mesh, the density and specific energy have
to be set. On the other hand, when material flows out of a multi-material Euler mesh, it is assumed
that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element contributes to the out-flow of mass.
The materials are transported in proportion to their relative volume fractions.
5. Prescribing both pressure and velocity may lead to the instabilities.
6. For TYPE=HYDSTAT, the pressure is set using HYDSTAT; the velocity equals the element
velocity. In case of inflow, the density follows from the hydrostatic pressure by using the EOS.
316 FLOWC
Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition
FLOWC Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition
Defines the properties of a material for the boundaries of an Eulerian mesh.

Inflow values can be taken from another boundary condition. This allows cyclic or periodic boundary
conditions. Likewise, the outflow of material goes into the other boundary condition.
FLOWC* entries have to be defined in pairs. The FID on one entry has to be equal to FID2 of the other
entry. For example
FLOWC,10,30,20
FLOWC,20,40,10.
It is allowed to couple a FLOWC with a FLOWCDR or a FLOWCSQ.
For both flow boundaries, mass flow summaries can be created as time history.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWC FID SID FID2 +CONT1
FLOWC 120 122 +CONT1
+CONT1 METHOD FLOW SCALE

+CONT1 1

FID Unique FLOWC number. I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of segments, specified by CSEG, CFACE, or I>0 Required
CFACE1 entries, where the flow boundary is located.
FID2 Inflow and Outflow values will be taken from this boundary I>0 Required
condition.
METHOD How material properties and pressure are mapped going from one I 1
boundary to the other. There are three methods:
1 Map both velocity, material flow properties, and pressure
loads one-to-one.
2 Map velocity, material flow one-to-one. Pressure is given by
element pressures
3 Inflow is taken as the average of outflow properties. This
applies to both velocity and material properties. Pressure is
given by element pressures.
FLOWC 317
Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition

FLOW Being either IN, OUT, or BOTH defining that the flow boundary is
defined as an inflow, outflow, or possibly an in- or outflow
boundary. The default is BOTH.
ISCALE Table ID that specifies a time dependent scale factor by which the I > 0
amount of inflow is multiplied. This will not conserve total mass.
Remarks
1. FLOWC can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element created
by the MESH,BOX option.
2. FLOWC is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver.
3. The boundary condition FID2 has also to be defined by means of a FLOWCDR or FLOWCSQ.
definition. The outflow values of FID2 will be used as the inflow values for FID and vice versa.
4. To enable using the outflow values of FID2 as the inflow values for FID, the boundary faces of
FID and FID2 are mapped onto each other. For this mapping, only translations and rotations
around coordinate axes are permitted.
5. For fully cyclic boundary conditions, METHOD can be left blank. The default value 1 will be
taken.
6. Consider a cubic Euler mesh and that material flows from the left to the right. At the right side,
the boundary condition is imposed
FLOWC,4,30,,5
and at the left side
FLOWC,5,40,,4
These definitions cause all material that flows out of the right side boundary into the left side
boundary. Moreover, the Euler element pressures on the right side are put on the Euler elements
of the left boundary condition.
In practice, it may be useful to skip the coupling between the two boundaries with regard to
pressure. This can be done by setting METHOD equal to 2.
With these definitions, material from boundary 4 still flows into boundary 5 but pressure
boundaries are transmitting.
7. ISCALE is useful if several objects have identical outflow that is used as inflow by another object.
Then only one object has to be modeled. To account for the other objects when defining inflow,
the scale factor can be used. It can also be used to turn off in and outflow. When ISCALE is set
either METHOD=2 or METHOD=3 are recommended. METHOD=1 should not be used.
8. It is allowed that the definition of the FLOWC entry overlaps with FLOWSQ, FLOW, or FLOWDIR
definitions. In that case, the FLOWC definition overrules the other ones.
318 FLOWCDR
Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition for All Faces in Certain Direction
FLOWCDR Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition for All Faces in Certain Direction
Defines the properties of a material for the boundaries of an Eulerian mesh. The boundary consists of all
Eulerian faces that are pointing into a specific direction.
entry. For example
FLOWCDR,10,MMHYDRO,,10,POSX,2,...
FLOWCDR,20,MMHYDRO,,20,NEGX,1,..
It is allowed to couple a FLOWCDR with a FLOWC or a FLOWCSQ.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWCDR FID ELTYPE MESH DIRECTION FID2 +CONT1
FLOWCDR 120 HYDRO POSX 140 +CONT1

+CONT1 1

FID Unique FLOWCDR number. I > 0 Required
ELTYPE The element type to which the boundary conditions have to be C Required
applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO, and MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary See
condition has to be applied. Remark 6.
DIRECTION Allowed values are NEGX, POSX, NEGY, POSY, NEGZ, and POSZ.
FID2 Inflow and Outflow values will be taken from this boundary
condition.
loads one-to-one.
element pressures.
FLOWCDR 319

Remarks
1. FLOWCDR can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element
created by the MESH,BOX option.
2. In the OUT file, the total area of boundary faces is printed.
3. FLOWCDR is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver.
4. The boundary condition FID2 has also to be defined by means of a FLOWC or FLOWCSQ
5. To enable using the outflow values of FID2 as the inflow values for FID, the boundary faces of
FID and FID2 are mapped onto each other. For this mapping, only translations and rotations
around coordinate axes are permitted.
taken.
7. Consider a cubic Euler mesh and that material flows from the left to the right. At the right side,
FLOWCDR,4,MMHYDRO,1,POSX,5
FLOWCDR,5,MMHYDRO,2,NEGX,4
320 FLOWCDR
9. It is allowed that the definition of the FLOWCDR entry overlaps with FLOWSQ, FLOW, or
FLOWDIR definitions. In that case, the FLOWCDR definition overrules the other ones. It is not
allowed that a square of one FLOWCDR overlaps a square of another FLOWCDR entry.
10. The MESH-ID is only used when multiple Euler domains have been defined. If multiple Euler
domains have been defined but if the MESH-ID is blank, all Euler domains will be considered in
assigning the boundary condition.
FLOWCSQ 321
Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition
FLOWCSQ Cyclic Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition
Eulerian faces that are inside a specified square.
entry. For example
FLOWCSQ,10,MMHYDRO,10,,2
FLOWCSQ,20,MMHYDRO,20,,1
It is allowed to couple a FLOWCSQ with a FLOWC or a FLOWCDR.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWCSQ FID ELTYPE MESH FID2 +CONT1
FLOWCSQ 120 HYDRO +CONT1
+CONT1 XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX ZMIN ZMAX +CONT2

+CONT1 0.1 0 0 0 0.2 +CONT2

+CONT2 1

FID Unique FLOWCSQ number. I > 0 Required
FID2 Inflow and Outflow values will be taken from this boundary I > 0 Required
condition.
ELTYPE The element type to which the boundary conditions have to be C Required
applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO, and MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary See
condition has to be applied. Remark 6.
XMIN-ZMAX Defines a square by specifying the ranges of the x,y,z R See
coordinates. For a square in, for example, the x-plane it is Remark 4.
required that either XMIN = XMAX or that XMAX is left blank.
For at least one coordinate direction the MIN value has to be set
322 FLOWCSQ

loads one- to-one.
element pressures.
1. FLOWCSQ can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element
2. In the OUT file the total area of boundary faces is printed.
3. FLOWCSQ is only supported by the multi material Euler solver.
4. The boundary condition FID2 has also to be defined by means of a FLOWC or FLOWCDR
5. To enable using the outflow values of FID2 as the inflow values for FID the boundary faces of
FID and FID2 are mapped onto each other. For this mapping only translations and rotations around
coordinate axes are permitted.
taken.
7. Consider a cubic Euler mesh and that material flows from the left to the right. At the right side
FLOWCSQ,4,MMHYDRO,,5
FLOWCSQ,5,MMHYDRO,,4
FLOWCSQ 323
9. If neither the MIN or MAX value has been set, the default value is respectively -1E+20 and 1e+20
for the MIN and MAX value. If the MIN value has been set, the default value of the MAX value is the
MIN value.
10. It is allowed that the definition of the FLOWCSQ entry overlaps with FLOWSQ, FLOW, or
FLOWDIR definitions. In that case, the FLOWCSQ definition overrules the other ones. It is not
allowed that a square of one FLOWCSQ overlaps a square of another FLOWCSQ entry.
11. The MESH-ID is only used when multiple Euler domains have been defined. If multiple Euler
324 FLOWDEF
Default Flow Boundary
FLOWDEF Default Flow Boundary
Definition of default Eulerian flow boundary condition.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWDEF FID TYPEM +
FLOWDEF 25 HYDRO +
+ TYPE1 VALUE1 TYPE2 VALUE2 -etc.-

+ DENSITY 1000.

FID Unique FLOWDEF number I>0 Required
TYPEM HYDRO, STRENGTH, MMHYDRO, or MMSTREN C HYDRO
TYPEi The flow boundary property being defined: C
HYDSTAT A Hydrostatic pressure profile using a
HYDSTAT entry
VALUEi The value for the property defined: R or C Required
For TYPEi set to flow the value is a character entry being either
IN, OUT, or BOTH, defining that the flow boundary is defined as
an inflow, outflow, or possibly an in- or outflow boundary. The
default is BOTH.
VALUEi is required data only if one or more of the TYPEi entries
are defined. The TYPEi entries are not required. Thus, a flow
boundary by default allows for in- or outflow of the material
adjacent to the boundary.
For TYPE=HYDSTAT, the value is an integer entry denoting the
HYDSTAT entry to be used.
FLOWDEF 325
Default Flow Boundary
Remark
1. If this entry is not specified, a default wall boundary condition is applied to all Eulerian free faces.
2. For TYPE=HYDSTAT, the pressure is set using HYDSTAT; the velocity equals the element
326 FLOWDIR
Flow Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces in a Specific Direction
FLOWDIR Flow Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces

in a Specific Direction
Eulerian boundary faces that point in a specific direction.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWDIR FID ELTYPE MESH DIRECTION +CONT1
FLOWDIR 120 HYDRO NEGX +CONT1
+CONT1 TYPE1 VALUE1 TYPE2 VALUE2

+CONT1 XVEL 10.0

FID Unique FLOWSQ number I>0 Required
ELTYPE The element type to which the boundary conditions have C Required
to be applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO
and MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary I See Remark 5.
condition has to be applied
DIRECTION Allowed values are NEGX, POSX, NEGY, POSY, NEGZ, C Required
and POSZ.
TYPEi The flow boundary property being defined. C
YVEL. The material velocity in the y-direction
ZVEL The material velocity in the z-direction
FLOWDIR 327
Flow Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces in a Specific Direction

HYDSTAT A Hydrostatic pressure profile using an
HYDSTAT entry.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the I See Remark 5.
boundary condition has to be applied
VALUEi The value for the property defined. R or C Required
For TYPEi set to FLOW, the value is a character entry being
either IN, OUT, or BOTH defining that the flow boundary is
VALUEi is required data only if one or more of the TYPEi
entries are defined. The TYPEi entries are not required.
Thus, a flow boundary by default allows for in- or outflow of
the material adjacent to the boundary.
For TYPE = HYDSTAT, the value is an integer entry
denoting the HYDSTAT entry to be used.
Remarks
1. FLOWDIR can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element
3. FLOWDIR is not supported by the single material strength Euler solver.
4. FLOWDIR overrules FLOW definitions, but FLOWSQ overrules FLOWDIR.
5. The MESH-ID is only used when multiple Euler domains have been defined. If multiple euler
domains have been defined but if the MESH-ID is blank all Euler domains will be considered in
boundary condition.
7. TLOAD entries referencing FLOW entries must have the TID field blank or zero.
to be set. On the other hand, when material flows out of a multi-material Euler mesh, it is assumed
that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element contributes to the out flow of mass.
10. For TYPE = HYDSTAT, the pressure is set using HYDSTAT, the velocity equals the element
velocity. In case of inflow the density follows from the hydrostatic pressure by using the equation
of state.
328 FLOWEX
User-defined Flow Boundary
FLOWEX User-defined Flow Boundary
Defines a flow boundary specified by a user subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWEX LID SID NAME
FLOWEX 150 300 PRES1

LID Number of a set of flow boundary conditions I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of segments, specified by CSEG or CFACE entries, I>0 Required
where the flow boundary is located.
NAME Name of the flow boundary (See also Remark 7.) C Required
Remarks
1. LID must be referenced by a TLOAD1 entry.
2. The EXFLOW user subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE FMS
statement. The EXFLOW user subroutine must be present in case single hydrodynamic materials,
or materials with strength are used. For multimedia problems, the EXFLOW2 subroutine must
be used.
4. TLOAD1 entries referencing FLOWEX entries must have the TID field blank or zero.
5. The flow boundary name is passed to the EXFLOW subroutine and can be used to identify
the boundary.
6. The EXFLOW2 subroutine allows for the definition of any material to flow into the Eulerian mesh.
The outflow can only be of materials present in the mesh.
7. There are two methodologies available to define an inflator model for an eulerian calculation:
a. as a boundary condition for a subsurface on a coupling surface (see the COUPLE, COUPOR,
and INFLATR entries)
b. as a FLOWEX boundary condition for an Euler face.
The second method can be activated by using a predefined name on the FLOWEX entry. The
following name must be used:
FLOWEX 329
INFLATR3 Inflator model, used for air bag calculations:
• The mass-flow rate must be input in TABLED1,1

• The temperature of the inflowing gas must be input in
TABLED1,2
• The adiabatic constant of the gas [cp/cv] can be input by:
PARAM,EXTRAS,GAMMA,value
The default value is 1.4.
• The constant-volume specific heat of the gas can be input by:
PARAM,EXTRAS,CV,value
The default value is 743.
• The porosity coefficient of the eulerian faces can be input by:
PARAM,EXTRAS,COEFFV,value
The default value is 1.0.
The area of the faces that acts as the inflow hole is equal to the
uncovered part of the face area, multiplied by the value
of COEFFV.
Note: The names INFLATOR and INFLATR2 are also allowed, but are previous
versions of the inflator model, which have certain limitations.
330 FLOWSQ
Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition
FLOWSQ Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition
Eulerian faces that are inside a specified square.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWSQ FID ELTYPE MESH +CONT1
FLOWSQ 120 HYDRO +CONT1
+CONT1 XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX ZMIN ZMAX +CONT2

+CONT1 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.2 +CONT2
+CONT2 TYPE1 VALUE1 TYPE2 VALUE2

+CONT2 XVEL 10

FID Unique FLOWSQ number I>0 Required
to be applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO,
and MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary See Remark 6.
XMIN-ZMAX Defines a square by specifying the ranges of the x, y, z R See Remark 4.
coordinates. For a square in, for example, the x-plane, it
is required that either XMIN = XMAX or that XMAX is
left blank.
For at least one coordinate direction, the MIN value has to
be set
TYPEi The flow boundary property being defined. C
SIE The specific internal energy at inflow
FLOWSQ 331
Flow Boundary Condition using a Square Definition

HYDSTAT A Hydrostatic pressure profile using an
HYDSTAT entry.
VALUEi The value for the property defined. R,I or C Required
For TYPEi set to FLOW, the value is a character entry being
either IN, OUT, or BOTH defining that the flow boundary is
VALUEi is required data only if one or more of the TYPEi
entries are defined. The TYPEi entries are not required.
Thus, a flow boundary by default allows for in- or outflow
of the material adjacent to the boundary.
For TYPE = HYDSTAT, the value is an integer entry
denoting the HYDSTAT entry to be used.
Remarks
1. FLOWSQ can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element created
3. FLOWSQ is not supported by the single material strength Euler solver.
4. If Neither the MIN or MAX value has been set the default value is respectively -1E+20 and 1e+20
for the MIN and MAX value. If the MIN value has been set the default value of the MAX value is the
MIN value.
5. It is allowed that the defined square of a FLOWSQ entry overlaps with FLOW definitions or FLOWDIR
definitions. In that case, the FLOWSQ definition overrules the other ones. It is not allowed that a
square of one FLOWSQ overlaps a square of another FLOWSQ entry.
domains have been defined but if the MESH-ID is blank all Euler domains will be considered in
boundary condition.
to be set. On the other hand when material flows out of a multi-material Euler mesh it is assumed
that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element contributes to the out flow of mass.
10. For TYPE = HYDSTAT, the pressure is set using HYDSTAT, the velocity equals the element
332 FLOWT
Time-dependent Flow Boundary
FLOWT Time-dependent Flow Boundary
Definition of the material properties for the inflow or outflow through the boundary of an Euler mesh.
Inflow velocity and material properties can be chosen as time dependent.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWT FID SID TYPE +
FLOWT 2 122 IN +
+ VELTYPE VELOCITY PRESTYP PRES +

+ TABLE 101 TABLE 102 +
+ MID DENSTYP DENSITY SIETYPE SIE

+ 91 TABLE 104 TABLE 107

FID Unique number of a FLOWT entry I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of segments specified by CSEG, CFACE, or I>0 Required
CFACE1 entries where the flow boundary is located.
TYPE IN Inflow boundary (see Remarks 2.and 3.) C Required
Only inflow is allowed. The inflow velocity and
pressure can be optionally specified. If not
given, the values in the adjacent Euler element
is used. The same holds for the DENSITY
and SIE.
OUT Only outflow is allowed. The inflow velocity
and pressure can be optionally specified. If not
are used. The outflow boundary always uses
the material mixture present in the adjacent
Euler element.
BOTH Material is allowed to flow in or out. In- or
outflow is based on the direction of the velocity
in the adjacent Euler element. Only pressure can
be optionally defined. If not given, the pressure
in the adjacent Euler element is taken.
FLOWT 333

VELTYPE Type of velocity definition: C Element
ELEMENT Value of Euler element.
CONSTANT Value is constant in time.
TABLE Value varies in time.
VELOCITY Value of inflow or outflow velocity. If VELTYPE = TABLE, I or R See Remark 5.
it refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. The velocity direction
is normal to the segment. A positive velocity corresponds with
inflow.
PRESTYP Type of pressure definition: C See Remark 5.
PRES Value of inflow or outflow pressure. If PRESTYPE = TABLE, I or R
it refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID.
MID Material ID of inflowing material. Input is not allowed for I
TYPE = OUT.
When MID is specified, it is required to also define density and
SIE for the inflowing material.
DENSTYP Type of density definition C Required when
MID is given.
DENSITY Value of density. If DENSTYP = TABLE, it refers to a I or R Required when
TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. MID is given.
SIETYPE Type of density definition C Required when
MID is given.
SIE Value of specific internal energy. If SIETYPE = TABLE, it I or R Required when
refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. MID is given.
334 FLOWT
Remarks
1. FID must be referenced by a TLOAD1 entry.
2. TLOAD1 entries referencing FLOW entries must have the TID field blank or zero.
3. Any material properties not specifically defined have the same value as the element with that
boundary condition.
4. In the case of material flow into a multi-material Euler mesh, the material number, the density,
and specific energy have to be set. On the other hand, when material flows out of a multi-material
Euler mesh, it is assumed that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element
contributes to the outflow of mass. The materials are transported in proportion to their relative
volume fractions.
5. The boundary condition initiates or determines a wave in compressible material like gas and
water. This can be either an outgoing or an ingoing wave. For stability, it is important that the
waves created are compatible with the flow type near the boundary. Relevant flow types are
subsonic inflow, subsonic outflow, supersonic inflow, and supersonic outflow. For example, for
subsonic inflow, prescribing both pressure and velocity would initiate outgoing waves. Outgoing
waves for an inflow boundary condition is known to be instable. However, for supersonic inflow,
you can specify both pressure and velocity since there are no outgoing waves at a supersonic
inflow boundary.
6. When a TABLEEX is referenced, the EXFUNC user subroutine must be created. See TABLEEX for
more details.
FLOWTSQ 335
Time dependent Flow Boundary
FLOWTSQ Time dependent Flow Boundary
Defines the material properties for the in- or outflow of material trough the boundary of an Euler mesh.
Inflow velocity and material properties can be chosen time dependent.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FLOWTSQ FID ELTYPE MESH +
FLOWTSQ 2 HYDRO +
+ XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX ZMIN ZMAX +

+ 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.2 +
+ FLOW VELTYPE VELOCITY PRESTYP PRES +

+ IN TABLE 101 TABLE 102 +


FID Unique number of a FLOWT entry. I>0 Required
ELTYPE The element type to which the boundary conditions have to C Required
be applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO, and
MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary I>0 See Remark 6.
XMIN-ZMAX Defines a square by specifying the ranges of the x, y, z R See Remark 4.
coordinates. For a square in for example the x-plane it is
required that either XMIN = XMAX or that XMAX is left blank.
For at least one coordinate direction the MIN value has to be
set
TYPE IN Inflow boundary (see remark 2 and 3) C Required
Only inflow is allowed. The inflow velocity
will be used. The same holds for the density
and SIE.
336 FLOWTSQ

OUT Only outflow is allowed. The inflow velocity
will be used. The outflow boundary will
always use material mixture as present in the
adjacent Euler element.
BOTH Material is allowed to flow in or out. In or
outflow is based on the direction of the
velocity in the adjacent Euler element. Only
pressure can be optionally defined. If not
given, the pressure in the adjacent Euler
element is taken.
VELTYPE Type of velocity definition C Element
ELEMENT Value of Euler element
CONSTANT Value is constant in time
TABLE Value varies in time
VELOCITY Value of inflow or outflow velocity. If VELTYPE = TABLE, I or R See Remark 5.
it refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. The velocity direction
is normal to the segment. A positive velocity corresponds
with inflow.
PRESTYP Type of pressure definition C See Remark 5.
PRES Value of inflow or outflow pressure. If PRESTYPE = TABLE, I or R
it refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID.
MID Material ID of inflowing material. Input is not allowed for I
TYPE = OUT
When MID is specified, it is required to also define density
and size for the inflowing material
DENSTYP Type of density definition C Required when
MID is given
DENSITY Value of density. If DENSTYP = TABLE, it refers to a I or R Required when
TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. MID is given
FLOWTSQ 337

SIETYPE Type of density definition C Required when
MID is given
SIE Value of specific internal energy. If SIETYPE = TABLE, it I or R Required when
refers to a TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. MID is given
Remarks
1. FLOWTSQ can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element created
3. FLOWTSQ is not supported by the single material strength Euler solver.
4. If neither the MIN nor MAX value has been set the default value is respectively -1E+20 and 1e+20
for the MIN and MAX value. If the MIN value has been set the default value of the MAX value is the
MIN value.
5. It is allowed that the defined square of a FLOWTSQ entry overlaps with FLOW definitions or
FLOWDIR definitions. In that case, the FLOWTSQ definition overrules the other ones. It is not
allowed that a square of one FLOWTSQ overlaps a square of another FLOWSQ entry.
domains have been defined but if the MESH-ID is blank, all Euler domains are considered in
7. Any material properties not specifically defined have the same value as the element that with the
boundary conditions.
8. In the case of material flow into a multi-material Euler mesh, the material number, the density and
specific energy have to be set. On the other hand when material flows out of a multi-material Euler
mesh it is assumed that each of the materials present in the outflow Euler element contributes to
the out flow of mass. The materials are transported in proportion to their relative volume fractions
9. The boundary condition initiates/determines a wave in compressible material like gas and water.
This can be either an outgoing or an ingoing wave. For stability it is important that the waves
created are compatible with the flow type near the boundary. Relevant flow types are subsonic
inflow, subsonic outflow, supersonic inflow and supersonic outflow. For example for subsonic
inflow prescribing both pressure and velocity would initiate outgoing waves. Outgoing waves for
an inflow boundary condition is known to be instable. However, for supersonic inflow one can
specify both pressure and velocity since there are no outgoing waves at a supersonic inflow
boundary.
10. When a TABLEEX is referenced, the user-subroutine EXFUNC must be created. See TABLEEX
for more details.
338 FOAM1
Foam Material Properties
FOAM1 Foam Material Properties
Defines the properties of an isotropic, crushable material where Poisson’s ratio is effectively zero.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FOAM1 MID RHO G K TABLE TYPE +
FOAM1 3 0.01 3. 111 CRUSH +

+ DYNA 1.4 0.05

RHO Density R > 0 Required
G Shear modulus R > 0 See Remark 3.
K Bulk modulus R > 0 See Remark 3.
TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of stress (y- I>0 Required
value) with crush factor or true strain (x- value).
TYPE The type of data defined as the x-value in the table: C CRUSH
CRUSH Crush factor (1, relative volume)
STRAIN True strain. See also Remark 4.
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient R  0 1.0
BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient R  0 0.0
Remarks
3. Poisson’s ratio for this model is effectively zero. Therefore, only one other elastic constant can be
defined which can be G , the shear modulus, or K , the bulk modulus.
FOAM1 339
4. For this model, the stress-strain curve is independent of the experimental test performed to obtain
the material data (uniaxial, shear, or volumetric). The most common test is the uniaxial
compression test where the stress-strain characteristic can either be defined in terms of the amount
of crush, which is minus the engineering strain, or in terms of the true strain. Since Poisson’s ratio
is effectively zero the amount of crush is defined as  1 – -----
V V
- , with ------ as the relative volume, and

V0 V0
the true strain is defined as
t
- or In  ------ .
dV V
 -----
V  V 0
t0
The crush factor must be between 0 and 1. The true strain must always be negative and the stress
positive (absolute value).
5. The yield surface in three-dimensional space is a sphere in principal stresses, and is defined by
2 2 2 2
 22 +  22 +  33 = R s
where the radius of the sphere R s depends on the strains as follows:

Rs = f  Re 
with
2 2 2 2
 11 +  22 +  33 = R e
and f is the function defined by the stress-strain table.

340 FOAM2
FOAM2 Foam Material Properties
Defines the properties of an isotropic, elastic foam material with user-specified hysteresis response for
unloading, with strain rate dependency, and where Poisson’s ratio is effectively zero.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FOAM2 MID RHO G K TABLE TYPE VALUE CUTOFF +
FOAM2 3 0.01 3. 111 CRUSH -100. SFRAC +
+ TABY ALPHA UNLOAD +

+ 112 0.4 LINEAR +

+ DYNA 1.4 0.05

RHO Density R>0 Required
G Shear modulus R>0 See Remark 3.
K Bulk modulus R>0 See Remark 3.
TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry defining the variation of stress I>0 Required
(y-value) with crush factor or true strain (x- value)
TYPE The type of data defined as the x-value in the table: C CRUSH
CRUSH Crush factor (=1–relative volume)
STRAIN True strain. See also Remark 4.
VALUE The value for cut-off stress R  0.0 -0.1 * Young’s
modulus.
CUTOFF Cut-off stress: C SMIN
SFRAC Stress for tensile failure
SMIN Minimum stress
TABY Number of a TABLED1 entry giving the variation of the I>0 See Remark 7.
scale factor for the stress (y-value) with the strain rate
(x-value).
ALPHA Energy dissipation factor 0.0R1.0 Required
FOAM2 341

UNLOAD Unloading option: C QDRATIC
EXPTIAL Unloading via exponential curve
LINEAR Unloading via piecewise linear curve
QDRATIC Unloading via quadratic curve
BULKTYP Bulk-viscosity model: C DYNA
DYNA Standard DYNA3D model.
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient R0 1.0
BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient R0 0.0
Remarks
3. Poisson’s ratio for this model is effectively zero. Therefore, only one other elastic constant can be
defined which can be G, the shear modulus, or K, the bulk modulus.
4. For this model, the stress-strain curve is independent of the experimental test performed to obtain
the material data (uniaxial, shear, or volumetric). The most common test is the uniaxial
compression test where the stress-strain characteristic can either be defined in terms of the amount
of crush, which is minus the engineering strain, or in terms of the true strain. Since Poisson’s ratio
is effectively zero, the amount of crush is defined as  1 – -----
V V
- , with ------ as the relative volume, and
 V0 V0
the true strain is defined as
t
- or In  ------ .
dV V
 -----
V  V 0
t0
The crush factor must be between 0 and 1. The true strain must always be negative and the stress
positive (absolute value).
5. The yield surface in three-dimensional space is a sphere in principal stresses, and is defined by
2 2 2 2
 22 +  22 +  33 = R s
where the radius of the sphere R s depends on the strains and strain rates as follows:
R s = f 1  R e f 2  R r 
with
2 2 2 2
 11 +  22 +  33 = R e
and
·2 ·2 ·2 2
 11 +  22 +  33 = R r
342 FOAM2
and f 1 is the function supplied in the stress-strain table and f 2 (if defined) is the function supplied
in the factor-strain rate table.
6. A minimum (SMIN) or failure (SFRAC) tensile stress can be defined. In the first case this
corresponds to a tensile cut-off where the stress cannot fall below the minimum value. In the
second case, if the stress falls below the failure stress the element fails and cannot carry tensile
loading for the remainder of the analysis. Thus the stress can never become negative again.
7. If TABY is blank, the stress does not vary with strain rate. If TABY has a value, then it references
to a TABLED1 entry, which gives the variation with strain rate of the scale factor applied to
the stress.
8. The unloading behavior is piecewise linear (LINEAR), quadratic (QDRATIC) or exponential
(EXPTIAL). The unloading curve is constructed such that the ratio of the dissipated energy (area
between compressive loading and unloading curve) to total energy (area under the loading curve)
is equal to the energy dissipation factor alpha. In the case of piecewise linear unloading, Dytran
constructs an unloading curve whose segments are parallel to the supplied compression table,
except for the first and last segments, which pass respectively through the origin and the point P
on the compression curve where the unloading starts. In the case of quadratic unloading, Dytran
constructs a quadratic curve starting in the origin and ending in point P. If the quadratic unloading
curve falls below the strain axis, then the unloading stress is set to zero. In the case of exponential
unloading, the unloading curve is constructed in a similarly to quadratic unloading except for the
shape of the curve, which is created from an exponential function instead of a
quadratic polynomial.
10. The behavior of this material is described in Materials.
FORCE 343
Concentrated Load or Velocity
FORCE Concentrated Load or Velocity
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines the location where the load or
enforced motion acts, the direction in which it acts, and the scale factor.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FORCE LID G CID SCALE N1 N2 N3
FORCE 2 5 1 2.9 1.0

G Grid-point number or rigid body where the load See Remark 4. Required
is applied
CID Number of a CORDxxx entry I0 0
N1, N2, N3 Components of a vector giving the load direction. R See Remark 6.
At least one must be nonzero.
Remarks
1. At time t , the load F  t  is given by F  t  = SCALE  N  T  t  where SCALE is the factor; N is the
vector given by N 1 , N 2 , and N 3 ; and T  t  is the value at t interpolated from the table referenced
on the TLOADn entry.
2. Concentrated loads can also be defined on the DAREA entry.
4. If G references a MATRIG, an RBE2-FULLRIG, or a RIGID surface, the load is applied to the
number. If G references an RBE2-FULLRIG, G must be FR<id>, where id is the RBE2 number.
5. If CID is specified, velocity prescriptions are processed in the local coordinate system referenced
by CID. Only velocity prescriptions can be defined in the local coordinate system.
6. If a component field N1, N2, and/or N3 is left blank,
Force prescription: The component of the force is equal to zero.
Velocity prescription: The component of the velocity is not restrained.
7. If the TYPE field on the TLOADn entry is 0, it defines a force applied to a grid point. If the TYPE
field is 2, it defines an enforced motion on the grid point. If the TYPE field is set to 12, it defines
an enforced motion applied to the center of a rigid body, and if the TYPE field is 13, it defines a
force applied to the center of a rigid body.
344 FORCE1
Follower Force, Form 1
FORCE1 Follower Force, Form 1
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines a follower force with direction that
is determined by two grid points. FORCE1 applies to any type of grid point.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FORCE1 LID G SCALE G1 G2
ENTRY 2 5 2.9 16 13

G Grid point number where the load is applied I>0 Required
G1, G2 Grid point numbers. The direction of the load is a vector from G1 to I>0 Required
G2. G1 must not be equal to G2.
Remarks
1. At time t , the load F  t  ) is given by:
F  t  = SCALE  N  T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor, N is the unit vector in the direction from G1 to G2, and T  t  is
the value at time t interpolated from the table referenced in the TLOAD entry.
2. LID must be referenced by a TLOAD entry.
3. The FORCE1 entry defines a follower force in that the direction of the force changes as the grid
points G1 and G2 move during the analysis.
FORCE2 345
Follower Force, Form 2
FORCE2 Follower Force, Form 2
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines a follower force with a direction that
is determined by four grid points. FORCE2 can be applied to any type of grid point.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FORCE2 LID G SCALE G1 G2 G3 G4
FORCE2 2 5 2.9 16 13 17 18

G Grid point number where the load is applied I>0 Required
G1-G4 Grid point numbers. The load direction is determined by a vector I>0 Required
product of the vectors from G1 to G2 and G3 to G4. (G1 must not be
the same as G2, and G3 must not be the same as G4.)
Remarks
1. At time t, the load F  t  is given by F  t  = SCALE  N  T  t  where SCALE is the scale factor, N is
the vector product of the vectors from G1 to G2 and G3 to G4 respectively, and T  t  is the value
at time t interpolated from the table referenced by the TLOADn entry.
3. The FORCE2 entry defines a follower force in that the direction of the force changes as the grid
points G1, G2, G3, and G4 move during the analysis.
346 FORCE3
Grid Point Velocity Definition
FORCE3 Grid Point Velocity Definition
Defines the velocity of a grid point in a local coordinate system or in a cascade of two local
coordinate systems.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FORCE3 LID G CID1 SCALE1 N1 N2 N3 +
FORCE3 77 2 10. 1. 2.5 +
+ CID2 SCALE2 M1 M2 M3
+

G Grid point number I>0 Required
CID1 Number of a coordinate system in which N1, N2, and N3 I0 0
are defined
SCALE1 Scale factor for the load R 1.0
N1, N2, N3 Components of a vector giving load direction R See Remark 5.
CID2 Number of a coordinate system with respect to which I0 0
coordinate system CID1 moves with an enforced motion
equal to M * SCALE2 * F  t  .
SCALE2 Scale factor for the enforced rigid-body motion of CID1 R 1.0
M1, M2, M3 Components of a vector giving the enforced R See Remark 5.
motion direction
Remarks
1. SCALE2 defines the enforced rigid-body motion of the coordinate system referenced by CID1
with respect to the coordinate system referenced by CID2.
2. This boundary condition can be used only to define the enforced velocities of grid points. Thus,
the TYPE field in the TLOAD1 or TLOAD2 entry should be set to 2.
3. LID is referenced by a TLOAD entry.
4. If CIDx is specified, the velocity components are defined in the local coordinate directions, for
example, if a cylindrical system is referenced, the velocity components define a radial, angular,
and axial velocity.
FORCE3 347
Grid Point Velocity Definition
5. If a component field N1, N2, N3, M1, M2, and/or M3 is left blank, that component of the velocity
is not restrained.
6. The FORCE3 entry is valid for both Lagrangian as Eulerian grid points.
348 FORCEEX
User-defined Enforced Motion at Grid Points
FORCEEX User-defined Enforced Motion at Grid Points
Defines enforced motion at grid points specified by a user subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FORCEEX LID NAME +
FORCEEX 120 VEL7 +
+ G1 G2 G3 G4 THRU G5 -etc.-
+ 100 319 728 429 THRU 457

NAME Constraint name passed to the user subroutine C Required
Gi Numbers of the grid points that are constrained. If the word THRU I>0 Required
appears between two numbers, all the numbers in the range are included
in the list. BY indicates the increment to be used within this range.
Remarks
1. LID must be referenced by a TLOAD1 entry.
2. FORCEEX can only be used to specify enforced velocities for grid points. The TYPE field on the
TLOAD1 entry must be set to two. The TID on the TLOAD1 entry must be set to zero or blank (no
time variation).
3. The EXTVEL user subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE
FMS statement.
5. The constraint name is passed to the subroutine and can be used to identify the constraint.
6. A THRU specification, including the start and finish points in the range, must be on one line.
7. If the THRU specification is used, all the points in the sequence do not have to exist. Those that
do not exist are ignored. The first point in the THRU specification must be a valid grid point. BY
can be used to exclude grid points.
8. None of the fields in the list of grid points can be blank or zero, since this designation marks the
end of the list.
9. Any number of continuation lines can be used to define the list of grid points.
GBAG 349
Gas Bag Pressure Definition
GBAG Gas Bag Pressure Definition
Defines the Pressure within an Enclosed Volume.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAG GID SID TRIGGER TRIGGERV PORID INFID HTRID INTID +
GBAG 101 37 TIME 0.0 +
+ CDEX CDEXV AEX AEXV CDLEAK CDLEAKV ALEAK ALEAKV +

+ TABLE 201 TABLE 202 TABLE 203 TABLE 204 +
+ FLGAS FLGASV TGAS TGASV VOLPOR VOLPORV +

+ TABLE 205 TABLE 206 TABLE 209 +
+ CPGAS CPGASV RGAS PENV PEX REVERSE CHECK PINIT +

+ CONSTANT 1001. +
+ TINIT TENV +
+ 293. +
+ CONVEC CONVECV ACONVEC ACONVECV +

+ +
+ RADIAT RADIATV ARADIAT ARADIATV SBOLTZ

+

GID Unique gas bag number I>0 Required
SID Number of a SURFACE entry defining the geometry of the I > 0 Required
gas bag
TRIGGER The time-dependent parameters are offset in time. C TIME
TIME The offset is defined at TRIGGERV.
TRIGGERV The value of the offset in time R Required
PORID Number of a set of GBAGPOR entries, that defines the I>0 No porosity
porosity (permeability) and holes for the gas-bag surface
and/or subsurfaces.
350 GBAG

INFID Number of a set of GBAGINFL entries, that defines the one I>0 No inflators
or more inflators on subsurface(s) of the GBAG surface.
HTRID Number of a set of GBAGHTR entries, that defines the heat I > 0 No heat
transfer definitions for the gas-bag surface and/or transfer
subsurfaces.
INTID ID of an INITGAS entry specifying the initial gas I>0 No initial gas
composition for this GBAG composition
CDEX The variation of the discharge coefficient for the exhaust C CONSTANT
openings:
CONSTANT The discharge coefficient is constant and is

specified in CDEXV.
TABLE The discharge coefficient varies with
pressure. CDEXV is the number of a
TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry giving the
variation of the discharge coefficient
(y-value) with the pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. CDEXV is the
number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry
giving the variation of the discharge
coefficient (y-value) with time (x-value).
The table is offset by the time specified on
the TRIGGERV entry.
CDEXV The discharge coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on the value of CDEX.
Discharge coefficients must be between zero and one.
AEX The variation of the total area of the exhaust openings. C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The area is constant and is specified
in AEXV.
TABLE The area varies with pressure. AEXV is the
giving the variation of the area (y-value)
with the pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. AEXV is the
with time (x- value). The table is offset by
the time specified on the TRIGGERV entry.
GBAG 351

AEXV The total area of the exhaust openings or the number of R or I > 0 0.0
a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry, depending on the value
of AEX.
CDLEAK The variation of the discharge coefficient for the C CONSTANT
permeability of the gas bag fabric.
specified in CDLEAKV.
TABLE The discharge coefficient varies with
pressure. CDLEAKV is the number of a
variation of discharge coefficient (y-value)
with the pressure (x-value). The discharge
coefficient must be between zero and one.
TIME The discharge coefficient varies with time.
CDLEAKV is the number of a TABLED1 or
discharge coefficient (y-value) with time (x-
value). The table is offset by the time
specified on the TRIGGERV entry.
CDLEAKV The discharge coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
EXFUNC entry, depending on the value of CDLEAK.
ALEAK The variation of the total leak area. C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The area is constant and is specified
in ALEAKV.
TABLE The area varies with pressure. ALEAKV is
the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX
entry giving the variation of the area (y-
value) with the pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. ALEAKV is the
with time (x-value). The table is offset by
the time specified on the TRIGGERV entry.
ALEAKV The total leak area or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 0.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on the value of AEX.
352 GBAG

FLGAS The variation of the total mass flux of the inflowing gas. C CONSTANT
The mass flux is in mass-per-unit time.
CONSTANT The mass flux is constant and specified in
FLGASV. Flow STARTS at the time
TABLE The mass flux varies with time. FLGASV is
entry giving the variation of the mass flux
(y- value) with time (x- value). The table is
offset by the time specified on TRIGGERV
entry.
FLGASV The mass flux or the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX R or I > 0 Required
entry, depending on the value of FLGAS.
TGAS The variation of the temperature of the inflowing gas. C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The temperature is constant and specified
in TGASV.
TABLE The temperature varies with time. TGASV is
entry giving the variation of the temperature
(y-value) with the time (x-value). The table
is offset by the time specified on the
TRIGGERV entry.
TGASV The temperature of the inflowing gas or the number of a R or I > 0 Required
TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry depending on the value
of TGAS.
VOLPOR User-defined volumetric flow rate volume-per-unit time. C CONSTANT
See Remark 5..
CONSTANT The outflow rate is constant and specified in
VOLPORV.
TABLE The outflow rate varies with pressure.
VOLPORV is the number of a TABLED1 or
outflow rate (y-value) with the pressure
(x-value).
TIME The outflow rate varies with time.
VOLPORV is the number of a TABLED1 or
outflow rate (y- value) with time (x-value).
The table is offset by the time specified on
the TRIGGERV entry.
GBAG 353

VOLPORV The flow rate or the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX R  0.0 0.0
entry, depending on the value of VOLPOR. or I > 0
CPGAS The variation of the specific heat constant at constant C CONSTANT
pressure.
CONSTANT The specific heat is constant and specified
in CPGASV.
CPGASV The specific heat of the gas R Required
RGAS Gas constant of the inflowing gas. R Required
PENV Environmental pressure surrounding the gas bag. R Required
PEX There is only outflow from the gas bag if the pressure in the R PENV
gas bag is greater than PEX.
REVERSE Normal auto-reverse switch. C ON
ON The normals of the SURFACE are
automatically reversed if necessary so that
they point in the same direction and provide
a positive volume.
OFF The normals are not automatically reversed.
CHECK Normal checking switch: C ON
ON The normals of the SURFACE are checked
to see if they all point in the same direction
and provide a positive volume.
OFF The normals are not checked.
If REVERSE is set to ON, CHECK is automatically set
to ON.
PINIT Initial pressure inside the gas bag. R PENV
TINIT Initial temperature inside the gas bag. R Required.
See Remark 4.
TENV Environmental Temperature. The value is required when R>0 Required. See
heat transfer is used. Remark 6.
354 GBAG

CONVEC The variation of the heat transfer coefficient for convection C CONSTANT
heat transfer.
CONSTANT The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
specified in CONVECV.
TABLE The heat transfer coefficient varies with
time. VONVECV is the number of a
variation of the heat transfer coefficient
(y-value) with time (x-value). The table is
offset by the time specified on the
TRIGGERV entry.
CONVECV The heat transfer coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 R or I > 0 0.0
or TABLEEX entry, depending on value of CONVEC.
ACONVEC The variation of the total surface area to be used in the
convective heat transfer equations. The area is calculated
by multiplying the total area of the GBAG surface with the
value of this coefficient.
specified in ACONVECV.
ACONVECV is the number of a TABLED1 or
heat transfer coefficient (y-value) with time
(x-value). The table is offset by the time
ACONVECV The area coefficient of the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on value of AVONCEC.
RADIAT The variation of the gas emissivity coefficient for radiation C CONSTANT
heat transfer.
CONSTANT The gas emissivity coefficient is constant
and specified in RADIATV.
TABLE The gas emissivity coefficient varies with
time. RADIATV is the number of a
variation of the gas emissivity coefficient
(y-value) with time (x-value). The table is
offset by the time specified on the
TRIGGERV entry.
GBAG 355

RADIATV The gas emissivity coefficient or the number of a R or I > 0 0.0
TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry, depending on value of
RADIAT.
ARADIAT The variation of the total surface area to be used in the C CONSTANT
radiation heat transfer equations. The area is calculated by
multiplying the total area of the GBAG surface with the
value of this coefficient.
specified in ARADIATV.
ARADIATV is the number of a TABLED1
or TABLEEX entry giving the variation of
the heat transfer coefficient (y-value) with
the (x-value). The table is offset by the time
ARADIATV The area coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on value of ARADIAT.
SBOLTZ Stefan-Boltzmann constant R 0.0
Remarks
1. The SURFACE entry referenced by the SID field must form a closed volume.
2. The pressure in the gas bag is applied to all the faces of the SURFACE.
3. TABLEEX is valid also in all entries where TABLED1 is used.
4. TINIT is the temperature of the inflowing gas at time = 0 . At time = 0 , the mass of the gas
inside the gas bag is calculated as
p init V
m = ---------------
RT init
where, p init the initial pressure, V the volume, R the gas constant, and T init the initial gas
temperature.
5. The flow through exhaust openings, leakage areas and user-specified outflow rate is accumulated.
The volumetric porosity contributes to the outflow of gas as
p
m· out =  * Q = ----------- * Q
R*T
where
Q = volumetric flow rate

 = density inside the bag
p = pressure inside the bag
356 GBAG
R = gas constant
T = temperature inside the bag
m· out = mass outflow rate
The value of Q can be specified as a constant, as a function of the pressure difference, or as a

function of time. Negative values for the volumetric flow rate are not allowed, since this would
mean inflow of outside air.
6. The heat-transfer rates are given by the following equations:
q conv = hA c  T – T env  Convection
4 4
q rad = eA r  T – T env  Radiation
where h is the convection heat-transfer coefficient (CONVEC, CONVECV), e the gas emissivity
coefficient (RADIAT, RADIATV), A c the air bag surface area for convective heat transfer, A r the
air bag surface area for radiation, and T env the environmental temperature.
GBAGC 357
Gas Bag Connection
GBAGC Gas Bag Connection
Connection between two gas bags.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAGC ID GID1 GID2 TRIGGER TRIGGERV PRESTOL +
GBAGC 100 11 12 TIME 0.0 0.0 +
+ CD12 CD12V A12 A12V CD21 CD21V A21 A21V

+ CONSTANT 0.8 CONSTANT 3.0 TABLE 12 TABLE 13

ID Number of the GBAGC entry I>0 Required
GID1 Number of a GBAG entry I>0 Required
GID2 Number of a GBAG entry, different from GID1 I>0 Required
TRIGGER The time-dependent parameters are offset in time. C TIME
TIME The offset is defined at TRIGGERV.
TRIGGERV The value of the offset in time R Required
PRESTOL If the pressure difference between the two gas bags is less R  0.0 0.0
than this value, no mass flow occurs. The value is specified
as a percentage.
CD12 The variation of the discharge coefficient for the opening C CONSTANT
allowing flow from gas bag 1 into gas bag 2.

specified in CD12V.
TABLE The discharge coefficient varies with pressure.
CD12V is the number of a TABLED1 or
discharge coefficient (y-value) with the
pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. CD12V is the
giving the variation of the discharge
coefficient (y-value) with time (x-value). The
table is offset by the time specified on the
TRIGGERV entry.
358 GBAGC
Gas Bag Connection

CD12V The discharge coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
TABLEEX entry depending on the value of CD12. Discharge
coefficients must be between zero and one.
A12 The variation of the total area of the opening that allows flow C CONSTANT
from gas bag 1 into gas bag 2.
CONSTANT The area is constant and specified in A12V.
TABLE The area varies with pressure. A12V is the
giving the variation of the area (y-value) with
the pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. A12V is the number
of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry giving the
variation of the area (y-value) with time (x-
value). The table is offset by the time specified
on the TRIGGERV entry.
A12V The total area of the opening or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 0.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on the value of A12.
CD21 The variation of the discharge coefficient for the opening that C CONSTANT
allows flow from gas bag 2 into gas bag 1.
specified in CD21V.
TABLE The discharge coefficient varies with pressure.
TABLEEX entry giving the variation of
discharge coefficient (y-value) with the
pressure (x-value). The discharge coefficient
must be between zero and one.
TIME The discharge coefficient varies with time.
discharge coefficient (y-value) with time (x-
CD21V The discharge coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 1.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on the value of CD21.
A21 The variation of the total area of the opening that allows flow C CONSTANT
from gas bag 2 into gas bag 1.
CONSTANT The area is constant and specified in A21V.
GBAGC 359
Gas Bag Connection

TABLE The area varies with pressure. A21V is the
giving the variation of the area (y-value) with
the pressure (x-value).
TIME The area varies with time. A21V is the number
of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry giving the
variation of the area (y-value) with time (x-
A21V The total area of the opening or the number of a TABLED1 or R or I > 0 0.0
TABLEEX entry, depending on the value of A21.
Remarks
1. Both gbags are triggered before flow between the two gas bags begins.
2. The energy balance and mass flow is as shown in the following graphic:
3. One GBAG can be referenced in multiple GBAGC entries.

4. For compartmented air bags, you can model each compartment as a separate gas bag and connect
the gas bags using GBAGC entries.
5. The GBAGC entry is obsolete. It is preferable to model connections between GBAG entries using
the GBAG  GBAGPOR  PORFGBG logic. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 6: Air Bags and
Occupant Safety, Porosity in Air Bags for more details.
360 GBAGCOU
General Coupling to Gas Bag Switch
GBAGCOU General Coupling to Gas Bag Switch
Defines a switch from full gas dynamics to uniform pressure formulation.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAGCOU ID CID GID TSTART PERCENT
GBAGCOU 1 100 101 0.0 5

ID Unique number of a GBAGCOU entry I>0 Required
CID Number of a COUPLE entry I>0 Required
GID Number of a GBAG entry I>0 Required
TSTART Time after which the coupling algorithm checks if a switch to the R > 0. 0.0
uniform pressure method is valid. It is valid when the following
is true:
 P ma x – P average   P average – P min  PERCENT
Max -------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------  -----------------------------
P average P aver age 100
where
P max = maximum Eulerian pressure exerted on the SURFAE
P min = minimum Eulerian pressure exerted on the SURFACE
P average =average Eulerian pressure exerted on the SURFAE
PERCENT Value used in validity check as defined above. R>0 5%
Remarks
1. The SURFACE SID referenced by the COUPLE entry CID and by the GBAG entry GID must be
equal.
2. All Eulerian and general coupling calculations are deactivated after transition from gas dynamics
to uniform pressure.
GBAGHTR 361
Heat Transfer Model to be used With GBAG Entry
GBAGHTR Heat Transfer Model to be used With GBAG Entry
Defines the heat transfer model to be used with GBAG.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAGHTR CID HTRID SUBID HTRTYPE HTRTYPID COEFF COEFFV
GBAGHTR 101 83 HTRCONV 2 TABLE 14

CID Unique number of a GBAGHTR entry I>0 Required
HTRID Number of a set of GBAGHTR entries HTRID must be I>0 Required
referenced from a GBAG entry
SUBID >0 Number of a SUBSURF, which must be a part of I  0 0
the SURFACE referred to from the GBAG entry.
=0 GBAGHTR definitions are used for the entire
SURFACE referred to from the GBAG entry.
HTRTYPE Defines the type of heat transfer. C
HTRCONV The HTRCONV logic is used to model heat
transfer through convection in an air bag. The
(SUBID). The area of convection through which
the energy is transported is equal to the area of
the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV. A value
of COEFFV = 1.0 exposes the complete
subsurface area, while a value of COEFFV =
0.0 results in no heat transfer through
the subsurface.
HTRRAD The HTRRAD logic is used to model heat
transfer through radiation in an air bag. The area
of convection is defined by a subsurface
(SUBID). The area of convection through which
the energy is transported is equal to the area of
the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV. A value
of COEFFV = 1.0 exposes the complete
subsurface area, while a value of COEFFV =
0.0 results in no heat transfer through
the subsurface.
362 GBAGHTR
Heat Transfer Model to be used With GBAG Entry

on COEFFV.
TABLE The area coefficient varies with time. COEFFV
is the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry
giving the variation with time.
COEFFV The area coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX 0 < R < 1 1.0
entry depending on the COEFF entry. or I > 0
Remarks
1. A combination of multiple GBAGHTRs with different HTRTYPEs is allowed.
2. All options of HTRTYPE can also be referenced by a COUHTR. It allows for setting up the exact
same model for either a uniform pressure model (GBAG to GBAGHTR) or an Eulerian model
(COUPLE to COUHTR). It is then possible to set up the model using the switch from full gas
dynamics to uniform pressure (GBAGCOU).
3. For the same SUBSURF multiple, different types of heat transfer may be defined.
4. A more detailed description can be found in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 6: Air Bags and
Occupant Safety, Porosity in Air Bags for more details.
GBAGINFL 363
Inflator Model to be used with GBAG Entry
GBAGINFL Inflator Model to be used with GBAG Entry
Bulk Data Entry Descriptions defines an inflator model suited for air bag analyses using the uniform
pressure approach (GBAG). The inflator model is defined as part of the GBAG surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAGINFL CID INFID SUBID INFTYPE INFTYPID COEFF COEFFV
GBAGINFL 201 1 120 INFLHYB 11 0.012

CID Unique number of a GBAGINFL entry I>0 Required
INFID Number of a set of GBAGINFL entries NFID must be I>0 Required
referenced from a GBAG entry.
SUBID Number of a SUBSURF, which must be a part of the I>0 Required
INFTYPE Defines the type of inflator. C Required
INFLATR The INFLATR logic is used to model
INFLATR1 The INFLATR1 logic is used to model
INFLHYB The INFLHYB logic is used to model hybrid
INFLHYB1 The INFLHYB1 logic is used to model
INFLCG The INFLCG models a cold gas inflator.
INFTYPID Number of the entry selected under INFTYPE, for I>0 Required
example, INFLATR,INFTYPID.
on COEFFV.
COEFFV is the number of a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry giving the variation with
time.
COEFFV The area coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or 0. < R < 1. 1.0
364 GBAGINFL
Inflator Model to be used with GBAG Entry
Remarks
1. The INFLATR, INFLATR1, INFLHYB, or INFLHYB1 inflator geometry and location is defined
by a subsurface (SUBID). The area of the hole through which the gas enters is equal to the area
of the subsurface multiplied by COEFFV. A value of COEFFV = 1.0 opens up the complete
subsurface area, while a value of COEFFV = 0.0 results in a closed inflator area with no inflow.
2. The same INFTYPE entry referenced from this GBAGINFL entry can be referenced by a
COUINFL entry. This allows for setting up the exact same model for either a uniform pressure
model or an Euler Coupled model:
pressure (GBAGCOU).
3. One GBAG entry can reference more than one COUINFL entry. This allows for modeling of
multiple inflators in an air bag module.
GBAGPOR 365
Gas Bag Porosity
GBAGPOR Gas Bag Porosity
Defines the porosity model to be used with GBAG.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GBAGPOR CID PORID SUBID PORTYPE PORTYPID COEFF COEFFV
GBAGPOR 7 100 365 PERMEAB 63 0.99

CID Unique number of a GBAGPOR entry I>0 Required
PORID Number of a set of GBAGPOR entries I>0 Required
PORID must be referenced from a GBAG entry.
GBAG entry.
=0 GBAGPOR definitions are used for the entire
PORTYPE Defines the type of porosity
PORHOLE The PORHOLE logic is used to model holes
in an air bag. The hole is defined by a
subsurface (SUBID). The open area of the
hole is equal to the area of the (sub)surface
multiplied by COEFFV. A value of COEFFV
= 1.0 opens up the complete hole area,
while a value of COEFFV = 0.0 results in
a closed hole. The velocity of the gas flow
through the hole is based on the theory of
one-dimensional gas flow through a small
orifice. The velocity depends on the pressure
difference. The characteristics for the flow
are defined on a PORHOLE entry, with ID as
defined on the PORTYPID.
366 GBAGPOR
Gas Bag Porosity

PERMEAB The PERMEAB logic is used to model
permeable air-bag material. The permeable
area can be defined for a subsurface
(SUBID) or for the entire coupling surface.
The velocity of the gas flow through the
(sub)surface is defined as a linear or tabular
function of the pressure difference between
the gas inside the air bag and the
environmental pressure. The function is
specified on a PERMEAB entry, with ID as
defined on the PORYPID. The area actually
used for outflow is the subsurface area
multiplied by the value of COEFFV.
PORFGBG The PORFGBG logic is used to model gas
flow through a hole in the coupling surface
connected to a GBAG. The hole is defined by
a subsurface (SUBID). The open area of the
hole is equal to the area of the (sub)surface
multiplied by COEFFV. A value of
COEFFV = 1.0 opens up the complete
hole area, while a value of COEFFV = 0.0
results in a closed hole. The velocity of the
gas flow through the hole is based on the
theory of one-dimensional gas flow through
a small orifice. The velocity depends on the
pressure difference. The characteristics for
the flow are defined on a PORFGBG entry,
with ID as defined on the PORTYPID.
PERMGBG The PERMGBG logic is used to model gas
flow through a permeable area in the
coupling surface connected to a GBAG. The
permeable area can be defined for a
subsurface (SUBID) or for the entire
coupling surface. The velocity of the gas
flow through the (sub)surface is defined as a
linear or tabular function of the pressure
difference. This function is specified on a
PERMGBG entry, with ID as defined on the
PORYPID. The area actually used for
outflow is the subsurface area multiplied by
the value of COEFFV.
GBAGPOR 367
Gas Bag Porosity

COEFF Method of defining the porosity coefficient C CONSTANT
CONSTANT The porosity coefficient is constant and
TABLE The porosity coefficient varies with time.
COEFV is the number of a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry giving the variation
with time.
COEFFV The porosity coefficient or the number of a TABLED1 or 0.0 < R < 1.0
Remarks
1. The combination of multiple GBAGPORs with different PORTYPEs is allowed.
2. All options of PORTYPE can also be referenced by a COUPOR. It allows for setting up the exact
same model for either a uniform pressure model (GBAG to GBAGPOR) or an Eulerian model
(COUPLE to COUPOR). It is then possible to set up the model using the switch from full gas
dynamics to uniform pressure (GBAGCOU).
3. The options PORFGBG and PERMGBG can be used to model air bags with
different compartments.
368 GRAV
Gravity Field
GRAV Gravity Field
Defines a gravity acceleration field.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GRAV LID SCALE NX NY NZ
GRAV 4 -2.0 0. 1.

SCALE Gravity scale factor R  0. 1.0
NX, NY, NZ Components of gravity vector. At least one component must R  0. 0.0
be nonzero.
Remarks
1. The gravity acceleration g  t  is defined as
g  t  = SCALE  N  T  t 
where SCALE is the gravity scale factor; N is the vector defined by NX, NY, and NZ; and T  t  is
the value interpolated at time t from the table referenced by the TLOADn entry.
4. One gravitational field can be defined per problem.
5. The gravitational accelerations are applied to all masses in the problem.
GRDSET 369
Grid Point Default
GRDSET Grid Point Default
Defines default options for the GRID entries.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GRDSET CP PS
GRDSET 3456

CP Number of a coordinate system in which the location of the grid point I0 0
is defined.
PS Single-point constraints associated with the grid point. This should be I>0 0
an integer of any of the digits 1 through 6.
Remarks
1. Any GRID entry with a blank value of PS is set to the value given on this entry. Note that the
constraints on the GRID and GRDSET entries are not cumulative; i.e., if there is a GRDSET entry
with constraint code 34 and a GRID entry with constraint code 2, the grid point is constrained only
in direction 2.
2. There can only be one GRDSET entry in the input data.
370 GRID
Grid Point
GRID Grid Point
Defines the location of a geometric grid point in the model and its constraints.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GRID ID CP X Y Z PS
GRID 2 1.0 -2.0 3.0 316

ID Unique grid-point number I>0 Required
CP Number of a coordinate system in which the location of the grid I0 See Remark 2.
point is defined.
X, Y, Z Location of the grid point R 0.0
PS Permanent single-point constraints associated with the grid I>0 See Remark 2.
point. This must be an integer made up of the digits 1 through 6
with no embedded blanks.
Remarks
1. All grid-point numbers must be unique.
2. If CP or PS is blank or zero, the value given on the GRDSET entry is used.
3. Grid points can also be constrained using the SPC and SPC1 entries.
4. The values of X, Y and Z depend on the type of the coordinate system CP. Their meaning in each
type of coordinate system is listed below.
Type X Y Z
Rectangular X Y Z
Cylindrical R  Z
Spherical R  
 and  are measured in degrees.

GROFFS 371
Grid Point Offset
GROFFS Grid Point Offset
Defines a grid-point offset in the global coordinate system.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GROFFS ID SID XOFF YOFF ZOFF
GROFFS 32 2 8.E-4 0.75 0.0

ID Unique grid-point offset number. I>0 Required
SID Number of a SET1 entry containing a list of grid points. I>0 Required
XOFF, YOFF, ZOFF Components of a vector defining the grid-point offset. R 0.0
The offset is in the global coordinate system regardless of
the CP defined in the GRIDoption.
372 HGSUPPR
Hourglass Suppression Method
HGSUPPR Hourglass Suppression Method
Defines the hourglass suppression method and the corresponding hourglass damping coefficients.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HGSUPPR HID PROP PID HGTYPE HGCMEM HGCWRP HGCTWS HGCSOL +
HGSUPPR 1 SHELL 100 FBV 0.1 0.1 0.1 +
+C RBRCOR VALUE
+ YES 10000
Cont
Field ents Type Default
HID Hourglass suppression definition number I>0 Required
PROP Property type C See Remark 1.
PID Property number I>0 See Remark1.
HGTYPE Hourglass suppression method: C See Remark 2.
FBV for shells only (default for shells)
FBS for shells and solids (default for solids)
Dyna for solids only
HGCMEM Membrane damping coefficient 0.0 R  0.15 0.1
HGCWRP Warping damping coefficient 0.0 R 0.15 0.1
HGCTWS Twisting damping coefficient 0.0 R 0.15 0.1
HGCSOL Solid damping coefficient 0.0 R 0.15 0.1
RBRCOR Rigid body rotation correction: C NO
NO No rigid-body rotation correction is applied to
hourglass resisting forces.
YES Rigid-body rotation correction is applied to
hourglass resisting forces.
See Remark 3.
VALUE Number of steps R > 0.0 See Remark 3.
HGSUPPR 373
Remarks
1. The property type definition and the property number are required. Since property numbers are
unique within a certain class of element types, the property type and the property number uniquely
define to what elements the hourglass suppression method and coefficients apply. The following
property types are valid entries:
BAR For bar elements

BEAM For beam elements
BELT For belt elements
COMP For composite shell elements
DAMP For damper elements
ELAS For spring elements
EULER For Eulerian elements
ROD For rod elements
SHELL For shell elements
SOLID For solid Lagrangian elements
It must be noted however, that only shell CQUAD4 and Lagrangian CHEXA and CPENTA
elements can suffer from undesired hourglass modes. All HGSUPPR entries referring to other
types of elements are ignored.
2. There are three types of hourglass suppression methods available in Dytran. These are standard
DYNA viscous (DYNA) hourglass damping, the Flanagan-Belytschko Stiffness (FBS) hourglass
damping, and the Flanagan-Belytschko Viscous (FBV) hourglass damping.
Lagrangian solid elements can address DYNA and FBS suppression; shell elements can address
DYNA and FBV suppression. The default for the Lagrangian solid elements is FBS. The default
for the shell elements is FBV.
The default hourglass suppression method can be globally changed by the PARAM,HGTYPE.
3. The rigid-body rotation correction on the hourglass forces is only necessary in cases where shell
elements undergo a large rigid-body rotation. If the RBRCOR field is set to YES, and the VALUE
field is left blank, the correction is applied during each time step. If the VALUE field is set to a
number, the rotation correction is applied only when the rigid-body rotation would result in a
rotation of the element over 90° in less than VALUE time steps. Usually, if the rigid-body rotation
correction is necessary; 10000 is a good value. This option saves some CPU time.
The RBRCOR option applies to the Key-Hoff shell formulation only; for all other element types
and formulations, the option is ignored.
374 HGSUPPR
4. The membrane, warping and twisting coefficients apply to shell elements only; for all other
element types, the data is ignored. The solid damping coefficient applies to solid Lagrangian
elements only; for all other element types, the data is ignored.
The default value of the damping coefficients can be globally changed by PARAM,HGCOEFF.
5. See Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Artificial Viscosities for details on
hourglass suppression.
HTRCONV 375
Air Bag Convection
HTRCONV Air Bag Convection
Defines the heat transfer through convection for a COUPLE and/or GBAG (sub)surface.
Convection is heat transfer from the air bag to the environment through the air bag surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HTRCONV HTRID HTRCF-C HTRCF-T TENV
HTRCONV 8 14 293.0

HTRID Unique number of a HTRCONV entry I>0 Required
HTRCF-C Constant heat transfer convection coefficient R > 0 See Remark 2.
HTRCF-T The heat transfer convection coefficient is a tabular function of I>0 See Remark 3.
time. The number given here is the number of a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX entry.
TENV Environmental temperature R > 0 Required
Remarks
1. The HTRCONV entry can be referenced from a COUHTR and/or GBAGHTR entry.
2. When used with Euler, the entry can only be used with the single material hydrodynamic Euler
solver using an EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of state. Two of the four gas constants (  , R , c v
and/or c p ) have to be defined on the EOSGAM entry.
3. Either HTRCF-C or HTRCF-T must be specified.
4. Energy only transfers out of the air bag if the temperature inside the air bag is higher than the
environmental temperature.
5. A more detailed description of heat transfer by convection can be found in Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 6: Air Bags and Occupant Safety, Heat Transfer in Air Bags.
376 HTRRAD
Air Bag Radiation
HTRRAD Air Bag Radiation
Defines the heat transfer through radiation for a COUPLE and/or GBAG (sub)surface.
Radiation is heat transfer from the air bag to the environment through the air bag surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HTRDAD HTRID GASEMI-C GASEMI-T TENV SBOLTZ
HTRRAD 2 0.15 293.0 5.676E-8

HTRID Unique number of a HTRRAD entry I>0 Required
GASEMI-C Constant gas emissivity R > 0 See Remark 3.
GASEMI-T The gas emissivity is a tabular function of time. The number I>0 See Remark 3.
given here is the number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry.
TENV Environmental temperature R > 0 Required
SBOLTZ Stephen-Boltzmann constant R > 0 Required
Remarks
1. The HTRRAD entry can be referenced from a COUHTR and/or GBAGHTR entry.
solver using an EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of state. Two of the four gas constants (  , R , c v
and/or c p ) have to be defined on the EOSGAM entry.
3. Either GASEMI-C or GASEMI-T must be specified.
4. Energy only transfers out of the air bag if the temperature inside the air bag is higher than the
environmental temperature.
5. A more detailed description of heat radiation can be found in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 6: Air
Bags and Occupant Safety, Heat Transfer in Air Bags.
HYDSTAT 377
Hydrostatic Preset of Density in Euler Elements
HYDSTAT Hydrostatic Preset of Density in Euler Elements
Initializes the Euler element densities in accordance to a hydrostatic pressure profile.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HYDSTAT HID MID GID CID XCG YCG ZCG PATM
HYDSTAT 101 4 0 0 0 100000

HID Identification number of the HYDSTAT entry I>0 Required
MID Material to which the hydrodynamic pressure profile I>0 Required
will be applied
GID Number of a grid point at the free surface I>0 See Remark 4.
CID Local coordinate system I>0 See Remark 4.
CXG, YCG, ZCG Coordinates of a point at the free surface R See Remark 4.
PATM Pressure at free surface R Required
Remarks
1. It is assumed that each Euler domain contains at most two Eulerian materials and includes the
GRAV option. One material has to be a fluid using EOSPOL; the other a gas or void. This
EOSPOL material is given by the MID entry. The interface between gas and fluid is the free
surface and is assumed to be normal to the gravity vector as specified on the GRAV entry. For
example if the gravity vector points in the z-direction then the interface between the gas and the
fluid has to be horizontal.
2. The hydrostatic preset changes the density of the fluid like material in order to conform to the
hydrostatic preset. It overrules the material densities as specified on the TICEL and TICVAL
options. Densities of the gas like material are not changed.
3. The free surface has to match with material fractions as defined in the initialization of Euler
elements by the TICEL and TICEUL options. The hydrostatic preset only changes densities; it does
not change material fractions.
4. There are two options to enter the location of the free surface. The first option is to enter a grid
point number. In that case, the CID and XCG-ZCG fields must be left blank. The gridpoint entry
already has the option of using a local coordinate system. When coordinates are used, the GID
field has to be left blank.
5. If there is no structural grid point indicating the free surface, a new grid point can be defined that
is only used for determining the free surface level. If the gravity vector points in the z-direction,
only the z-coordinate of the grid point is used. The x and y coordinate can be chosen arbitrarily.
Similar remarks hold when the gravity vector is in one of the other coordinate directions. The
same holds when using coordinates instead of a grid point.
378 HYDSTAT
Hydrostatic Preset of Density in Euler Elements
6. PATM should be equal to the pressure in the air.

7. When coupling surfaces are present, the HYDSTAT ID needs to be referenced by at least one
coupling surface. For each coupling surface, a different HYDSTAT entry can be defined. Several
COUPLE options can refer to the same HYDSTAT ID. If no HYDSTAT ID is specified on a
COUPLE entry, the Euler elements associated to this coupling surface are not initialized with a
hydrostatic preset.
IGNORE 379
Ignore a Set of Euler Elements
IGNORE Ignore a Set of Euler Elements
Defines an interaction between a coupling surface and a set of Euler elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IGNORE IID CSID SETID
IGNORE 1 1 1

IID Unique ignore number I>0 Required
CSID Coupling surface ID I>0 Required
SETID Set1 ID I>0 Required
Remarks
1. The coupling surface will interact with all Euler elements except the ones defined by the SET1
referring to the SETID.
2. This option can only be used in combination with PARAM, FASTCOUP.
380 INCLUDE
Starts Reading a New Input File
INCLUDE Starts Reading a New Input File
Switches reading of the input data to another file. Once that file is read, processing reverts back to the
original file immediately after the INCLUDE statement.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INCLUDE file name
INCLUDE BULK.DAT

filename Name of the new input file name to be used. The name must be C No new file
appropriate for the machine that is executing Dytran.
Remarks
1. The file must be present in the area where Dytran is executing.
2. A comma cannot be used to separate the fields.
3. BEGIN BULK and ENDDATA can be present in the INCLUDE file.
INFLATR 381
Air Bag Inflator Model
INFLATR Air Bag Inflator Model
Defines the inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLATR INFLID MASFLR-T TEMP-T TEMP-C  ,GASNAM cv R cp
INFLATR 5 100 907.0 283.0
+ MID
+ 1

INFLID Unique number of an INFLATR entry I>0 Required
MASFLR-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry specifying I > 0 Required
the mass flow rate as a function of time.
TEMP-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry specifying I > 0 See Remark 3.
the dynamic temperature of the inflowing gas as a function
of time.
TEMP-C Constant value of the dynamic temperature of the R>0 See Remark 3.
inflowing gas constant.
, Ratio of specific heat constants if real. Name of an R > 0 or C See Remark 4.
GASNAM INFLGAS entry if character.
cv Specific heat at constant volume R>0 See Remark 5.
R Gas constant R>0 See Remark 5.
cp Specific heat at constant pressure R>0 See Remark 5.
MID Material number of the inflator material 1>0 See Remark 2.
Used only for
MMHYDRO
solver.
Remarks
1. The INFLATR entry can be referenced from a COUINFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
2. When used in combination with the single material hydrodynamic Euler solver, an EOSGAM
(ideal gas) equation of state is required. In that case, the material number, MID, can be left blank.
When using the Multi-material solver, the material number, MID, has to point to one of the
Eulerian materials and the equation of state of that material has to be of type EOSGAM.
382 INFLATR
3. Either TEMP-C or TEMP-T must be specified. The INFLATR entry uses the specified
temperature as the dynamic temperature of the inflowing gas. The dynamic temperature is the
temperature of the moving gas, as opposed to the static temperature which is also known in
literature as total-, rest-, or stagnation temperature and refers to the temperature of the gas when
brought to rest from its moving condition. The INFLATR1 entry uses the static temperature of the
inflowing gas.
4. If the  , GASNAM field contains a real entry real or is left blank, the inflator gas constants are
given on the INFLATR entry itself, see Remark 5. Otherwise, the entry is read as the name of an
INFLGAS entry. In this case, the remaining entries must be left blank.
5. Specify only two of the four gas constants. They are related as:
cp
 = ----- > R = cp – cv
cv
INFLATR1 383
INFLATR1 Air Bag Inflator Model
Defines the inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLATR1 INFLID MASFLR-T TEMP-T TEMP-C  , GASNAM cv R cp
INFLATR1 5 100 907.0 283.0
+ MID
+ 1

INFLID Unique number of an INFLATR1 entry. I>0 Required
MASFLR-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry I>0 Required
specifying the massflow-rate as a function of time.
TEMP-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry I>0 See Remark 3.
specifying the static temperature of the inflowing gas as
a function of time.
TEMP-C Constant value of the static temperature of the inflowing R>0 See Remark 3.
gas.
, GASNAM Ratio of specific heat constants if real. Name of an R > 0 or C See Remark 4.
INFLGAS entry if character.
cv Specific heat at constant volume. R>0 See Remark 5.
R Gas constant. R>0 See Remark 5.
cp Specific heat at constant pressure R>0 See Remark 5.
MID Material number of the inflator material 1>0 See Remark 2.
Used only for
MMHYDRO
solver.
Remarks:
1. The INFLATR1 entry can be referenced from a COUINFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
When using the Multi-material solver, the material number, MID, has to point to one of the
Eulerian materials and the equation of state of that material has to be of type EOSGAM. The Multi-
material solver does not allow the use of gas fractions.
384 INFLATR1
3. Either TEMP-C or TEMP-T must be specified. The INFLATR1 entry uses the specified
temperature as the static temperature of the inflowing gas. In literature the static temperature is
also known as total-, rest-, or stagnation temperature and refers to the temperature of the gas when
brought to rest from its moving condition, as opposed to the dynamic temperature which refers to
the temperature of the moving gas. The INFLATOR entry uses the dynamic temperature of the
inflowing gas.
4. If the  , GASNAM field contains a real entry real or is left blank, the inflator gas constants are
given on the INFLATR1 entry itself (see Remark 5.). Otherwise, the entry is read as the name of
an INFLGAS entry. In this case, the remaining entries must be left blank.
cp
 = ----- R = cp – cv
cv
INFLCG 385
Airbag Cold Gas Inflator Model
INFLCG Airbag Cold Gas Inflator Model
Defines the cold gas-inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface.
Bulk Format and Example

Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Entry INFLCG INFLID TANKVOL INITPRES INITTEMP INITMAS  , GASNAM cv R +INFLC1
Descript INFLCG 111 0.857 131325 293 1.37 1.14 286 +INFLC1
ions
+INLC1 cp +
+INLC1 +

INFLID Unique number of an INGLCG entry I>0 Required
TANKVOL Tank volume R>0 Required
INITPRES Initial tank pressure R>0 See Remark 3.
INITTEMP Initial tank temperature R>0 Required
INITMAS Initial gas mass of inflator R>0 See Remark 3.
, GASNAM Ratio of specific heat constants if real. Name of an R > 0 or C See Remark 5.
INFLGAS entry if character. See Remark 4.
cv Specific heat at constant volume R>0 See Remark 6.
R Gas constant R>0 See Remark 6.
cp Specific heat at constant pressure. R>0 See Remark 6.
Remarks
1. The INFLTANK entry can be referenced from a COUNIFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
2. When used in an Euler coupled analysis, the entry can only be used with the single material
hydrodynamic Euler solver using an EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of state.
3. Either INITPRES or INITMAS has to be specified, but not both. The relation between INITMAS
and INITPRES is given by:
IINITMAS
INITPRES = R ----------------------------- INITTEMP
TANKVOL
4. The cold gas inflator is a reservoir filled with high pressure gas. It is assumed that the volume
stays constant at TANKVOL. The mass inside the inflator will steadily decrease due to flow into the
Euler domain or to a GBAG. Due to inertia, it can happen that the pressure of the inflator becomes
less than the outside pressure. In that case, some inflow into the inflator occurs. Transport between
inflator and the Euler domain or GBAG is based on the constancy of total temperature. This is
equivalent to the pressure method.
386 INFLCG
Airbag Cold Gas Inflator Model
5. If this field contains a real entry real or is left blank, the inflator gas constants are given on the
INFLATR1 entry itself (see Remark 5.). Otherwise, the entry will be read as the name of an
INFLGAS entry. In this case, the remaining entries must be left blank.
cp
 = ----- R = cp – cv
cv
INFLFRAC 387
Hybrid Inflator Gas Fraction Definition
INFLFRAC Hybrid Inflator Gas Fraction Definition
Specifies mass fractions or molar fractions as a function of time for a hybrid inflator definition.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLFRAC FRACID TYPE TIMEID TIME FRAC1 FRAC2 FRAC3 -etc.-
INFLFRAC 99 MASS TIME 0.0 0.15 0.0 0.55

FRACID Unique number of an INFLFRAC entry I>0 Required
TYPE Specifies whether mass fractions or molar fractions is given: C MASS
MASS The fractions on INFLFRAC are mass fractions.
MOLAR The fractions on INFLFRAC are molar fractions.
See Remark 6.
TIMEID Defines a new line of data C Required
TIME Specifies that data for a new time increment is given.
See Remark 7.
TIME Time for which the gas fractions are given R  0.0 Required
FRACi Fraction of gas i at the specified time R  0.0 See Remark 8.
Remarks
1. The INFLFRAC entry must be referenced from an INFLHYB or INFLHYB1 entry.
2. Fraction values of the inflowing gas is linearly interpolated between the specified
time increments.
3. Use as many continuation lines as necessary to completely define the gas fractions. The data for
a time step are preceded by a TIME keyword. Missing entries are set to 0.
4. The order of the gases for which the fractions are specified is identical to the order in which the
gases are specified on the INFLHYB or INFLHYB1 entry.
5. At least one line of gas fractions must be given.
6. If molar fractions are to be used, the universal gas constant must be specified through
PARAM,UGASC.
7. At least one of the fractions for each time step must have a value greater than 0.0.
8. Fractions for each time step should add up to 1.0. If this is not the case, they are scaled so that
they do.
388 INFLGAS
Inflator Gas Definition
INFLGAS Inflator Gas Definition
Defines a thermatically ideal gas to be used with a standard or hybrid inflator.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLGAS GASNAM TYPE VALUE CPGAS V1 V2 V3 V4
INFLGAS CO2 RSPEC 189. CONSTANT 846

GASNAM Unique name of an INFLGAS entry C Required
TYPE Specific gas constant or molar weight specified C RSPEC
RSPEC Specific gas constant
MOLWT Molar weight; see Remark 2.
VALUE Value of the variable TYPE R>0 Required
CPGAS The variation of the specific heat constant at constant C CONSTANT
pressure.
CONSTANT The specific heat is constant and specified in
V1.
TABLE The specific heat constant is temperature-
dependent. V1 is the number of a TABLED1
entry giving the variation of the specific heat
with the temperature.
POLY The specific heat constant is temperature-
dependent. V1 through V4 are the coefficients
of a polynomial expression; see Remark 3.
V1 The specific heat constant, the number of aTABLED1 entry or R or I > 0 Required
the first polynomial coefficient, depending on the value
of CPGAS.
V2,V3,V4 Coefficients of polynomial expression when CPGAS R 0.0
equals POLY.
Remarks
1. INFLGAS can be referenced by an INFLATR,INFLATR1, INFLHYB, INFLHYB1, or
INITGAS entry.
2. When the molar weight is given, the universal gas constant R uni must be specified using PARAM,
UGASC, so that:
R spec = R uni  MOLWT
INFLGAS 389
Inflator Gas Definition
3. A polynomial expression for cp is given by:

2 V4
c p  T  = V1 + V2  T + V3  T + ------2-
T
4. The specific heat constant at constant volume cv is calculated from the specific heat constant at
constant pressure cp, the universal gas constant and the molecular weight according to:
c v = c p  T  – R spec
5. The ratio of specific heats is given as:

 = cp  cv
390 INFLHYB
Hybrid Inflator Model
INFLHYB Hybrid Inflator Model
Defines the hybrid-inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLHYB INFLHID MASFLR-T TEMP-T TEMP-C FRAC +
INFLHYB 9 15 650. 12 +
+ GASNAM1 GASNAM2 GASNAM3 -etc.-

+ 22 25 3

INFLID Unique number of an INFLHYB entry I>0 Required
MASFLR-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry specifying the I > 0 Required
mass flow rate as a function of time.
TEMP-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry specifying the I > 0 See Remark 3.
dynamic temperature of the inflowing gas as a function of
time.
TEMP-C Constant value of the dynamic temperature of the inflowing R > 0 See Remark 3.
gas constant.
FRAC Number of an INFLFRAC entry specifying the fractions of the I>0 Required
inflowing gas as a function of time.
GASNAMi Name of an INFLGAS entry C See Remark 4.
Remarks
1. The INFLHYB entry can be referenced from a COUINFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
3. Either TEMP-C or TEMP-T must be specified. The INFLHYB entry uses the specified
temperature as the dynamic temperature of the inflowing gas. The dynamic temperature is the
temperature of the moving gas, as opposed to the static temperature which is also known in
literature as total-, rest-, or stagnation temperature and refers to the temperature of the gas when
brought to rest from its moving condition. The INFLHYB1 entry uses the static temperature of the
inflowing gas.
4. At least one inflator gas must be specified using an INFLGAS entry. There is no limit to the
number of inflator gases per INFLHYB.
INFLHYB1 391
Hybrid Inflator Model
INFLHYB1 Hybrid Inflator Model
Defines the hybrid-inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLHYB1 INFLHID MASFLR-T TEMP-T TEMP-C FRAC +
INFLHYB1 9 15 650. 12 +
+ GASNAM1 GASNAM2 GASNAM3 -etc.-

+ 22 25 3

INFLID Unique number of an INFLHYB1 entry I>0 Required
MASFLR-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEXentry specifying the I > 0 Required
massflow-rate as a function of time.
TEMP-T Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEXentry specifying the I > 0 See Remark 3.
static temperature of the inflowing gas as a function of time.
TEMP-C Constant value of the temperature of the inflowing gas R>0 See Remark 3.
FRAC Number of an INFLFRAC entry specifying the fractions of the I > 0 Required
inflowing gas as a function of time.
GASNAMi Name of an INFLGASentry C See Remark4.
Remarks
1. The INFLHYB1 entry can be referenced from a COUINFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
3. Either TEMP-C or TEMP-T must be specified. The INFLHYB1 entry uses the specified
temperature as the static temperature of the inflowing gas. In literature the static temperature is
also known as total-, rest-, or stagnation temperature and refers to the temperature of the gas when
brought to rest from its moving condition as opposed to the dynamic temperature that refers to the
temperature of the moving gas. The INFLHYB entry uses the dynamic temperature of the
inflowing gas.
4. At least one inflator gas must be specified using an INFLGAS entry. There is no limit to the
number of inflator gases per INFLHYB1.
392 INFLTANK
Air Bag Tanktest Inflator Model
INFLTANK Air Bag Tanktest Inflator Model
Defines the Tanktest-inflator characteristics of a couple and/or GBAG subsurface
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INFLTANK INFLID METH-TANK TPTABLE TANKVOL INFLMAS INITPRES ENDTPRES INITTEMP +
INFLTANK 111 AVTEMP 10 0.12 0.01 0.0 +
+ ENDTEMP  cv R cp IPTABLE INFLPRES INFLTEMP +

+ 1.4 286. +
+ INFLAREA SFTP SFIP

+

INFLID Unique number of an INFLATANK entry I>0 Required
METH-TANK Method of calculating the mass-flowrate: C Required
AVTEMP Average Temperature Method
INFPRES Inflator Pressure Method
TPTABLE Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEXentry I>0 Required
specifying the tank pressure as a function of time.
TANKVOL Tank volume R > 0 Required
INFLMAS Total gas mass generated by inflator R > 0 Required
INITPRES Initial tank pressure R  0 Required. See
Remark 3.
ENDPRES End tank pressure R > 0 Required. See
Remarks 4.and 5.
INITTEMP Initial tank temperature R > 0 Required. See
Remark 5.
ENDTEMP End tank temperature R > 0 Required.See
Remark 5.
 Ratio of specific heat constants R>0 See Remark 7.
cv Specific heat at constant volume R > 0 See Remark 7.
R Gas constant R > 0 See Remark 7.
cp Specific heat at constant pressure R > 0 See Remark 7.
INFLTANK 393
Air Bag Tanktest Inflator Model

IPTABLE Table number of a TABLED1 or TABLEEX entry I>0 Required. See
specifying the inflator pressure as a function of time. Remark 5.
INFLPRES Initial inflator pressure R  0 Required. See
Remarks 5. and 6.
INFLTEMP Temperature of inflowing gas: R>0 ATM. See
or C Remark 5.
ATM Use average temperature of
AVTEMP method
Real value User specified temperature
INFLAREA Total area of inflator holes R > 0 Required. See
Remark 5.
SFTP Scale factor for tank pressure R > 0 1.0.
See Remark 5.
SFIP Scale factor for inflator pressure R > 0 1.0.
See Remark 5.
Remarks
1. The INFLTANK entry can be referenced from a COUINFL and/or GBAGINFL entry.
3. The initial tank pressure entry (INITPRES) is interpreted as an absolute pressure and used to
define reference pressure at t=0 in the tank. The different between INITPRES and the pressure
value at t=0 from the table will be added to the entire pressure curve of TPTABLE.
4. The end tank pressure entry (ENDPRES) is interpreted as an absolute pressure at t=tend of tank
pressure table (TPTABLE). This value is used for calculation of total generated mass in the tank.
5. This field must be specified only when Inflator Pressure Method (INFPRES) is defined in the
METH-TANK field.
6. The initial inflator pressure entry (INFLPRES) is interpreted as an absolute pressure and used to
define reference pressure at t = 0 in the inflator. The different between INFLPRES and the
pressure value at t = 0 from the table is added to the entire pressure curve of IPTABLE.
cp
 = ----- R = cp – cv
cv
394 INITGAS
Gas Bag or Coupling Surface Initial Gas Fraction Definition
INITGAS Gas Bag or Coupling Surface Initial Gas Fraction Definition
Specifies the initial gas composition inside a gas bag or Euler coupling surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INITGAS INTID GASNAM1 FRAC1 GASNAM2 FRAC2 -etc.-
INITGAS 4 CO2 0.4 O2 0.11

INTID Unique number of an INITGAS entry I>0 Required
GASNAMi Name of an INFLGAS entry C See Remark 3.
FRACi Mass fraction of gas i. R  0.0 See Remark 4.
Remarks
1. The INITGAS entry can be used to specify the initial gas composition for a gas bag or for an
Eulerian coupling surface. The INTID must be referenced either from a GBAG cad or a
COUPLE entry.
2. Use as many continuation lines as necessary to completely define the gas fractions.
3. At least one INFLGAS reference must be given.
4. Fractions should add up to 1.0. If this is not the case, they will be scaled so that they do.
JOIN 395
Hinge-type Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF Grid Points
JOIN Hinge-type Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF Grid Points
Defines a hinge-type join of Lagrangian elements with six degrees of freedom grid points (for example
CHEXA CQUAD4, CBAR etc.) to Lagrangian elements with three degrees of freedom grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JOIN ID SID TOL
JOIN 1 100 1.E-6

ID Unique JOIN number I>0 Required
SID Number of a SET1 entry containing the list of grid points to be I>0 Required
joined
TOL Tolerance for joining the grid points. Grid points that have mutual R0 5.10-4
distance within this tolerance are joined.
Remarks
1. Grid points with the same number of degrees of freedom (DOF) can be equivalenced in the
preprocessing phase.
2. The JOIN gives rise to a hinge connection. A stiff connection can be achieved by using KJOIN.
396 KJOIN
Kinematic Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF Grid Points
KJOIN Kinematic Join of Six DOF Grid Points with Three DOF Grid Points
Defines the joining of Lagrangian elements with six degrees of freedom grid points (for example, CHEXA
CQUAD4, CBAR, etc.) to Lagrangian elements with three degrees of freedom grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KJOIN ID SID TOL INTERFERE STIFFNESS
KJOIN ID 150 1.E-5 STRONG 0.5

ID Unique KJOIN number I>0 Required
SID Number of a SET1 entry containing the list of grid points to be I>0 Required
joined
TOL Tolerance for joining the grid points. Grid points with mutual R > 0.0 5.E–4
distance that is within the tolerance are joined.
INTERFERE Defines whether the rotation present at a six DOF grid point C STRONG
interferes with the rotation from the kinematic constraint
(STRONG or NONE).
STIFFNESS Defines the relative stiffness of the kinematic join. R 0.0
Remarks
1. To change the stiffness of the join, the STIFFNESS field can be defined.
2. Stiffness is increased by setting INTERFERE to none.
3. The kinematic join acts as a locally inserted stiff element.
4. The STIFFNESS field defines a relative stiffness where the value should be in the interval (-1/2,
1/2). Values less than zero reduce the stiffness, and values greater than zero increase the stiffness.
5. Geometric aspects are automatically taken into account.
6. In cases where the set of grid points for the KJOIN is too large to fit in one SET1 entry, you can
define multiple SET1 entries with the same set number. The SET1 entries that have the same set
number are automatically merged into one set.
7. You can define a hinge connection by using the JOIN entry.
MADGRP 397
Group Name for Extended Coupling to MADYMO
MADGRP Group Name for Extended Coupling to MADYMO
Defines a group of elements or nodes to be used if extended coupling to MADYMO is activated.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MADGRP GRPNAME GRPTYPE GRPID
MADGRP ALLEL ELEM 5
Conte
Field nts Type Default
GRPNAME Name of the group. This will be transferred to Madymo. In C Required.
Madymo, this name is used to define contact between the FE
data and MADYMO objects.
GRPTYPE Type of group to be transferred to Madymo: C Required.
ELEM Group of elements
GRID Group of nodes
GRPID The ID of a SET1 that contains the element or node IDs. I>0 Required.
Remarks
1. For details of how to use extended coupling to, please refer to the Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 7: User Subroutines, Using Dytran with MADYMO and the Madymo Users Manual.
2. Please specify exactly one element group and one node group when using extended coupling.
3. Only shell elements are supported for extended coupling.
398 MAT1
Material Property Definition, Form 1
MAT1 Material Property Definition, Form 1
Defines the material properties for linear, isotropic materials.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT1 MID E G NU RHO
MAT1 17 3.+7 0.33 4.28

E Young’s modulus E R  0. See Remark 2.
G Shear modulus G R0 See Remark 2.
NU Poisson’s ratio v 0. < R  0.5 See Remark 4.
RHO Mass density  R>0 Required
Remarks
1. The material number must be unique for all MAT1 and MAT8 entries.
2. The following rules apply when E , G , or v are blank:
a. E and G cannot both be blank.
b. If v and E or v and G are both blank, then both are set to 0.0.
c. If only one of E , G , or v is blank, it is computed from the equation:
E = 2  1 + v G
3. Implausible data on one or more MAT1 entries results in a User Warning Message. Implausible
data is defined as any of the following:
E  0.0 or G  0.0 and v  0.5 or v  0.0 .
4. It is strongly recommended that only two of the values be specified on the MAT1 entry.
MAT2 399
Anisotropic Material for Shells
MAT2 Anisotropic Material for Shells
Defines anisotropic material for shells. The shell cross-section properties are constant throughout
the analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT2 MID G11 G12 G13 G22 G23 G33 RHO
MAT2 7 7.088e6 3.435e6 3.229e6 4.218e6 3.229e6 3.556e6 1.31e-4

GIJ The material property matrix R Required. See Remark 2.
RHO Mass density R See Remark 3.
Remarks
1. This material can only be used in combination with a PSHELL entry to activate the classical
lamination theory for shell-structure analysis. If this material is used as transverse shear, then only
G11, G12, and G22 are read. Other material data is ignored. This option is only available for
C0-TRIA, BLT and KEYHOFF shell formulation.
The convention for the GIJ in fields 3 through 8 are represented by the matrix relationship
as follows:
   
 1  G 11 G 12 G 13   1 
   
 2  = G 12 G 22 G 23   2 
   
  12  G 13 G 23 G 33   12 
   
2. The mass density RHO is required in case of a membrane material definition.

3. No sublayer variables are available these elements. The element outputs are the stress resultants
(NXX, NYY, NXY, MXX, MYY, MXY, QYZ, and QZX).
400 MAT8
MAT8 Orthotropic Elastic Material Properties
Defines the properties for an orthotropic material for shell elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT8 MID E1 E2 N12 G12 G1,Z G2,Z RHO
MAT8 171 30.+6 1.+6 0.3 2.+6 3.+6 1.5+6 0.056

E1 Modulus of elasticity in longitudinal direction (also defined as R > 0.0 Required
fiber direction or one-direction).
E2 Modulus of elasticity in lateral direction (also defined as matrix R > 0.0 Required
direction or two-direction).
N12 Poisson’s ratio (2/1 for uniaxial loading in one-direction). Note R > 0.0 Required
that 21 = 1/2 for uniaxial loading in two-direction is related to
12, E1, E2 by the relation 12 E2 = 21 E1.
G12 In-plane shear modulus R > 0.0 Required
G1,Z Transverse shear modulus for shear in 1-Z plane (default implies R > 0.0 Blank
G1,Z = G12).
G2,Z Transverse shear modulus for shear in 2-Z plane (default implies R > 0.0 Blank
G2,Z = G12).
RHO Mass density R > 0.0 Required
Remarks
1. An approximate value for G1,Z and G2,Z is the in-plane shear modulus G12. If test data is not
available to accurately determine G1,Z and G2,Z if the material and transverse shear calculations
are deemed essential, the value of G12 may be supplied for G1,Z and G2,Z. The MD Nastran
defaults for G1,Z and G2,Z are infinite if left blank. Dytran assumes the transverse shear moduli
to be equal to G12.
2. Excess data as defined in the MD Nastran MAT8 continuation lines is ignored. Equivalent entries
can be defined in the MAT8A Bulk Data entry.
3. This material model can only be referenced from a PCOMP entry.
MAT8A 401
Orthotropic Failure Material Properties
MAT8A Orthotropic Failure Material Properties
Defines the failure properties for an orthotropic material for shell elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAT8A MID FT NV S ALPHA TRSFAIL F12 +
MAT8A 7 COMBINAT 100. +
+ XT XC YT YC PFD VALUE PFDST +

+ 200 150 100 110. STEPS 200 +
+ FBTEN FBCOM MXTEN MXCOM MXSHR +

+ CHANG STRSS MODTSAI MODTSAI STRSS +
+ +
+ +
+ PRDFT PRDFC PRDMT PRDMC PRDSH

+ 0011

MID Unique material number I See Remark 1.
FT Failure theory to be used to test whether the element C Blank
layer fails:
Blank No failure
HILL Tsai-Hill theory
TSAI Tsai-Wu theory
MODTSAI Modified Tsai-Wu theory
STRSS Maximum stress
CHANG Chang-Chang theory
USER User-defined model
USER1 User-defined model that allows for property C See Remark 8.
degradation
COMBINAT Combination C See Remark 8.
HASHIN Hashin theory C See Remark 2.
402 MAT8A

NV Number of additional history variables for a user model. 0 < I < 10 0
See Remark 8.
S Failure stress for in-plane shear R > 0.0 See Remark 4.
ALPHA Nonlinear shear coefficient. See Remark 5. R  0.0 0.
TRSFAIL Transverse shear failure. C SUBL
ELEM Failure if element fails
SUBL Failure if sublayer fails
F12 Interaction term in Tsai-Wu theory R 0.
XT, XC Tensile compressive failure stress in the large R > 0.0 See Remark 4.
structural direction
YT, YC Tensile compressive failure stress in the lateral direction R > 0.0 See Remark 4.
PFD Post-failure degradation model. See Remark 9. C STEPS
STEPS Degrade stresses by time steps
TIME Degrade stresses by time
VELOC Degrade stresses by velocity
VALUE Depending on PFD, VALUE gives the number of time I or R 100
steps, time interval, or propagation velocity.
PFDST Post-failure degradation start.
INDV Stresses are degraded per distinct failure C INDV
mode.
ALL Stresses are degraded if all elastic constants
are zero.
See Remark 9..
FBTEN, Failure modes in fiber, matrix direction, and theory failure. C See Remark 6.
FBCON,
MXTEN, Enter values if FT = COMBINAT
MXCOM,
MXSHR
PRDFT Property degradation due to fiber-tension failure I 1111
PRDFC Property degradation due to fiber-compression failure I 1010
PRDMT Property degradation due to matrix-tension failure I 0110
PRDMC Property degradation due to matrix-compression failure I 0110
PRDSH Property degradation due to in-plane shear failure I 0001
MAT8A 403
Remarks
1. The material number must refer to a MAT8 material definition.
2. If a failure theory is selected other than USER or COMBINAT, the theory defines the following
failure modes:
CHANG Fiber tension, matrix tension/compression

HILL All modes
TSAI All modes
MODTSAI Matrix tension/compression
STRSS All modes
HASHIN Fiber tension/compression
Matrix tension/compression
For an element to fail completely, both fiber and matrix in all sublayers must fail.
3. This material model can only be referenced from a PCOMP entry.
4. Failure stresses are required if a failure theory is selected.
5. ALPHA is used for all failure theories to define a nonlinear stress-strain relation.
6. The individual failure modes are defined according to the corresponding mode in the theory as
listed under FT. To be relevant, the theory must define the failure mode (see Remark 2.). You
must enter data if FT is set to COMBINAT.
7. The property degradation rules due to the various failure modes are listed below:
Material
Constant Failure Mode
Fiber Tens Fiber Comp Matrix Tens Matrix Comp Shear
E1 X X
E2 X X X
V12 X X X X
G12 X X
The Poisson’s ratio Nu21 is treated the same as Nu12.

To override the default model, an integer value is defined as a packed word in the following order:
 E 1   E 2   Nu12   G12 
1 denotes property degradation.

0 denotes no degradation.
The last five fields of the MAT8A Bulk Data entry are input for the user to specify the degradation
behavior for each mode of failure.
404 MAT8A
8. NV is required input and NV new user variables are automatically created. User variables for
sublayers are used on restart and archive output. Refer to them as USRnLxx where n is the user
ID and xx is the sublayer number (see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis,
Running Dytran Using the dytran Command). The user variables are available in the EXCOMP
user subroutine.The values S, XT, XC, YT, and YC are also required input when FT is set to USER.
For the model USER1, the routine EXCOMP1 has to be used.
9. The PFD entry indicates how the stresses are degraded to zero. The PFDST indicates when the
stresses start to degrade.
Using ALL means that degradation starts when all material constants ( E 1 , E 2 , Nu12 , G 12 ) are
degraded to zero as specified by the FT entry and the property degradation rules. Note that
property degradation means that the stress increments are zero but that the stresses degrade
according to PFD.
INDV means that stress degradation starts for the fiber stress if E 1 = 0 , for matrix stress if
E 2 = 0 , and for shear stress if G 12 = 0 .
10. Any failure theory introduces five additional sublayer variables. The PFDST entry introduces
three additional variables. The number of user variables is defined by NV.
MATINI 405
Eulerian Initialization Surface
MATINI Eulerian Initialization Surface
Defines a surface that is used for initialization of regions inside an Eulerian mesh with user-defined
initial conditions.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MATINI CID SID COVER REVERSE CHECK
MATINI 100 37

CID Unique number of an MATINI entry I>0 Required
SID Number of a SURFACE entry defining the initialization surface I>0 Required
COVER The processing strategy for Eulerian elements inside and outside of C INSIDE
the initialization surface.
INSIDE The part of the Eulerian elements that lie inside the
closed volume of the initialization surface will obtain
the initial conditions belonging to that surface.
OUTSIDE The part of the Eulerian elements that lie outside the
closed volume of the initialization surface obtains the
initial conditions that belong to that surface
REVERSE Auto reverse switch for MATINI surface segments: C ON
ON If necessary, the normals of the MATINI surface
segments are automatically reversed so that they all
point in the same general direction and give a positive
closed volume.
OFF The segments normals are not automatically reversed.
CHECK Checking switch for MATINI surface segments: C ON
ON The normals of the segments are checked to see
whether they all point in the same general direction
and give a positive closed volume.
OFF The segment normals are not checked.
When REVERSE is set to ON, CHECK is automatically set to ON.
406 MATINI
Eulerian Initialization Surface
Remarks
1. All initialization surfaces must form a multifaceted closed volume.
2. In case the surface is defined as a set of segments attached to shell elements you must define the
elements as dummy elements by choosing the DUMMY option on the FORM entry of the
PSHELL1 entry.
3. An initialization surface can only be used to initialize regions in an Eulerian mesh with
appropriate initial conditions. An initialization surface can not be used as a coupling surface,
contact surface or as a rigid surface.
4. The normals of all the segments that form the initialization surface must point in the same general
direction and results in a positive closed volume. Setting the REVERSE option to ON ensures that
this condition is satisfied, regardless of how the segments are defined initially.
5. The COVER option determines how Eulerian elements that are (partially) inside or outside of the
initialization surface are processed.
MATRIG 407
Rigid-Body Properties
MATRIG Rigid-Body Properties
Defines the properties of a rigid body.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MATRIG MID RHO E NU MASS XC YC ZC +
MATRIG 7 7850. 210.E9 0.3 750 0.0 7.0 -3.0 +
+ IXX IXY IXZ IYY IYZ IZZ CID COG-FL +

+ 17.0 13.2 14.3 20.9 15.7 10.0 12 +
+ VX VY VZ WX WY WZ +
+ 13.3
+ XC-LOCAL YC-LOCAL ZC-LOCAL +

+

RHO Density R>0 1.0
E Young’s modulus R>0 1.0
NU Poisson’s ratio 0.0  R < 0.5 0.2
MASS Mass of the rigid body R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
XC,YC,ZC x, y, and z coordinates of the center of gravity R See Remark 7.
IXX, IXY, Inertia tensor of the rigid body about the center R See Remark 7.
IXZ, IYY, of gravity
IYZ, IZZ
CID Number of a coordinate system in which the inertia I>0 See Remarks 8.
tensor and the center of gravity are defined. and 11.
408 MATRIG

COG-FL Flag to indicate recalculation of Center of Gravity of C YES
a rigid body. For symmetry models, recalculation of
the Center of Gravity is not desired.
YES Recalculate the Center of Gravity of the

rigid body.
NO Do not recalculate the Center of Gravity of the

rigid body when XC, YC, or ZC are not blank.
VX, VY, Initial translational velocity of the center of gravity R 0.0
VZ in the basic coordinate system.
WX, WY, Initial rotational velocities of the rigid body about R 0.0
WZ the center of gravity in the basic coordinate system.
XC-LOCAL x, y, and z local coordinates of the center of gravity R See Remark 11.
YC-LOCAL,
ZC-LOCAL
Remarks
1. All coordinates are defined in the basic coordinate system.
2. If MASS is blank or zero, the mass is calculated from the density and the geometry of the mesh
defining the rigid body.
3. The continuation lines are not required.
4. The MATRIG definition is used instead of a DYMATn definition and is referenced by properties
PSOLID, PSHELL, PBAR, and PBEAMn. Different properties can refer to the same MATRIG entry
forming one rigid body. The matrmerg or matrmrg1 option (see PARAM,MATRM(E)RG(1))
can be used for merging different MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG definitions into one single rigid
body.
5. By using PARAM,RBE2INFO,GRIDON, the grid points of the MATRIG will be listed in the
output file.
6. If the fields VX, VY, VZ, WX, WY, and WZ are blank, the initial conditions of the rigid body are
calculated from the initial velocities on the TIC and TIC1 entries referring to grid points attached
to the rigid body. The net initial conditions are the average of those for all the grid points attached
to the rigid body.
If the initial conditions are set using the VX, VY, VZ, WX, WY, and WZ fields, the TIC and TIC1
entries referring to grid points attached to the rigid body are ignored.
7. If the inertia tensor or the coordinates of the center of gravity are undefined, then they are
computed from the density or mass and the geometry of the mesh defining the rigid body.
8. The inertia tensor can only be defined in a local rectangular coordinate system. If the entry for a
local coordinate system is left blank, then the inertia tensor is defined in the global
coordinate system.
MATRIG 409
9. The behavior of rigid bodies in discussed in Lagrangian Elements.

10. The mass and the location of the Center of Gravity for a rigid body can change from the input
cards defined by the user when the rigid body is attached to elements with elastic-plastic
materials. The node that is shared will get a mass from both the rigid body and from the mass of
the elastic-plastic element. For correct rigid body mechanical, the added mass of the node from
the elastic body needs to be added to the total mass of the rigid body. To this end, also the location
of the center of gravity might change location. However, in cases the rigid model was modeled
with symmetry planes, then it is not desired to recalculate the Center of Gravity. The extra mass
of the elastic-plastic element is always added to the mass of the rigid body.
11. The center of gravity can be defined in a local rectangular coordinate system (CID). However,
XC, YC, and ZC (x, y, and z coordinates of the center of gravity in the basic coordinate system)
should be left blank when XC-LOCAL, YC-LOCAL, ZC-LOCAL (x, y, and x coordinates of the
center of gravity in a local coordinate system) are defined.
410 MESH
Mesh Generator
MESH Mesh Generator
Defines a mesh.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MESH MID TYPE DXEL DYEL DZEL XREF YREF ZREF +
MESH 1 ADAPT 0.1 0.2 0.3 +
+ X0 Y0 Z0 DX DY DZ +
+ +
+ NX NY NZ SUBMESH NSTGP NSTEL PROP PID +

+ EULER 101 +
+ RESIZE TID-X TID-Y TID-Z METHOD

+ SCALE 101 ALL
+ BIAS GROWFX GROWFY GROWFZ IBIDX IBIDY IBIDZ

+ CENTER 1.2 1.2 1.2
XOBX YOBX ZOBX DXBX DYBX DZBX

MESH 411
Mesh Generator

MID Unique MESH number I>0 Required.
See Remark 1.
TYPE Type of mesh generation. C Required.
See Remark 1.
ADAPT An Euler mesh will be created
around a coupling surface.
This option is only valid for
PROP=EULER and requires
that the MID of the MESH is
referenced from the MESHID
of the COUPLE entry. During
the simulation, when the
coupling surface moves or
deforms, the Euler mesh
adapts itself by adding and
removing elements. The adapt
algorithm ensures that the
coupling surface is contained
inside the Euler mesh at all
times with the minimum
amount of elements. The Euler
elements are aligned with the
basic coordinate.
BOX Rectangular mesh aligned
with the basic coordinate
system is created, filled with
HEXA elements. This option
can be used for PROP=EULER
and PROP=SOLID.
DEXEL, DYEL, DZEL Euler element sizes R See Remark 1.
XREF, YREF, ZREF Coordinates of reference point: R -1e-6
For TYPE=ADAPT, these coordinates
provide control over the location of the Euler
mesh, to avoid that the faces of the Euler
mesh are initially at the same location as
faces of the coupling surface.
For TYPE=BOX, these coordinates will be
used as the original of the mesh. They are the
default setting for X0, Y0, and Z0.
412 MESH
Mesh Generator

X0,Y0,Z0 Coordinates of point of origin. R XREF, YREF, ZREF
Not used for TYPE=ADAPT.
DX,DY,DZ Width of mesh in different directions. R See Remark 1.
For TYPE=ADAPT, these values will only be
used if DXEL, DYEL, and DZEL are left
blank.
NX,NY,NZ Number of elements in the different I>0 See Remark 1.
directions
For TYPE=ADAPT, these values will only be
used if DXEL, DYEL, and DZEL are left
blank.
SUBMESH Allows using smaller mesh sizes for a part of See Remark 10.
the mesh. SUBMESH is the MESH ID of a finer
mesh that is to replace part of the mesh.
NSTGP Starting grid-point number I>0 See Remark 2.
Not used for TYPE=ADAPT.
If there are multiple couple surfaces then the
starting grid-point number can only be
specified if PARAM, FLOW-METHOD,
FACET has been activated.
NSTEL Starting element number I>0 See Remark 2.
Not used for TYPE=ADAPT
If there are multiple couple surfaces then the
starting element number can only be
specified if PARAM, FLOW-METHOD,
FACET has been activated.
PROP Property type: C Required
EULER An Eulerian mesh is created.
SOLID A Lagrangian mesh is created.
PID Property number. I>0 Required
For PROP=EULER, this number references a
PEULER or PEULER1.
For PROP=SOLID, this number references
a PSOLID.
RESIZE Only valid for TYPE=ADAPT C None
Option to change the element size during
the simulation:
MESH 413
Mesh Generator

NONE No resizing of DX, DY, DZ
during simulation.
SCALE The elements are resized by
a scale-factor as a function
of time.
LENGTH The elements are resized by
specifying the length as a
function of time.
TID-X ID of a TABLED1 See RESIZE for contents 1>0 Blank
of table.
It must define a step function. See Remarks
4.and 5.
TID-Y ID of a TABLED1 See RESIZE for contents 1>0 TID-X
of table.
It must define a step function. See Remarks 4.
and 5.
TID-Z ID of a TABLED1 See RESIZE for contents 1>0 TID-X
of table.
It must define a step function. See Remarks
4.and 5.
METHOD Method for determining when to create C ALL; used only for
Euler elements: resizing
ALL Always remesh an existing
Euler element. Maintains
existing void regions.
MATERIAL Only remesh those Euler
elements that contain material.
Removes void regions.
See Remark 7.
BIAS Adds bias to the mesh
CENTER Starting at the center of the
BOX, the mesh size gradually
changes such that the mesh
size at the boundaries of the
BOX is GROWX times the mesh
size at the center.
414 MESH
Mesh Generator

REF Starting at (X0, Y0, Z0), the
mesh size gradually changes
such that the mesh size at the
boundaries of the BOX is
GROWX times the mesh size at
the center.
GROWX, GROWY, Total grow factor; the ratio between the finest R > 0 Required only if
GROWZ and the coarsest element size. BIAS is not blank.
IBIDX, IBIDY, ID-numbers of bias entries I>0 See Remarks 9 and
IBIDZ 10.
X0BX, Y0BX, For adaptive Euler meshes, there are two R See Remarks 11 and
Z0BX, DXBX, methods to generate Euler archives. 12.
DYBX, DZBX
• There is only output for currently
existing elements. Consequently the
geometry changes and for each cycle
a new Euler archive is written.
• By defining an auxiliary box. All
adaptive elements that are within the
box for one of the cycles requested
are stored in the archive. This allows
multiple cycles in one Euler archive.
This box should be sufficiently large
such that it contains all elements. The
fields X0BX, Y0BX, and Z0BX
specify the start point and DXBX,
DYBX, and DZBX specify the with of
box and. If the there are adaptive
elements outside, the box a warning
is given.
Remarks
1. The grid points of the mesh are generated at the following locations:
Type = ADAPT:
 x y  z  =  XREF + i * DXEL YREF + j * DYEL ZREF + k * DZEL 
Grid points and elements located a certain distance outside the coupling surface are not created.
This saves memory and CPU time.
When (XREF, YREF, ZREF) are outside the coupling surface, no actual grid point is created at
this location, but the mesh is shifted appropriately.
MESH 415
Mesh Generator
Type = BOX:
 x y  z  =  X0 + i * DXEL Y0 + j * DYEL Z0 + k * DZEL 
Nodes and elements are always created, even if the MESH is referenced from the MESHID of a
COUPLE entry.
One of the following input combinations is required:
TYPE=ADAPT
a. DXEL, DYEL, DZEL or
b. DX, DY, DZ and NX, NY, NZ
DXEL = DX/NX; DYEL = DY/NY; DZEL = DZ/NZ
TYPE=BOX
a. DXEL, DYEL, DZEL and NX, NY, NZ or
b. DX, DY, DZ and NX, NY, NZ
DXEL = DX/NX; DYEL = DY/NY; DZEL = DZ/NZ
2. When the starting grid point and/or element number is left blank, the default start number for the
elements and grid-points is equal to the maximum number used +1. For simulations with multiple
coupling surfaces, two methods of treating transport between the Euler meshes are available. One
method supports meshes of TYPE = ADAPT, but does not allow the specification of starting
element or starting grid-point number. This method is the default. The other method only supports
meshes of TYPE = BOX but does allow for the specification of starting element number and
starting grid-point number. This method is activated by PARAM, FLOW-METHOD, FACET.
3. The PID should refer to an existing property id, which can handle the property type given
by PROP.
4. To avoid that the Euler mesh is resized every time-step, the functions defined by TID-X, TID-Y,
TID-Z must describe a ‘step-function’, as such in this example:
i. TABLED1,1,,,,,,,,+1
ii. +,0.0,1.0,,,,,,,+
iii. +,1.E-3,1.0,,,,,,,+
iv. +.1.E-3,1.1,,,,,,,+
v. +,2.E-3,1.1,,,,,,,+
vi. +,2.E-3,1.2,,,,,,,+
which specifies the following function:

416 MESH
Mesh Generator
5. Care must be taken when refining the Euler mesh. To avoid instabilities, it is advised to stay
within the following guidelines.
a. For each refining step, use a scale factor larger than 0.5.
b. Allow the solution to become smooth again after each refining step. For air bag simulations,
use an interval larger than 5 * diameter_airbag /soundspeed .
6. Resizing is not available for the Multi-material solver.
7. In most cases, METHOD=ALL is the preferred method. Using METHOD=MATERIAL may be
helpful in case of instabilities due to presence of void regions.
8. A biased mesh has nonconstant element sizes in selected directories. Neighbor element size can
have a constant ratio or have identical size. In literature, this type of mesh is also referred to as a
nonuniform mesh or a locally refined mesh.
9. A block mesh consists of number of planes in all three directions. For a nonbiased mesh, these
planes are at fixed distance from each other. In a biased mesh, the distance between subsequent
planes can differ. The varying element size is determined by 1. IBIDX. or 2. GROWX or 3.
The constant step size specified by X0, NX, DX. Here, IBIDX overrules GROWX and GROWX
overrules the X0, NX, DX specification. Likewise for the other directions. The locations of the
planes are written out in the OUT file. Intersecting an x-plane with a y-plane and z-plane will give
a grid point. By carrying out all intersections, the grid points are constructed.
10. SUBMESH is used to replace part of the mesh by a finer mesh. It is meant for use with multiple
coupling surfaces. If this is not the case, then PARAM, GRADED-MESHshould be used. It is
required that overlap between the mesh and submesh consists of, at least, one layer of fine
elements. Also, the boundary of the submesh should not be on the top of faces of the mesh. To
check the element replace,ent, the simulation can be run with constant pressure. Then velocities
should remain virtually zero. For both the mesh as well as the submesh, a distinct archive is
written out. Visualizing by Patran can be done by:
a. Reading in the archive for the mesh. Delete any elements that show zero mass or pressure and
that are covered by the submesh.
b. Reading in the submesh.
c. Two sets of results are now in the data base.
MESH 417
Mesh Generator
By selecting the results of the mesh and then the results of the submesh, a fringe plot of the whole
domain can be obtained. Since the two meshes do not share grid points, it is better to plot fringe
plots using element values.
11. To determine a suitable size for the static output box the simulation can be run first without the
STATBOX option. In the OUT file each summary of adaptive meshing gives the smallest box
surrounding all adaptive elements so far. The last summary then yields the dimension of the static
output box. To accommodate for elements that are not completely inside the box, the actual static
output box is automatically extended a little. The actual dimensions are written in the out file after
the first adaptive meshing summary. Is not needed to set the XREF, YREF, and ZREF options. If
they are set the static output box will be compatible with the defined reference point.
12. Static output supports resizing. After each resizing, the current Euler archive is closed and a new
one is opened. Next cycles in the output request are written to this newly opened archive until the
next resize.
418 MOMENT
Concentrated Moment or Enforced Motion
MOMENT Concentrated Moment or Enforced Motion
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines the location where the moment or
enforced motion acts as well as the direction and scale factor.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MOMENT LID G SCALE N1 N2 N3
MOMENT 2 5 2.9 1.0

G Grid-point number or rigid body where the load See Remark 5. Required
is applied
SCALE Scale factor for the moment R 1.0
N1, N2, N3 Components of a vector giving the direction of the R See Remark 4.
moment. At least one must be nonzero.
Remarks
1. At time t , the moment M  t  is given by M  t  = SCALE * N * T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor; N is the vector given by N1, N2, and N3; and T  t  is the value
at time t interpolated from the table referenced on the TLOADn entry.
2. Moments can also be defined on the DAREA entry.
4. If a component field N1, N2, and/or N3 is left blank:
Moment prescription – The component of the moment is equal to zero.
Velocity prescription – The component of the angular velocity is not restrained.
5. If G references a MATRIG, an RBE2-FULLRIG, or a RIGID surface, the load is applied to the
number. If G references a RBE2-FULLRIG, G must be FR<id>, where id is the RBE2 number.
6. If the TYPE field on the TLOAD entry is 0, this defines a moment applied to a grid point. If the
TYPE field is 2, it defines an enforced motion on the grid point. If the TYPE field is 12, it defines
an enforced motion applied to the center of the rigid body, and if the TYPE field is 13, it defines
a moment applied to the center of a rigid body.
MOMENT1 419
Follower Moment, Form 1
MOMENT1 Follower Moment, Form 1
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines a follower moment with direction that
is determined by two grid points. MOMENT1 can be applied to any type of grid point.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MOMENT1 LID G SCALE G1 G2
MOMENT1 2 5 2.9 16 13

G Grid-point number where the moment is applied I>0 Required
G1, G2 Grid-point numbers. The direction of the moment is a vector from I>0 Required
G1 to G2. G1 must not be the same as G2.
Remarks
1. At time t , the moment M  t  is given by
M  t  = SCALE * N * T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor, N is the vector from G1 to G2, and T  t  is the value at time t
interpolated from the table referenced by the TLOADn entry.
3. The MOMENT1 entry defines a follower moment in that the direction of the moment changes as
the grid points G1 and G2 move during the analysis.
420 MOMENT2
Follower Moment, Form 2
MOMENT2 Follower Moment, Form 2
This entry is used in conjunction with a TLOADn entry and defines a follower moment with direction that
is determined by four grid points. MOMENT2 can be applied to any type of grid point.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MOMENT2 LID G SCALE G1 G2 G3 G4
MOMENT2 2 5 2.9 16 13 17 18

G Grid-point number where the moment is applied I>0 Required
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers. The moment direction is determined by a I>0 Required
vector product of the vectors G1 to G2 and G3 to G4. (G1 must not
be the same as G2, and G3 must not be the same as G4.)
Remarks
1. At time t , the moment M  t  is given by:
M  t  = SCALE*N*T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor, N is the vector product of the vectors from G1 to G2 and G3 to
G4. respectively, and T  t  is the value at time t interpolated from the table referenced by the
TLOADn entry.
3. The MOMENT2 entry defines a follower moment in that the direction of the moment changes as
the grid points G1, G2, G3, and G4 move during the analysis.
NASINIT 421
MD Nastran Initialization
NASINIT MD Nastran Initialization
Definition of the logistics of a Dytran prestress run.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NASINIT STEPS DAMP TNOACT FACTOR
NASINIT 1000 YES 1.E-02 0.01

STEPS Number of steps used to set the grid point displacement. I>0 1
DAMP Request for additional relaxation phase after displacement phase C No
(Yes/No).
TNOACT End time of relaxation phase. R > 0 1.E20
FACTOR Viscous-damping factor. R > 0 0.001
Remarks
1. The time step is constant during the displacement phase and is defined by PARAM,INISTEP.
2. Damping is optional and is not always necessary.
3. The deformed geometry grid-point data is written out after the displacement phase, if no damping
is requested, or after the relaxation phase, when the DAMP field is set to YES. The same applies
to the solution file. (See also the SOLUOUT and BULKOUT FMS statements.)
4. The displacements from an MD Nastran solution are imposed by an enforced velocity field
calculated from the displacements and control parameters.
5. All boundary conditions and loads defined are deactivated during the displacement phase and are
activated after the displacement phase ends.
6. Note that although the deformed geometry after the displacement phase is exactly the same as the
MD Nastran geometry, the actual stress state may differ due to differences in Dytran and MD
Nastran element formulations.
7. Lagrangian CHEXA, CQUAD4, and CTRIA3 elements can be initialized, but the shell
membranes cannot.
8. For prestressing rotating structures, it is recommended that a centrifugal force field be used, rather
than a rotational velocity field. In the actual transient dynamic analysis, the centrifugal force field
can be replaced by a rotational velocity field with consistent boundary conditions.
9. Make the problem setup for the final transient analysis consistent with the prestress analysis.
422 PARAM
Parameter
PARAM Parameter
Defines the values for parameters used during the solution.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PARAM NAME V1
PARAM REZTOL 0.1

NAME Parameter name C Required
V1 Value associated with NAME I, R, C See Chapter 6: Parameters.
Remarks
1. A list of the parameters that can be set, along with the parameter names and values, is given in
Chapter 6: Parameters.
2. PARAM entries do not necessarily have to be located in the Bulk Data Section.
3. PARAM values can be redefined during restarts.
PBAR 423
Simple Beam Property
PBAR Simple Beam Property
Defines the properties of a simple beam (bar) that is used to create bar elements via the CBAR entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBAR PID MID A I1 I2 J
PBAR 39 6 2.9 5.97

PID Unique property number I>0 Required
A Area of bar cross section R > 0 Required
I1, I2 Area moments of inertia R  0 Required
J Torsional constant R  0 0.0
Remarks
1. I1 is the moment of inertia about the element z-axis, I zz .
I2 is the moment of inertia about the element y-axis, I yy .
2. This element is solved as a Belytschko-Schwer beam.
424 PBCOMP
Beam Alternate Form of PBEAM
PBCOMP Beam Alternate Form of PBEAM
Alternate form of the PBEAM entry to define properties of a uniform cross-sectional beam referenced by
a CBEAM entry. This entry is also used to specify lumped areas of the beam cross section for nonlinear
analysis and/or composite analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBCOMP PID MID A +
PBCOMP 181 6 2.9 +
+ SHFACT N1 N2 SYMOPT +
+ 1 +
+ Y1 Z1 C1 MID1 +
+ -0.5 1.2 0.1 18 +
+ Y2 Z2 C2 MID2 +
+ 0.2 0.9 0.15 +
+ Yi Zi Ci MIDi
+ ... ... ...

PID Unique property number I0 Required
MID Material identification number I0 Required
See Remark 2.
A Area of beam cross section R> 0 Required
SHFACT Shear factor for the section R 0.83333
N1, N2 The (y,z) coordinates of neutral axis. See the figure in the R 0.0
CBEAM entry description.
SYMOPT Symmetry option to input lumped areas for the beam cross 1< I<5 Required
section. See Figure 5-12.
Yi, Zi The (y,z) coordinates of the lumped areas in the element R 0.0
coordinate system. See Remark 1.
Ci Fraction of the total area for the ith lumped area R>0 Required
th
MIDi Material identification number for the i integration point I>0 MID
PBCOMP 425
Beam Alternate Form of PBEAM
Figure 5-12 PBCOMP Entry SYMOPT Type Examples with Eight Lumped Areas.
Remarks
1. The PID number must be unique with respect to other PBCOMP entries as well as PBEAM entries.
The second continuation entry may be repeated 18 more times. If SECTION = 5 a maximum of
21 continuation entries is allowed; that is, a maximum of 20 lumped areas may be input. If
SECTION=1 through 4, the total number of areas input plus the total number generated by
symmetry must not exceed 20.
2. If the MIDi field on a continuation entry is blank, the value will be that of MID on the parent entry.
MIDi values may be input on continuations without the corresponding Yi, Zi, and Ci values to
allow different stress-strain laws.
426 PBEAM
Beam Property
PBEAM Beam Property
Defines the properties of the CBAR and CBEAM element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBEAM PID MID A(A) I1(A) I2(A) J(A) +
PBEAM 7 14 3.6 24.9 24.9 22.6 +
+ +
+ +
+ X/XB A(B) I1(B) I2(B) J(B)

+ 1.0 3.6 24.9 24.9 22.6

MID Material number I>0 PID
A(A) Area of the beam cross section at end A of the beam R > 0. Required
I1(A) Area moment of inertia about the beam-element’s z-axis at end A R > 0. Required
of the beam
I2(A) Area moment of inertia about the beam-element’s y-axis at end A R > 0. Required
of the beam
J(A) Torsion constant at end A of the beam R 0.0
X/XB For MD Nastran, this is the distance along the beam from end A R Required
divided by the length of the beam. The properties are defined at
several positions along the beam’s length. For Dytran, all the
intermediate positions are ignored. The only relevant data occurs
when X/XB is 1.0. corresponding to end B of the beam.
A(B) Area of the cross section at end B of the beam R > 0. Required
I1(B) Area moment of inertia about the beam-element’s z-axis at end B R > 0. Required
of the beam
I2(B) Area moment of inertia about the beam-element’s y-axis at end B R > 0. Required
of the beam
J(B) Torsion constant at end B of the beam R 0.0
PBEAM 427
Beam Property
Remarks
1. This entry is an alternative to thePBARentry and defines exactly the same element and properties.
It is more complicated to use than PBAR and has no advantages. PBEAM is retained for
compatibility with MD Nastran and those modeling packages that write PBEAM entries. Use the
PBAR entry if you can.
2. A Belytschko-Schwer beam is used with a shear factor of 0.83333. The plastic moduli are
assumed to be those for a rectangular section
Zp y = 0.75 * A * I2
Zp z = 0.75 * A * I1
To specify values of Z p for other sections, use the PBEAM1 entry.

3. For more complex beam properties, use the PBEAM1 entry.
4. Note the following:
I 1 = I zz I 2 = I yy J = I xx
428 PBEAM1
Beam Properties (Belytschko-Schwer)
PBEAM1 Beam Properties (Belytschko-Schwer)
Defines complex beam properties that cannot be defined using the PBAR or PBEAM entries. These entries
are to be used only for Belytschko-Schwer elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBEAM1 PID MID FORM SHFACT SECT +
PBEAM1 1 7 BELY 0.9 RECT +
+ A I1 I2 J ZPZ ZPY +
+ +
+ CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6

+

FORM Element formulation: C Required
BELY Belytschko-Schwer
SHFACT Shear factor for the section. R 0.83333
SECT Type of section. See Remark Step 4 C RECT
A Area of the section R Blank
I1 The moment of inertia about the element z-axis R Blank
I2 The moment of inertia about the element y-axis R > 0. Blank
J The torsional stiffness of the section R  0. Blank
ZPZ Plastic modulus Zp about the element z-axis R > 0. Blank
ZPY Plastic modulus Zp about the element y-axis R > 0. Blank
CSi Geometrical definition of the cross section. The data in these R  0. See Step 4
fields depends on the type of the section.
PBEAM1 429
Remarks
1. Only the entries that are relevant for Belytschko-Schwer beam definition are listed. PBEAM1
entries that apply to Hughes-Liu beams appear earlier in this PBEAM1 discussion.
2. Note the following:
I 1 = I zz I 2 = I yy J = I xx
3. The cross-sectional properties are calculated as follows:

Step 1: If the geometry is defined in the fields CSi, the values of A, I1, I2, J, ZPZ, and ZPY
are automatically calculated.
Step 2: If a value is defined in the fields A, I1, I2, J, ZPZ, and ZPY, these values override the
values as calculated in Step 1.
Step 3: All values of CSi for a particular cross section (see Remark Step 4) must be entered for
the geometry to be defined. If not all values of CSi are supplied, then values for A, I1,
I2 and J are required, and ZPZ and ZPY have a default value of 1E20.
Step 4: The geometrical definitions for the various cross sections are defined in the element
coordinate system as follows:
430 PBEAM1
PBEAM1 431
432 PBEAM1
Beam Properties (Hughes-Liu)
PBEAM1 Beam Properties (Hughes-Liu)
Defines more complex beam properties that cannot be defined using the PBAR or PBEAMentries. The
following entries are for Hughes-Liu beam elements only.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBEAM1 PID MID FORM QUAD NUMB SHFACT SECT +
PBEAM1 1 7 HUGHES GAUSS 0.9 RSECT +
+ V1 V2 V3 V4
+ 30.1 30.1 10.0 10.0

FORM Element formulation C Required
HUGHES Hughes-Liu
QUAD Type of quadrature: C GAUSS
GAUSS Gauss quadrature
LOBATTO Lobatto quadrature
NUMB The number of integration points for Hughes-Lui beams. For Gauss 1 > 0 3
integration, the following can be specified:
1 1 point (rod element)
2 2 x 2 points (4-point circle, if tubular)
At present only 3 x 3 points are available with the
Lobatto quadrature.
SECT Type of section: C RECT
RECT Rectangular cross section
TUBE Tubular cross section
PBEAM1 433
Beam Properties (Hughes-Liu)

V1-V4 Geometric properties of the beam. The data in these fields depends Required
on the beam formulation and the type of cross section.
For Hughes formulations with rectangular cross sections:
V1 The thickness in the element y direction at grid point 1
V2 The thickness in the element y direction at grid point 2
V3 The thickness in the element z direction at grid point 1
V4 The thickness in the element z direction at grid point 2
For Hughes formulations with tubular cross sections:
V1 The outer diameter at grid point 1
V2 The outer diameter at grid point 2
V3 The inner diameter at grid point 1
V4 The inner diameter at grid point 2
Remarks
1. Only the entries that are relevant for the Hughes-Liu beam definition are listed here. PBEAM1
entries that apply to Belytschko-Schwer beams are provided in the previous PBEAM1 description.
For more complex cross-sections with the Hughes-Liu beam definition, please use the Predefined
Hughes Liu Section (HLSECTS) option.
434 PBEAM1
Beam Properties (Predefined Hughes-Liu Cross Sections)
PBEAM1 Beam Properties (Predefined Hughes-Liu Cross Sections)
Defines more complex beam properties that cannot be defined using the PBAR or PBEAM entries. The
following entries are for predefined cross sections of Hughes-Liu beam elements only.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBEAM1 PID MID FORM DATABASE SHFACT SECT +
PBEAM1 1 7 HLSECTS DYTRAN 0.9 ISECT +
+ V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 +
+ 30.1 30.1 10.0 10.0 +
+ N1(A) N2(A) N1(B) N2(B) +

+ 2.0 2.0 +
+ V9 V10 V11 V12 +

+ +
+ N1(A) N2(A) N1(B) N2(B)

+ 2.0 2.0

PID Unique property number 1>0 Required
MID Material number 1>0 PID
FORM Element formulation C Required
HLSECTS Predefined Hughes-Liu cross sections
DATABASE Cross-section database C Required
DYTRAN See figures in Remark 3. for available
cross sections.
NASTRAN See figures in Remark 4. for available
cross sections.
SECT Type of section. C Required
ZSECT Z cross-section
LSECT L cross-section
PBEAM1 435

TSECT T cross-section
USECT U/CHAN2 cross-section
ISECT I cross section
BOXSECT BOX cross-section. (MD Nastran
Database only)
HATSECT HAT cross-section. (MD Nastran
Database only)
RCBSECT “Round Corners BOX” cross-section
(MD Nastran Database only).
V1 - V4 Geometric properties of the beam. The data in these fields
depends on the beam formulation and the type of
cross section.
For Hughes formulations of the Dytran database
cross sections.
V1-V4 Cross Section Dimensions at end A R Required
V5-V8 Cross Section Dimensions at end B R Same as V1-V4
For Hughes formulations of the MD Nastran Database
cross sections:
V1-V6 Cross Section Dimensions of beam R Required
N1(A), (y,z) coordinates of neutral axis for end A and end B. See the R 0.0
N2(A), figure in Remark 2.
N1(B),
N2(B)
436 PBEAM1
Remarks
1. Only the entries that are relevant for the predefined Hughes-Liu beam definition are listed here.
PBEAM1 entries that apply to Belytschko-Schwer beams are provided in PBEAM1 (Belytschko-
Schwer).
2. The cross sections TUBE and RECT can be defined in the regular Hughes-Liu PBEAM1entry.
3. The following cross sections can be defined using the Dytran database.
PBEAM1 437
4. The following figures are part of the MD Nastran cross-sections database
.
438 PBEAM1
PBEAML 439
Beam Cross-Section Properties
PBEAML Beam Cross-Section Properties
Defines the properties of the CBARand CBEAM element by cross-sectional dimensions.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBEAML PID MID TYPE +
PBEAML 7 14 HAT +
+ DIM1 DIM2 DIM3 DIM4 DIM5 DIM6

+ .8 .1 .4 .3

TYPE Cross-section shape. See Remark 4. C Required
(TUBE, L, I, CHAN, T, BOX, BAR, Z, CHAN2, HAT, RCBOX)
DIMi Cross-section dimensions R > 0.0 Required
Remarks
1. For structural problems, PBEAML entries must reference a MAT1 orDMATEP material entry.
2. The property number PID must be unique with respect to all other PBEAMand PBEAML
property numbers.
3. The PBEAML entry is automatically translated into a Hughes-Liu PBEAMentry.
4. See the PBEAM1entry description for a discussion of beam-element geometry. The BAR and
TUBE sections are translated into Hughes-Liu PBEAM1definition with the Gaussian quadrature.
The others are divided into a predefined pattern of integration points.
440 PBEAML
5. Following is an overview of the available cross sections and the specific definitions valid for these
cross sections.
PBEAML 441
442 PBELT
Belt Property
PBELT Belt Property
Defines the properties of a belt element referenced by a CROD entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PBELT PID LOAD UNLOAD DENSITY DAMP1 DAMP2 SLACK PRESTRESS
PBELT 9 12 12 2.E-5 0.1 0.1

PID Unique belt property number I>0 Required
LOAD Number of a TABLED1defining the force as a function of strain I>0 Required
during loading. The strain at time n is specified as
engineering strain:
 length  n  – length  0  
strain  n  = ----------------------------------------------------------------
 length  0  
UNLOAD Number of a TABLED1 defining the force as a function of strain I>0 Required
during unloading. The strain at time n is specified as engineering
strain:
 length  n  – length  0  
strain  n  = ----------------------------------------------------------------
 length  0  
DENSITY Density of the belt elements as mass per unit length R > 0.0 Required
DAMP1 A damping force is added to the internal force of the belt elements R > 0.0 0.1
to damp out high frequency oscillations. The damping force is
equal to:
F damp = DAMP1 *  mass  *  dvel    dt 
where
F damp = damping force
DAMP1 = damping coefficient
mass = mass of belt element
dvel = velocity of elongation
dt = time step
DAMP2 The damping force is limited to: R > 0.0 0.1
DAMP2 * F belt
where
F belt = is the internal force in the belt element.
PBELT 443
Belt Property

SLACK Number of a TABLED1 defining the slack as a function of time. I>0 Blank
The slack must be specified as engineering strain and will be
subtracted from the element strain at time n as:
strain  n  = strain  n  – SLACK  n 
The force in the element is zero until the element strain exceeds
the slack.
PRESTRES Number of a TABLED1defining a prestress strain as a function of I>0 Blank
S time. The prestress strain must be specified as engineering strain
and will be added to the element strain at time n as:
strain  n  = strain  n  + PRESSTRESS  n 
Remarks
1. The loading and unloading curves must start at (0.0, 0.0).
2. During loading, the loading curve is applied to determine the force in the belt element. At
unloading, the unloading curve is shifted along the strain axis until it intersects the loading curve
at the point from which unloading commences. The unloading table is applied for unloading and
reloading, until the strain again exceeds the intersection point. Upon further loading, the loading
table is applied. For subsequent unloading, the sequence is repeated.
3. Belt elements are tension only elements.
4. Instantaneous slack of an element can also be initialized per element using theTICEL entry with
the keyword SLACK and a corresponding VALUE.
444 PCOMP
Layered Composite Element Property
PCOMP Layered Composite Element Property
Defines the properties of a multi-ply laminate composite material.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PCOMP PID LAM +
PCOMP 181 +
+ MID1 T1 THETA1 MID2 T2 THETA2 +

+ 171 0.056 0. 45. +
+ MID3 T3 THETA3 MID4 T4 THETA4

+ -45. 90.

LAM Symmetric lamination option: C Blank
Blank Enter all plies.
SYM Describe only plies on one side of the element center
line. (See Remark 3.)
MIDi Material number of the various plies. Identify the plies by I0 See Remark 1.
sequentially numbering them starting from 1 at the bottom
layer. The MIDs must refer to a MAT1, MAT8, DMATEP, or
DYMATzy entry.
Ti Thickness of ply i R  0 See Remark 1.
THETAi Orientation angle of the longitudinal direction of each ply with R 0.0
the material axis of the element. (If the material angle on the
element connection entry is 0.0, the material axis and side 1-2
of the element coincide.) The plies are numbered sequentially
starting with 1 at the bottom layer. (The bottom layer is defined
as the surface with the largest negative z-value in the element
coordinate system.)
PCOMP 445
Layered Composite Element Property
Remarks
1. The default under MID2, MID3, . . ., is the last-defined material, in this case MID1; for T2,
T3, . . ., all these thicknesses are equal to T1.
2. At least one of the three values (MIDi, Ti, THETAi) must be present for a ply to exist. The
minimum number of plies is one.
3. The symmetric laminate option is currently not available.
4. The thickness of the element is the sum of the ply thicknesses regardless of the values on the
CTRIA3 or CQUAD4 Bulk Data entries.
446 PCOMPA
Additional Data for Layered Composite Element Property
PCOMPA Additional Data for Layered Composite Element Property
Defines additional properties of a multi-ply laminate composite material.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PCOMPA PID FORM SHFACT REF STRDEF DT1D STRNOUT CLT
PCOMPA 10 BLT 1
+ SPINCOR
+ YES

PID Unique property number referring to a PCOMP I>0 Required
property number
FORM Element formulation C See Remark 1.
SHFACT Shear correction factor, see Remark 4. R 0.83333
REF Reference surface: C MID
TOP Reference surface is the top of the surface
MID Reference surface is the central surface
BOT Reference surface is the bottom surface
STRDEF Definition in stress-strain output: C FIBER
FIBER Stresses defined in the fiber and matrix directions.
ELEM Stresses defined in the element coordinate system
DT1D Time step skip for one-dimensional failure modes C NO
YES Skip one-dimensional failure modes
NO Normal time-step calculation
See Remark 2.
STRNOUT Strain output option C YES
YES Total strain is calculated
NO No strain is stored in memory
See Remarks 3. and 4.
PCOMPA 447
Additional Data for Layered Composite Element Property

ICLT Option to use Classical Lamination Theory I 0
1 Use the Classical Lamination Theory
0 Use the integration technique
See Remark 4.
SPINCOR Spin correction: C NO
YES No SPINCOR applied
NO SPINCOR applied
See Remark 5.
Remarks
1. For CQUAD4 elements, the default formulation is Key-Hoff. For CTRIA3 elements, the default
formulation is C0-TRIA. See the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive
Default Settingon application sensitive defaults.
2. If the failure mode is such that fiber and shear strength or matrix and shear strength are lost in all
layers, the element is not included in the time-step calculation. If the element fails completely, the
element is omitted from the time-step calculations, irrespective of the value entered in this field.
3. If the STRNOUT field is NO, the strain cannot be output.
4. If ICLT is set to 1, the analysis is performed with classical lamination theory (For more detail
about the classical lamination theory, see the Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 5: Classical
Lamination Theory (CLT) for Multilayered Shells In this case, it is not possible to request the total
strain output. The (transverse) shear correction factor input is ignored since it is calculated inside
Dytran. There is no update of the cross-sectional properties due to failure. The failure flag only
indicates that the failure condition is satisfied. Additional output for element variables is
available, namely the stress resultants (NXX, NYY, NXY, MXX, MYY, MXY, QYZ, and QZX). Also
the ABD-Q matrices of each element can be requested for output. These data are only stored in
the first layer. The variable names are AijM, BijM, DijM, and QsijM for the components of the
A-, B-, D- and Q-matrices, respectively. For example, to request the A11 of the A-matrix, the
variable name is A11M01.
5. The options for SPINCOR are:
NO No SPINCOR correction is applied

YES A SPINCOR correction is applied.
When SPINCOR = NO, slight asymmetric forces are applied to the shell element’s grid points.
This approach is, in general, acceptable up to about 10° in plane shear angle.
The SPINCOR option is required for fabric models and is turned on by default to accurately keep
track of the fiber directions.
448 PDAMP
Linear Damper Properties
PDAMP Linear Damper Properties
Defines the properties of a linear viscous damper.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PDAMP PID C
PDAMP 7 0.01

C Damping constant (force/velocity or moment/velocity) R 0.0
Remarks
1. This entry defines a linear viscous damper.
2. For a discussion of the various types of damper elements, see Lagrangian Elements.
PELAS 449
Elastic Spring Property
PELAS Elastic Spring Property
Defines the stiffness coefficient, the damping coefficient, and the stress coefficient of an elastic spring.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PELAS PID K PID K
PELAS 7 4.29 27 2.17

PID Property number I0 Required
K Spring stiffness R 0.
Remarks
1. Be cautious when using negative spring-stiffness values because values are defined directly on
some of the CELASn entry types.
2. One or two elastic spring properties may be defined on a single entry.
3. For a discussion of the various types of spring elements, see Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 2: Elements, Lagrangian Elements.
450 PELAS1
Nonlinear Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Property
PELAS1 Nonlinear Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Property
Defines the properties of nonlinear, elastic springs.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PELAS1 PID LOAD UNLOAD
PELAS1 5 25 25

LOAD Number of a TABLExx entry defining the variation of I>0 Required
force/moment (y-value) with displacement/ rotation (x-value)
during loading.
UNLOAD Number of a TABLExx entry defining the variation of 1>0 See
force/moment (y-value) with displacement/rotation (x-value) Remark 3.
during unloading.
Remarks
1. The values in the table are either force and displacement or moment and rotation, depending on
whether the spring connects translational or rotational degrees of freedom.
2. The values in the table are interpolated to determine the force/moment for a particular
displacement/rotation.
3. If UNLOAD table is not defined, unloading occurs corresponding to the LOAD curve.
4. Input for loading and unloading must be consistent. Both curves must be either completed defined
or have only positive values (start from (0.,0.)). When only positive values are defined, the curves
are mirrored automatically.
PELASEX 451
User-defined Spring Properties
PELASEX User-defined Spring Properties
Defines the properties for CELASn scalar spring elements used with user-written spring subroutines.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PELASEX PID V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
PELASEX 27 39.6 100.E6

V1-V7 User values R 0.0
Remarks
1. The seven user values are passed to the EXELAS user subroutine.
2. Dytran does no checking on the user values.
For a discussion of user-written subroutines, see Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual.
452 PELASEX
PERMEAB 453
Air Bag Permeability
PERMEAB Air Bag Permeability
Defines the permeability of a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface.

Permeability is the velocity of gas flow through a (sub)surface and is defined as a linear or tabular
function of the pressure difference over the (sub)surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PERMEAB PID PERM-C PERM-T FLOW PENV RHOENV SIEENV CP
PERMEAB 201 0.5 OUT 1.E5 1.128 2.21E5 1001.
Typ
Field Contents e Default
PID Unique number of a PERMEAB entry I>0 Required
PERM-C Permeability is a linear function of the pressure difference. R > 0 See Remark 3.
permeability = PERM – C*abs (Pinside – PENV)
For Pinside > PENV: outflow
For Pinside < PENV: inflow
PERM-T Permeability is a tabular function of the pressure difference: I>0 See Remark 3.
table contains: permeability versus |Pinside – PENV|
For Pinside > PENV: outflow
For Pinside < PENV: inflow
FLOW Defines the allowed directions of the flow. C BOTH
BOTH In- and outflow are allowed.
IN Only inflow allowed.
OUT Only outflow allowed.
PENV Environmental pressure R > 0 Required
RHOENV Environmental density R > 0 Required
SIEENV Environmental specific internal energy R > 0 Required
CP Environmental specific heat at constant pressure R > 0 See Remark 5.
Remarks
1. The PERMEAB entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPORentry.
2. When used with Euler, the entry can only be used with the single material hydrodynamic Euler or
Roe solver using an EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of state.
3. Either PERM-C or PERM-T must be specified.
454 PERMEAB
4. The values for the environment p env  PENV  ,  env  RHOENV  , e env  SIEENV  must be defined
consistent with an ideal gas equation of state:
p env =   env – 1  env e env
The  env is calculated by Dytran, and is used when inflow occurs. Inflow occurs when
p env  p inside .
5. CP is only required if updating of Euler or gas bag gas constants is done, for example if hybrid
inflators are defined.
PERMGBG 455
PERMGBG Air Bag Permeability
Defines a permeable area of a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface, connected to another GBAG.
The velocity of the gas flow through the (sub)surface is defined as a linear or tabular function of the
pressure difference.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PERMGBG FID PERM-C PERM-T FLOW GBID

FID Unique number of a PERMGBG entry I>0 Required
It can be referenced from either a GBAGPOR to model the
flow between GBAGs, or from a COUPOR to model the flow
between a Eulerian air bag and a COUPOR
PERM-C Permeability is a linear function of the pressure difference. R > 0 See Remark 3.
permeability = PERM-Cabs (Pinside – Pgbid)
The gas flow is from the higher to the lower pressure.
PERM-T Permeability is a tabular function of the pressure difference. I>0 See Remark 3.
table contains: permeability versus |Pinside – Pgbid|
The gas flow is from the higher to the lower pressure.
FLOW Defines the allowed directions of the flow. C BOTH
IN Only inflow allowed into the GBAG or the coupling
surface that references this entry.
OUT Only outflow allowed into the GBAG or the coupling
GBID Number of a GBAG entry R > 0 Required
This GBAGis the one that is connected to the GBAG or
coupling surface that references this entry.
Remarks
1. The PERMGBG entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPOR entry.
solver, using an EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of state.
3. Either PERM-C or PERM-T must be specified.
456 PEULER
Eulerian Element Properties
PEULER Eulerian Element Properties
Defines the properties of Eulerian elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PEULER PID MID TYPE
PEULER 100 25

MID Number of a DMATxxx entry defining the constitutive model I0 Required
TYPE The type of Eulerian material being used: C HYDRO
HYDRO Hydrodynamic material with no shear strength +
void
1stOrder Single material, 1st order accurate Riemann
solution-based fluids and gases Euler solver
2ndOrder Single material, 2nd order accurate Riemann
solution-based fluids and gases Euler solver
STRENGTH Structural material with shear strength + void
MMHYDRO Multimaterial hydrodynamic material with no shear
strength + void
MMSTREN Structural multimaterial with shear strength + void
Remarks
1. Make the property number unique with respect to all other property numbers.
2. The elements that reference this property use the Eulerian formulation.
3. If TYPE is set to HYDRO, only one material number for all the Eulerian elements of TYPE is used
and a hydrodynamic yield model is chosen.
4. If the TYPE is set to either 1stOrder or 2ndOrder, only one material for all Eulerian elements
of TYPE is used and the Riemann solution-based solver is chosen.
5. If TYPE is set to STRENGTH, only one material number for all the Eulerian elements of TYPE is
used and a nonhydrodynamic yield model is chosen.
6. If TYPE is set to MMHYDRO, different material numbers for all Eulerian elements of TYPE are
used and a hydrodynamic behavior is chosen for each material.
7. If TYPE is set to MMSTREN, different material numbers for all Eulerian elements of TYPE are
used and a yield model is chosen for each material.
PEULER 457
8. In a multimaterial Euler calculation, the options MMSTREN and MMHYDRO can not be mixed; they
are mutually exclusive.
9. If the material number is blank or zero, the corresponding elements are void. Note that this is not
allowed in the Riemann solution-based Euler solvers, as they do not handle void elements. If you
define void elements and select either the 1stOrder or 2ndOrder scheme, an error message
is issued and the analysis stops.
10. Initial conditions are defined on the TICEL Bulk Data entry.
458 PEULER1
PEULER1 Eulerian Element Properties
Eulerian element properties. The initial conditions of these elements are defined in geometric regions.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PEULER1 PID TYPE SID SID2
PEULER1 100 HYDRO 300 400

TYPE The type of Eulerian material(s) being used: C HYDRO
HYDRO Hydrodynamic material + void
1stOrder Single material, 1st order accurate Riemann solution-
based fluids and gases solver
2ndOrder Single material, 2nd order accurate Riemann solution-
based fluids and gases solver
STRENGTH Structural material with shear strength + void
GTH Structural material with shear strength + void
MMHYDRO Multimaterial hydrodynamic + void
MMSTREN Structural multimaterial with shear strength + void
SID Number of a TICEUL entry specifying the materials and geometric I>0 Required
grouping criteria
SID2 Number of a BOFYFR1 entry defining body force. I0 0
Remarks
1. Remarks 1 through 9 of PEULER apply also here.
2. Initial conditions and/or material assignments are defined on theTICEUL Bulk Data entry.
PLOAD 459
Pressure Loads on the Face of Structural Elements
PLOAD Pressure Loads on the Face of Structural Elements
Defines a pressure load on a triangular or quadrilateral shell or membrane element or on the face of a
Lagrangian solid element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PLOAD LID SCALE G1 G2 G3 G4
PLOAD 1 -4.0 16 32 11

LID Load set number I>0 Required
SCALE Scale factor for the pressure R 1.0
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers defining either a triangular or quadrilateral I>0 Required
surface to which the pressure is applied. For a triangular surface,
G4 is blank or zero.
Remarks
1. For quadrilateral surfaces, order the grid points G1 through G4 around the perimeter of the
surface, and number them clockwise or counterclockwise.
2. The direction of positive pressure is calculated according to the right-hand rule using the sequence
of grid points. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements, Lagrangian Elements.
3. Reference LID from a TLOADn entry.
4. The pressure p  t  at time t is given by
p  t  = SCALE * T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor and T  t  is the value interpolated from the function or table given
on the TLOADn entry at time t.
460 PLOAD4
PLOAD4 Pressure Loads on the Face of Structural Elements
Defines a load on a face of a CHEXA, CPENTA, CTETRA, CTRIA3, or CQUAD4 element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PLOAD4 LID EID P1 G1 G3/G4
PLOAD4 2 1106 10.0 48 123

LID Load set number. I>0 Required
EID Element number. I>0 Required
P1 Load per unit surface (pressure) on the face of the element. R Required
G1 Number of a grid point connected to a corner of the face. Required I>0 Required
data for solid element only (integer or blank).
G3 Number of a grid point connected to a corner diagonally opposite I>0 Required
to G1 on the same face of a CHEXA or CPENTAelement. Required
data for quadrilateral faces of CHEXAand CPENTA elements only
(integer or blank). G3 is omitted for a triangular surface on a
CPENTA element.
G4 Number of the CTETRA grid point located at the corner not on the I>0 Required
face being loaded. This is required data and is used for CTETRA
elements only.
Remarks
1. For solid (CTETRA, CPENTACTETRA) elements, the direction of positive pressure is inwards.
2. For plate elements, (CQUAD4, CTRIA3 the direction of positive pressure is the direction of the
positive normal determined by applying the right-hand rule to the sequence of the element grid-
point connectivity.
3. G1 and G3 are ignored for CTRIA3 and CQUAD4 elements.
4. For the triangular faces of CPENTA elements, G1 is a corner grid-point number that is on the face
being loaded, and the G3 or G4 field is left blank. For the faces of CTETRA elements, G1 is a
corner grid-point number that is on the face being loaded, and G4 is a corner grid-point number
that is not on the face being loaded. Since a CTETRA has only four corner grid points, this grid
point G4 is unique and different for each of the four faces of a CTETRA element.
5. If the pressure is 9999., a pressure load is not applied. Instead, it is translated to a CFACE1 entry.
This makes it easy to generate CFACE1 entries using a standard preprocessor. See Dytran User’s
Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis,Using a Modeling Program with Dytran for details. The
LID field is converted to the number of the set of faces.
PLOAD4 461
6. Reference LID by a TLOAD Bulk Data entry.

7. The pressure p  t  at time t is given by:
p  t  = SCALE * T  t 
where SCALE is the scale factor and T  t  is the value interpolated from the function or table given
on the TLOADn entry at time t .
462 PLOADEX
User-defined Pressure Load
PLOADEX User-defined Pressure Load
Defines a pressure load of which the magnitude is specified by a user subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PLOADEX LID NAME G1 G2 G3 G4
PLOADEX 100 SIDE 221 222 122 121

NAME Name of the set of pressure loads C Required
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers defining either a triangular or quadrilateral I0 Required
surface to which pressure is applied. For a triangular surface, G4
should be zero or blank.
Remarks
1. Reference LID by a TLOAD1entry.
2. The EXPLD user subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE FMS
statement.
3. See Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual for a description of user-written subroutines.
PMARKER 463
Property Definition of a Marker Element
PMARKER Property Definition of a Marker Element
Defines the behavior of the marker elements in the FV domain.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PMARKER ID TYPE
PMARKER 7 FIXED
Content
Field s Type Default
ID Marker property ID; referred to by CMARK# entries I>0 Required
TYPE Behaviour of the marker grid points in the FV domain C FIXED
FIXED the marker does not move in the FV domain.
MOVING the marker is moved by velocities in the FV domain.
Remarks
1. The PMARKER entry is ignored for elements referring to structural grid points. These structural
grid points move with the structure and the FV velocities do not change their velocity.
2. Type = FIXED: means that the marker is stationary through out the simulation and is, therefore,
not moving with the Euler velocity. If the marker grid is located outside the Eulerian domain(s),
the Marker is allowed to exist. However, no variables are recorded and they appear as zero on the
Time History plots.
3. Type = Moving: marker is moving along with the Eulerian material. When the grid point
approaches a coupling surface, there is no mechanism that prevents the marker from passing
through the coupling surface. When this happens, the marker enters an element that is covered and
motion of the grid point stops. It is allowed that the grid point moves from one Euler domain to
the other through a porous hole or a coupling surface with interactive failure.
464 PMINC
Constant Spallation Model
PMINC Constant Spallation Model
Defines a spallation model where the minimum pressure is constant.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PMINC PID VALUE FVTOL FVTOL2
PMINC 220 -370.

PID Unique PMINC number I>0 Required
VALUE The value of the minimum pressure R  0.0 See Remark 2.
FVTOL Void fraction cutoff tolerance R>0 1.E-4.
FVTOL2 Maximal void fraction that is permissible under tension. R>0 0
See Remark 4.
Remarks
1. If the pressure in an element falls below the minimum pressure, the element spalls. The pressure
and yield stress are set to zero.
2. The default for the minimum pressure for Lagrangian solids is -1.E20. For Eulerian elements, the
default is 0.0.
3. If an element spalls a void is created. To prevent too small void fractions, a void fraction is put to
zero if it is smaller than FVTOL. The default for FVTOL is 1.E-4 and works only for Eulerian
elements. This value should be decreased in case of large mass increase of material without any
reason. Voids can be created during transport of material, because of a material failure and by
unloading.
PMINC 465
Constant Spallation Model
4. With FVTOL2 =0, any void fraction in an element will lead to failure, and then no tensile stresses
are possible. In simulations in which tensile conditions are present, it can be required to allow for
tensile stresses in the presence of a small void fraction not exceeding a threshold. This threshold
is given by FVTOL2. A good value for FVTOL2 = 2*FVTOL = 2.E-4. FVTOL2 is only used for
Eulerian materials. FVTOL2 should be larger than FVTOL.
466 POREX
User-defined Porosity Model Specified by a User Subroutine
POREX User-defined Porosity Model Specified by a User Subroutine
Defines a porosity model through a user-written subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
POREX PID NAME
POREX 7 MYFLOW

FID Unique POREX number I>0 Required
NAME Name of the porosity model. See Remark 4. C Required
Remarks
1. The porosity ID (PID) must be referenced by a COUPOR entry.
2. The EXPOR user subroutine must be present in a Fortran source file that is referenced by a
USERCODE File Management Statement in the input file.
3. See the explanation in Chapter 7: User Subroutines on how to use user-written subroutines.
4. The porosity name specified in the NAME field of the POREX entry is passed to the user-written
subroutine and can be used to identify the porosity model.
PORFCPL 467
Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Hole
PORFCPL Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Hole
Defines an interaction between two coupling surfaces through a small hole. The velocity of the gas flow
through the hole is based on the pressure method.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFCPL PID FLOW CSID
PORFCPL 1 BOTH 1

PID Unique PORFCPL ID I>0 Required
FLOW Defines the allowed directions of the flow: C BOTH
IN Only inflow allowed into the COUPLE that references
this entry.
OUT Only outflow allowed into the COUPLE that references
this entry.
CSID The ID of the COUPLEentry I>0 Required
This COUPLE is the one that is connected to the coupling surface
that references this entry
Remarks
1. The PORFCPL entry can only be referenced from COUPOR entry.
2. This option can only be used in combination with PARAM, FASTCOUP, and EOSGAM material.
3. The pressure method used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub) surface is
described in the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 4: Fluid Structure Interaction, General
CouplingFor more detail on modeling flow between Eulerian domains, see PARAM, FLOW-
METHOD.
468 PORFGBG
Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Hole
PORFGBG Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Hole
Defines a hole in a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface, connected to another GBAG.

The velocity of the gas flow through the hole is based on the theory of one-dimensional gas flow through
a small orifice, and depends on the pressure difference.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFGBG FID FLOW GBID

FID Unique number of a PORFGBG entry. I>0 Required
It can be referenced from either a GBAGPOR to model the flow
between GBAGs, or from a COUPOR to model the flow between an
Eulerian air bag and a GBAG.
IN Only inflow allowed into the GBAG or the coupling surface
that references this entry.
OUT Only outflow allowed into the GBAG or the coupling
GBID Number of a GBAG entry. I>0 Required
This GBAG is the one that is connected to the GBAG or coupling
Remarks
1. The PORFGBG entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPORentry,
2. When used with Euler, this entry can only be used with the single material hydrodynamic Euler
PORFLCPL 469
Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Large Hole
PORFLCPL Flow Between Two Coupling Surfaces Through a Large Hole
Defines an interaction between two coupling surfaces through a large hole. The velocity of the gas flow
through the hole is based on the velocity method.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFLCPL PID FLOW CSID
PORFLCPL 1 BOTH 1
.

PID Unique PORFLCPL ID I>0 Required

IN Only inflow allowed into the COUPOR that references
this entry.
OUT Only outflow allowed into the COUPLE that references
this entry.
CSID The ID of the COUPLE entry. I>0 Required
This COUPLE is the one that is connected to the coupling surface
that references this entry.
Remarks
1. The PORFLCPL entry can only be referenced from COUPOR or GBAGPOR entry.
2. This option can only be used in combination with PARAM, FASTCOUP.
3. The velocity method used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub) surface is
described in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 4: Fluid Structure Interaction, General Coupling.
470 PORFLGBG
Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Large Hole
PORFLGBG Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Large Hole
Defines a hole in a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface, connected to another GBAG.

The velocity of the gasflow through the hole is based on the velocity method for an Eulerian air bag.
Example and Format

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFLGBG FID FLOW GBID MID
PORFLGBG 81 BOTH 20 4

FID Unique number of a PORFLGBG entry. I>0 Required
It can be referenced from either a GBAGPORto model the flow
between GBAGs, or from a COUPOR to model the flow
between an Eulerian air bag and a GBAG.
IN Only inflow allowed into the GBAG or the coupling
OUT Only outflow allowed into the GBAGor the coupling
GBID Number of a GBAG entry I>0 Required
This GBAG is the one that is connected to the GBAG or
coupling surface that references this entry.
MID Material number of the GBAG gas. Used only when 1. 0 See Remark 2.
connecting a GBAG to a Eulerian air bag that uses the Multi-
material Euler solver.
Remarks
1. The PORFLGBG entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPORentry,
2. Once gas from a GBAG enters a Eulerian domain, it is treated as Eulerian material. For the single
material Euler solver, only one Eulerian material is present and the material number, MID, can be
left blank. Since GBAG material is an ideal gas, it is required that Eulerian material also uses an
EOSGAM (ideal gas) equation of sate. When using the multi-material solver, the material number,
MID, has to point to one of the Eulerian materials and the equation of state of that material has to
be of type EOSGAM.
3. The velocity method used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub)surface are
PORFLGBG 471
Flow Between Two Air Bags Through a Large Hole
4. For flow between two uniform pressure air bags, the material transport is based on the theory of
one-dimensional gas flow through a small orifice, and depends on the pressure difference. This is
equivalent to the PORFLGBG entry.
472 PORFLOW
Porous Flow Boundary
PORFLOW Porous Flow Boundary
Defines the material properties for the in- or outflow of an Eulerian mesh through a porous
(SUBSURF)SURFACE.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFLOW FID TYPE1 VALUE1 TYPE2 VALUE2 TYPE3 VALUE3 +
PORFLOW 120 XVEL 100.0 +
+ TYPE4 VALUE4 -etc.-

+

FID Unique number of a PORFLOW entry I>0 Required
TYPEi The properties on the flow boundary: C Required
MATERIAL Material number
XVEL Velocity in the x-direction
YVEL Velocity in the y-direction
ZVEL Velocity in the z-direction
PRESSURE Pressure
DENSITY Density
SIE Specific internal energy
FLOW The type of flow boundary required
METHOD The method used for the material transport
VALUEi The value of the property specified in the TYPE field R or C Required
For TYPEi set to FLOW, the value is a character entry: either See Remark 4.
IN, OUT, or BOTH, indicating that the flow boundary is
For TYPEi set to METHOD, the value is a character entry: See Remark 4.
either VELOCITY or PRESSURE, indicating that the material
transport is based on the velocity method or the pressure
method. The default is VELOCITY.
PORFLOW 473
Remarks
1. Reference FID by a COUPOR entry.
2. Any material properties not specifically defined have the same value as the element that the c
segment is intersecting.
3. The SURFACE can be only a general coupling surface (see the COUPLE entry).
4. The different methods used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub)surface are
5. METHOD=VELOCITY is valid for all equation of state models.
METHOD=PRESSURE is valid for EOSGAM (ideal gas) in combination with the single material
hydrodynamic Euler solver.
6. Alternative methods are available to define holes and permeable sections in an air bag. See the
entries: COUPOR, GBAGPOR, PORHOLE, PERMEAB, PORFGBG and PERMGBG
contributes to the outflow of mass. The materials are transported in porportion to their relative
volume fractions.
474 PORFLOWT
Time-dependent Porous Flow Boundary
PORFLOWT Time-dependent Porous Flow Boundary
Definition of a time dependent flow through a porous (SUBSURF)SURFACE
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORFLOWT FID TYPE +
PORFLOWT 2 IN +
+ VELTYPE VELOCITY PRESTYP PRES

+ TABLE 101 TABLE 102


FID Unique number of a PORFLOW entry I>0 Required
TYPE IN Inflow boundary (see Remarks 2. C Both
and 3.)
Only inflow is allowed. The inflow
velocity and pressure can be optionally
specified. If not given, the values in the
adjacent Euler element is used. The
same holds for the DENSITY and SIE.
OUT Only outflow is allowed. The inflow
velocity and pressure can be optionally
specified. If not given, the values in the
adjacent Euler element are used. The
outflow boundary always uses the
material mixture present in the adjacent
Euler element.
BOTH Material is allowed to flow in or out. In-
or outflow is based on the direction of
the velocity in the adjacent Euler
element. Only pressure can be
optionally defined. If not given, the
pressure in the adjacent Euler element
is taken.
PORFLOWT 475

VELTYPE Type of velocity definition: C Element
VELOCITY Value of inflow or outflow velocity. If VELTYPE = I or R See Remark 7.
TABLE, it refers to a TABLED1 orTABLEEX ID. The
velocity direction is normal to the coupling surface or
subsurface. A positive velocity corresponds
with inflow.
PRESTYP Type of pressure definition: C See Remark 7.
PRES Value of inflow or outflow pressure. If I or R
PRESTYPE = TABLE, it refers to a TABLED1 or
TABLEEX ID.
MID Material ID of inflowing material. Input is not allowed I
for TYPE = OUT.
When MID is specified, it is required to also define
density and SIE for the inflowing material.
DENSTYP Type of density definition: C Required
when MID
is given.
DENSITY Value of density. If DENSTYP = TABLE, it refers to a I or R Required
TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. when MID
is given.
476 PORFLOWT

SIETYPE Type of density definition C Required
when MID is
given.
SIE Value of density. If SIETYPE = TABLE, it refers to a I or R Required
TABLED1 or TABLEEX ID. when MID is
given.
Remarks
2. Any material properties not specifically defined have the same value as the element that the
(SUBSURF)SURFACEsegment is intersecting.
4. The different methods used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub)surface are
These are METHOD=VELOCITY and METHOD=PRESSURE. For PORFLOWT, the VELOCITY
method is used. The PRESSURE method is not available.
5. Alternative methods are available to define holes and permeable sections in an air bag. See the
entries: COUPOR, GBAGPOR, PORHOLE, PERMEAB, PORFGBG, and PERMGBG.
contributes to the outflow of mass. The materials are transported in porportion to their relative
volume fractions.
7. The boundary condition initiates or determines a wave in compressible material like gas and
water. This can be either an outgoing or an ingoing wave. For stability, it is important that the
waves created are compatible with the flow type near the boundary. Relevant flow types are
subsonic inflow, subsonic outflow, supersonic inflow, and supersonic outflow. For example, for
subsonic inflow, prescribing both pressure and velocity would initiate outgoing waves. Outgoing
waves for an inflow boundary condition is known to be instable. However, for supersonic inflow,
you can specify both pressure and velocity since there are no outgoing waves at a supersonic
inflow boundary.
8. When a TABLEEX is referenced, the EXFUNC user subroutine must be created. See TABLEEX for
more details.
PORHOLE 477
Holes in Air Bag Surface
PORHOLE Holes in Air Bag Surface
Defines a hole in a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface.

The velocity of the gas flow through the hole is based on the theory of one-dimensional gas flow through
a small orifice and depends on the pressure difference.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORHOLE FID FLOW PENV RHOENV SIEENV CP
PORHOLE 301 0.1 1.1E-12 2.2E11

PID Unique number of a PORHOLE entry I>0 Required
PENV Environmental pressure R>0 Required
RHOENV Environmental density R>0 Required
SIEENV Environmental specific internal energy R>0 Required
CP Environmental specific heat at constant pressure R>0 See Remark 4.
Remarks
1. The PORHOLE entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPORentry.
2. When used with Euler, this entry can only be used with the single material hydrodynamic Euler
3. The values for the environment p env (PENV),  env (RHOENV), e env (SIEENV) must be defined
consistent with an ideal-gas equation of state:
478 PORHYDST
PORHYDST Porous Flow Boundary
Prescribes a hydrostatic pressure profile on a porous (SUB)SURFACE.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORHYDST FID
PORHYDST 120

FID Unique number of a PORHYDST entry I>0 Required
Remarks
2. The velocity and outflow density have the same value as the element that the
(SUB)SURFACEsegment is intersecting.
4. It is required that the coupling surface refers to a HYDSTAT entry. This HYDSTAT entry will be
used to prescribe a hydrostatic pressure profile on the subsurface. For example, the water level
and atmospheric pressure are taken from the HYDSTAT entry. This defines the pressure and the
inflow density.
5. In contributions of the surface to the Euler elements, the pressure gradient across the surface is
taken into account. Therefore, splitting up of the surface and creating new PORHYDST entries
does not increase the accuracy of the prescribed pressures. If the water level and atmospheric
pressure are the same in the whole region outside the coupling surface, using one PHORHYDST
entry is sufficient.
6. The atmospheric pressure is prescribed on those parts of the surface that are above the water level.
PORLHOLE 479
Large Hole in Air Bag Surface
PORLHOLE Large Hole in Air Bag Surface
Defines a hole in a couple and/or GBAG (sub)surface.

The velocity of the gasflow through the hole is based on the velocity method for an Eulerian air bag.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PORLHOLE FID FLOW PENV RHOENV SIEENV CP +
PORLHOLE 301 0.1 1.1E-12 2.2E11 +
+ MID
+ 3

PID Unique number of a PORLHOLE entry I>0 Required.
FLOW Defines the allowed directions of the flow: C BOTH.
PENV Environmental pressure R>0 Required.
RHOENV Environmental density R>0 Required.
SIEENV Environmental specific internal energy R>0 Required.
CP Environmental specific heat at constant pressure R>0 See Remark 4.
MID Material number of the environmental material 1>0 See Remark 2.
Remarks
1. The PORLHOLE entry can be referenced from a COUPOR and/or GBAGPOR entry.
When using the multi-material solver, the material number, MID, has to point to one of the
Eulerian materials and the equation of state of that material has to be of type EOSGAM.
3. The values for the environment p env (PENV),  env (RHOENV), e env (SIEENV) must be defined
consistent with an ideal-gas equation of state:
480 PORLHOLE
Large Hole in Air Bag Surface
5. The velocity method used to calculate the material transport through a porous (sub)surface are
6. For in and out flow of an uniform pressure air bag (GBAG), the material transport is based on the
theory of one-dimensional gas flow through a small orifice, and depends on the pressure
difference. This is equivalent to the PORHOLE entry.
PROD 481
Rod Property
PROD Rod Property
Defines the properties of a rod that is referenced by theCRODentry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PROD PID MID A
PROD 17 23 42.6

PID Property number I>0 Required
A Cross-sectional area of the rod R > 0. Required
Remark
All PROD entries must have unique property numbers.
482 PSHELL
Shell-Element Properties
PSHELL Shell-Element Properties
Defines the properties of shell elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSHELL PID MID1 T MID2 MID3 +
PSHELL 10 100 0.01 101 102 +
+ MID4 ICLT
+ 103

PID Unique property number referring to a PSHELL I>0 Required
property number
MID1 Material number, see Remark 4. and 7. I0 PID
T Default value for element thickness R  0 See Remark 5.
MID2 Material number for bending I0 See Remark 7.
MID3 Material number for transverse shear I0 See Remark 7.
MID4 Material number for membrane-bending coupling I0 See Remark 7.
ICLT Option to use classical lamination theory, see Remark 7. I 0
Remarks
1. The property number must be unique with respect to all other properties.
2. Shell of constant thickness with three-point Gauss integration and a transverse shear correction
factor of 0.83333 are assumed. For shells using the classical lamination theory option no shear
correction factor is applied. The transverse shear stiffness is input as material property using a
MAT2 entry. For CQUAD4 elements, the formulation is Key-Hoff and for CTRIA3 elements the
formulation is C0-TRIA.
3. If the thickness is set to 9999, all the elements with this property ID are not treated as CQUAD4and
CTRIA3 elements but are converted to CSEGentries. This allows CSEG to be defined easily using
standard preprocessors. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Modeling of
Surfaces and Faces for details.
4. Material entries that can be referenced by shell elements defined on the PSHELL entry can be
found in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 3: Materials.
5. If the thickness is set to blank or 0.0, the thickness on the CTRIA3 and CQUAD4 must be defined.
6. See also Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive Default Setting.
PSHELL 483
7. If ICLT is set to 1, the shells will be analyzed using the classical lamination theory. In this case
MID1, MID2, MID3 and MID4 refer to membrane, bending, transverse shear and membrane-
bending coupling materials, respectively. All these materials must be filled in and they refer to a
MAT2 entry. In this case, the material angles in the element connectivity entries are ignored. More
information about Classical Lamination Theory for Shells can be found in the Dytran Theory
Manual, Chapter 5: Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) for Multilayered Shells
The element outputs are NXX, NYY, NXY, MXX, MYY, MXY, QYZ, and QZX. These are general
forces per unit length. For more detail description about these forces, see the Dytran
Theory Manual.
484 PSHELL1
PSHELL1 Shell-Element Properties
Defines the properties of Lagrangian shell elements that are much more complicated than the shell
elements defined using the PSHELL entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSHELL1 PID MID FORM QUAD NUMB SHFACT REF SPINCOR +
PSHELL1 7 2 BLT GAUSS 5 0.9 MID YES +
+ T1 T2 T3 T4 TRANSHR SHRLCK ADDRES LENVEC

+ 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

MID Material number. See Remark 2. I0 PID
FORM Shell formulation: C See Remark 3.
HUGHES Hughes-Liu
BLT Belytschko-Lin-Tsay
KEYHOFF Key-Hoff
C0-TRIA C0 triangle
MEMB Membrane element (no bending)
DUMMY Dummy element
QUAD Type of quadrature: C GAUSS
GAUSS Gauss quadrature
LOBATTO Lobatto quadrature
NUMB The number of integration points through the thickness. For I>0 3
Gauss and Lobatto quadrature:
1 1 point (membrane element)
2 2 point
3 3 point
4 4 point
5 5 point
SHFACT Shear factor R 0.83333
PSHELL1 485

REF Reference surface (see Remark 14.): C MID
TOP Reference surface is the top surface.
MID Reference surface is the central surface.
BOT Reference surface is the bottom surface.
SPINCOR Spin correction C See Remark 13.
NO No SPINCOR applied
YES SPINCOR is applied
T1...T4 Element thickness at the grid points R  0.0 See Remark 8.
TRANSHR Method of transverse-shear calculation: C See Remark 10.
LINEAR Linear transverse shear
CONSTANT Constant transverse shear
CONAPX Approximated constant transverse shear
SHRLCK Shear-lock avoidance: C See Remark 10.
AVOID Avoid shear lockup
NOAVOID No avoid
ADDRES Stores grid-point addresses in memory C See Remark 10.
SAV Save addresses.
NOSAVE Do not save.
LENVEC Vector length I See Remark 10.
Remarks
1. Shells of constant thickness with three-point Gauss integration are more easily defined using the
PSHELL entry.
2. Material entries that can be referenced by shell elements can be found in Materials.
3. For CQUAD4 elements, the default formulation is KEYHOFF. For CTRIA3elements, the default
formulation is CO-TRIA. See also Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive
Default Settings.
4. Make the property number unique with respect to all other properties.
5. If the thickness T is set to 9999., all elements with this property number are not treated as
CQUAD4 and CTRIA3 elements but are converted to CSEG entries. This conversion allows
CSEGs to be defined easily using standard preprocessors. See Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Using a Modeling Program with Dytran for details.
6. Membrane elements can only be triangular and must reference a DMAT or DMATEL material
entry. In case the HUGHES shell formulation is used, only an elastic material can be referred to.
486 PSHELL1
7. Dummy elements are used to define rigid bodies or to achieve a closed volume when defining
coupling surfaces. Do not use them to create CSEG entries.
8. If the thickness is set to blank or 0.0, the thickness is defined on the CTRIA3and CQUAD4 entry.
9. Specifying QUAD and NUMB is not necessary if FORM is MEMB.
10. The following defaults apply:
BLT HUGHES KEYHOFF

TRANSHR Not Available Not Available LINEAR
SHRLCK NOAVOID Not Available AVOID
ADDRES SAVE Not Available SAVE
LENVEC LENVEC Not Available LENVEC
11. When shell elements undergo large twisting, the linear transverse shear calculations must be used
(TRANSHR). It increases accuracy at the expense of more computer time.
12. The default vector length for vector machines is used whenever LENVEC is not defined.
Increasing the vector length is usually more efficient, but requires more memory. In some
problems a recurrence in the force update may inhibit vectorization on vector machines.
Decreasing the vector length may avoid the recurrence. Examine the problem output for
information on this recurrence.
13. The options for SPINCOR are:
NO No SPINCOR correction is applied
YES A SPINCOR correction is applied.
When SPINCOR = NO, slight asymmetric forces are applied to the shell element’s grid points.
This approach is, in general, acceptable up to about 10° in plane shear angle.
The SPINCOR option is required for fabric models and is turned on by default to accurately keep
track of the fiber directions.
14. REF defines the location of the integration pints in the thickness direction. An example for three
integration points (x):
x
REF= MID G1 *----------x-----------* G2
x
REF=TOP G1 *----------x-----------* G2
x
x
x
x
REF= BOT G1 *----------x-----------* G2
PSOLID 487
Lagrangian Solid-Element Properties
PSOLID Lagrangian Solid-Element Properties
Defines the properties of Lagrangian solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSOLID PID MID IN ISOP
PSOLID 2 100

MID Material number. See Remark 2. I>0 PID
IN Integration network 1 > = 0,C See Remark 3.
1 or ONE use one integration network.
2 or TWO use two integration network.
ISOP Integration scheme 1 > = 0,C See Remark 3.
0 or REDUCED use reduced integration scheme.
1 or FULL use full integration scheme.
Remarks
1. The property number must be unique with respect to all other property numbers.
2. Material entries that can be referenced by Lagrangian solid elements are given in Dytran Theory
Manual,Chapter 3: Materials.
3. IN is a sort of minimum number of integration points in which the element does not have zero
energy displacement patterns. For CHEXA (CPENTA, it is 1 x 1 x 1. Therefore, the right value for
IN is 1 or 2. The ISOP option is for choosing how the element strains should eventually be
calculated. For now, when IN = 2, the right option for ISOP is 1 for full integration and 0 for
reduced integration. When IN = 1, the correct option for ISOP is 1.
The default for CTETRA uses linear tetrahedron FE scheme (IN = 1 and ISOP = 1). The
collapsed hexahedron scheme for CTETRA (IN = 2 and ISOP = 0) is deactivated. Please use
PARAM,OLDLAGTET,1 to activate it. If PARAM is set, then old scheme for CTETRA is default.
But, it is still possible to use the new TET by using a separate PSOLID with the right IN =1 and
ISOP = 1 combination.
488 PSOLID
Lagrangian Solid-Element Properties
The default for CHEXA and CPENTA uses reduced integration scheme (IN = 2 and
ISOP = 0). IN = 2 or TWO and ISOP = 1 or FULL means using two integration network.
If other combinations are used, they are set to default.
Only limited features are supported for elements with the IN = 2 and ISOP = FULL scheme.
The current version supports only MATRIG,DMATEL, DMAT-EOSPOL-SHREL-YDLVM, and
DMAT-EOSPOL-SHRLVE.
To activate the CTETRA element based on linear tetrahedrom FE formulation, use IN = 1 and
ISOP = 1.
4. Use the PEULER entry to define the properties of the Eulerian elements.
PSPR 489
Linear-Elastic Spring Properties
PSPR Linear-Elastic Spring Properties
Defines the properties for a linear-elastic spring with failure.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSPR PID K FAILMTF FAILMCF
PSPR 8 20.0E3

K Elastic stiffness (force/displacement) R>0 Required
FAILMTF Tensile failure force R>0 No failure
FAILMCF Compressive failure force R>0 No failure
Remarks
1. This entry defines a linear-elastic spring with failure. PSPR1 can be used to define
nonlinear springs.
2. The behavior of this spring is discussed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements,
Lagrangian Elements.
490 PSPR1
Nonlinear-Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Properties
PSPR1 Nonlinear-Elastic Spring with Hysteresis Properties
Defines the properties for a nonlinear spring where the stiffness varies with displacement.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSPR1 PID LOAD UNLOAD
PSPR1 8 15 15

LOAD Number of a TABLExx entry defining the variation of force (y- I > 0 Required
value) with displacement (x-value) during loading.
UNLOAD Number of a TABLExx entry defining the variation of force 1>0 See Remark 2.
(y-value) with displacement (x-value) during unloading.
Remarks
1. The values in the table are interpolated to determine the force for a particular displacement.
2. If the UNLOAD table is not defined, unloading occurs corresponding to the LOAD curve.
3. Input for loading and unloading must be consistent. Both curves must be either completed defined
or have only positive values (start from (0.,0.)). When only positive values are defined, the curves
are automatically mirrored.
4. The behavior of this spring is discussed in Dytran User’s Guide, Lagrangian Elements.
PSPREX 491
PSPREX User-defined Spring Properties
Defines the properties for CSPR spring elements that are used with user-written spring subroutines.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PSPREX PID V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
PSPREX 27 39.6 100.E6

Remarks
1. The seven user values are passed to the EXSPR user subroutine.
2. Dytran does no checking of the user values.
Chapter 2: Elements, Lagrangian Elements
4. For a discussion of how to use user-written subroutines, see Chapter 7: User Subroutines in
this manual.
492 PVISC
Linear-Damper Properties
PVISC Linear-Damper Properties
Defines the properties of a linear viscous damper.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PVISC PID C PID C
PVISC 7 0.01

PID Unique property number. I>0 Required
C Damping constant. R 0.0
Remarks
1. This entry defines a linear viscous damper. PVISC1can be used to define nonlinear dampers.
2. The behavior of this type of damper is discussed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements,
Lagrangian Elements
PVISC1 493
Nonlinear Damper Properties
PVISC1 Nonlinear Damper Properties
Defines the properties of a nonlinear damper where the damping constant varies with the velocity.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PVISC1 PID TABLE
PVISC1 8 236

PID Unique property number. I>0 Required
TABLE Number of a TABLExx entry defining the variation of the force (y- I > 0 Required
value) with velocity (x-value).
Remarks
1. This entry defines the properties of a nonlinear damper. Use the PVISC entry to define
linear dampers.
2. The values in the table are interpolated to get the force for a particular velocity.
3. The behavior of this damper is discussed in Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 2: Elements,
Lagrangian Elements.
494 PVISCEX
User-defined Damper Properties
PVISCEX User-defined Damper Properties
Defines the properties for CVISC damper elements used with user-written subroutines.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PVISCEX PID V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
PVISCEX 27 39.6 100.E6

Remarks
1. The seven user values are passed to the EXVISC user subroutine.
2. Dytran does no checking on the user-supplied values.
3. For a discussion of the various types of damper elements, see Dytran User’s Guide,
Chapter 2: Elements, Lagrangian Elements. For a discussion of user-written subroutines, see
Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual.
PWELD 495
Spotweld Property
PWELD Spotweld Property
Defines the properties of a spotweld connection between two grid points. It is referenced by the CROD
or CBAR entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PWELD PID FAILTENS FAILCOMP FAILSHEA FAILTORQ FAILBEND FAILTOTF FAILTOTM +
PWELD 101 1.E5 +
+ FAILTIME
+

FAILTENS Failure force in tension R  0.0 No failure
FAILCOMP Failure force in compression R  0.0 No failure
FAILSHEA Failure force in shear R  0.0 No failure
FAILTORQ Failure torque R  0.0 No failure
FAILBEND Failure bending moment R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTF Failure total force R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTM Failure total moment R  0.0 No failure
FAILTIME Failure based on time R  0.0 No failure
Remarks
1. A spotweld is treated as a rigid body with its inertia properties calculated by lumping the
properties of the end points.
A set of spotwelds and/or BJOINs connected to each other is treated as one rigid body.
Lumping of the initial positions and velocities:
The lumped rigid-body mass is not zero:
• The initial positions and velocities are lumped using mass-weighting.
• If a grid point has zero mass, it’s initial position and velocity is ignored.
The lumped rigid-body mass is zero:
• The initial positions and velocities are lumped by averaging.
• Boundary conditions allocated to the grid points are combined, if possible.
496 PWELD
Spotweld Property
When failure of a spotweld that is connected to other spotweld(s) and/or BJOINs occurs, the rigid-
body lumped properties and boundary conditions are redefined.
2. If the end points of a spotweld coincide, the direction vector cannot be determined. As a result,
no components of tension, compression, shear, torque, and bending can be calculated. Instead, the
total force or moment is used to check for failure against the specified failure criteria:
a. The total force acting on the spotweld is checked against:
FAILTENS
FAILCOMP
FAILSHEA
FAILTOTF
b. The total moment acting on the spotweld is checked against:
FAILTORQ
FAILBEND
FAILTOTM
The spotweld fails if one of the above criteria is satisfied.
3. All failure modes are checked simultaneously.
4. An overview of the generated spotwelds and BJOINs can be requested. See
PARAM,INFO-BJOIN.
5. You have access to the results of the spotweld elements by requesting for results of the
corresponding CROD or CBAR elements.
The variables are only calculated for spotwelds with a failure criterion. They are described
as follows:
FAIL Failure time

XFORCE Tension/compression force in the spotweld
YFORCE CROD Shear force in the spotweld in direction of shear vector at end point 1
CBAR Shear force in the spotweld in the local y-direction, see CBAR for
sign convention
ZFORCE CROD Shear force in the spotweld in direction of shear vector at end point 2
CBAR Shear force in the spotweld in the local z-direction, see CBAR for
sign convention
XMOMENT Torque in the spotweld
YMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in direction of bending moment vector at end
point 1
ZMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in direction of bending moment vector at end
point 2
PWELD 497
Spotweld Property
FIBL1 Mode of failure:

0 Not failed
1 Failed on TAILTENS
2 Failed on FAILCOMP
3 Failed on FAILSHEA
4 Failed on FAILTORQ
5 Failed on FAILBEND
6 Failed on FAILTOTF
7 Failed on FAILTOTM
8 Failed on FAILTIME
498 PWELD1
Skin-Stringer Delamination
PWELD1 Skin-Stringer Delamination
Defines the properties of a skin-stringer connection with delamination or rupture criteria. The PWELD1
entry is referenced by a CROD entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PWELD1 PID FAILTENSL FAILCOMPL FAILSHEAL FAILTORQL FAILBENDL FAILTOTFL FAILTOTML +
PWELD1 101 20.0 +
+ FAILTIME POSITION
+ UPPER

FAILTENSL Tensile failure force per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILCOMPL Compressive failure force per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILSHEAL Shear failure force per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILTORQL Torque failure moment per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILBENDL Bending failure moment per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTFL Total failure force per unit length R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTML Total failure moment per unit length R  0.0 No failure
POSITION Position of the stringer with respect to the skin element it is C MID
connected to:
MID Stringer and skin are at the same location.
UPPER Stringer is located on the upper side of the skin.
LOWER Stringer is located on the lower side of the skin.
Remarks
1. Connecting beam and shell grid points by a CROD element that references a PWELD1 entry
defines a spotweld connection. The PWELD1 entry defines the failure criteria for the
spotweld connection.
2. The spotweld connection is treated as a rigid body with the properties calculated by lumping the
properties of the end points it connects.
When the lumped rigid-body mass is not equal to zero:
• The initial positions and velocities are lumped using mass weighting.
PWELD1 499
• If a grid point has a zero mass, its initial position and velocity are ignored.
When the lumped rigid-body mass is equal to zero:
• Boundary conditions defined for the grid points of the connection are combined
when possible.
3. The end point a of the CROD is the connecting point of the skin (shell element), and end point 2
is the connecting point of the stringer (beam element).
4. The failure force and/or moment criteria are defined per unit length, where the length is defined
by the length of all beam (stringer) elements connected to the spotweld element. Each stringer
contributes half of its length to the spotweld. The resulting forces and moments per unit length,
acting on the spotweld are checked against the failure criteria as defined on the PWELD1 entry.
5. The position of the beam (stringer) element with respect to the shell (skin) element it is connected
to, should be defined by considering the orientation of the element’s local y-z coordinate axes.
The normal to the skin coincides with the z s axis. The upper side of the skin is defined by the
direction the normal points to. Figure 5-13 illustrates the definition of the upper- and the lower-
side positioning of the connection.
Figure 5-13 Definition of the Upper- and the Lower-side Positioning
6. The direction of the normal at the location of the spotweld connection is defined as the average
of the normal vectors of all connected shell (skin) elements. The average direction is used in
the calculation of the failure criteria. The length of the spotweld element is small and assumed to
be zero. As a result, the forces acting at the end points of the spotweld do not introduce
additional moments.
500 PWELD1
7. In case the position is defined as MID, the direction of the spotweld element cannot be determined.
As a result, the tensile, compressive and shear force components, as well as the torque and
bending moment components cannot be computed. The failure criteria is based on the total force
and/or moment. Note that the output for the force components is the total force, and the output for
the moment components is the total moment.
8. The total force acting on the spotweld is checked against:
FAILTENSL
FAILCOMPL
FAILSHEAL
FAILTOTL
The total moment acting on the spotweld is checked against:
FAILTORQL
FAILBENDL
FAILTOTML
The spotweld connection fails if any of the above criteria is met.
9. All failure criteria are checked simultaneously. If any of the failure criteria is met, the connection
will fail.
10. Tensile and compressive loading is evaluated in the direction of the normal to the surface. The
shear load is evaluated in the plane of the surface. A positive load on the spotweld element in the
direction of the normal (the XFORCE) indicates tensile loading. A negative load indicates
compressive loading. Note that you input both the tensile and compressive failure criteria as
positive numbers.
11. The shear load is evaluated in the plane to the normal. The output value on the connecting element
is always positive, as the direction of the shear in the plane is irrelevant for failure.
12. The torque is evaluated as the moment about the normal to the surface. The bending moment is
evaluated in the plane to the normal. The output of the moments on the connecting element is
always positive, as the direction of the moments is irrelevant for failure.
13. An overview of the generated spotwelds can be requested by the entry PARAM,INFO-BJOIN.
See the reference page for more details.
14. You can access the results of the spotweld elements for output by requesting results for the
corresponding CROD elements. The variables listed below are available only for CROD elements
that have been used to define a spotweld element:
XFORCE Tensile/compressive force in the spotweld

YFORCE Shear force in the direction of the shear vector at end point 1
ZFORCE Shear force in the direction of the shear vector at end point 2
YMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in the direction of the bending
moment vector at end point 1
PWELD1 501
ZMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in the direction of the bending

moment vector at end point 2
FIBL1 Failure mode:
0 Not failed
1 Failed on tension
2 Failed on compression
3 Failed on shear
4 Failed on torque
5 Failed on bending
6 Failed on total force
7 Failed on total moment
15. When you have not defined any failure criteria, the output results on the CROD elements that
define the connection are all zero. The failure evaluation and computation is skipped in this case
for performance reasons. If you want to see the actual load on the connecting elements, but do no
wish to introduce any failure, you have to define at least one criterion with a large enough value
to ensure there is no failure. Any value less than 1.0E20 suffices.
16. Spotwelds for a skin-stringer connection can also be defined using a BJOIN entry with the
TYPE set to RUPTURE. Note that in case you use the BJOIN option, you do not have access to
the results on the connection as you have when using the PWELD1 definition. The
BJOINconnection does not use the CRODelements as the connecting entities and therefore no
output on the connection is available.
502 PWELD2
Sandwich Structure Delamination
PWELD2 Sandwich Structure Delamination
Defines the failure properties for delamination/peeling of the facing and core connection of a sandwich
structure. The PWELD2 entry is referenced by a CRODentry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PWELD2 PID FAILTENSA FAILCOMPA FAILSHEA FAILTORQA FAILBENDA FAILTOTFA FAILTOTMA +
PWELD2 101 1.0 +
+ FAILTIME

FAILTENSA Tensile failure force per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILCOMPA Compressive failure force per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILSHEAA Shear failure force per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILTORQA Torque failure moment per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILBENDA Bending failure moment per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTFA Total failure force per unit area R  0.0 No failure
FAILTOTMA Total failure moment per unit area R  0.0 No failure
Remarks
1. The PWELD2 connection can only be used for a shell (facing) to solid (core) element connection.
2. The sandwich structure is modeled using shell and solid elements. The connection of the facing
and the core is modeled by connecting the shell and solid element’s grid points with CROD
elements. The CROD elements should refer to a PWELD2 entry.
3. When the facing-core connection has not yet failed, it is treated as a rigid body with the properties
calculated by lumping the properties of the end points it connects.
When the lumped rigid-body mass is not equal to zero:
• The initial positions and velocities are lumped using mass weighting.
• If a grid point has a zero mass, its initial position and velocity are ignored.
When the lumped rigid-body mass is equal to zero:
PWELD2 503
• Boundary conditions defined for the grid points of the connection are combined
when possible.
4. End point 1 of the CROD is the connecting point of the facing (shell element) and end point 2 is
the connecting point of the core (solid element).
5. The failure criteria are based on forces and moments per unit area. The area associated with a
connection is equal to the sum of the areas of the connected shell (facing) elements. Each facing
elements contributes one quarter of its area to the weld connection in case of a quad element
(CQUAD4), and one third in case of a triangular element (CTETRA). The resulting forces and
moments are checked against the failure criteria defined on the PWELD2 entry.
6. All failure criteria are checked simultaneously. If any of the failure criteria is met, the
connection fails.
7. Since the solid element grid points have only three degrees of freedom (translation only), there is
no contribution of moments or rotations to the spotweld element from the solid's grid points. The
contribution of the moment and rotation comes entirely from the connected shell elements.
8. The face of a solid element that is connected to the shell (facing) element determines the direction
of the normal to the surface. The normal to the surface always points outwards. The normal is used
as the direction vector in the computation of the failure criteria for compression and tension. The
direction of the normal is defined as the average of the normal vectors of the connected core
element's faces.
9. Tensile and compressive loading is evaluated in the direction of the normal to the surface. The
shear load is evaluated in the plane to the normal. A positive load on the spotweld element in the
direction of the normal (the XFORCE) indicates tensile loading. A negative load indicates
compressive loading. Note that you input both the tensile and compressive failure criteria as
positive numbers.
10. The shear load is evaluated in the plane to the normal. The output of the shear load on the
connecting element is always positive, as the direction of the shear in the plane is irrelevant
for failure.
11. The torque is evaluated as the moment about the normal to the surface. The bending moment is
evaluated in the plane to the normal. The output of the moments on the connecting element is
always positive, as the direction of the moments is irrelevant for failure.
12. An overview of the generated connections can be requested by the entry PARAM,INFO-BJOIN.
For more details, see the parameter BJOIN reference page.
13. You can access the results of the spotweld elements for output by requesting results for the
corresponding CRODelements. The variables listed below are available only for CROD elements
that have been used to define a spotweld element:
XFORCE Tensile/compressive force in the spotweld

YFORCE Shear force in the direction of the shear vector at the facing
ZFORCE Shear force in the direction of the shear vector at the core
504 PWELD2
YMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in the direction of the bending

moment vector at the facing
ZMOMENT Bending moment in the spotweld in the direction of the bending
moment vector at the core
FIBL1 Failure mode:
0 Not failed
1 Failed on tension
2 Failed on compression
3 Failed on shear
4 Failed on torque
5 Failed on bending
6 Failed on total force
7 Failed on total moment
14. When you have not defined any failure criteria, the output results on the CROD elements that
define the connection will all be zero. The failure evaluation computations are skipped in this case
for performance reasons. If you want to see the actual load on the connecting elements, but do not
wish to introduce any failure, you have to define at least one criterion with a large enough value
to ensure there is no failure. Any value less than 1.0E20 suffices.
RBC3 505
Rigid-Body Constraint
RBC3 Rigid-Body Constraint
Defines a three-point constraint on a RIGID surface, a MATRIG, or RBE2-FULLRIG rigid body.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RBC3 RID MID C G1 G2 G3 +
RBC3 3 MR5 12 26 23 27 +
+ X1 X2 X3 Y1 Y2 Y3 +
+ +
+ Z1 Z2 Z3
+

RID Unique rigid-body constraint number I>0 Required
MID Number, MR<Number>, or FR<Number>, where a number C or I Required
refers to a RBE2surface, MR<Number> refers to a MATRIG,
and FR<Number> refers to an RBE2-FULLRIG entry.
C Component number of local coordinate (any unique I>0 See Remark 3.
combination of the digits 1 through 6 with no embedded
blanks).
G1, G2, G3 Grid-point numbers defining the RBC3 coordinate system I>0 See Remark 1.
X1, X2, X3, Coordinates of three points defining the RBC3 R See Remark 1.
Y1, Y2, Y3, coordinate system shown below.
Z1, Z2, Z3
506 RBC3
Rigid-Body Constraint
Remarks
1. If G1, G2, and G3 are specified, then the RBC3 coordinate system is determined by the grid points.
The position vectors for G1, G2, and G3 are denoted by v1, v,2 and v3, respectively. If G1, G2,
and G3 are not specified, then the coordinate system is either specified by the vectors v1 = (X1,
Y1, Z1), v2 = (X2, Y2, Z2) and v3 = (X3, Y3, Z3) if X1 through Z3 are specified, or by the
vectors v1 = (0, 0, 0), v2 (1, 0, 0), and v3 = (0, 1, 0), by default. The local x-axis is the normalized
vector v2-v1. The local z-axis is the normalized cross product of the vectors v2-v1 and v3-v1 and
is thus perpendicular to the plane spanned by these vectors. The local y-axis is the cross product
of the local z- and x-axis.
2. The grid points G1, G2, and G3 must be unique. Also, the vectors (X1, X2, X3), (Y1, Y2, Y3),
and (Z1, Z2, Z3) must be unique.
3. The translational and rotational constraints are applied to the center of gravity of the rigid body
in the local coordinate system.
RBE2 507
Rigid-Body Element
RBE2 Rigid-Body Element
Defines a set of grid points that form a rigid element.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RBE2 EID G1 CM G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 +
RBE2 9 8 12 10 12 14 15 16 +
+ G7 G8 THRU G10 -etc.-

+ 20 25 THRU 32

EID Number of the rigid-body element I>0 Required
G1..Gn Grid-point numbers with degrees of freedom that are I>0 Required
specified by CM are coupled.
CM Component numbers of the grid points that are coupled. See Remark 7. Required
These are in the basic coordinate system. The components
are indicated by any of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 with no
embedded blanks. Combinations are allowed, e.g., 12,
123. In case the rigid element should behave as a full rigid
body, CM should read FULLRIG.
Remarks
1. The element number should be unique with respect to all other rigid element numbers.
2. The RBE2 definition allows particular degrees of freedom of a set of grid points to be coupled so
that the grid points always move the same amount. The motion of the set of grid points is the
weighted average of the motion of all the grid points for the degrees of freedom coupled through
the RBE2 definition.
3. The component numbers refer to the basic coordinate system.
4. Loads, initial velocities, or constraints should be applied to the first (master) grid point. They are
then applied to the coupled degrees of freedom for all the grid points defined on the RBE2 entry.
5. Both rotational and translational degrees of freedom can be coupled.
6. Grid points associated with rigid surfaces cannot be part of an RBE2 grid point list.
7. Instead of defining coupled components, it is possible to define the RBE2entry as a single rigid
body by using the FULLRIG option. The geometric properties of the rigid body are calculated
from the geometry and the mass of the grid points.
8. Grid points referred to by the JOIN entry cannot be part of an RBE2 grid point list.
508 RBE2
Rigid-Body Element
9. It is possible to merge an RBE2entry with a MATRIG entry by using the FULLRIG option and
PARAMMATRMERG or PARAM,MATRMRG1. A normal RBE2 entry (with constraint) however
cannot be merged with a MATRIG entry or an RBE2-FULLRIG entry.
10. By using PARAM,CFULLRIG, all 123456 constraints on a normal RBE2 are automatically
converted to the FULLRIG option.
11. By using PARAM,RBE2INFO,GRIDON, the grid points of the RBE2are listed in the output file.
12. Lagrangian Elements for a description of the use of RBE2.
RBHINGE 509
Rigid Body Hinge
RBHINGE Rigid Body Hinge
Defines a hinge between a rigid body and a deformable structure on the common six degrees of freedom.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RBHINGE RID MID C G1 G2 THRU G3 BY +
RBHINGE 1 14 456 1 10 THRU 100 BY +
+ G5 -etc.-
+ 2

RID Unique rigid body hinge number I>0 Required
MID Number, MR<Number>, or FR<Number>, where a number refers C or I Required
to a RIGID surface, MR<Number> refers to a MATRIG, and
FR<Number> refers to an RBE2-FULLRIG entry.
C Component number of rotation which is defined as a hinge (any I>0 456
unique combination of the digits 4, 5 or 6).
Gi Grid point numbers. THRU indicates a range of grid points. BY is the I > 0 Required
increment within this range.
Remarks
1. When grid points are part of a rigid body and a deformable structure, they transfer rotational
momentum if they posses six degrees of freedom. This is the case when they are connected to a
beam/bar, tria or quad shell element. Using the RBHINGE entry specifies rotational degrees of
freedom that can be defined as behaving as a hinge.
RBHINGE is not needed for grid points that have only three degrees of freedom, since the hinge
is defined by default.
2. The component number refers to the global coordinate system.
510 RCONN
Rigid Connection
RCONN Rigid Connection
Defines a rigid connection between the different parts of Lagrangian meshes (tied surfaces).
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RCONN CID STYPE MTYPE SID MID OPTION +
RCONN 7 GRID SURF 3 7 NORMAL +
+ +
+ +
+ CLSGAP GAPDIS GAPDISV

+

CID Unique rigid-connection number I>0 Required
STYPE Type of entity used to define the slave surface C SURF
SURF A SURFACE entry is used to select the faces of the
elements on the slave surface. SID is the number of
the SURFACE entry. See Remark 2.
GRID Grid points are tied to the master surface. SID then
refers to a SET1entry containing the list of grid
points to be used. See Remarks 3. and 4.
MTYPE Type of entity used to define the master surface C SURF
SURF A SURFACE entry is used to select the faces of the
elements on the master surface. MID is the number
of the SURFACE entry.
SID The number of a slave SURFACE entry or the number of a SET1 I>0 Required
entry containing the list of grid points
MID The number of a master SURFACEentry I>0 Required
OPTION Only used if discrete grid points are tied to a surface (STYPE is C NORMAL
equal to GRID).
NORMAL The grid points are tied to the master surface. See
Remark 3.
SHELL The grid points are attached to the edge of shell or
beam elements, which are tied to the shell surface.
See Remark 4.
RCONN 511
Rigid Connection

CLSGAP Switch to automatically close any gaps that are present between C No
the master-slave surface.
YES Gaps are automatically closed.
NO Gaps are not closed. See Remark 6.
GAPDIS Defines the tolerance used in the search for a master face. If the C DISTANCE
distance between a slave point and a master face falls within this
tolerance, the master face is accepted. If not, the search for a
correct master face continues.
FACTOR The tolerance has the length of:
(GAPDISV)  (Minimum side of faces in slave

surface). See Remark 9.
DISTANCE The tolerance has the length as specified
at GAPDISV.
GAPDISV The value of the gap tolerance or a factor to calculate this R 1.E20
tolerance depending on the value of GAPDIS.
Remarks
1. The RCONN entry can be used to define three types of connection as described in Dytran Theory
Manual, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Lagrangian Elements.
2. Two Surfaces Tied Together
Define slave and master segments representing the two surfaces to be tied together. There
should not be a gap between the two sets of segments. The two surfaces are tied together during
the analysis.
3. Grid Points Tied to a Surface
If STYPE is set to GRID and OPTION is set to NORMAL, the slave entities comprise discrete
grid points that are tied to the master surface during the analysis. The grid points must lie on
the surface.
4. Shell Edge Tied to a Shell Surface
If STYPE is set to GRID and OPTION is set to SHELL, the edges of shell or beams elements can
be tied to the faces of other shells. The grid points attached to the edge of the shells/beams must
be selected as the slave grid points. The shell surface to which they are tied must be selected as
the master surface. The two sets will then be tied together throughout the analysis. All degrees of
freedom will be coupled.
5. The CLSGAP entry enables you to define two different meshes that are not coincident over the
master/slave interface. If the option is set to YES, the slave surface becomes coincident (according
to projections) with the master surface.
512 RCONN
Rigid Connection
6. The search method of the contact algorithm is used to find the closest master face. The tolerance
defined with the GAPDIS/GAPDISV fields is similar to the monitoring distance defined on the
CONTACT entry with the MONDIS/MONDISV fields.
7. The use of the gap closing CLSGAP can cause an element to collapse. This may happen if the
GAPDISV tolerance is set to a value greater than the length of the side of an element.
8. When a solid and a shell mesh are tied together, the rotational degrees of freedom of the shell grid
points are not coupled.
9. If STYPE is set to GRID, the option FACTOR in the GAPDIS field is not allowed.
10. Avoid the following situation when using the RCONN entry:
RCONN1: surface 1 as slave of surface 2

RCONN2: surface 1 as slave of surface 3
In this situation, the corner point of surface 1 has two masters to follow. Therefore, the mass and
the force of the corner point are lumped twice.
RCONREL 513
Rigid Connection with Rigid Ellipsoids
RCONREL Rigid Connection with Rigid Ellipsoids
Defines a connection between a rigid ellipsoid and Lagrangian grid points or rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RCONREL RID SIDC TYPE SID
RCONREL 20 30 GRID 40
Conte
Field nts Type Default
RID Unique number of an RCONREL entry I>0 Required
SIDC Number of a SETC entry giving the name of the rigid ellipsoid to I>0 Required
which entities are connected. See Remark.
TYPE The type of entities that are connected to the rigid ellipsoid. C Required
GRID Grid points.
RIGID Rigid surface, RBE2-FULLRIG, and MATRIG.
SID The number of a SET1 entry listing the grid points or rigid surfaces I>0 Required
that are connected to the rigid ellipsoid. In case a MATRIG or an
RBE2-FULLRIG entry is connected to the rigid ellipsoid, SID
refers to a SET1entry listing MR<id> or FR<id>, where id refers
to a MATRIGor an RBE2-FULLRIG entry, respectively.
Remark
The SETC entry can only contain the name of one ellipsoid.
514 RELEX
External Definition of a Rigid Ellipsoid
RELEX External Definition of a Rigid Ellipsoid
Defines a rigid ellipsoid whose properties and motion are defined by either ATB or MADYMO.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RELEX NAME PROG LABEL
RELEX HEAD MADYMO 110
Content
Field s Type Default
NAME This name is used within the Dytran input file to define the C Required
interactions between the external ellipsoid and Dytran grid points
and rigid bodies. This name is also used in the output requests.
When coupled to ATB, the name must correspond to the name of the
ATB segment.
When coupled to MADYMO, the name doesn't need to correspond
to the name of the ellipsoid in the MADYMO input file.
PROG Name of the external program: C Required
MADYMO Dytran runs coupled with MADYMO V5.1.1
ATB Dytran runs coupled with ATB C Required
LABEL Identification label when running coupled to MADYMO. The label I Required
is not used by Dytran, it is only received from MADYMO to identify
the ellipsoid. The value must be equal to the value used in the
MADYMO input file:
Force models
Coupling
Ellipsoids
LABEL system ellipsoid var1...varN
End ellipsoids
End coupling
End force models
Remarks
1. This entry should only be used when Dytran is used with MADYMO or ATB.
2. Rigid ellipsoids can be defined directly within Dytran using the RELLIPS entry.
3. RELEX and RELLIPSentries can not be mixed in the same model. A mixture of MADYMO and
ATB ellipsoids is not allowed.
RELEX 515
External Definition of a Rigid Ellipsoid
4. For ATB, only the segment contact ellipsoid can be used. The name of the contact ellipsoid is
equal to the name of the segment, as specified on the first field of the B.2 entry in the ATB
input file.
5. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 7: Interface to Other Applications, ATB Occupant Modeling
Program for instructions on how to use ATB.
516 RELLIPS
Rigid Ellipsoid
RELLIPS Rigid Ellipsoid
Defines an analytical rigid ellipsoid.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RELLIPS NAME A B C MASS XCG YCG ZCG +
RELLIPS 10 0.1 10.0 10.0 0.1 0. 0. 0. +
+ XL YL ZL XS YS ZS +
+ 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. +
+ VX VY VZ WA WB WC
+ -0.1

NAME Ellipsoid name C Required
A, B, C Size of the ellipsoid in the a-, b-, and c-directions (a > b > c) R > 0 Required
MASS Mass of the ellipsoid R > 0 Required
XCG, Coordinates of the geometric center of the ellipsoid (the R 0.0
YCG, geometric center of the ellipsoid coincides with the center
ZCG of gravity)
XL, YL, ZL Vector defining the orientation of the longest axis of the ellipsoid R 0.0
XS, YS, ZS Vector defining the orientation of the shortest axis of the ellipsoid R 0.0
VX, VY, VZ Initial translational velocities of the center of the ellipsoid in the R 0.0
x-, y-, and z-directions
WA, WB, WC Initial rotational velocities of the ellipsoid in the a-, b-, and R 0.0
c-directions.
Remark
RELEX and RELLIPS entries cannot be mixed in the same model.
RFORCE 517
Rotational Force Field
RFORCE Rotational Force Field
Defines loading due to a centrifugal acceleration field.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RFORCE LID G SCALE NX NY NZ
RFORCE 29 2 37.6 1.0 2.0 0.

G Grid-point number on the axis of rotation. I>0 Required
SCALE Scale factor for rotational velocity. See Remark 6. R 1.0
NX, NY, NZ Components of the rotational-direction vector. At least one R 0.
component must be nonzero. The vector (NX, NY, NZ) acts at grid
point G.
Remarks
1. The rotational velocity is calculated as
W  t  = T  t  * SCALE * N
where SCALE is the scale factor, N the directional vector (NX, NT, NZ), and T  t  the value at
time t interpolated from the table or function referenced by the TLOADn entry.
4. Only one centrifugal force field can be defined in the problem.
5. Centrifugal forces act on all Lagrangian structural elements and rigid surfaces.
6. The rotation is input in revolutions per unit time.
518 RIGID
Rigid Surface
RIGID Rigid Surface
Defines a rigid surface.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RIGID RID SID MASS XCG YCG ZCG +
RIGID 25 32 527. 117.6 339.4 21.0 +
+ VX VY VZ CID WX WY WZ +
+ +
+ IXX IXY IXZ IYY IYZ IZZ

+ 4495. 4495. 4495.
Type Contents Type Default

RID Unique rigid-surface number I>0 Required
SID Number of a SURFACE entry defining the shape of the I>0 Required
rigid surface
MASS Mass of the rigid body R>0 Required
XCG, YCG, ZCG Coordinates of the center of gravity of the rigid body R Required
VX, VY, VZ Initial translational velocities of the center of mass in the R 0.0
basic coordinate system
CID Number of a CORD2C entry I 0
WX, WY, WZ Initial rotational velocities, relative to a coordinate system R 0.0
with its origin at the center of gravity, and its axes aligned
with the coordinate system CID.
IXX, IXY, IXZ Moments of inertia, relative to a coordinate system with its R See
IYY, IYZ, IZZ origin at the center of gravity, and its axes aligned with the Remark 2.
coordinate system CID
Remarks
1. A CID of zero references the basic coordinate system.
2. The default for IXX, IYY, and IZZ is 1.E10; the default for IXY, IXZ, and IYZ is zero.
3. The mass of the rigid surface is distributed to the grid points on the surface.
RJCYL 519
Cylindrical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJCYL Cylindrical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a cylindrical joint between grid points on two rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJCYL ID STIFF G1 G2 G3 G4
RJCYL 9 1.0 47 173 53 269

ID Unique joint number I>0 Required
STIFF Relative stiffness of the joint R 1.0
G1-G4 Grid-point numbers defining the joint connectivity I>0 Required
Remarks
1. The geometry of the joint changes during the analysis as the grid points move.
2. G1 and G3 are grid points belonging to the first rigid body; G2 and G4 are grid points belonging
to the second rigid body.
3. The vector from G1 to G3 determines the axis of sliding. Spring forces are calculated between G1
and G2 and between G3 and G4 to keep all four points on the axis of sliding.
4. If the initial position of grid points G2 and/or G4 is off the axis of sliding a force in the joint
is initialized.
5. The absolute stiffness of the rigid body joints is calculated automatically by Dytran. The stiffness
of the joints is taken such that a stable solution is guaranteed. This stiffness calculation takes into
account the fact that a rigid body can be constrained by more than one joint.
520 RJCYL
Cylindrical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
6. The absolute stiffness of the rigid-body joints is multiplied by a factor defined on PARAM,
RJSTIFF. By default, RJSTIFF = 1.0. This parameter can be used to increase or decrease the
stiffness of the joints. Care must be taken by using this parameter because too high a value might
lead to an unstable calculation.
7. Although the joint is designed for usage with rigid bodies, it is allowed to use finite-element
grid points.
8. RJCYL can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGID entry as well as to rigid bodies defined
by the MATRIG or RBE2-FULLRIG entries.
RJPLA 521
Planar-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJPLA Planar-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a planar joint between grid points on two rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJPLA ID STIFF G1 G2 G3 G4
RJPLA 9 1.0 47 173 53 269

Remarks
to the second rigid body.
3. The vector from G1 to G3 defines the normal to the plane on which the two bodies can slide
relative to each other. G2 should lie on the plane through G1. Spring forces are calculated between
G1 and G2 and between G3 and G4 to keep all four points in the plane of sliding.
4. If the initial position of grid points G2 and/or G4 is off the normal to the plane of sliding, a force
in the joint is initialized.
5. The absolute stiffness of the rigid-body joints is calculated automatically by Dytran. The stiffness
522 RJPLA
Planar-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
7. Although the joint is designed for usage with rigid bodies, it is allowable to use finite-element
grid points.
8. RJPLA can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGID entry as well as to rigid bodies defined
by the MATRIG or RBE2FULLRIG entries.
RJREV 523
Revolute-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJREV Revolute-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a revolute joint (hinge) between grid points on two rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJREV ID STIFF G1 G2 G3 G4
RJREV 9 1.0 47 173 53 269

G1-G4 Grid point numbers defining the joint connectivity I>0 Required
Remarks
to the second rigid body. G1 and G2 should be coincident, and G3 and G4 should be coincident.
3. The vector from G1 to G3 determines the axis about which the two bodies can rotate. Spring
forces are calculated between G1 and G2 and between G3 and G4 to keep all four points on the
axis of rotation.
of the joints is calculated so that a stable solution is guaranteed. This stiffness calculation takes
into account the fact that a rigid body can be constrained by more than one joint.
524 RJREV
Revolute-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
6. Although the joint is designed for usage with rigid bodies, it is allowed to use finite-element
grid points.
7. RJREV can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGID entry as well as to rigid bodies defined
RJSPH 525
Spherical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJSPH Spherical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a spherical (ball) joint between grid points on two rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJSPH ID STIFF G1 G2
RJSPH 9 1.0 47 173

Remarks
2. G1 belongs to the first rigid body, G2 belongs to the second rigid body. G1 and G2 should be
coincident. Spring forces are calculated between G1 and G2 so that the two bodies can rotate
about the joint.
526 RJSPH
Spherical-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
grid points.
6. RJSPH can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGID entry as well as to rigid bodies defined
by theMATRIG or RBE2-FULLRIG entries.
RJTRA 527
Translational-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJTRA Translational-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a translational joint, which allows relative sliding but no rotation, between grid points on two
rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJTRA ID STIFF G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
RJTRA 9 1.0 47 173 53 269 17 87

Remarks
2. G1, G3, and G5 are grid points belonging to the first rigid body; G2, G4, and G6 are points
belonging to the second rigid body.
3. The vector from G1 to G3 determines the axis along which the two bodies can slide relative to
each other. The vectors from G1 to G5 and from G2 to G6 are perpendicular to the axis of sliding.
Spring forces are calculated between G1 and G2, between G3 and G4, and between G5 and G6 to
keep the first four grid points on the axis of sliding and the other two grid points on a vector that
is parallel to the axis of sliding.
4. If the initial position of grid points G2 and/or G4 is off the axis of sliding a force in the joint is
initialized. If the initial vector from G5 to G6 is not parallel to the vector from G1 to G3, a force
in the joint is initialized.
528 RJTRA
Translational-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
of the joints is calculated so that a stable solution is guaranteed. This stiffness calculation takes
into account the fact that a rigid body can be constrained by more than one joint.
6. The absolute stiffness of the rigid body joints is multiplied by a factor defined on PARAM,
7. The grid points used in the definition of the joint do not have to be rigid-body joints, but may also
be finite-element grid points.
8. RJTRA can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGID entry as well as to rigid bodies defined
by the MATRIGor RBE2-FULLRIG entries.
RJUNI 529
Universal-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
RJUNI Universal-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
Defines a universal joint between grid points on two rigid bodies.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RJUN ID STIFF G1 G2 G3 G4
RJUN 9 1.0 47 173 53 269

Remarks
to the second rigid body. G1 and G2 should be coincident, while G3 and G4 cannot be coincident.
3. G3 and G4 define the orientation of the rotation of the joint, as shown in the figure above. Spring
forces are calculated between G1 and G2 as in the spherical joint and between G3 and G4, based
on the Pythagorean theorem.
5. The absolute stiffness of the rigid body joints is multiplied by a factor defined on PARAM,
530 RJUNI
Universal-Joint Constraint Between Rigid Bodies
grid points.
7. RJUNI can be applied to rigid bodies defined by the RIGIDentry as well as to rigid bodies defined
RPLEX 531
External Definition of a Rigid Plane
RPLEX External Definition of a Rigid Plane
Defines a rigid plane whose properties and motion are defined by MADYMO.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RPLEX NAME PROG LABEL
RPLEX FLOOR MADYMO 110

NAME This name is used in the output request only C Required
The name does not need to correspond to the name of the plane
in the MADYMO input file.
PROG Name of the external program C Required
MADYMO Dytran runs coupled with MADYMO V5.3.
LABEL Identification label when running coupled to MADYMO. The I Required
label is not used by Dytran, it is only received from
MADYMO to identify the rigid planes. The value must be
equal to the value used in the MADYMO input file:
FORCE MODELS
COUPLING
PLANES
LABEL system ellipsoid var1...varN
END PLANES
END COUPLING
END FORCE MODELS
Remarks
1. This entry should only be used when Dytran is used with MADYMO.
2. All planes attached to an ellipsoid in ATB are automatically visualized when the ellipsoid is asked
for in an output request.
3. The mesh density of the plane can be changed by using PARAM,MESHPLN,x, where x is the
mesh density. See also PARAM,MESHPLN.
4. Rigid ellipsoids can be defined directly within Dytran using the RELLIPS entry.
5. RELEX and RELLIPS entries can not be mixed in the same model. A mixture of MADYMO and
ATB ellipsoids is not allowed.
532 RPLEX
External Definition of a Rigid Plane
6. For ATB, only the segment contact ellipsoid can be used. The name of the contact ellipsoid is
equal to the name of the segment, as specified on the first field of the B.2 entry in the ATB
input file.
7. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 7: Interface to Other Applications, ATB Occupant Modeling
Program for instructions on how to use ATB.
RUBBER1 533
Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Material
RUBBER1 Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Material
Defines a nearly incompressible hyperelastic material for Lagrangian solid elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RUBBER1 MID RHO A B NU +
RUBBER1 3 1000. 0.34 0.27 0.495 +

+
Cont
Field ents Type Default
A Strain-energy density function constant R Required
B Strain-energy density function constant R Required
NU Poisson’s ratio 0.0  R < 0.5 Required
Remarks
2. The constitutive behavior of this material is defined as a total stress/total strain relationship. The
nonlinear elastic material response is formulated by a strain-energy density function for large-
strain components rather than by Hooke’s law.
The strain-energy density function is formulated according to the Mooney-Rivlin model and is
defined as
1 2
W  I 1 ,I 2 ,I 3  = A  I 1 – 3  + B  I 2 – 3  + C ---2- – 1 + D  I 3 – 1 
I3
The constants C and D are defined as:

1 A  5v – 2  + B  11v – 5 
C = --- A + B D = ------------------------------------------------------------
2 2  1 – 2v 
where A , B , and v are input parameters.

534 RUBBER1
Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Material
I1 , I2 , and I 3 are strain invariants in terms of stretches.

For a rubber-like material, the shear modulus G is much less than the bulk modulus K. As a result,
Poisson’s ratio v is nearly equal to one half.
4. The behavior of this material is discussed in more detail in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter
3: Materials.
SECTION 535
Cross Section
SECTION Cross Section
Defines a cross section of the model for force output.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SECTION SID GID EID
SECTION 101 5 8

SID Unique cross-section number I>0 Required
GID The number of a SET1 entry containing a list of grid points that I>0 Required
define the cross section.
EID The number of a SET1entry containing a list of elements that define I>0 Required
the cross section.
Remarks
1. The cross sections for which output is required are referenced in a SET command in Case Control
Section. The SET entry is referenced by the CSECS Case Control command.
2. The cross section is defined as a consecutive sequence of elements extending across the model.
In addition, a consecutive sequence of grid points attached to one side of the elements must be
defined. The GID field is required together with EID, the list of elements.
3. For compatibility with Dyna, the method of specifying three EIDs (i.e. one for one-dimensional
elements, one for plate elements and one for hexahedral elements) is retained.
4. Cross sections cannot be defined for Eulerian models.
536 SET1
Set of Numbers
SET1 Set of Numbers
Defines a set of grid points, elements, etc., for use by other entries (e.g., WALL, SURFACE).
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SET1 ID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 +CONT1
SET1 101 7 17 32 45 8 9 22 +CONT1
+CONT1 N8 N9 THRU N10 BY N11 -etc.-

+CONT1 107 221 THRU 229 BY 3

ID Number of the set I>0 Required
N1, Numbers of the items in the set. If the word THRU appears between I > 0 Required
N2, . . two numbers, all the numbers in the range are included in the list. BY
. indicates the increment within this THRU specification.
Remarks
1. Use as many continuation lines as necessary.
2. If the THRU specification is used, all the items in the sequence between the beginning and the end
of the range do not have to exist. Items that do not exist are ignored. BY can be used as an
increment to exclude grid points.
3. SET1 Bulk Data entries with the same number are merged into one set.
SETC 537
List of Names
SETC List of Names
Defines a list of names (character strings) for use by other entries.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SETC ID V1 V2 V3 V4 -etc.-
SETC 100 HUB RIM HEAD CHEST

ID Unique SETC number I>0 Required
Vi Character strings C Required
Remarks
1. Use as many continuations as required to define the complete list of names. A blank field
terminates the list.
2. The SETC entry may be referred to from outside the Bulk Data Section.
538 SETTING
Application-Sensitive Defaults
SETTING Application-Sensitive Defaults
Defines application-sensitive defaults for element formulation, element options, hourglass control and
material behavior.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SETTING SID TYPE PROP1 PID1 PROP2 PID2 PROP3 PID3 +
SETTING 100 CRASH PCOMP 101 SHELL 102 SOLID 103 +
+ PROP4 PID4 PROP5 PID5 -etc.-

+ SOLID 104 PCOMP

SID Setting number I>0 Required
TYPE Application type: C STANDARD
See Remark 1.
STANDARD Standard defaults
CRASH Defaults designed for crash simulations
SHEETMETAL Defaults designed for sheet metal
forming analysis
SPINNING Defaults designed for fast rotating structures
FAST Defaults for fast, but not necessarily the most
accurate, solution
VERSION2 Defaults from Dytran V2.3
PROPi Property type C See Remark 2.
PIDi Property number I>0 See Remark 2.
Remarks
1. The application-sensitive defaults are set according to the specification in the TYPE field. If
no application type is specified, the setting is STANDARD. The default settings concern the
element formulation, element formulation options, hourglass control, material-plasticity
calculation method, and strain dependency of the thickness of shell elements. See Dytran
User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive Default Setting for more details on
application-sensitive defaults.
SETTING 539
Application-Sensitive Defaults
2. If no property type and property number are supplied, the setting is done for all properties in the
model. If the property type and the property number are defined, the setting applies to the
elements that have the specified property. As such it is possible to define a global application
setting and have a different setting for certain properties in the model.
3. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive Default Setting for more details on
application-sensitive defaults.
540 SHEETMAT
Sheet-Metal Material
SHEETMAT Sheet-Metal Material
Defines the properties of an anisotropic plastic material for Lagrangian shell elements.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHEETMAT MID RHO EXX EYY EZZ GXY GYZ GXZ +
SHEETMAT 1 2.7E-6 72E6 +
+ NUXY NUYZ NUXZ ELASTIC XMAT YMAT ZMAT +

+ 0.33 ISO 1.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ a b c n k m +
+ 0.0 570E3 0.017 0.359 0.014 0.389 +
+ TYPEYLD R0 R45 R90 +

+ PLANANI 0.73 0.51 0.69 +
+ TYPEHRD +
+ ISO +
+ C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 +
+ 0.244 -0.195 0.857 3.439 -11.92 +
+ D2 D3 D4 D5
+ -0.417 -1.567 -4.849 -6.061

RHO Mass density R > 0.0 Required
EXX, Young’s moduli in the X, Y and Z-direction (also defined as R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
EYY, rolling, transverse and through-the-thickness
EZZ directions, respectively)
GXY In-plane shear modulus R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
GYZ, Transverse shear moduli for shear in the YZ and XZ planes, R > 0.0 See Remark 2.
GXZ respectively
SHEETMAT 541

NUXY, Poisson’s ratios (coupled strain ratios in the XY, YZ, and XZ R  0.0 See Remark 2.
NUYZ, directions, respectively)
NUXZ
ELASTIC Type of elasticity C ISO
See Remark 3.
ISO ISOtropic material
PLANISO PLANar ISOtropic material
XMAT, Vector indicating the rolling direction of the material R (0., 0., 0.)
YMAT,
ZMAT See Remark 4.
a Power-law stress constant R  0.0 Required
See Remark 5.
b Power-law hardening parameter R  0.0 0.0
c Power-law strain offset R  0.0 0.0
n Power-law, strain-hardening exponent R  0.0 1.0
k Power-law, strain-rate sensitivity constant R  0.0 0.0
See Remark 6.
m Power-law, strain-rate exponent R  0.0 1.0
TYPEYLD Type of yielding criterion. C ISO
See Remark 7.
ISO ISOtropic yielding (von Mises)
NORMANI NORMal ANIsotropic yielding
PLANANI PLANar ANIsotropic yielding
R0, Anisotropic yielding parameters (Lankford parameters) R > 0.0 See Remark 8.
R45, defined in 0, 45, and 90 degrees with respect to the rolling
R90 direction
TYPEHRD Type of hardening rule. C ISO
ISO ISOtropic hardening
NORMANI NORMal ANIsotropic hardening
C1-C5 Engineering coefficients in limit function for e2 > 0. R C1 = 1.0
See Remark 9.
D2-D5 Engineering coefficients in limit function for e2 < 0. R 0.0
See Remark 9.
542 SHEETMAT
Remarks
1. SHEETMAT materials may only be referenced by PSHELL and PSHELL1 entries.
2. The necessary number or combination of elasticity constants depends on the field ELASTIC. If
ELASTIC = ISO then only EXX and NUXY (or GXY) must be defined. For ELASTIC = PLANISO,
only EXX (or EYY), EZZ, NUXY (or GXY), NUXZ (or NUYZ), and GXZ (or GYZ) must be defined.
3. The field ELASTIC provides you with an input check on the consistency of the elasticity
constants. Planar isotropic material is equivalent to transversely isotropic material, which means
that the through-the-thickness (elastic) properties may differ from the in-plane isotropic
(elastic) properties.
4. Due to anisotropic behavior, the rolling direction must be specified. The projection of the vector
(XMAT, YMAT, ZMAT) on the surface of each element is used to determine the angle between the
element and the material coordinate system. This angle can be overwritten using the THETA field
on the CQUAD4 and CTRIA3 entries. Both the constitutive law and the output of variables are
applied with respect to this material coordinate system (see Remark 10.).
5. For a description of the anisotropic-plastic model including the power-law yield function, see
Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 3: Materials. The power-law stress constant, a, is not necessarily
the initial yield stress: the value of a is allowed to be equal to zero if the value of the hardening
parameter, b, and the strain offset, c, are unequal to zero.
6. Strain-rate dependence is not accounted for by default.
7. The field TYPEYLD provides you with an input check on the consistency of the anisotropic
parameters. Normal anisotropic material is equivalent to transversely anisotropic or planar
isotropic material which means that the through-the-thickness yielding properties may differ from
the in-plane, isotropic, yielding properties. Planar anisotropic material is characterized by three
orthogonal axes of anisotropy (in rolling, transverse and through-the-thickness direction), about
which the yielding properties have twofold symmetry.
8. The necessary number of anisotropic-yielding parameters depends on the field TYPEYLD. For
TYPEYLD = ISO, all fields for R0, R45, and R90 can be left blank because the default
corresponds to von Mises yielding (R0 = R45 = R90 = 1.0). For TYPEYLD = NORMANI, only
R0 must be defined while the other two fields can be left blank due to their equality. The input of
all three anisotropic parameters is needed for TYPEYLD = PLANANI.
9. C1 through C5 and D2 through D5 do not affect the material behavior but are used to fit the lower
bound of experimental results for diffuse and localized necking represented by two
polynomial lines:
FLD  e2  = C1 + C2e2 + C3e22 + C4e23 + C5e24 for e2  0
FLD  e2  = C1 + D2e2 + D3e22 + D4e23 + D5e24 for e2  0
10. The output of variables related to SHEETMAT is defined with respect to the material coordinate
system (see Remark 4.). There are a number of specific output variables useful for this material:
Element Variables
Q1, Q2 Direction cosines/sines between the element coordinate system and the
material coordinate system
SHEETMAT 543
Sublayer Variables
TXX Stress - XX component
TYY Stress - YY component
TXY Stress - XY component
TYZ Stress - YZ component
TZX Stress - ZX component
EFFST Effective Stress
EFFPL Effective Plastic Strain
YLDRAD Radius of Yield Surface
EPSXX Strain - XX component
EPSYY Strain - YY component
EPSXY Strain - XY component
EPSZZ Strain - ZZ component
EPZZ Plastic Strain – ZZ component
EPSMX Strain - Major Principal Strain
EPSMN Strain - Minor Principal Strain
FLP Forming-Limit Parameter
544 SHREL
Elastic Shear Model
SHREL Elastic Shear Model
Defines an elastic shear model with a constant shear modulus.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHREL SID G
SHREL 250 80.E6

SID Unique shear model number referenced from a DMAT entry I>0 Required
G Shear-modulus value R 0.0
Remark
Shear model numbers must be unique.
SHREX 545
User-specified Shear Model
SHREX User-specified Shear Model
Specifies that a user subroutine is being used to define the shear modulus.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHREX SID NAME
SHREX 20 STEEL

SID Unique shear model number referenced from a DMATentry I>0 Required.
NAME Name of the shear model C Required.
Remarks
3. This shear model is applicable only for Lagrangian solid elements and Eulerian elements with
shear strength.
546 SHRLVE
Isotropic Linear Viscoelastic Shear Model
SHRLVE Isotropic Linear Viscoelastic Shear Model
Defines an isotropic linear viscoelastic shear model where the mechanical analog is a spring, a dashpot,
and a Maxwell element connected in parallel.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHRLVE SID G0 G  0
SHRLVE 250 8.E7 1.E7 0.1

SID Unique shear model number referenced from a DMAT entry I>0 Required
G0 Short-time shear modulus R 0.0
G Long-time shear modulus R 0.0
 Decay constant R 0.0
0 Shear viscosity constant R 0.0
Remarks
1. Shear model numbers must be unique.
2. The spring-damper analog of this model is
SHRLVE 547
Isotropic Linear Viscoelastic Shear Model
3. The deviatoric stress is given by

t
' ij    ' ij  t 
' ij  t  = 2G  ' ij  t  + 2  G  t –   + ------------------ d + 2 0 -----------------
 t
0
with the relaxation function

–  t –  
G  t –   =  G 0 – G  e
The above equation for the deviatoric stress is the integral form of the differential equation
· ·· ·
' ij + ' ij = 2 0  +  2 0  + 2G 0  + 2G  
A special case is  0 = G  = 0 , for which is often written
·
· · ' ij 
 =  elastic +  viscous = ---------- + ---------- ' ij
2G 0 2G 0
This shear model is further described in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Shear
Models.
4. A yield model cannot be used in combination with this shear model.
5. The element formulation for this material is in a corotational frame. The default CORDROT
definition is G1 = 1, G2 = 5, G3 = 2. (See also DMATand CORDROT entries.)
548 SHRPOL
Polynomial Shear Model
SHRPOL Polynomial Shear Model
Defines an elastic shear model with a polynomial shear modulus.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHRPOL SID G0 G1 G2 G3
SHRPOL 250 180.e6

SID Unique shear model number referenced from a DMATentry I>0 Required
G0 Coefficient G 0 R 0.0
Remarks
1. Shear model numbers must be unique.
2. The shear modulus is computed from
G = G0 + G 1  + G2  2 + G3  3
where  = effective plastic shear strain
and G 0 , G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are constants
SPC 549
Single-Point Constraint
SPC Single-Point Constraint
Defines sets of single-point constraints.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SPC SID G C G C
SPC 2 32 436 5 1

SID Number of single-point constraint sets I>0 Required
G Grid-point number I>0 Required
C Component number of global coordinate (any unique combination of I > 0 Required
the digits 1 through 6 with no embedded blanks). Combinations are
allowed; e.g., 23, 156.
Remarks
1. SPC degrees of freedom may also be specified as permanent constraints on the GRID entry.
2. Continuation lines are not allowed.
3. Select single-point constraints in the Case Control Section (SPC = SID) to be used by Dytran.
4. A single-point constraint is treated as a zero-velocity boundary condition. For this reason, make
SPCs consistent with other velocity boundary conditions and velocity initial conditions.
550 SPC1
SPC1 Single-Point Constraint
Defines a single-point constraint for a set of grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SPC1 SID C G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 +
SPC1 3 2 1 3 10 9 6 5 +

+ 2 8 THRU 24 BY 3

SID Number of a single-point constraint. I>0 Required
C Component number of global coordinate (any unique combination I>0 Required
of the digits 1 through 6 with no embedded blanks). Combinations
are allowed; e.g., 12, 456.
Gi Grid-point numbers. THRU indicates a range of grid points. BY is the I > 0 Required
increment within this range.
Remarks
1. As many continuation lines as desired may appear.
2. SPC degrees of freedom may be redundantly specified as permanent constraints on the
GRIDentry.
3. If the THRU specification is used, grid points in the sequence between the beginning and the end
of the range are not required. Grid points that do not exist are ignored. BY can be used to exclude
grid points within this range.
4. Single-point constraints must be selected in the Case Control Section (SPC = SID) if they are to
be used by Dytran.
5. None of the fields in the list of grid points can be blank or zero, since this marks the end of the list.
6. A single-point constraint is treated as a zero-velocity boundary condition. For this reason, make
SPC2 551
Rotational boundary constraint on grid points.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SPC2 SID G TYPE1 VALUE1 NX NY NZ +
SPC2 12 302 TABLE 410 1.0 0.0 0.0 +
+ TYPE2 VALUE2 +
+ CONSTANT 0. +
+ G1 G2 THRU G3 BY G5 -etc-
+ 10 13 THRU 56 BY 4

SID Number of a single-point constraint I>0 Required
G Grid-point number of a point on the rotation axis I>0 Required
TYPE1 Defines the type of rotational constraint. C Required
CONSTANT The rotational (angular) velocity is
constant at VALUE1 times the length of
the rotation vector.
TABLE The rotational (angular) velocity varies
with time as the interpolated value in
TABLED1 with number VALUE1, times
the rotation vector magnitude.
VALUE1 Value depending on TYPE1 R or I > 0 Required
NX, NY, NZ Rotation vector R Required
TYPE2 Defines the type of radial constraint: C Required
CONSTANT The radial velocity is constant at
VALUE2 where VALUE2 must be zero.
FREE The radial velocity is free and
determined by the forces in the direction
of the radius. The VALUE2 entry
is ignored.
552 SPC2

VALUE2 Value depending on TYPE2 R Required
Gi Grid-point numbers. THRU indicates a range of grid I>0 Required
points. BY is the increment to be used within this range.
(G2 < G3)
Remarks
1. The angular velocity is specified in radians per unit time.
2. The SPC2 entry is valid for both Lagrangian as Eulerian grid points.
3. If the TYPE2 field is set to FREE, the referenced grid points move in a radial direction according
to the acceleration caused by forces in the radial direction.
4. You can use as many continuation lines as required.
of the range are not required to exist. Grid points that do not exist are ignored.
6. Select the rotational constraints in the Case Control Section (SPC = SID) if they are to be used
by Dytran.
8. Both Lagrangian and Eulerian grid points can have a rotational constraint. In the case of Eulerian
grid points, this results in a moving Eulerian mesh.
9. For six degree of freedom grid points, the angular velocities are also constrained consistent with
the defined velocity field.
10. The velocity in axial direction is constrained to zero.
SPC3 553
Defines a single-point constraint in a local coordinate system or a cascade of two local

coordinate systems.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SPC3 SID CID1 C1 CID2 C2 +
SPC3 1 5 12 +
+ 5 6 THRU 18 BY 3

SID Number of a single-point constraint I>0 Required
CID1 Number of the primary coordinate system I>0 See Remark 7.
C1 Constraint with respect to CID1 I>0 See Remark 7.
CID2 Number of the secondary coordinate system I>0 See Remarks
7. and 11.
C2 Constraint motion of primary coordinate system CID1 with I>0 See Remark 7.
respect to CID2
Gi Grid-point numbers. THRU indicates a range of grid points. BY I>0 Required
is the increment to be used within this range.
Remarks
1. CID1 references the primary system. In this system the grid point constraints are applied. The
CID2 system defines a secondary system that constrains the motion of the primary system and
the grid points defined on the entry.
2. The SPC3 entry is valid for both Lagrangian as Eulerian grid points.
3. As many continuation lines as desired may appear.
of the range are not required. Grid points that do not exist are ignored. (See Remark 3. of SPC1.)
5. Select the single-point constraint in the Case Control Section (SPC = SID) if it is to be used
by Dytran.
7. If CID1 or CID2 is blank, the basic system is used. If C1 is blank, no constraints are applied in
the primary system. If C2 is blank, no constraints are applied in the primary system with respect
to the secondary system.
554 SPC3
8. If CID1, CID2, and C2 are left blank, the constraint acts as defined by an SPC1 entry.
9. If a component references an angular velocity, the units are radians per unit time.
10. A single-point constraint is treated as a zero velocity boundary condition. For this reason, make
11. CID2 = 0 is not allowed. Instead define a new local coordinate system at (0., 0., 0.) and refer to
this coordinate system on CID2.
SPHERE 555
Defines the Shape of a Sphere
SPHERE Defines the Shape of a Sphere
Spherical shape used in the initial condition definition on the TICEUL entry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SPHERE VID X Y Z RADIUS
SPHERE 100 1. 1. 1. .5

VID Number of the sphere I>0 Required
X, Y, Z Coordinates of the center of the sphere R 0.0
RADIUS Radius of the sphere R > 0 Required
556 SUBSURF
Multifaceted Subsurface
SUBSURF Multifaceted Subsurface
Defines a multifaceted subsurface for contact and coupling interfaces.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SUBSURF SSID SID TYPE1 SID1 TYPE2 SID2 TYPE3 SID3 +
SUBSURF 100 100 ELEM 10 PROP 20 SEG 30 +
+ TYPE4 SID4 -etc.-

+ MAT 100

SSID Unique subsurface number I>0 Required
SID Number of a SURFACEentry of which these segments are I>0 Required
a subsurface
TYPEi The type of entity used to define the subsurface. C Required
SEG A set of segments defined using CSEGCFACE, or CFACE1
entries. SIDi is the set number of the segments.
ELEM A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by the element number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the element
numbers to be used.
PROP A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by the property number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the property
numbers to be used.
MAT A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by material number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the material
numbers to be used.
SIDi The number of a set of CSEG CFACE, or CFACE1entries or the I>0 Required
number of a SET1 entry, depending on the value of TYPEi.
SUBSURF 557
Multifaceted Subsurface
Remarks
1. You can use as many continuation lines as necessary to define all of the segments in the surface.
2. CSEGs are defined indirectly using CQUAD4 and/or CTRIA3elements with a 9999. thickness.
CFACE1 are entries defined indirectly using PLOAD4 entries with a 9999. pressure. This allows
CSEG and CFACE1 entries to be easily defined using standard preprocessors that can generate
CQUAD4, CTRIA3 and PLOAD4 entries.
3. The subsurface SSID can be referenced from the following entries:
SURFACE To define a surface that has the same segments as this subsurface.
CONTINI To define the initial contact between Lagrangian surfaces. The surface SID must
then be used in a CONTACT entry.
COUPOR To define the porosity of a coupling surface. The surface SID must then be used
in a COUPLE entry.
COUOPT To define the options used in a coupling surface. The surface SID must then be
used in a COUPLE entry.
558 SURFACE
Multifaceted Surface
SURFACE Multifaceted Surface
Defines a multifaceted surface for contact and coupling interfaces as well as rigid-surface geometry.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SURFACE SID TYPE1 SID1 TYPE2 SID2 TYPE3 SID3 +
SURFACE 100 ELEM 10 PROP 20 SEG 30 +
+ TYPE4 SID4 TYPE5 SID5 -etc.-

+ MAT 100 SUB 200

SID Unique surface number I>0 Required
TYPEi The type of entity used to define the surface: C Required
SEG A set of segments defined using CSEG, CFACE, or CFACE1
entries. SIDi is the set number of the segments.
ELEM A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by element number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the element
numbers to be used.
PROP A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by property number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the property
numbers to be used.
MAT A set of segments attached to shell and/or membrane
elements and selected by material number. SIDi is the
number of a SET1 entry containing a list of the material
numbers to be used.
SUB A set of segments defined by a SUBSURF entry. SIDi is the
number of the SUBSURF entry.
SIDi The number of a set of CSEG, CFACE, or CFACE1 entries, the I>0 Required
number of a SET1 entry or the number of a SUBSURFentry
depending on the value of TYPEi.
SURFACE 559
Multifaceted Surface
Remarks
1. You can use as many continuation lines as necessary to define all of the segments in the surface.
2. CSEGs are defined indirectly using CQUAD4 and/or CTRIA3elements with a 9999. thickness.
CFACE1are entries defined indirectly using PLOAD4entries with a 9999. pressure. This allows
CSEG and CFACE1 entries to be easily defined using standard preprocessors that can generate
CQUAD4 CTRIA3, and PLOAD4 entries.
560 TABFILE
Text File Defined Function
TABFILE Text File Defined Function
Specifies that a text file is used to define a tabular function.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TABFILE ID NAME
TABFILE 2 MYFILE

ID Unique table number. I>0 Required
NAME File name (no longer than 80 characters). C None
Remark
The text file has to consist of a number of data lines and may include comment lines. Each comment line
has to start with $. Every data line has to consist of two numbers. These will be interpreted as XVALUE
and the YVALUE of a TABLED1. Examples 3.4 and 3.5 illustrate the use. The table can be checked in the
Out file. Blank lines are not supported. The first line of a file can start with XYDATA. It will be ignored.
Example
TABFILE,200,rho.xyd
Contents rho.xyd:
$ density as function of radius
0.00125 0.50041467
0.0037499995 0.52369827
0.0062499996 0.52935588
TABLED1 561
Table
TABLED1 Table
Defines a tabular function.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TABLED1 ID +
TABLED1 32 +
+ X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 Y4 +
+ -3.0 6.9 2.0 5.6 3.0 5.6 XSMALL ENDVAL +
+ X5 Y5 X6 Y6 X7 Y7 X8
+ XLARGE EXTRAP XOFFSET .05 YOFFSET .04 ENDT

ID Unique table number I>0 Required
Xi, Yi Tabular entries. Special entries for Xi, Yi are given in Remark 6. R or C 0.0
Remarks
1. The values of Xi must be in ascending or descending order but not both.
2. At least two entries must be present.
3. The end of the table is marked by the characters ENDT in the field following the last table entry
or by a blank field.
4. The table is used according to
y = fx
where x is input to the table and y is output. Linear interpolation is used within the table to
determine y . Outside the table, the last entry for y is taken.
5. Instead of a numerical value for a y entry, the keyword FREE can be entered. The value of FREE
in the table can be used together with constraints and loading to switch these on and off. FREE
means that the constraint or loading is not active during the time interval for which the FREE entry
is defined.
562 TABLED1
Table
6. Special entries can be given for Xi,Yi to specify:

Extrapolation outside x-range or not.
Offset for the x- and y-axis.
Scale factor for the x- and y-axis:
Xi Yi Meaning
XSMALL ENDAVL or If x if outside the table from the smallest value, the first entry for y
is taken.
EXTRAP If x is outside the table from the smallest value, y is extrapolated.
XLARGE ENDAVL or If x is outside the table from the largest value, the last entry for y
is taken.
EXTRAP If x is outside the table from the largest value, y is extrapolated.
XOFFSET value x-axis of table is offset by the specified value.
YOFFSET value y-axis of table is offset by the specified value.
XSCALE value x-axis of table is multiplied by the specified value.
YSCALE value y-axis of table is multiplied by the specified value.
TABLEEX 563
User-defined Function
TABLEEX User-defined Function
Specifies that a user routine is being used to define an arbitrary function.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TABLEEX ID NAME
TABLEEX 2 MYTABLE

ID Unique table number I>0 Required
NAME Name of the function (no longer than 16 characters) C None
Remarks
1. The EXFUNC user subroutine must be present in the file referenced by the USERCODE
FMS statement.
3. Since tables and user-defined functions belong to the same group, the table numbers must
be unique.
564 TIC
Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
TIC Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
Defines the initial velocities of Lagrangian grid points at the beginning of the analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIC SID G C V0
TIC 1 3 2 -13.3

SID Set number I>0 Required
G Grid-point number to be initialized I>0 Required
C Component number (a digit 1 through 6) 1  I  6 Required
V0 Initial velocity value R 0.0
Remarks
1. Initial conditions for grid points that are not specified on TICn or TICGP entries are assumed to
be zero.
2. Initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section (TIC = SID).
3. Only Lagrangian grid points can have initial conditions specified by the TIC Bulk Data entry.
4. Only one TIC entry per grid point is allowed. When more than one velocity component needs to
be initialized, TICGP offers a more general way of initializing grid-point velocities.
TIC1 565
TIC1 Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
Defines the initial velocities of Lagrangian grid points at the beginning of the analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIC1 SID C V0 G1 G2 G3 G4 +
TIC1 3 2 3 10 9 6 5 +
+ 2 8 THRU 17 BY 3

C Component number (a digit 1 through 6) 1  I  6 Required
V0 Initial velocity value R 0.0
G1, Grid-point numbers to be initialized. If the word THRU appears I>0 Required
G2, ... between two numbers, all the grid points in the range are
initialized. BY indicates an increment within this range.
Remarks
1. Initial conditions for grid points that are not specified on TICn or TICGP entries are assumed to
be zero.
2. Only one TIC1 entry per grid point is allowed. When more than one velocity component needs
to be initialized, TICGP offers a more general way of initializing grid-point velocities.
3. If the THRU specification is used, all grid points in the sequence between the beginning and
the end of the range do not have to exist. Grid points that do not exist are ignored. The first grid
point in the THRU specification must be a valid grid point. BY enables grid points to be ignored
in this range.
4. None of the fields in the list of grid points can be blank or zero since this marks the end of the list.
The initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TIC = SID).
5. Only Lagrangian grid points can have initial conditions specified by the TIC1 Bulk Data entry.
566 TIC2
TIC2 Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
Defines the initial velocities of grid points consistent with a rotational field.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIC2 SID G SCALE NX NY NZ +
TIC2 3 1 10. 0.1 0.2 0.3 +
+ 1 2 THRU 10000 BY 23

SID Number of a set of loads I>0 Required
G Number of a grid point on the axis of rotation I>0 Required
SCALE Scale factor for the rotational velocity R 1.0
NX, NY, Components of the rotation direction vector. The vector acts at R Required
NZ point G.
G1, Grid points to be initialized. THRU indicates a range of grid points. I>0 Required
G2, ... BY is the increment to be used within this range.
Remarks
1. The rotational velocity w is calculated as:
w = SCALE * N
where SCALE is the scale factor and N is the vector defined by NX, NY, NZ.
2. Any number of TIC2 entries can be used.
3. The rotational velocity is defined in radians per unit time.
4. For six degree of freedom grid points, the angular velocities are also initialized.
5. Initial conditions for grid points that are not specified on TIC or TICGP entries are assumed to be
zero.
6. If the THRU specification is used, all grid points in the sequence between the beginning and
the end of the range do not have to exist. Grid points that do not exist are ignored. The first grid
point in the THRU specification must be a valid grid point. BY enables grid points to be ignored
in this range.
8. The initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TIC = SID).
TIC3 567
General Form of Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
TIC3 General Form of Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
Allows for the definition of a velocity field of grid points consisting of a rotation and a
translation specification.
Data Entry Descriptions Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIC3 SID G SCALE +
TIC3 7 5 10. +
+ XVEL YVEL ZVEL XROT YROT ZROT +

+ 100.0 5.0 -7.5 +
+ 1 2 THRU 1000 BY 23

SID Number of a set of loads I>0 Required
G Number of a grid point at the center of rotation I>0 Required
SCALE Apply to both translational and rotational R 1.0
velocity components.
XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL Initial translational velocity components. R 0.0
XROT, YROT, ZROT Initial rotational velocity components. R 0.0
G1, G2, ... Grid points to be initialized. THRU indicates a range I>0 Required
of grid points. BY is the increment to be used within
this range.
Remarks
1. Any number of TIC3 entries can be used.
2. The rotational velocity components are defined in radians per unit time.
3. For six degree of freedom grid points, the angular velocity components are also initialized.
4. Initial conditions for grid points that are not specified on TIC or TICGP entries are assumed to
be zero.
568 TIC3
General Form of Transient Initial Velocities of Grid Points
5. If the THRU specification is used, the grid points in the range definition are not required to exist.
Grid points that do not exist are ignored. The first grid point in the THRU specification must be a
valid grid point. The BY option enables grid points to be ignored in this range.None of the fields
in the list of grid points can be blank or zero, since this indicates the end of the list.
6. The initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TIC = SID).
TICEEX 569
User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Elements
TICEEX User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Elements
Defines the initial values of element variables at the beginning of the analysis by a user-
written subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICEEX SID SETID NAME
TICEEX 2 20 INEL1

SETID Number of a SET1 entry defining the elements to be initialized I>0 Required
NAME Initial condition name passed to the user-written subroutin C None
Remarks
1. The EXINIT user subroutine must be present and referenced in the input file by the USERCODE
FMS statement.
3. Initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TIC = SID).
570 TICEL
Transient Initial Conditions of Elements
TICEL Transient Initial Conditions of Elements
Defines the initial values of element variables at the beginning of the analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICEL SID SETID NAME1 VALUE1 NAME2 VALUE2 -etc.-
TICEL 3 40 DENSITY 100. SIE 1.E5

SETID Number of a SET1 entry defining the elements to be initialized. I>0 Required
NAMEi Element variable to be initialized. See Dytran User’s Guide, C Required
Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Running Dytran Using the
dytran Command.
VALUEi Value of the variable R Required
Remarks
1. Initial conditions for elements that are not specified on TICEL entries are assumed to be zero
except density, which is set to the reference density.
2. Initial conditions to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TIC = SID).
3. As many continuation lines as required can be used to specify all the variables being initialized.
A blank field terminates the list.
4. Element variables for Eulerian elements can be initialized with a TICEL or a TICEULentry. The
TICEL entry initializes a set of elements, while theTICEUL entry initializes either a set of
elements or geometrical regions (sphere, cylinder,...). When a Euler element is part of both a
TICEL and a TICEUL entry, the TICEL entry takes precedence, and overrules the TICEUL
initialization for the element.
TICEUL 571
Transient Initial Conditions of Eulerian Regions
TICEUL Transient Initial Conditions of Eulerian Regions
Defines the initial value sets for Eulerian regions. The Eulerian regions are defined by geometric shapes.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICEUL SID +
TICEUL 300 +
+ TYPE1 VID1 MID1 TSID1 LEVEL1 +

+ SPHERE 400 100 3 4.0 +

+ ELEM 500 200 4 2.1 +

+ CYLINDER 300 300 5 1.0 +

+ BOX 600 400 1 3.0 +
+ TYPEi VIDi MIDi TSIDi LEVELi -etc-

+ SURF 700 500 2 5.0

SID Unique TICEUL number referenced from a PEULER1 entry I>0 Required
TYPEi The type of Eulerian region: C Required
SURF Region inside or outside a multifaceted surface
SPHERE Region inside a sphere
CYLINDER Region inside a cylinder
BOX Region inside a box
ELEM Region defined by element list
VIDi Number of a geometric entity, a SET1number, or number of a I>0 Required
MATINIentry
MIDi Number of a DMATentry defining this material I>0 Required
572 TICEUL
Transient Initial Conditions of Eulerian Regions

TSIDi Unique TICVAL number containing a list of initial values for I>0 Required
this material
LEVELi Level indicator for this material and initial values. R 0.0
Remarks
1. When the material number is left blank or zero, the Eulerian elements inside the region will
be void.
2. All level indicators LEVELi must have different values. The level indicator can be negative.
3. See also the MICRO parameter for the accuracy of the initial value generation.
4. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Eulerian Loading and Constraints
for instructions on how to use the geometric shapes on the TICEUL entry for arbitrary initial value
generation in Eulerian regions.
5. Element variables for Eulerian elements can be initialized with a TICELor a TICEUL entry. The
TICEL entry initializes a set of elements, while the TICEUL entry initializes either a set of
elements or geometrical regions (sphere, cylinder, box, ...). When an Euler element is part of both
a TICEL and a TICEUL entry, theTICEL entry takes precedence and overrules the TICEUL
initialization for the element.
6. For the Euler solvers, you can, in addition to the “normal” element variables that the solver has
defined, also define an initial radial velocity field. You have to enter the location of the center
from where the radial emerges, the velocity to be applied to the element center and the decay
coefficient for the velocity field. The center is defined by the keywords X-CENTER, Y-CENTER,
Z-CENTER, the radial velocity by R-VEL and the decay coefficient by DECAY. You have to input
these keywords in the above order, and have every keyword followed by its value. For more
information, please refer to the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading,
Eulerian Loading and Constraints and the TICVAL or TICEL information in this manual.
TICGEX 573
User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Grid Points
TICGEX User-defined Transient Initial Conditions of Grid Points
Defines the initial values of grid-point variables at the beginning of the analysis by a user-written
subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICGEX SID SETID NAME
TICGEX 4 40 INGP3

SETID Number of a SET1 entry defining the grid points to be initialized I>0 Required
NAME Initial condition name passed to the user-written subroutine C None
Remarks
1. The EXINIT user subroutine must be present in the input file, and it must be referenced by the
USERCODE FMS statement.
3. Initial conditions must be selected in the Case Control Section (TIC = SID) to be used
by Dytran.
574 TICGP
Transient Initial Conditions for Grid Points
TICGP Transient Initial Conditions for Grid Points
Defines the initial conditions of grid points at the beginning of the analysis.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICGP SID SETID NAME1 VALUE1 NAME2 VALUE2 -etc.-
TICGP 3 30 PMASS 100.0 YVEL 30.0

SID Transient initial condition set number I>0 Required
SETID Number of a SET1 entry listing the grid points to be initialized I>0 Required
NAMEi Grid-point variable to be initialized (see Dytran User’s Guide, C Required
Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Result Types) or CID1, CID2 (see
Remark 4.)
VALUEi Value of the grid point variable, or number of coordinate system I or R Required
CID1, CID2 (see Remark 4.)
Remarks
1. Initial conditions for grid-point components that are not specified on TIC or TIGGP entries are
assumed to be zero.
2. Select initial conditions to be used by Dytran in the Case Control Section (TIC = SID).
3. Use as many continuation lines as required to specify all the variables being initialized. A blank
field terminates the list.
4. The NAMEi on the TICGP entry can also be CID1 or CID2. In that case, VALUEi denotes the
number of a defined coordinate system. Velocities are initialized according to the type of defined
coordinate system. If coordinate systems are used, the velocity components must follow the CID
definition immediately. All other variables must be defined before the first CID definition. Only
for Lagrangian grid points the velocity can be defined in a local coordinate system.
For example:
TICGP, 1, 1,PMASS,10.,CID1,1,YVEL,10.
5. All velocity components defined and preceding a coordinate system reference are overruled by
the definition following the coordinate system reference.
TICVAL 575
Transient Initial Condition Set
TICVAL Transient Initial Condition Set
Defines the initial values of an Eulerian geometric region.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TICVAL TSID METHOD NAME1 VALUE1 NAME2 VALUE2 NAME3 VALUE3 +
TICVAL 3 DENSITY 100. YVEL 25. SIE 3.7 +
+ NAMEi VALUEi -etc.-

+ XVEL 3.5

TSID Unique TICVAL number referenced from a TICEUL entry I>0 Required
METHOD RADIAL: initializes material with radial profiles. The entries C
VALUEi are interpreted as table IDs. See Remarks 5, 6, and 7.
NAMEi Variable to be initialized. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 9: C Required

Running the Analysis, Result Types
VALUEi Value of the variable R Required
Remarks
1. Initial conditions for geometric regions that are not specified on TICVAL entries are assumed to
be zero except density, which is set to the reference density.
2. For the Euler solvers, one can, in addition to the “normal” element variables that the solver has
defined, also define an initial radial velocity field. You have to enter the location of the center
from where the radial emerges, the velocity to be applied to the element center, and the decay
coefficient. The center is defined by the keywords X-CENTER, Y-CENTER, Z-CENTER, the
radial velocity by R-VEL and the decay coefficient by DECAY. You have to input these keywords
in the above order, and have every keyword followed by its value. For more information, please
refer to the Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Eulerian Loading and
Constraints. Note that the dimension of RVEL changes with the value of DECAY. For example
when DECAY equals 2, the dimension of RVEL is 1/length2.
3. Note that the initialization of geometric regions is based on the fraction of the element that lies
within the region. When, for example, an element is only partly covered by the geometric region,
the initialization will be done according to the mass that lies within the defined region.
4. As many continuation lines as required can be used to specify all the variables to be initialized. A
blank field terminates the list.
576 TICVAL
Transient Initial Condition Set
5. TYPE = RADIAL allows to map results of a spherical symmetric 1-D solution onto a full 3-D
model. For each initialized variable, a 1-D table has to be defined that specifies the variable value
for a number of distances from the center. The center is by default (0,0,0) but can be changed by
setting X-CENTER, Y-CENTER, Z-CENTER. The velocity is a radial velocity and has to be
specified as R-VEL. Its value is a TABLE ID.
6. PARAM SPHERSYM can be used to define a proper 1-D spherical mesh and speeds up the run by
taking only the mesh-size in radial direction into account. With Patran, radial profiles can be
created and written out to .xyd files. These files can be used to define tables by the TABFILE
entry. For details refer to Examples 3.4 and 3.5.
7. Radial initialization of JWL is supported. The entries DESTPH and the JWL entry from the 1-D
spherical solution stage have to be included in the remap run. Alternatively, the 1-D solution may
be run with JWL and the follow-up run with ideal gas, provided that all JWL material has fully
ignited. Radial initialization of EOSIG is not supported. In the follow-up run, ideal gas material
has to be used instead of IG material.
TLOAD1 577
Transient Dynamic Load
TLOAD1 Transient Dynamic Load
Defines a transient dynamic load, enforced motion, or an Eulerian boundary condition.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TLOAD1 SID LID TYPE TID
TLOAD1 5 7 13

SID Load number. I>0 Required
LID Number of a set of loads (DAREA, FORCEn, RFORCEMOMENT, I > 0 Required
GRAV PLOADn, FLOW FLOWEX MOMENTthat defines the loading
type, position, and value.
TYPE Nature of the dynamic excitation: I 0
0 Force on a grid point
Pressure on a Lagrangian element
GRAV applied to model
RFORCE applied to model
ATBACC applied to ATB segments
2 Velocity of a Lagrangian or ALE (Eulerian) grid point
4 FLOW boundary condition
12 Velocity of a rigid body
13 Force on a rigid body
TID Number of aTABLED1 or TABLEEX entry defining the variation of I0 No time
load with time or by means of a user routine. If blank or zero, the variation
loads do not vary with time.
Remarks
1. See the FORCEn, MOMENTn, DAREA, PLOADn, GRAV, RFORCE,ATBACC FLOW, FORCEEX,
and FLOWEX, entries for a description of how the loading or motion is calculated.
2. There can be one or more TLOAD1 entries in a set.
3. Transient loads to be used by Dytran must be selected in the Case Control Section
(TLOAD = SID).
4. TID must be blank if it references a FLOW or FLOWEX entry.
578 TLOAD1
Transient Dynamic Load
5. If TYPE is 0, the LID field can reference any of the entries: FORCEn, MOMENTn, GRAV,
RFORCE, DAREA, or PLOADn and apply the appropriate type of load.
If TYPE is 2, the LID field can only reference DAREA, FORCE, MOMENT, FORCE3, or
FORCEEX entries and applies enforced velocity to the specified grid points.
If TYPE is 4, the LID field can only reference FLOW or FLOWEX entries and applies a flow
boundary condition to the specified Eulerian faces.
If TYPE is 12, the LID field can only reference the DAREA, FORCE, or MOMENT entries and
applies an enforced velocity to the center of the specified rigid body.
If TYPE is 13, the LID field can only reference the FORCE or MOMENT entries and applies a
force or moment to the center of the specified rigid body.
6. If more than one velocity boundary condition (TYPE = 2) is applied to a grid point, the boundary
conditions can only be merged when the boundary conditions are consistently defined.
TLOAD2 579
Transient Dynamic Load, Form 2
TLOAD2 Transient Dynamic Load, Form 2
Defines a transient dynamic load or enforced motion of the following form:

Yt = 0 for t  0 or t  T 2 – T 1
P
Y  t  = At B e ct cos  2Ft + --------- for 0  t  T 2 – T 1
 180
where t = t – T 1 , and t is the analysis time.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TLOAD2 SID LID TYPE T1 T2 F P +
TLOAD2 5 7 2 0. 10.E-3 1000. 90. +
+ C B
+ .0 2.

LID Number of a set of loads (DAREA, FORCE, MOMENT, PLOAD, I>0 Required
GRAV, RFORCE) that defines the loading type, position, and scale
factor A
TYPE Nature of the dynamic excitation: I 0
0 Force on a grid point
Pressure on a Lagrangian element
GRAV applied to model
RFORCE applied to model
ATBACC applied to ATB segments
2 Velocity of a Lagrangian grid point
12 Velocity of a rigid body
13 Force on a rigid body
T1 Time constant R 0.0
T2 Time constant (T2 > T1) R 0.0
F Frequency in cycles per unit time R  0.0 0.0
P Phase angle in degrees R 0.0
580 TLOAD2
Transient Dynamic Load, Form 2

C Exponential coefficient R 0.0
B Growth coefficient R 0.0
Remarks
1. See the FORCEn, MOMENTn, DAREA, PLOADn, GRAV, RFORCE, ATBACC, FLOW, FORCEEX,
and FLOWEX entries for a description of how the loading or motion is calculated.
2. There can be one or more TLOAD1 and TLOAD2 entries in a set.
3. Select transient loads to be used by Dytran in the Case Control Section (TLOAD = SID).
4. If TYPE is 0, the LID field can reference any of the entries: FORCEn, MOMENTn, DAREA,
PLOAD, GRAV, or RFORCE and applies the appropriate type of load.
If TYPE is 2 or 3, the LID field can only reference DAREA, FORCE, MOMENT, or FORCEEX
entries and applies enforced velocity or acceleration to the specified grid points.
If TYPE is 12, the LID field can only reference the DAREA, FORCE, or MOMENT entries and
applies an enforced motion to the center of gravity of the specified rigid bodies.
If TYPE is 13, the LID field can only reference the FORCE or MOMENT entries and applies a
force or moment to the center of the specified rigid body.
5. If more than one velocity boundary condition (TYPE = 2) is applied to a grid point, the boundary
conditions are constant velocity boundary conditions and are consistently defined.
VISCDMP 581
Dynamic Relaxation
VISCDMP Dynamic Relaxation
Defines the dynamic relaxation for the various types of Lagrangian elements, rigid bodies, and ellipsoids.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VISCDMP SOLST SOLEND SOLV1 +
VISCDMP +
+ SHST SHEND SHV1 +

+ +
+ MEMST MEMEND MEMV1 MEMV2 +

+ +
+ EL1DST EL1DEN EL1DV1 +

D
+ 0. 10.E-3 0.01 +
+ RIGST RIGEND RIGV1 +

+ 0. 10.E-3 0.05 +
+ ELLST ELLEND ELLV1

+ 0. 10.E-3 0.06

SOLST Start time for solid-element dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
SOLEND End time for solid-element dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
SOLV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for grid points of solid elements R0 0.0
SHST Start time for shell-element dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
SHEND End time for shell-element dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
SHV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for grid points of shell elements R0 0.0
MEMST Start time for membrane-element dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
MEMEND End time for membrane-element dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
MEMV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for grid points of membrane elements R0 0.0
MEMV2 Dynamic relaxation factor for membrane element stiffness R0 0.0
582 VISCDMP
Dynamic Relaxation

EL1DST Start time for one-dimensional element dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
EL1DEND End time for one-dimensional element dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
EL1DV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for grid points of R0 0.0
one-dimensional elements
RIGST Start time for rigid-body dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
RIGEND End time for rigid-body dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
RIGV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for the rigid-body masses R0 0.0
ELLST Start time for ellipsoid dynamic relaxation R0 0.0
ELLEND End time for ellipsoid dynamic relaxation R0 1.E20
ELLV1 Dynamic relaxation factor for the ellipsoid masses R0 0.0
Remarks
1. A dynamic relaxation factor defined for a certain element type applies to all elements of that type
present in the problem.
2. See also Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Dynamic Relaxation for general information
on dynamic relaxation in Dytran.
WALL 583
Lagrangian Rigid Wall
WALL Lagrangian Rigid Wall
Defines a rigid plane through which specified Lagrangian grid points cannot penetrate.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WALL ID XP YP ZP NX NY NZ SET +
WALL 17 1.0 21
+ METHOD FS FK EXP
PENALTY 0.2

ID Unique rigid-wall number I>0 Required
XP, YP, ZP Coordinates of the origin of the wall R 0.0
NX, NY, NZ A vector normal to the wall pointing towards the model R 0.0
SET Number of a SET1 entry listing the points that cannot penetrate I > 0 Required
the wall.
METHOD Algorithm for contact processing: C PENALTY
PENALTY penalty method, allowing for extra boundary
conditions, friction and output.
KINMATIC kinematic method, only included for
compatibility reasons with older versions. This
method allows no extra boundary conditions, no
friction and no output.
FS Static coefficient of friction (see Remark 5.) R  0 0.0
FK Kinetic coefficient of friction (see Remark 5.) R  0 0.0
EXP Exponential decay coefficient (see Remark 5.) R  0 0.0
Remarks
1. A rigid plane of infinite size is generated that the grid points cannot penetrate. The plane is fixed
in space.
2. The grid points can slide on the wall and separate from it.
3. A (moving) rigid plane of finite size can be modeled by using a rigid surface and a
master-slave contact.
584 WALL
Lagrangian Rigid Wall
4. For the wall definition using penalty method, output can be requested by referencing it in a SET
command in the Case Control Section. The keywords for output are WALLS and WALLOUT.
5. The coefficient of friction is given by:
– v
 =  k +   s –  k e
where
s = static coefficient of friction FS

k = kinetic coefficient of friction FK
 = exponential decay coefficient EXP
v = relative sliding velocity at the point of contact
WALLDIR 585
Wall Boundary Condition for all Eulerian Boundary Faces in a Specific Direction
WALLDIR Wall Boundary Condition for all Eulerian

Boundary Faces in a Specific Direction
Defines a barrier for transport in an Eulerian mesh. The boundary consists of all Eulerian boundary faces
that point in a specific direction. Useful to define a barrier when a FLOWDEF has been defined. Can be
used to model a floor in blast wave simulations.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WALLDIR WID ELTYPE MESH DIRECTION
WALLDIR 120 HYDRO NEGX

WID Unique WALLDIR number I>0 Required
to be applied. Allowed values are: HYDRO, MMHYDRO,
and MMSTREN.
MESH Denotes the ID of the Euler mesh to which the boundary I>0 See Remark 5.
condition has to be applied.
DIRECTION Allowed values are NEGX, POSX, NEGY, POSY, NEGZ, C Required
and POSZ.
Remarks
1. WALLDIR can be used to specify flow boundaries for CHEXA’s and also for Euler element
3. WALLDIR is not supported by the single material strength Euler solver.
4. WALLDIR overrules FLOW and WALLET definitions, but FLOWSQ overrules WALLDIR.
586 WALLET
Barrier for Eulerian Transport
WALLET Barrier for Eulerian Transport
Defines a barrier for transport in an Eulerian mesh.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WALLET WID SID
WALLET 100 20

WID Unique wall number I>0 Required
SID Number of a set of CSEG, CFACE, and CFACE1 entries that define I > 0 Required
the element faces that are barriers to Eulerian transport.
Remarks
1. Material cannot pass through any of the faces referenced by the SID field.
2. Barriers can be modeled on the outside as well as the inside of an Eulerian mesh.
3. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 3: Constraints and Loading, Eulerian Loading and Constraints
for a more detailed description of the use of Eulerian barriers.
YLDEX 587
User-defined Yield Model
YLDEX User-defined Yield Model
Specifies that a user subroutine is being used to define the yield model.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDEX YID
YLDEX 200

YID Unique yield model number. I>0 Required
Remarks
2. See User-written Subroutine Notes in Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual for a description
of how to use user-written subroutines.
3. This yield model is applicable only for Lagrangian solid elements and Eulerian elements with
shear strength.
588 YLDEX1
User-Specified Yield Model
YLDEX1 User-Specified Yield Model
Defines an yield model by a user subroutine. The yield strength can depend on the amount of failure or
damage of the Euler element and on the VOLPLS and SOFTE element variables. This amount of damage
can be either specified by the damage variable of the FAILJC entry or by a more general failure estimate
by using the FAILEX2 entry. The VOLPLS and SOFTE variables can also be filled by the EXYLD1,
EXFAIL2 user-subroutine.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDEX1 YID
YLDEX1 200

YID Unique yield model number. I>0 Required
Remarks
1. This model is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver with strength.
3. See User-written Subroutine Notes in Chapter 7: User Subroutines in this manual for a description
of how to use user-written subroutines.
4. This yield model is applicable only Eulerian elements with shear strength.
5. The damage variable is determined by either FAILJC or FAILEX2. In the EXYLD1 user subroutine,
the yield stress can be reduced depending on the magnitude of the damage variable. In that case
the NOFAIL option should be set on the FAILJC or FAILEX2 entry.
YLDHY 589
Hydrodynamic Yield Model
YLDHY Hydrodynamic Yield Model
Defines a yield model with zero yield stress.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDHY YID
YLDHY 200

YID Unique yield-model number referenced from a DMAT entry I>0 Required
Remark
This yield model should be used for fluids that have no shear strength.
590 YLDJC
Johnson-Cook Yield Model
YLDJC Johnson-Cook Yield Model
Defines a Johnson-Cook yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain, strain
rate, and temperature.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDJC YID A B n C m EPS0 CP +
YLDJC 100 200E6 50.E6 0.1 .15 .95 1. 285. +
+ TMELT TROOM
+ 1500. 273.

YID Unique yield-model number referenced from a DMAT or I>0 Required
DMATEP entry
A Static yield stress R  0.0 Required
B Hardening parameter R 0.0
n Hardening exponent R 1.0
C Strain-rate parameter R 0.0
m Temperature exponent R 1.0
EPS0 Reference strain rate R > 0.0 1.0
CP Specific heat R > 0.0 1.E20
TMELT Melt temperature R 1.E20
Remarks
1. This yield model is described in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Yield Models.
The yield stress is computed from
·
 
 y =  A + B  p   1 + C ln  ----
n
-  1 – T* m 
  ·  
0
where
p = effective plastic strain

T – T  r
T* = -----------------------
T – T  m r
·
 = effective strain rate
YLDJC 591
Johnson-Cook Yield Model
·
0 = reference strain rate
T = temperature
Tr = room temperature
Tm = melt temperature
A, B, n, C, and m are constants.
2. The reference strain rate is per unit time.

592 YLDMC
Mohr-Coulomb Yield Model
YLDMC Mohr-Coulomb Yield Model
Defines a Mohr-Coulomb yield model.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDMC YID Y1 Y2 Y3
YLDMC 1 10.E5 20.E5 1.E4

YID Unique yield-model number referenced from: I>0 Required
DMAT for Eulerian elements with shear strength.
Y1, Y2, Y3 Yield parameters. R Required
Remarks
1. For a description of the yield models, see Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Yield
Models.
The yield stress depends on the pressure as:
 y = MIN  Y1  Y2 + Y3 * P  
where Y1 , Y2 , and Y3 are constants and P is the pressure.

This yield model is well suited for implementing standard geologic model like Mohr-Coulomb
yield surface with a Tresa limit as shown in the following diagram.
2. This yield model is applicable only for Eulerian materials with shear strength.
YLDMSS 593
Multisurface Yield Model for Snow
YLDMSS Multisurface Yield Model for Snow
Defines the yield model for snow material. This option must be used in combination with DMAT,
EOSPOL, and SHREL.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDMSS YID Kc T Cc Ac Bc Fc* FTU +
YLDMSS 7 0.149 82 1e-5 0.09 0.2 0.99 82 +
+ ALP0 Ds
+ -0.37 0.0

YID Unique yield model number referenced from DMAT I>0 Required
Kc Parameter related to the angle of friction R>0 Required
T Equivalent value of the snow cohesion; see Remark 5. R>0 Required
Cc Shape of the yield surface; see remark 3 R>0 Required
Ac Hardening parameter for compression; see Remark 4. R>0 Required
Bc Hardening parameter for compression; see Remark 4. R>0 Required
Fc* Factor to avoid singularity; see Remark 4. 0 < R < 1 0.99
FTU Hydrostatic tensile strength; see Remark 6. R>0 T/3
ALP0 Initial compressive volumetric plasticity strain; see Remark 4. R < 0 Required
Ds Softening modulus; see Remark 7. R>0 0.0
Remarks
1. This material model can be used to model Snow material.
2. In addition to deviatoric plastic strain there is also volumetric plastic strain. This volumetric strain
is stored in the VOLPLS output variable. The deviatoric strain is stored in the EFFPLS variable.
3. For detail description of each parameter in this model, the user should refer to the Theory Manual
in which the mechanical properties of snow are described.
4. If Cc is set to zero, then the material behaves as a Drucker-Prager model. Ac, Bc, Fc*, and ALP0
are ignored.
5. The T value must be consistently converted from the cohesion data, C DP , of the Drucker-Prager
model as follows:
T = C DP  K c
594 YLDMSS
Multisurface Yield Model for Snow
6. FTU, hydrostatic tensile strength, may not be greater than T divided by 3. Otherwise, it is set to
that value.
7. The softening modulus is used to update the hardening parameter q t ; see Theory Manual. It can
be requested as output using the FTU variable. The corresponding accumulated-plastic-
volumetric-tensile-strain variable is SOFTE.
8. This material model is valid for the Euler with Strength processor and the Multi-material Euler
with Strength solver.
YLDPOL 595
Polynomial Yield Model
YLDPOL Polynomial Yield Model
Defines a polynomial yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDPOL YID A B C D E F Smax
YLDPOL 7 180.e6

YID Unique yield model number I>0 Required
A Initial yield parameter R>0 Required
B Coefficient B R 0.0
C Coefficient C R 0.0
D Coefficient D R 0.0
E Coefficient E R 0.0
F Coefficient F R 0.0
Smax Maximum yield stress R 1.E20
Remarks
1. This yield model is described in Yield Models at the beginning of this chapter.
 y = MIN   max A + B p + C p2 + D p3 + E p4 + F p5 
where

 max = maximum yield stress
A, B, C, D, E, and F are constants.
2. For a description of all of the yield models, see Yield Models in Chapter 4: Models of the Dytran
Theory Manual.
596 YLDRPL
Rate Power Law Yield Model
YLDRPL Rate Power Law Yield Model
Defines a rate power law yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain and
strain rate.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDRPL YID A B n m C
YLDRPL 7 180.e6

A Initial yield parameter R>0 Required
B Hardening parameter R 0.0.
N Hardening exponent R 1.0.
M Strain rate exponent R 1.0.
C Minimum yield stress R 1.E20.
Remarks
·
 y = MAX  C A + B pn  m 
where
p = effective plastic strain.

·
 = effective strain rate.
A, B, n, m, and C are constants.
2. For a description of all of the yield models, see Yield Models in Chapter 4: Models of the
Dytran Theory Manual.
YLDSG 597
Steinberg-Guinan Yield Model
YLDSG Steinberg-Guinan Yield Model
Defines the Steinberg-Guinan yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain,
pressure and temperature.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDSG YID A1 A2 A3 A4 H B CP +
YLDSG 7 8e+6 100e+6 110 0.5 130e+6
+ TMELT TROOM
1500 273

A1-A4 Yield parameters R > 0 Required
H, B Yield parameters R 0.0
CP Specific heat R > 0 1.E20
Remarks
1. This material model can be used to model metals for a wide range of strain rates.
2. This yield model is described in Yield Models in Chapter 4: Models of the Dytran Theory Manual.
The yield stress is computed from:
A4
AT = A1  1 + A3 p 

 y = min  A 2 ,A T  1 – H  T – T r  + Bp  --------- , T  T m 
  ref
 y = 0 T  T m
where
p = effective plastic strain.

T = temperature.
Tr = room temperature.
Tm = melt temperature.
p = pressure.
598 YLDSG
Steinberg-Guinan Yield Model
 = density.
A 1  ,A 4 ,H and B are constants.
3. The reference and quasi-static strain rate are per unit time.
4. For a description of all of the yield models, see Yield Models at the beginning of this chapter.
YLDTM 599
Tanimura-Mimura Yield Model
YLDTM Tanimura-Mimura Yield Model
Defines the Tanimura-Mimura yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain,
strain rate and temperature.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDTM YID A B C D m EPSM CP +
YLDTM 7 45.6e6 19.5e6 1.0 0.001 +
+ TMELT TROOM Scr E k EPS0

+ 4000.e6 2100. 0.5 1.0

A Static yield parameter R > 0 Required
B Hardening parameter R 0.0
C Strain rate parameter C R 0.0
D Strain rate parameter D R 0.0
m Temperature exponent R 1.0
EPSM Quasi-static strain rate R > 0 1.0
CP Specific heat R > 0 1.E20
Scr Critical yield stress R > 0 1.E20
E Strain rate parameter E R 0.0
K Strain rate exponent R 1.0
EPS0 Reference strain rate R > 0 1.0
Remarks
1. This material model can be used to model metals for a wide range of strain rates.
· ·
A + B p  k
y = A + B p +  C + D p   1 – -------------------- ln  ----  1 – T *m  + E  ----
-
  cr   · s  · 
0
600 YLDTM
Tanimura-Mimura Yield Model
where

 cr = critical yield stress
·
·
s = quasi-static strain rate
·
T – T  r
T* = -----------------------
T – T  m r
T = temperature
Tr = room temperature
T mr = melt temperature
A, B, D, m, E, and k are constants
3. The reference and quasi-static strain rate are per unit time.
YLDVM 601
von Mises Yield Model
YLDVM von Mises Yield Model
Defines a bilinear or piecewise-linear yield model with isotropic hardening, using the von Mises
yield criterion.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDVM YID YIELD EH +
YLDVM 32 250.E6 2000.E6 +
+ TABLE TYPE TABY D P

+

YID Unique yield-model number I>0 Required
YIELD Yield stress R Required
EH Hardening modulus R 0.0
TABLE Number of a TABLED1 entry giving the variation of effective I>0 See Remark 5.
stress (y-value) with effective strain (x-value).
TYPE The type of stress and strain defined in TABLED1. TRUE
ENG Engineering stress and strain.
TRUE True stress and strain.
PLAST True stress and plastic strain.
PMOD Plastic modulus and true stress.
TABY Number of TABLED1 entry giving the variation of the scale I>0 See Remark 7.
factor for the yield stress (y-value) with the strain rate
(x-value). Strain-rate effects are also specified using the
Cowper-Symonds relation (see input parameters D and P).
D Factor D in the Cowper-Symonds rate enhancement equation R  0 See Remark 7.
P Factor P in the Cowper-Symonds rate enhancement equation R  0 See Remark 7.
602 YLDVM
Remarks
1. A bilinear stress-strain characteristic is used by specifying YIELD and EH:
where the yield stress  y is given by

EE h
 y =  0 + ----------------  p
E – Eh
where
0 = yield stress specified in the YIELD field

E = Young’s modulus
Eh = hardening modulus specified in the EH field
p = equivalent plastic strain
y = yield stress
2. A piecewise linear, stress-strain characteristic is used by specifying TABLE and TYPE (beams
and shells only)
 ij =    i –  i – 1    –  i – 1     i –  i – 1   +  i – 1
The stress-strain characteristic used internally in Dytran is in terms of true stress and equivalent
plastic strain. However, for convenience, the stress-strain characteristic can be input in any of the
following ways (see Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Yield Models):
True stress/true strain (TYPE = TRUE)

Engineering stress/engineering strain (TYPE = ENG)
True stress/plastic strain (TYPE = PLAST)
Plastic modulus/true stress (TYPE = PMOD)
3. For a description of all of the yield models, see Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Yield
Models.
4. With Lagrangian and Eulerian solid elements, only an elastic perfectly plastic yield model is
currently used. Only the YIELD field is used.
5. If TABLE is blank or zero, a bilinear stress-strain curve is assumed. If TABLE has a value, it refers
to a TABLED1 entry giving the stress-strain curve for the material.
YLDVM 603
6. If TABLE is defined, the value of YIELD is left blank, since it is determined from the
stress-strain curve.
7. If TABY is blank or zero and D and P are blank or zero, the yield stress does not vary with strain
rate. If TABY has a value, then it references a TABLED1 entry, which gives the variation of the
scale factor applied to the yield stress with strain rate. (D and P must be blank or zero.)
If TABY is blank or zero and D and P are defined, the enhancement of the yield stress with strain
rate is calculated as
·
d  1p
------ = 1 +  ----p-
y  D
where  d is the dynamic stress,  y is the static yield stress (YIELD), and · p is the equivalent
plastic strain rate.
8. If TYPE is PLAST or PMOD, Young’s modulus must be defined. If TYPE is ENG or TRUE and
Young’s modulus is defined it overrides the value calculated from the stress-strain curve. See
Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Yield Models for more details.
9. Note that for values exceeding the maximum x-value of either of the TABLED1 entries (see
TABLE and TABY fields), linear extrapolation is used based upon the last two points specified in
the TABLED1.
604 YLDZA
Zerilli-Armstrong Yield Model
YLDZA Zerilli-Armstrong Yield Model
Defines the Zerilli-Armstrong yield model where the yield stress is a function of effective plastic strain,
strain rate and temperature.
Format and Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
YLDZA YID A B n C m EPS0 CP +
YLDZA 7 200.e6 50.e6 0.1 +
+ D
+ 0.0

A Static yield parameter R>0 Required
B Hardening parameter R>0 0.0.
n Hardening exponent R>0 1.0.
C Strain rate parameter R 0.0.
m Temperature exponent R 1.0.
EPS0 Reference strain rate R>0 1.0.
CP Specific heat R>0 1.E20.
D Bcc parameter R Fcc metals
Remarks
1. This material model can be used to model to model Fcc (iron and steels) and Bcc (aluminum and
alloys) metals.
·

– mT + CT ln -----
·
0
 y =  A + B  pn  for Fcc metals
  ·  
 – mT + CT ln  -----
· 
   0 
 y =  A + B  pn  + De for Bcc metals
YLDZA 605
where

·
·
T = temperature
A, B, n, C, m, and D are constants.
3. The reference strain rate are per unit time.

4. In case the Bcc parameter D is not supplied, it is assumed that a Fcc metal is defined.
606 YLDZA
Chapter 6: Parameters
6 Parameters
 Parameters Summary 612


ALEITR 616

ALETOL 617
 ALEVER 618

ATB-H-OUTPUT 619

ATBAOUT 620
 ATBSEGCREATE 621

ATBTOUT 622
 AUTHINFO 623
 AUTHQUEUE 624
 AXIALSYM 625

BULKL 627
 BULKQ 628
 BULKTYP 629

CFULLRIG 630
 CLUFLIM 631

CLUMPENER 632

COHESION 633
 CONM2OUT 634

CONTACT 635

COSUBCYC 639

COSUBMAX 640

COUFRIC 641

DELCLUMP 642

ELDLTH 643
 ERRUSR 644

EULER-BOUNDARY 645

EULERCUB 646
 EULERPR 647

EULSTRESS 648

EULTRAN 649
 EXTRAS 653

FAILDT 654

FAILOUT 655
 FASTCOUP 656

FBLEND 658
 FLOW-METHOD 659
 FMULTI 662
 GEOCHECK 663

GRADED-MESH 664
 HGCMEM 665
 HGCOEFF 666

HGCSOL 667
 HGCTWS 668

HGCWRP 669

HGSHELL 670
 HGSOLID 671
Chapter 6: Parameters 609

HGTYPE 672

HICGRAV 673

HVLFAIL 674

IEEE 676

IGNFRCER 677

IMM 678
 INFO-BJOIN 679

INISTEP 680

INITFILE 681
 INITNAS 683

LIMCUB 684

LIMITER 685
 MATRMERG 686

MATRMRG1 687

MAXSTEP 688
 MESHELL 689

MESHPLN 690
 MICRO 691
 MINSTEP 692
 MIXGAS 693

NASIGN 694
 NZEROVEL 695
 OLDLAGTET 696

PARALLEL 697
 PLCOVCUT 698

PMINFAIL 699

RBE2INFO 700
 RHOCUT 701
 RJSTIFF 702197

RKSCHEME 703

ROHYDRO 704

ROMULTI 705

ROSTR 706

RSTDROP 707

SCALEMAS 708
 SHELLFORM 709

SHELMSYS 710

SHPLAST 711
 SHSTRDEF 712

SHTHICK 713

SLELM 714
 SNDLIM 718

SPHERSYM 719

STEPFCT 720
 STEPFCTL 721

STRNOUT 722
 TOLFAC 724
 UGASC 725
 VARACTIV 726

VDAMP 728
 VELCUT 729
 VELMAX 730

VISCOPLAS 731
Overview
Overview
The PARAM entry in the Bulk Data Section of the input file is used to change a number of the values that
control the analysis. This section describes all possible options and values that can be set with the
PARAM entry.
All the options are set to default values if no PARAM entry with that option is present in the input file.
You therefore only need to include a PARAM entry if you want to change one of the defaults. Normally,
the default values work well and need not be altered.
Parameters Summary
Parameters Summary
The following PARAM entries are available:
Contact Control
CONTACT Sets the contact defaults
LIMCUB Contact cube-sort algorithm
Coupling Subcycling
COSUBCYC Growth of subcycling in coupling
COSUBMAX Subcycle limit
Blending Control
DELCLUMP Delete clump factor
FBLEND Blend fraction
CLUMPENER Kinetic energy calculation method for Eulerian blended clumps
Time-Step Control
INISTEP Initial time step
MAXSTEP Maximum time step
MINSTEP Minimum time step.
SCALEMAS Mass scaling definition
STEPFCT Time-step scale factor
Limits
FMULTI Dimensioning of multimaterial overflow array
MICRO Microzoning parameter
RHOCUT Global minimum density for Eulerian elements
ROHYDRO Minimum density for hydrodynamic, single-material Eulerian elements
ROMULTI Minimum density for multimaterial Eulerian elements
ROSTR Minimum density for single material Eulerian elements with strength
SNDLIM Minimum value of speed of sound
Parameters Summary
VELCUT Velocity cutoff

VELMAX Maximum velocity for Eulerian and Lagrangian elements
Restart Control
RSTDROP Type of elements dropped when restarting
ALE Motion Control

ALEITR Number of ALE grid iterations
ALETOL Tolerance at ALE interface
ALEVER ALE Volume Computation Method
Hourglass Suppression Control

HGCMEM Shell membrane hourglass damping coefficient
HGCOEFF Hourglass damping coefficient
HGCSOL Solid hourglass damping coefficient
HGCTWS Shell twisting hourglass damping coefficient
HGCWRP Shell warping hourglass damping coefficient
HGSHELL Shell hourglass suppression method
HGSOLID Solid hourglass suppression method
HGTYPE Global hourglass suppression method
Miscellaneous
AUTHQUEUE Licensing queuing control
CFULLRIG Converts 123456 constraints to FULLRIG for RBE2
EULTRAN Switch for the multimaterial Euler transport scheme
EXTRAS Extra input constants
FASTCOUP Fast coupling algorithm
GEOCHECK Defines geometry consistency check
HYDROBOD Defines a body force for single hydro material in Euler
LIMITER Defines type of scheme used in the Euler solver
MATRMERG Merges MATRIG and RBE2FULLRIG assemblies
MATRMRG1 Merges MATRIG and RBE2 FULLRIG assemblies
Parameters Summary
RJSTIFF Rigid-joint stiffness

RKSCHEME Defines the type of time scheme used in the Euler solver
VARACTIV Activation or deactivation of grid-point, element, or face variables
Material Parameter Control

BULKL Linear bulk-viscosity coefficient
BULKQ Quadratic bulk-viscosity coefficient
BULKTYP Bulk-viscosity type
HVLFAIL Switches failure at hydrodynamic volume limit
PMINFAIL Switches failure at spall limit
Shell Options
SHELMSYS Shell-element system definition
SHPLAST Type of plane-stress plasticity for shells
SHTHICK Shell-thickness modification option
SHELLFORM Sets the default shell formulation
Dynamic Relaxation
VDAMP Defines dynamic-relaxation parameter
Airbag Control
PLCOVCUT Defines time that PLCOVER will be cut
UGASC Universal gas constant
ATB Positioning
ATBSEGCREATE Creates grids and elements for ATBSEG
Output Control
ATB-H-OUTPUT Writes ATB output to Dytran time-history files
ATBTOUT Frequency of output written to main output file of ATB
ATBTOUT Frequency of output written to the time-history files of ATB
Parameters Summary
AUTHINFO Licensing information control

CONM2OUT Conm2 summary output
ELDLTH Show list of Lagrangian elements with time step in ascending order
ERRUSR Error message redefinition
FAILOUT Failed element output parameter
IEEE IEEE binary data output format
IGNFRCER Ignores warnings
INFO-BJOIN Lists the generated BJOIN s and spot welds
MESHELL Mesh density for covering rigid ellipsoids
MESHPLN Mesh density for covering of rigid planes
NASIGN Echo ignored data entries
PARALLEL Parallel execution information
RBE2INFO Lists MATRIG and RBE2 grids in the output file
SHSTRDEF Composite shell stress and strain output
SLELM Store shell sublayer variables
STRNOUT Shell sublayer strain output
Prestressing Analysis
INITFILE Defines method of initialization from a solution file
INITNAS Defines the type of displacement initialization file
Parameter Descriptions
The parameters are listed in alphabetical order. The entry and the examples are shown in free format,
although small or large fixed format entries can also be used.
The default value indicates the value used if no PARAM entry is present. The type column indicates the
type of data you must supply. This can be I (Integer), R (Real), or C (Character). In addition, a range of
permissible values may also be indicated for example, I > 0 means that you must supply an integer that
is greater than zero.
616 ALEITR
Number of ALE Mesh Iterations
ALEITR Number of ALE Mesh Iterations
Defines the number of mesh iterations to be used to move the free ALE grid points.

PARAM,ALEITR,value 1
PARAM,ALEITR,3
Option Meaning Type

value Number of mesh iterations 1<I<6
Remarks
1. In most applications, one iteration should be sufficient. If not, the number of iterations can be
increased to a maximum of six.
2. Less mesh iterations reduce the computational effort.
ALETOL 617
Tolerance at ALE Interface
ALETOL Tolerance at ALE Interface
Defines the tolerance in matching Eulerian and Lagrangian grid points in the ALE interface surface
.

PARAM,ALETOL,value 1.E–4
PARAM,ALETOL,1.E-4
Option Meaning Type

value Tolerance R>0
Remark
Grid points in the ALE interface with coordinates that fall within the tolerance are recognized to be an
ALE interface pair.
618 ALEVER
ALE Volume Computation Method
ALEVER ALE Volume Computation Method
Defines the method to be used in the element-volume computation in ALE meshes.

PARAM,ALEVER,option V2.1
PARAM,ALEVER,V2.2
Option Meaning Type

V2.1 V2.1 method uses a fast approximation scheme for the C
element-volume computation.
V2.2 V2.2 method gives the exact element volume.
Remark
The V2.2 option should be used in problems where the pressure levels are expected to be low. The V2.1
method is faster and consumes less CPU time, but it can lead to spurious pressure levels in a low pressure
level calculation.
ATB-H-OUTPUT 619
Write ATB Output to Dytran Time-History Files
ATB-H-OUTPUT Write ATB Output to Dytran Time-History Files
An Dytran time-history file is created containing the output as requested in the ATB input file on cards
H.1 to H.11.
Format and Example

PARAM,ATB-H-OUTPUT,option
PARAM,ATB-H-OUTPUT,NO
Option Meaning Type Default

YES The Dytran time-history files are created. C YES
NO The Dytran time-history files are not created.
620 ATBAOUT
Output Frequency to Main Output File of ATB
ATBAOUT Output Frequency to Main Output File of ATB
Defines the frequency at which output is written to the main output file of ATB.

PARAM,ATBAOUT,value 10.0E-3
PARAM,ATBAOUT,5.0E-3
Option Meaning Type

value Every multiple of ATBAOUT seconds, the main output file of ATB is updated. R > 0.0
Remarks
1. Only active when field 3 on the A5 card of the ATB input file is set to a value of -1.
2. Controls the frequency of the output of segment acceleration, velocity and displacement, joint
forces and moments.
ATBSEGCREATE 621
Create Grids and Elements for ATBSEG
ATBSEGCREATE Create Grids and Elements for ATBSEG
A Bulk Data file is created containing grid points and elements visualizing the initial position and
orientation of the coordinate systems of the ATB segment and its joints.
Format and Example

PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE,option,NAME,Length1,length2
PARAM,ATBSEGCREATE,YES,HYBRID-III,0.1,0.05

YES If EID1 through EID3 on the ATBSEG entry and/or EID1 through
EID6 on the ATBJNT entry are defined, Dytran extracts the initial
positions from the ATB input file for the grid points G0 through G3
from the ATBSEG entry and/or for the grid points G0 through G6
from the ATBSEG entry. Bulk Data entries as specified on the
ATBSEG and ATBJNT entries are written to the file with name
ATB_<NAME>.DAT, where NAME is equal to the name specified on
this s entry.
NO The specifications for EID1 through EID3 on the ATBSEG entry
and/or EID1 through EID6 on the ATBJNT entry are ignored. No
Bulk Data file is created.
NAME Name given to the Bulk Data file C Required
LENGTH1 Specifies the length of the axes spanned by the grid points that R> 0.1
represent the local coordinate systems of the segments 0.0
LENGTH2 Specifies the length of the axes spanned by the grid points that R> 0.05
represent the local coordinate systems of the joints 0.0
622 ATBTOUT
Output Frequency to Time-History Files of ATB
ATBTOUT Output Frequency to Time-History Files of ATB
Defines the frequency at which output is written to the time-history files of ATB.

PARAM,ATBTOUT,value 1.0E-3
PARAM,ATBTOUT,1.0E-4
Option Meaning Type

value Every multiple of ATBTOUT seconds, the time-history files of ATB R > 0.0
are updated.
Remarks
1. Only active when field 26 on the A5 card of the ATB input file is set to a value of –1.
2. Controls the frequency of all output requested on the H-cards, and of the tabular time-histories
that are controlled by field 18 on the A5 card of the ATB input file.
AUTHINFO 623
Licensing Information Control
AUTHINFO Licensing Information Control
Defines the amount of information FLEXlm licensing writes to the output file.

PARAM,AUTHINFO,value 1
PARAM,AUTHINFO,9
Option Meaning Type

value The amount of licensing information that FLEXlm writes to the output file. A I>0
value of 1 provides the minimum amount of licensing information, while a value
of 9 provides the maximum amount of information.
Remark
You can use this parameter to obtain extra licensing information if a FLEXlm licensing problem is
experienced. Under normal circumstances, where FLEXlm licensing is not a problem, this parameter is
not used.
624 AUTHQUEUE
Licensing Queuing Control
AUTHQUEUE Licensing Queuing Control
Defines the queuing time of the FLEXlm licensing system.

PARAM,AUTHQUEUE,value 30
PARAM,AUTHQUEUE,600
Option Meaning Type

value Specifies the time in minutes for FlexLM to wait for a seat to become available. I>0
If the seat becomes available before the specified time period, the job is allowed
to continue. If not, the job is terminated. A value of 0 disables the FLEXlm
queue functionality.
Remarks
1. When a job is waiting for a seat to become available, it consumes computer resources such as
memory, disk space, etc. Too many jobs waiting for licenses could have a severe impact on
the system.
2. A maximum of 100 Dytran jobs can be queued.
3. If queueing is enabled, Dytran waits in the queue until the license of the desired type has been
released by any other job(s) currently holding it. If queueing is disabled, Dytran searches for any
next applicable free Dytran license with which the run could be started. When no more of
the desired Dytran licenses are found, the job terminates. Note that a job requiring a 'basic' license
could also run using a 'standard' license although that one would obtain more tokens
than necessary.
AXIALSYM 625
Axial Symmetric Analyses
AXIALSYM Axial Symmetric Analyses
Enables an efficient and accurate 2-D axial symmetry for Eulerian materials. A much larger time step
becomes possible by not taking into account the mesh-size in circumferential direction.

PARAM,AXIALSYM,MESHTYPE,AXIALAXIS,SYNPLAN, PHI,ALIGN,PHI2
PARAM,AXIALSYM,RECT,X,XY,2.5,YES,0 PHI: 0
ALIG: YES
PHI2: 0
The other fields
have to be set.
Option Meaning Type

MESHTYPE Two types of Euler meshes are supported: C: [AXIAL,RECT]
Axial symmetric meshes: MESHTYPE = AXIAL
Rectangular meshes: MESHTYPE = RECT
AXIAL AXIS X Y Z C: [X,Y,X]
SYMPLAN The approximate symmetry plane of the Euler mesh C: [XY,YZ,ZX]
For MESHTYPE=AXIAL:
It is assumed that one of the coordinate planes is an

approximate symmetry plane of the Euler mesh. Although
approximate symmetry is sufficient, the coordinate plane can
always be made an exact symmetry plane by the use of PHI2.
If for example the Euler mesh has angles 0 and 2.5, PHI2 has to
be set to -1.25 to get exact symmetry.
PHI Only used for MESHTYPE = RECT. R>0
Used to creates a 2-D axial symmetric mesh with angles

+PHI/2 and –PHI/2
ALIGN ALIGN normals of oblique Euler element faces. This prevents C: [YES,NO]
errors in strains that can arise from small errors in Euler face
normals. Only needed for MESHTYPE=AXIAL. For
MESHTYPE=RECT this option is ignored.
PHI2 As a final operation rotate the mesh around the axial axis by the R
angle PHI2. See Remark 6.
626 AXIALSYM
Axial Symmetric Analyses
Remark
1. Only available for Eulerian elements and does not support Lagrange elements. The effect of this
parameter is not limited to the solvers. Also, Euler archives will reflect the modified Euler
mesh geometry.
2. The Euler mesh cannot only be symmetric but can also be a rectangular mesh comprising of one
layer. Using the angle specified by PHI, this Euler mesh is mapped into a 2-D axial
symmetric mesh.
3. The Euler mesh has to consist of one layer.
4. Rectangular meshes that can be made 2d symmetric using the angle PHI should satisfy:
• All boundary Euler faces are aligned with a coordinate direction
• Only one layer thick
• The axial symmetry axis is either on the boundary of the Euler mesh or outside the Euler mesh.
It is not allowed that the axial axis is inside the Euler mesh.
Initialization of Euler element using geometric regions as defined by the TICEUL entry is carried
out onto the transformed 2d axial mesh.
5. In the time step computation the circumferential mesh-size will not be taken into account.
6. Use the PHI2 option with caution. Euler initialization is done using the mesh rotated by the angle
PHI2. So after including the angle PHI2 or modifying its value, the Euler initialization should
be revised.
BULKL 627
Linear Bulk Viscosity Coefficient
BULKL Linear Bulk Viscosity Coefficient
Defines the default value of the linear bulk viscosity coefficient.

PARAM,BULKL,value 0.0
PARAM,BULKL,0.1
Option Meaning Type

value Value of the linear coefficient in the bulk viscosity equation. R  0.0
Remarks
1. The default value works well for the majority of problems.
2. The value defined on this entry is used as the default whenever BULKL is blank on the DMATxx
material entries.
3. When BULKL is specified on a material definition entry, the default value is overridden for that
specific material.
4. See Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Artificial Viscosities for details on bulk viscosity.
628 BULKQ
Quadratic Bulk Viscosity Coefficient
BULKQ Quadratic Bulk Viscosity Coefficient
Defines the default value of the quadratic bulk viscosity coefficient.

PARAM,BULKQ,value 1.0
PARAM,BULKQ,1.6
Option Meaning Type

value Value of the quadratic coefficient in the bulk viscosity equation. R  0.0
Remarks
1. The default value works well in the majority of situations.
2. The value defined on this entry is used as the default whenever BULKQ is blank on the DMATxx
material entries.
3. When BULKQ is specified on a material definition entry, the default value is overridden for that
specific material.
4. See Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Artificial Viscosities for details on bulk viscosity.
BULKTYP 629
Bulk Viscosity Type
BULKTYP Bulk Viscosity Type
Defines the default type of bulk viscosity.

PARAM,BULKTYP,option DYNA
PARAM,BULKTYP,DYNA
Option Meaning Type

DYNA Standard DYNA3D model C
DYTRAN Enhanced DYNA model
Remark
See Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Artificial Viscosities for details on bulk viscosity.
630 CFULLRIG
Converts 123456 Constraints to FULLRIG on RBE2 Entries
CFULLRIG Converts 123456 Constraints to FULLRIG on RBE2 Entries
Converts all 123456 constraints to the FULLRIG option on all entries

.

PARAM,CFULLRIG,value YES
PARAM,CFULLRIG,NO
Option Meaning Type

value YES 123456 constraints are converted to FULLRIG. C
NO 123456 constraints are not converted to FULLRIG.
CLUFLIM 631
Limiter of Volume Stain Rate for Clumps
CLUFLIM Limiter of Volume Stain Rate for Clumps
In some cases, airbag runs become instable. Often, this is caused by a much too large volume strain rate
in a clump that consists of too many elements. These clumps typically have a small average volume
uncovered fraction. The large volume strain rate causes a huge compression work and this blows up the
specific internal energy. When this happens it is clearly visible in the OUT file and in the results. This
PARAM activates a limiter that scales down the volume strain rate for clumps with a small average
uncovered fraction. It can keep an instable airbag run stable, just like PARAM, VELMAX can keep
runs stable.

PARAM, CLUFLIM,value (1/3)*FBLEND
PARAM, CLUFLIM,0.22
Option Meaning Type

VALUE The volume strain rate in a clump will be reduced when the average 0<R<FBLEND
Uncovered Fraction of elements in a CLump falls below CLUFLIM.
CLUFLIM has to be smaller than FBLEND. The default value of
FBLEND is 0.66 giving a value of 0.22 for CLUFLIM. For more details
on FBLEND refer to PARAM,FBLEND.
Remark
The Volume strain rate DIV

----------- in clumps will be limited by
t
 DIV
----------- = min  1 ,-----------------------------  -----------
U DIV
 t  Lim  CLUFLIM  t 
Here, U is the average uncovered fraction of elements in the clump as given by
 Uncf el * Vol el
 clump
U = el
-----------------------------------------------------------
-
 Vol el
el  cl ump
Here Uncf and Vol denote the uncovered fraction and volume of an element inside the clump.
Therefore, only when the average uncover fraction falls below CLUFLIM, the volume strain rate
is limited.
632 CLUMPENER
Switch for Kinetic Energy Calculation Scheme of Blended Clumps
CLUMPENER Switch for Kinetic Energy Calculation Scheme of Blended Clumps
Sets the definition of the kinetic energy calculation method for Eulerian blended clumps.

PARAM,CLUMPENER,option AVERAGE
PARAM,CLUMPENER,SUM
Option Meaning Type

AVERAGE The kinetic energy of an Eulerian blended clump is calculated from the C
average velocity of the clump. The average velocity of the blended clump is
computed as the sum of the momentum of each member of the clump divided
by the total clump mass.
SUM The kinetic energy of an Eulerian blended clump is calculated as the sum of
the kinetic energy of each member of the clump.
Remarks
1. With the release of Dytran 2002 R1, the default method switched from SUM to AVERAGE to
minimize the possible occurrence of negative internal energy locally in Eulerian elements during
the analysis.
2. For normal analysis, the default method AVERAGE works correctly. Only in cases of repeating an
older analysis is desired, should the method SUM be used to obtain the same results as before.
COHESION 633
Cohesion for Coulomb Friction
COHESION Cohesion for Coulomb Friction
Allows friction and sticking during tensile conditions at the coupling surface.

PARAM,COHESION,MAXSTRS,FRIC,REFVE NONE
L
PARAM,COHESION,8e+10,8e+5,2
Option Meaning Type

MAXSTRS Maximal normal stress. Allows tensile stresses at the coupling surface as long R>0
as the normal stress does not exceed MAXSTRS.
FRIC Friction stress under tensile conditions. R>0
REFVEL Reference value for velocity R>0
Remarks
1. Only used when Coulomb friction coefficients have been specified for a COUPLE entry.
2. During tension any relative tangential velocity between coupling surface and Eulerian material
V
will yield a shear stress whose magnitude equals FRIC  min  1 ,--------------------------------
rel , tan gential
- . This is a viscous-like

REFVEL
friction law.
3. This shear force opposes the relative tangential movement along the coupling surface.
634 CONM2OUT
CONM2 Summary Output
CONM2OUT CONM2 Summary Output
Determines if a summary of concentrated masses and their energy and momentum is written to the
output file.

PARAM,CONM2OUT,option YES
PARAM,CONM2OUT,NO
Option Meaning Type

NO No information about concentrated masses is written to the cycle and material C
summaries on the output file.
YES A complete summary of concentrated masses including the associated mass, C
momentum, and energy is written to the output file.
Remark
When PARAM,CONM2OUT is set to NO, there is no summary of the concentrated mass. This means that
the mass, momentum, and energy of the concentrated masses, is not added to the material and cycle
summaries. Setting PARAM,CONM2OUT,NO saves memory and CPU time.
CONTACT 635
Sets Defaults for CONTACT
CONTACT Sets Defaults for CONTACT
Defines certain defaults for the contact definitions.
Format and Example Type

PARAM,CONTACT,option,value1,value2,... Blank
PARAM,CONTACT,VERSION,V4
PARM,CONTACT,TOLFAC
Option Meaning Type

VERSION,[V2,V3,V4, Defines the default version C, Required
BELT,BELT1,DRAWBEAD]
THICK,value Defines the default value for THICK C, R
GAP,value Defines the default value for GAP C, R > 0
LIMITS, Definition of a three dimensional contact region where
[XMIN,XMAX, contact in the analysis model takes place. Significant
YMIN,YMAX, CPU time savings can be achieved when used in
ZMIN,ZMAX] adaptive contact.
XMIN Lower limit in x-direction where main -1.E20
contact occurs
XMAX Upper limit in x-direction where main 1.E20
contact occurs
YMIN Lower limit in y-direction where main -1.E20
contact occurs
YMAX Upper limit in y-direction where main 1.E20
contact occurs
ZMIN Lower limit in z-direction where main -1.E20
contact occurs
ZMAX Upper limit in z-direction where main 1.E20
contact occurs
DAMPING,[YES/NO] Defines the default setting value for DAMPING C, C
COPOR,[YES/NO} Activates contact based porosity. Default is NO. C, C
636 CONTACT
Option Meaning Type

DAMPFOR,[YES/NO] Defines whether the noncontact forces acting on the C,C
grid points need to be taken into account in the contact
damping of the V4 contact algorithm.
This option is only used if DAMPING is set to YES.
This option prevents large penetrations that might
occur when the forces acting on the grid points tend to
push them into the contact surface. This happens, for
example, in airbag analyses, where a large pressure
exists inside the bag.
DYNA The following parameters of the contact definition get C
the default values consistent with Dyna.
THICK 1.0
GAP 0.0
PEN FACTOR
PENV 0.4
INFO,[G1, G2, ...] Information on the contact state of grid points G1, C,I
G2, ... is printed to ASCII files, named CNT...
This information can be useful in debugging models
with contacts.
CONTINI, Defines how the CONTINI logic is used during C,C
[INITIAL, ALLWAYS] the analysis. The default in INITIAL.
INITIAL The CONTINI logic is used only during
the analysis initialization. Note that for
SEARCH=SLIDE, the slave nodes lose
their contact once they slide off a
previous page and not onto a neighbor
face. This is, generally, a correct
behavior for deploying airbags, except
in very complicated folding patterns.
For these, it is advised to use
PARAM,CONTACT,CONTINI,
ALLWAYS.
ALLWAYS For SEARCH=SLIDE, when a slave
node slides off a previous face and not
onto a neighbor face, new faces are
checked, using the CONTINI logic.
For SEARCH=FULL, new faces are
always checked using the CONTINI
logic.
CONTACT 637
Option Meaning Type

This setting requires more memory and
more CPU-time is spent on the
contact logic.
EVIEW, value Defines the default value of the view angle of Edge to C,R
Edge contacts. The value of the angle must be in
degrees.
TOLFAC, value Scale factor for TOLPR1 C, R> 0 See
Remarks 1.
and 2.
FORCE, NMCYC, SCALE, Controls the contact forces on the grid points. C, 1> 0
TYPE R > 0, C
NMCYC Frequency check of contact force;

applied on each grid point
(Default = 100).
SCALE Scale factor for maximum allowable
contact force:
F max = SCALE * F last_check
(Default = 10)
TYPE Contact force limitation.
FMAXF F new_check (where nonallowable
forces are not taken into account)
ZERO 0.0
(Default = 0)
See Remark 3.3.
Remarks
1. This parameter is important for initialization of BPLANE contact. The faces of the contact surface
will be enlarged with a value of TOLPR1. However, this might not be enough when the air bag is
offset folded. On the other hand, a large value of TOLPR1 might induce hooking. Therefore, a
new parameter is introduced called TOLFAC. The value of TOLFAC scales the value of TOLPR1
only at initialization, such that the contact is correctly found.
638 CONTACT
2. Recommended value is 100 in an air bag analysis
3. .The PARAM, FORCE check takes up some CPU time and, therefore, do not make this value too
small. Furthermore, when the check is performed at each cycle, the force will be too limited and
the bag will not unfold. Recommended values are between 5 and 200. The same problems can
occur for SCALE. In case this value is too small, the bag will not unfold either. The minimum
value for air bags that should be used is about 5. The maximum is about 20. When this value is
too big a difference will not be noticed. TYPE ZERO is a bigger restriction. In some cases, TYPE
FMAXF might yield better results.
COSUBCYC 639
Growth of Subcycling Interval in Coupling
COSUBCYC Growth of Subcycling Interval in Coupling
Controls the growth of the subcycling interval in Euler/Lagrange coupling

.

PARAM,COSUBCYC,value 1
Option Meaning Type

value Maximum growth of the subcycling interval. I>0
Remarks
1. The subcycling algorithm automatically estimates the number of subcycles to be used. This is
updated throughout the calculation. This parameter controls how much the number of subcycles
can grow. For example, COSUBCYC is set to 1, and the current number of time steps between
updates of the coupling geometry is 4. If Dytran estimates that the subcycling interval should be 7,
the subcycling interval is increased by 1 until a value of 7 is reached.
2. There is no control on the amount by which the subcycling interval can decrease.
640 COSUBMAX
Subcycle Limit in Euler/Lagrange Coupling
COSUBMAX Subcycle Limit in Euler/Lagrange Coupling
Defines the maximum number of subcycles that can occur in Euler/Lagrange coupling. During a
subcycle, the geometry of the coupling surface is not updated.

PARAM,COSUBMAX,value 1
PARAM,COSUBMAX,10
Option Meaning Type

value The maximum number of time steps between updating the coupling I>0
surface geometry in the coupling calculations.
Remarks
1. Updating the coupling geometry takes a lot of CPU time. Subcycling gives substantial savings in
CPU time for coupled calculations.
2. The smaller the value of this parameter, the greater the accuracy of the analysis and the greater
the cost. Conversely, larger values offer significant CPU savings, but very large values give
incorrect results.
3. If the geometry of the coupling surface is changing rapidly, smaller values of PARAM,
COSUBMAX should be used.
COUFRIC 641
Coupling Surface Friction for Nonmetallic Eulerian Solids
COUFRIC Coupling Surface Friction for Nonmetallic Eulerian Solids
In Dytran 2005r3, the Coulomb friction scheme was updated to fully reflect friction between metals. The
Coulomb friction of Dytran 2005 is more suitable for friction with nonmetals like soil and sticky fluids.
This PARAM deactivates the Dytran 2005r3 scheme and uses the Dytran 2005 scheme instead. The main
difference between the schemes is the treatment of tensile reconditions. In Dytran 2005r3 and beyond, a
tensile condition will result in zero load on the structure part. In Dytran 2005 under tensile condition, a
tensile load was applied. In addition the onset of sliding in the friction model was applied differently. In
stead of using this PARAM one may also consider using PARAM,COHESION.

PARAM,COUFRIC,value,<NO-METAL,METAL> METAL
PARAM,COUFRIC,NO-METAL
Option Meaning Type

METAL Uses the Dytran 2005r3 scheme for Coulomb friction. C
NO-METAL Uses the Dytran 2005 scheme for Coulomb friction
Remarks
Only used when Coulomb friction coefficients have been specified for a COUPLE entry.
642 DELCLUMP
Delete Clump Fraction
DELCLUMP Delete Clump Fraction
Material in Eulerian elements of a clump with

fvunc < DELCLUMP * fblend
is eliminated. This prevents small clumps from determining the time step and prevents the leakage of
small masses to isolated regions.

PARAM,DELCLUMP,value 0.5
PARAM,DELCUMP,0.1
Option Meaning Type

value The value of DELCLUMP R  0.0
Remark
Also see the FBLEND parameter.
ELDLTH 643
Show List of Lagrangian Elements with Time Step in Ascending Order
ELDLTH Show List of Lagrangian Elements with Time Step in

Ascending Order
When you include this parameter in the input file, a list of “n” elements with the time step in ascending
order is listed to the output file at the end of time step zero.

PARAM,ELDLTH,value No list printed.
PARAM,ELDLTH,100
Option Meaning Type

value Number of elements to be listed I>0
Remarks
1. When the value is set to zero, a list of all Lagrangian (structural) elements is printed to the
output file.
2. Spring and damper elements are not shown in the list.
3. When you use this feature to determine the initial time step, you should be aware that the time
step listed includes the time-step safety factor.
644 ERRUSR
Redefinition of Severity and Number of Error Message Prints
ERRUSR Redefinition of Severity and Number of Error Message Prints
Redefinition of severity and number of prints of error messages.
Format and Example

PARAM,ERRUSR,name,severity,prints
PARAM,ERRUSR,P2010053,I,2

name Error name C Required
severity Error severity: C Required
I Informative
W Warning
E Error
F Fatal
C Catastrophic
N Nastran–ignore
prints Number of times the message is printed I 5
Remarks
1. An error name consists of a maximum of eight characters. The entry is also used as a wildcard by
entering less than eight characters. The string then is matched with the actual names, and every
match redefines the actual message.
2. See Chapter 8: Diagnostic Messages in this manual.
EULER-BOUNDARY 645
Euler Boundary Treatment
EULER-BOUNDARY Euler Boundary Treatment
Defines boundary treatment for Euler boundaries.

PARAM,EULER-BOUNDARY, option ELEMENTVALUE
Option Meaning Type

EXTRAPOLATION The pressure that a wall or coupling surface exerts on the adjacent Euler C
element is obtained from extrapolating the element pressure toward
this boundary.
ELEMENTVALUE The pressure that a wall or coupling surface exerts on the adjacent Euler C
element equals the pressure inside this element
Remarks
1. The finite volume representation, in general, assumes that element values are constant within each
element. While this assumption is adequate for the large majority of applications, fluid models
involving hydrostatic pressure gradients require that the pressure gradient also be recognized to
exist within the element. When element-internal hydrostatic gradients are not accounted for, the
calculation is less accurate and suffers from numerical symptoms like pair forming of element
pressures. By activating the EXTRAPOLATION option, hydrostatic gradients inside the element
are taken into account. For meshes without bias, EXTRAPOLATION option only modifies the
numerical schemes along the boundary.
2. When coupling surfaces are used, PARAM,FASTCOUP has to also be activated.
646 EULERCUB
Cube Sorting for Euler Domains
EULERCUB Cube Sorting for Euler Domains
Divides an Euler domain into several cubes.

PARAM,EULERCUB,NELCUBE,NBX,NBY,NBZ
PARAM,EULERCUB,2000,2,2,2
Option Meaning Type

NELCUBE The number of elements per cube. This number is used as a See Remark 1.
guideline. The actual number used per cube can differ and can
be found in the OUT file.
NBX Overrules NELCUBE. The number of cubes in the x-direction. See Remark 2.
NBY The number of cubes in the y-direction.
NBZ The number of cubes in the z-direction.
Remarks
1. By setting NELCUBE equal to 2000, optimal use is made of memory caching during Euler
computation. This can give a speedup of 1.5.
2. If NBX is defined, also NBY and NBZ need to be defined. Defining NBX overrules the definition of
NELCUBE.
3. There are several ways to distribute cubes across processors. Some ways may lead to bad load
balancing. To avoid this it is possible to control the way cubes are distributed across processors
by defining PARAM,EULERPR . To check the load balancing the number of active Euler elements
on each processor is written out every 1000 cycles.
4. Only supports Euler domains created by MESH,BOX. Limitations are:
• No MESH,ADAPT and no CHEXA’s.
• No FLOW or WALLET. Boundary conditions have to be defined by FLOWDIR, FLOWTSQ, or
WALLDIR.
• Time history output of Euler elements is not supported.
5. When several cubes are on each processor, it may be useful to switch on option 5 of
PARAM,FASTCOUP with VALUE=ALL.
EULERPR 647
Euler Cube Partition Control
EULERPR Euler Cube Partition Control
Controls the partitions the Euler cubes on the processors.
Format and Example

PARAM,EULERPR,PROCDIR,NPX,NPY,NPZ
PARAM,EULERPR,USER,2,2,2

PROCDIR This directive controls the way cubes are distributed across C X
processors. The effect can be checked by checking the Eulerian output
variable PARTITION.
X Partition in global X direction first.
Y Partition in global Y direction first.
Z Partition in global Z direction first.
USER Define user defined partitioning.
SIMPLE Partition Euler cubes in a simple pattern.
NPX The number of cubes in the x-direction. Required for I 0
PROCDIR=USER.
NPY The number of cubes in the y-direction. I NPX
NPZ The number of cubes in the z-direction. I NPX
Remarks
1. There are several ways to distribute cubes across processors. Some ways may lead to bad load
balancing. To avoid this it is possible to control the way Euler cubes are distributed across
processors by defining PROCDIR.
2. When option PROCDIR=USER, the values for NBX, NBY, and NBZ must be such that NBX is equal
or a multiple of NPX, NBY is equal or a multiple of NPY and NBZ is equal or a multiple of NPZ. Also
for this option, NPX*NPY*NPZ must be equal to the number of processors used in the cluster.
3. For option PROCDIR=SIMPLE, the values NBX, NBY, and NBZ on DYPARAM,EULERCB must be
such that NBX*NBY*NBZ is equal or a multiple of the number of processors used. For instance, if
the number of processors in the cluster is 4, NBX*NBY*NBZ must be equal to either 4 or 8 or 12,
etc. Otherwise, the calculation will terminate prematurely with an error message.
4. Only supports Euler domains created by MESH,BOX. Limitations are:
• No MESH,ADAPT and no PEULERx/CHEXA’s
• No FLOW or WALLET entries are allowed. Boundary conditions have to be defined by
FLOWDIR, FLOWTSQ, or WALLDIR.
648 EULSTRESS
Stress Update Method
EULSTRESS Stress Update Method
Defines the update logic for stresses when material is transported in Euler elements
.

PARAM,EULSTRESS,option VOLUME
PARAM,EULSTRESS,MASS
Option Meaning Type

MASS Update stresses by transporting mass*stress. C
VOLUME Update stresses by transporting volume*stress.
Remarks
1. Only used for the MMSTREN solver.
2. Stresses are a material property and when material flows in or out an element the stress state in
the element is changed. This is analogous to temperature and energy. Not the temperature is
transported, but energy. After transporting energy the temperature is recomputed by dividing the
energy by element mass and specific heat. In case of stress, the “energy” is given by mass times
stress. After transporting this “energy” the new stress follows by dividing it by mass. As shown
in Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 6: The Standard Euler Solver, Euler With Strength, this gives
a correct updating procedure for stresses. There it also proven that stress times mass is conserved
during transport.
3. In most simulations, variations in density are small and one can replace multiplication by mass by
a multiplication by volume. This method is activated by the VOLUME option which is also the
default option. Using the MASS option may have some influence on simulations with large density
variations. The MASS option gives the most accurate results.
4. The transport logic of the effective plastic strain is identical to that of stresses. When using the
MASS option, the plastic strain is computed more accurately when material is compressed.
5. The Euler with Strength solver always uses the MASS option, by default.
EULTRAN 649
Switch for the Euler Transport Scheme of the Multi-material Solver and the Single Material Strength
Solver
EULTRAN Switch for the Euler Transport Scheme of the Multi-material

Solver and the Single Material Strength Solver
Sets the definition of the face velocity used in the transport scheme of the Multi-material solver and the
single material strength solver.

PARAM,EULTRAN,option IMPULSE
PARAM,EULTRAN,AVERAGE,FAIL NOFAIL
Option Meaning Type

IMPULSE The face velocity is impulse weighted C
AVERAGE The face velocity is a simple average C
FAIL Failure is transported. See Remarks 5.and 6. C
Remarks
1. The default value of IMPULSE is sufficient for most Euler problems. Especially problems where
the reference density of the different materials varies widely (for example, orders of magnitude)
are required to use the default option.
2. In case the IMPULSE option (default) is used, the Euler transport scheme computes that the face
velocity uses an impulse weighted average of the material velocity in the left and the right element
adjacent to the face.
3. In case the AVERAGE option is used, the Euler transport scheme computes the face velocity as
one-half times the sum of the material velocity in the left and the right element adjacent to
the face.
4. Does not apply to the single material hydrodynamic solver and the Roe solver.
5. The FAIL option requires a failure model for at least one Eulerian material. In case of the default
NOFAIL, then failed Euler material can support shear stress again as soon as new material enters
the Euler element. Thus the information that part of the material inside the Euler element has
failed is lost. The FAIL option activates transport of fail fraction and thereby keeps track of
material that has failed. In this way only the failed part of the element can no longer supports shear
stresses. In more detail, the yield stress in the material is scaled by (1-failfrac), where failfrac
denotes the fail fraction of the material. The fail fraction of the first material in an element can be
retrieved from Euler archive or time-history results files in the DAMAGE variable. The value of
fail fraction DAMAGE is between zero and one.
6. The FAIL option cannot be combined with the Johnson-Cook failure model (FAILJC).
650 EUSUBCYC
Growth or Subcycling Interval in Euler Computations
EUSUBCYC Growth or Subcycling Interval in Euler Computations
Controls the growth of the subcycling interval in Euler computations.

.

PARAM,EUSUBCYC,value 1
Option Meaning Type

value Maximum growth of the subcycling interval. 1>0
Remarks
1. The subcycling algorithm automatically estimates the number of subcycles to be used. This is
updated throughout the calculation. This parameter controls how much the number of subcycles
can grow. For example, EUSUBCYC is set to 1, and the current number of time steps between
updates of the Euler variables. If Dytran estimates that the subcycling interval should be 7, the
subcycling interval is increased by 1 until a value of 7 is reached.
2. There is no control on the amount by which the subcycling interval can decrease.
EUSUBMAX 651
Subcycle Limit in Euler Solver
EUSUBMAX Subcycle Limit in Euler Solver
Defines the maximum number of subcycles that can occur in the Euler solver. During a subcycle, the
Euler computations are skipped.
If coupling surface computations are more expensive than Euler computations, then use of COSUBMAX
should be considered first. In that case, the optimal setting of EUSBMAX is LINKCS = BOTH and FVUMAX
is blank.
As with COSUBMAX, use of EUSUBMAX can lead to loss of accuracy for certain simulations. It is
recommended to validate the use of EUSUBMAX by comparing the difference in results between using
EUSUBMAX and not using EUSUBMAX for some typical target simulations.
.

PARAM,EUSUBMAX,NSUBMAX,DFVUMAX,LINKCS For LINKCS: BOTH
Option Meaning Type

NSUBMAX The maximum number of time steps between updating Euler variables. 1 > 0
See Remark 1.
DFVUMAX Maximum allowed increase in uncovered volume fraction between two See Remark 5.
subsequent Eulerian computations.
LINKCS Specifies interactions between Euler subcycling and coupling surface See Remark 7.
subcycling.
Remarks
1. Updating the coupling geometry can take a lot of CPU time. Subcycling can give substantial
savings in CPU time for coupled calculations.
2. The smaller the value of DFVUMAX, the greater the accuracy of the analysis and the greater the cost.
Conversely, larger values offer significant CPU savings, but very large values give incorrect
results.
3. When the Euler time step is considerably larger than the Lagrange time step, it can be worthwhile
to skip the Euler computation for several cycles. This can reduce computational costs
considerable.
4. Skipping the Euler computation for several cycles leads to postponed time steps. When the Euler
computations are done, these have to be taken into account by fluxing with an accumulated time
step. Skipping the Euler computation is stopped as soon as the accumulated time step becomes
larger than the stable Euler time step. The total number of skipped cycles is limited by NSUBMAX.
NSUBMAX is required input.
652 EUSUBMAX
Subcycle Limit in Euler Solver
5. In skipping the Euler computation, the movement of the coupling surface has to also be
monitored. To estimate this movement, the change in uncovered fraction of the elements is used.
If the change in uncovered, volume fraction from one cycle to the other is larger than DFVUMAX;
then the Euler computation is not skipped that cycle. DFVUMAX has to be left blank if coupling
surface subcycling is used. Coupling surface subcycling already monitors the movement of the
coupling surface. Choosing too large values for DFVUMAX can make results inaccurate.
6. EUSUBMAX is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver.
7. EUSUBMAX can be used with COSUBMAX. LINKCS specifies how the two subcycling processes
influence each other. Allowed values for LINKCS are:
BOTH The Euler computations will not be skipped when the coupling surface
computations have been done. On the other hand, if an Euler computation is to be
done, a coupling surface computation is done also. The number of times that the
Euler computation is skipped equals the number of times that the coupling surface
computation has been done.
COUPLE If an Euler computation is to be done, also a coupling surface computation is done.
EULER The Euler computations will not be skipped when the coupling surface
computations have been done.
NONE The Euler subcycling and coupling surface subcycling are independent. DFVUMAX
has to be defined
Option BOTH is recommended when using coupling surface subcycling.

EXTRAS 653
Extra Input Constants
EXTRAS Extra Input Constants
Input of extra constants that you can access from within other user-written subroutines
.

PARAM,EXTRAS,name,value,name,value,etc. No extra constants
PARAM,EXTRAS,MASSFLOW,1.E6,MASS,15.3
Option Meaning Type

name Constant name C
value Constant value R
Remark
Usage in a user subroutine as follows:
SUBROUTINE EXCOMP (...)
COMMON/MSCD_EXTRAS/NMEXTR, IDEXTR
.
.
.
CHARACTER*16 CARGET, CVAR
.
.
.
IF (IDEXTR.GT.0) THEN
DO NV = 1,NMEXTR
CVAR = CARGET (IDEXTR, NV,’USER’)
IF (CVAR(1:8).EQ.’MASSFLOW’) THEN
VALMF = XARGET (IDEXTR, NV,’USER’)
ELSEIF (CVAR(1:4).EQ.’MASS’) THEN
VALMS = XARGET (IDEXTR, NV,’USER’)
ENDIF
ENDDO
ENDIF
RETURN
.
.
.
END
654 FAILDT
Element Time-step Based Failure Model
FAILDT Element Time-step Based Failure Model
Defines the property of a failure model where element failure occurs when the element’s time step falls
below the specified limit.

PARAM,FAILDT,value 1.E-20
Option Meaning Type

value Minimum time-step R  0.0
Remarks
1. This failure model is valid for all Lagrangian solid (CHEXA)and shell (CQUAD4)elements.
2. All elements for which the time step falls below the specified value are removed from
the computation.
3. Although it is not usually necessary to limit the element time-step for Lagrangian elements, there
are occasions where specifying a minimum time-step can be advantageous for computational
performance, for example, when adaptive contact is used.
4. Note that this parameter should be used with care as you may influence the results of the analysis
when you set the time-step criterion to a too high value. You then run the risk that elements are
removed from the analysis while they may still be relevant.)
FAILOUT 655
Failed Element Output Parameter
FAILOUT Failed Element Output Parameter
Defines whether failed elements are written to the output file (ARCHIVES).

PARAM,FAILOUT,option YES
PARAM,FAILOUT,NO
Option Meaning Type

NO Failed elements are not written to the archive files. C
YES Failed elements are written to the archive files. C
Remarks
1. When the NO option is chosen, the archives are written out as one file per requested time step
regardless of the number set in the SAVE command for the archive files that appear in the Case
Control Section.
2. Failed elements are NOT filtered when written to a RESTART file or a TIMEHISTORY file.f
656 FASTCOUP
Fast Coupling Algorithm
FASTCOUP Fast Coupling Algorithm
Defines the fast coupling algorithm.

PARAM,FASTCOUP,option1,option2,option3,option4,option5,option6 See Remark 1.
PARAM,FASTCOUP,INPLANE,FAIL,NOCHKEUL,NEARONLY,NONE,OFF
Option Meaning Type

option1 blank The default is used. See Remark 2.
INPLANE Small offset for inplane coupling surface segments
NO-OFFSET No offset for inplane coupling surface segments
option2 NOFAIL No failure of the coupling surface. See Remark 3.
FAIL Failure of the coupling surface will be taken
into account.
option3 CHKEUL Checking whether all segments of the coupling surface
are fully inside Euler elements.
NOCHKEUL No checking.
option4 NEARONLY Do the full coupling surface only in the first cycle. In ALL
subsequent cycles only update elements and faces that
are near the coupling surface.
ALL Do the full coupling surface computation each cycle.
option5 Controls coupling surface computations when there are multiple cubes.
NONE All coupling surface computations are done for each NONE
cube.
FACES The face cover fraction computation is done in one go
for all cubes. The Other coupling computations are
still done per cube.
POLPK The polpack computation efficiently handles multiple
cubes. The other coupling computations are still done
per cube.
ALL All coupling surface computations efficiently handle
cubes.
option6 OFF For dmp, each CPU goes over all segments.
ON each CPU skips, if possible, segments that reside on
other CPUs.
FASTCOUP 657
Fast Coupling Algorithm
Remarks
1. Default value for option1 is INPLANE and for option2 NOFAIL.
2. When option1 is set to INPLANE or when option 1 is blank, a small offset is given to coupling
surface segments that are on top of a face of an Eulerian element. This is done because coupling
surfaces segments on Eulerfaces make the Euler element volume computation invalid. Also
boundary conditions on these segments are not correctly imposed. The net effect of these
problems is unpredictable. The problem can either run correctly, or remain stable but give false
results or become instable. The option NO-OFFSET is obsolete and should not be used.
3. Option2 can only be used in combination with PARAM, LIMITER, ROE, or MMHYDRO or
MMSTREN. The coupling surface must consist of CQUADs and/or CTRIAs and a failure model for
the material of the surface must be defined.
4. This parameter can only be used when the Eulerian mesh is aligned with the basic coordinate
system axes.
5. Options 5 and 6 can be useful for runs with distributed memory. In these runs, the Euler mesh is
divided into a number of cubes. By default, the coupling surface computations are done per cube.
By switching on option 5, the coupling surface computation is done for all cubes in one run.
Option 6 is limited to skipping segments and generally has less effect. The number of cubes can
be controlled by using PRAM,EULERCUB.
658 FBLEND
Blend Fraction
FBLEND Blend Fraction
Eulerian elements with uncovered fractions smaller than FBLEND are blended with adjacent elements to
form a clump so that they do not control the time step.

PARAM,FBLEND,value 0.6667
PARAM,FBLEND,0.5
Option Meaning Type

value The uncovered fraction below which blending occurs 0.0  R < 1.0
Remarks
1. The default value is satisfactory for virtually all calculations.
2. Elements are blended only if they would have controlled the time step otherwise.
3. Elements with uncovered fractions greater than FBLEND are not blended and are allowed to
control the time step.
4. Large values of FBLEND produce a larger time step but many blends. Small values produce a
smaller time step and fewer blends.
5. In a calculation with a coupling surface, STEPFCT is smaller or equal FBLEND to avoid
instabilities (see PARAM,STEPFCT).
FLOW-METHOD 659
Flow-Method Between Two Euler Domains Across Open Areas in Coupling Surfaces
FLOW-METHOD Flow-Method Between Two Euler Domains

Across Open Areas in Coupling Surfaces
Defines the method for simulating material flow between two Euler domains across open areas in
coupling surfaces.

PARAMS,FLOW-METHOD, option POLPACK
PARAM,FLOW-METHOD,POLPACK
Option Meaning Type

option POLPACK The facets in the coupling surfaces that represent an open area are C
subdivided into smaller facets, with each connecting exactly to
one Euler element in the first Euler domain and to exactly one
Euler element in the second Euler domain. Material flow takes
place across these smaller, subdivided facets (POLPACKs). This
is the most accurate method.
See Remark 1 for more details.
FACET The facets in the coupling surfaces that represent an open area are
not subdivided. Material flow takes place across the original
facets. If these facets are too large in relation with the Euler
elements, the method becomes inaccurate. Material flow across
one facet can involve several Euler elements on both sides of the
hole and averaging occurs.
Remarks
1. For a detailed description of the theory involved, see Reference [18.].
2. This parameter applies to simulations where:
• two coupling surfaces share a common set of facets.
• each coupling surface has it’s own Euler domain.
• material flows from one Euler domain into the other through the open area represented by the
common set of facets.
Flow will only occur if:
• the common facets are defined as ‘open’, using PORFLCP or PORFCPL.
• the common facets open up due to failure of a shell structure, using COUP1INT.
660 FLOW-METHOD
Examples simulations are:

• Holes between air bag compartments.
• Holes between containers filled with gas or liquid.
• Open area between the top of a fuel-tank baffle and the fuel-tank skin.
• Open area in-between wide straps inside an air bag
• Failure of walls in between aircraft wing compartments.
• Failure of tank armor by a blast wave.
• Etc.
3. The following table summarizes what input cards support the simulation of material flow between
two Euler domains across an open areas in coupling surfaces:
Material COUP1INT/COUP1
flow FL
through a FLOW- FLOW- PORFLCP PORFCPL (Failure of shell
coupling METHOD = METHOD L (velocity (Pressure elements creates
Euler Solver surface POLPACK = FACET based based) the opening)
HYDRO YES YES NO YES YES Only for flow-
method = polpack
HYDRO – YES YES YES YES YES YES
Roe solver –
1st Order
HYDRO – YES YES YES YES YES YES
Roe solver –
2nd Order
MMHYDRO YES YES NO YES NO Only for flow-
method = polpack
STRENGTH NO - - - - -
MMSTREN YES YES NO YES NO Only for flow-
method = polpack
4. The Euler domains are shown below with the support types for each:
FLOW-METHOD = POLACK FLOW METHOD = FACET

MESH  TYPE=ADAPT Yes No
MESH  TYPE=BOX Yes Yes
Modeling of CHEXA No Yes
elements
5. An Euler domain is associated with a coupling surface by specifying the MESHID or SET1ID on
the COUPLE option.
FLOW-METHOD 661
6. FLOW-METHOD = POLPACK has the following limitations:

• The entries NSTGP and NSTEL on all MESH entries should be left blank. It is not allowed to
specify for any MESH entry the starting element number or starting grid point number.
• There are restrictions on output requests. See the section “Output” of GettingStarted-Multiple-
Coupling-Surfaces.
• Flow faces and wallets are not supported.
Note: flowdef is supported.
• Viscosity is not supported

A case where these limitations require the use of FLOW-METHOD = FACET is when the Euler
elements are generated in Patran, not using the MESH option, and one or more of the following
options is used:
• FLOW boundaries are defined on some Euler faces.
• WALLET boundaries are defined on some Euler faces.
• Viscosity is defined.
662 FMULTI
Multimaterial Overflow Array Parameter
FMULTI Multimaterial Overflow Array Parameter
Defines the dimension of the multimaterial element array.

PARAMS,FMULTI,value .10
PARAMS,FMULTI,.25
Option Meaning Type

value The relative amount of multimaterial elements 0 < R < 1.
Remark
The multimaterial Eulerian elements use an overflow array in which to store material data. This array can
hold FMULTI times the total number of Eulerian elements. In a problem where more than 10% of the
elements have more than one material, the default value of FMULTI must be increased.
GEOCHECK 663
Define Geometry Consistency Check
GEOCHECK Define Geometry Consistency Check
This parameter forces a check of the geometry for consistent connectivity of the defined hexagonal
elements and correction if needed.

PARAM,GEOCHECK,option OFF
PARAM,GEOCHECK,ON
Option Meaning Type

ON Geometry consistency check is performed. C
OFF No geometry consistency check is performed.
Remarks
1. The defined geometry is checked for consistent connectivity of the hexagonal elements. If an
inconsistency is detected, the connectivity is corrected. CFACE entries with references to
elements that have been corrected are corrected as well.
2. If a hexagonal mesh is generated with other commercial preprocessors, this parameter can correct
the connectivity of the hexagonal elements in case problems are encountered with face generation
or volume computation.
664 GRADED-MESH
Glue Sets of Euler Elements
GRADED-MESH Glue Sets of Euler Elements
Glues fine meshes to coarse meshes. See the section on Graded meshes in the user manual for
further information.

PARAM,GRADED-MESH,option MINVOLUME
PARAM,GRADED-MESH,MINVOLUME
Option Meaning Type

Option MINVOLUME If an element of one mesh is covered by an element of C
another mesh the element with the largest volume will be
inactivated. It will also be removed from the output request
for Eulerian archives.
ELNUM If an element of one mesh is covered by an element of another
mesh the element with the smallest element number will be
inactivated. It will also be removed from the output request for
Eulerian archives.
Remarks
1. This parameter can be used to build block-structured meshes.
2. It does not support multiple coupling surfaces.
3. All Euler elements have to be orthogonal.
HGCMEM 665
Shell Membrane Hourglass Damping Coefficient Parameters
HGCMEM Shell Membrane Hourglass Damping Coefficient Parameters
Defines the default membrane damping coefficient for shell elements.

PARAM,HGCMEM,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,HGCMEM,0.07
Option Meaning Type

value Hourglass damping coefficient 0.0  R  0.15
Remarks
1. The default value applies to all types of hourglass suppression methods and should be used unless
there is a good reason to define the hourglass damping coefficient by another means.
2. The value specified on this entry is used whenever the coefficient is not explicitly defined on the
HGSUPPR entry.
3. If this entry is omitted, the default value of the coefficient used in the hourglass suppression
method for shell elements is either equal to the default value of 0.1 or is equal to the default value
defined on a PARAM,HGCOEFF entry.
4. See Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 4: Models, Artificial Viscosities for details on hourglass
suppression methods.
666 HGCOEFF
Hourglass Damping Coefficient
HGCOEFF Hourglass Damping Coefficient
Defines the global default hourglass damping coefficient.

PARAM,HGCOEFF,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,HGCOEFF,0.14
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
1. The default applies to all types of hourglass suppression methods and should be used unless there
is good reason to define the hourglass damping coefficient by another means.
2. The value specified on this entry is used whenever the coefficients are not explicitly defined on
HGSUPPR entries or on a HGCMEM HGCWRP, HGCTWS, or HGCSOL entry.
3. If this entry is omitted, the default value of the hourglass damping coefficients is either equal to
the default value of 0.1 or is equal to the value specified on a HGCMEM, HGCTWS, HGCWRP,
or HGCSOL PARAM entry.
4. The value of the coefficients can be explicitly defined for each property by using an
HGSUPPR entry.
HGCSOL 667
Solid Hourglass Damping Coefficient
HGCSOL Solid Hourglass Damping Coefficient
Define the default damping coefficient for solid elements.

PARAM,HGCSOL,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,HGCSOL,0.11
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
HGSUPPR entry.
method for solid elements is either equal to the default value of 0.1 or is equal to the default value
668 HGCTWS
Shell Twisting Hourglass Damping Coefficient
HGCTWS Shell Twisting Hourglass Damping Coefficient
Defines the default twisting damping coefficient for shell elements.

PARAM,HGCTWS,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,HGCTWS,0.02
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
HGSUPPR entry.
HGCWRP 669
Shell Warping Hourglass Damping Coefficient
HGCWRP Shell Warping Hourglass Damping Coefficient
Defines the default warping damping coefficient for shell elements

PARAM,HGCWRP,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,HGCWRP,0.0
Option Meaning Type

Remarks
HGSUPPR entry.
670 HGSHELL
Shell Hourglass Suppression Method
HGSHELL Shell Hourglass Suppression Method
Defines the default hourglass suppression method for shell elements

.

PARAM,HGSHELL,option See Remark 2.
PARAM,HGSHELL,DYNA
Option Meaning Type

FBV Flanagan-Belytschko viscous hourglass damping C
DYNA Viscous hourglass damping
Remarks
1. The type of hourglass suppression method defined on this entry is used as the default whenever
the type fields on the HGSUPPR for shell properties are left blank.
2. If this entry is omitted, the default suppression method used for shell elements is either FBV or
the default method defined on the PARAM,HGTYPE entry.
HGSOLID 671
Solid Hourglass Suppression Method
HGSOLID Solid Hourglass Suppression Method
Defines the default hourglass suppression method for solid elements.

PARAM,HGSOLID,option See Remark 2.
PARAM,HGSOLID,FBS
Option Meaning Type

FBS Flanagan-Belytschko stiffness hourglass damping C
Remarks
1. The type of hourglass suppression method defined on this entry is used as the default whenever
the type fields on the HGSUPPR for solid properties are left blank.
2. If this entry is omitted, the default suppression method used for solid elements is either FBS or
the default method defined on the PARAM,HGTYPE entry.
672 HGTYPE
HGTYPE Hourglass Suppression Method
Defines the default type of hourglass suppression method.

PARAM,HGTYPE,option See Remark 2.
PARAM,HGTYPE,FBS
Option Meaning Type

FBS Flanagan-Belytschko stiffness hourglass damping C
FBV Flanagan-Belytschko viscous hourglass damping
Remarks
1. The type of the hourglass suppression method defined on this entry is used as the default
whenever the type fields in the HGSUPPR entries are left blank.
2. If this entry is omitted, the type can be defined on a PARAM,HGSHELL entry for shell elements,
a PARAM,HGSOLID entry for solid elements, or on the HGSUPPR entries; otherwise the defaults
apply. For shell elements the default is FBV; for solid elements, the default is FBS.
HICGRAV 673
Gravity Used by HIC Calculations
HICGRAV Gravity Used by HIC Calculations
Defines the value of the gravity to be used by the HIC calculations

PARAM,HICGRAV,value 9.80665
PARAM,HICGRAV,980.7
Option Meaning Type

value Gravity used by HIC Calculations R > 0.0
Remark
1. The value set by this parameter will be used by all HIC output requests.
2. This parameter can only be set once in the input deck.
674 HVLFAIL
Failure at Hydrodynamic Volume Limit
HVLFAIL Failure at Hydrodynamic Volume Limit
Defines element failure on the hydrodynamic volume limit.

PARAM,HVLFAIL,option NO
PARAM,HVLFAIL,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Element failure on hydrodynamic volume limit C
NO No element failure on hydrodynamic volume limit
Remarks
1. Lagrangian elements (CHEXA) that have a material model with a failure model fail when the
hydrodynamic volume limit is reached and the parameter is set to YES.
The elements can fail only when the following items are presented in the input:
a. The material model has a hydrodynamic volume limit (HVL).
b. A failure model is defined.
c. PARAM, HVLFAIL, YES
Example
PARAM, HVLFAIL, YES
DMAT, 1, 7850, 101, 102, 103, 104
EOSPOL, 101, 175.E9,,,,,,+
+, 1.1
SHREL, 102, 80.77E9
YLDVM, 103, 1.E20
FAILMPS, 104, 1.E20
2. The hydrodynamic volume limit by default allows for 10% expansion.
HYDROBOD 675
Hydrodynamic Body Force
HYDROBOD Hydrodynamic Body Force
Defines a body force for single hydrodynamic material in Euler.

PARAM,HYDROBOD,XACC,YACC,ZACC No body force applied
PARAM,HYDROBOD,-300.,0.,150.
Option Meaning Type

XACC X-acceleration. R
YACC Y-acceleration. R
ZACC Z-acceleration. R
Remark
This parameter defines a constant body force load in Euler for single hydro material only.
676 IEEE
IEEE Binary Data Output Format
IEEE IEEE Binary Data Output Format
On CRAY computers, archive and time-history output is defined in IEEE format rather than in Block
Data format
.

PARAM,IEEE,option OFF
PARAM,IEEE,ON
Option Meaning Type

ON Activate IEEE output C
OFF No IEEE output
Remarks
1. On computers that, by default, write binary data in IEEE format, the parameter will have no effect.
2. Binary IEEE files can be transported to all IEEE computer systems. (Note that this in only valid
for ARCHIVE and TIMEHISTORY files.)
IGNFRCER 677
Ignores Warnings
IGNFRCER Ignores Warnings
Ignores certain errors for FORCE and MOMENT entries.

PARAM,IGNFRCER See below
Option Meaning
No option Some warnings that are given when using the FORCE1 FORCE2, MOMENT1,
or MOMENT2 entries are normally accompanied by an additional error message.
By using this PARAM, the warnings are still issued, but the error message is
not issued.
678 IMM
Initial Metric Method Formulation
IMM Initial Metric Method Formulation
The option allows to specify the IMM method to be used.

PARAM,IMM,option1,option2,STREC,DTREC FULL (Option 1)
PARAM,IMM,ZERO,YES,1.0E-3,1.0E-3
Option Meaning Type

Option1 FULL While elements are under IMM condition, they will carry C
stresses when under compression.
REDUCED While elements are under IMM condition they will carry a
reduced stress when under compression. The relative area
factor SMDFER is used to reduce the Young’s modulus.
ZERO While elements are under IMM condition they do not carry
any compressive stresses. Use material damping to avoid
excessive nodal velocities.
Option2 NO or OFF Do not recalculate IMM strains during the calculation. (See C
Remark 3.)
YES or ON Recalculate IMM strains during the calculation.
(See Remark 3.)
STREC Start time of recalculation of IMM strains. (Default is 1.0E-3; see Remark 4.) R > 0.0
DTREC Times between recalculation of IMM strains. (Default is 1.0E-3; See Remark R > 0.0
4.)
Remarks
1. Method ZERO is best suitable when initially more than a couple of elements with zero or near zero
area are present in the model.
2. The Initial Metric Method is described in the Dytran User’s Guide in Chapter 6: The Standard
Euler Solver, Initial Metric Method for Air Bags.
3. The default for Option2 depends on Option1.
Option1 Default for Option2

FULL OFF
REDUCED OFF
ZERO ON
4. When Option2 is OFF or NO, STREC and DTREC are neglected.

INFO-BJOIN 679
List the Generated BJOINs and Spotwelds
INFO-BJOIN List the Generated BJOINs and Spotwelds
Additional information about the BJOIN and spotweld connectivity will be listed in the output file. The
information listed is:
• Grid point pairs forming a BJOIN or a spotweld.
• BJOINs and spotwelds initially connected.

PARAM,INFO-BJOIN,option NO
PARAM,INFO-BJOIN,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Information is issued C
NO Information is not issued
680 INISTEP
Initial Time Step
INISTEP Initial Time Step
Defines the time step used at the start of the analysis.

PARAM,INISTEP,value No default
PARAM,INISTEP,1.E–6
Option Meaning Type

value Time step (in analysis time units) used for the first iteration R  0.0
Remarks
1. This parameter is required to start an analysis.
2. See Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Controlling the Analysis in the Dytran User’s Guide for
details on time step control.
INITFILE 681
Method of Initialization Definition
INITFILE Method of Initialization Definition
Defines the method of initializing a transient analysis from a Dytran solution file.

PARAM,INITFILE,option V3
PARAM,INITFILE,V1
Option Meaning Type

V1 Version of initialization, where the prestress and the transient input files C
must obey the following rules:
• The number of structural elements must be the same.

• The number of structural grid points must be the same.
• The boundary conditions on the grid points must be the same.
• The material models must be the same.
• Eulerian grid points are allowed to be present in the prestress
analysis, but are not written to or read from the Solution file.
This version is available for the following element types:
• One-dimensional elements
• Shell elements (including composites)
• Membrane elements
• Lagrangian solid elements
• No restrictions on the number of elements and grid points.

• No restrictions on the consistency of the boundary conditions.
• Eulerian grid points are allowed to be present in the prestress
analysis, but are not written to or read from the Solution file.
• Shell elements (excluding composites)

682 INITFILE
Method of Initialization Definition
Option Meaning Type

• The number of structural elements must be the same.

• The number of structural grid points must be the same.
• The boundary conditions on the grid points are allowed to change.
• The material models must be the same.
• When the Eulerian grid points are present in the prestress analysis
they are written to the solution file during the prestress analysis
and read from the solution file during the transient analysis.
• One-dimensional elements
• Shell elements (including composites)
• Membrane elements
• Eulerian elements
Remarks
1. The user is responsible for consistency upon choosing the V2 definition.
2. See Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Restarts and Prestress Analysis in the Dytran User’s Guide
for more detailed information about prestress analyses.
INITNAS 683
Defines the Type of Displacement Initialization File
INITNAS Defines the Type of Displacement Initialization File
Defines the type of file to be used for initialization from an MD Nastran prestress analysis.

PARAM,INITNAS,option XL
PARAM,INITNAS,XL
Option Meaning Type

XL File is an MSC.XL export file from a MD Nastran database (*.xdb). C
PATRAN File is an MD Patran displacement output file from NASPAT. C
PUNCH File is an MD Nastran punch file for the displacements.
Remarks
1. When Dytran uses the results of an MD Nastran analysis to start a transient analysis from a
prestressed state, the grid-point displacement field, as computed by MD Nastran, is read from a
formatted file written either by MSC.XL, MD Patran, or MD Nastran.
The format of the formatted import files is as follows:
MSC.XL Export File:
Record 1: Header 1
Record 2: Header 2
Record 3: Header 3
Record 4: Header 4
Record 5: Header 5
Record 6: Header 6
Record 7: Header 7
Record 8: Header 8
Record 9 to n+8: Grid point X-Dis Y-Dis Z-Dis(A8, 3A15)
MD Patran Nodal Results Data File
Record 1: TITLE (80A1)

Record 2: NNODES, MAXNOD, DEFMAX, NDMAX, NWIDTH (2I9,E15.6,2I9)
Record 3: SUBTITLE 1 (80A1)
Record 4: SUBTITLE 2 (80A1)
Record 5 to n+4: NODID, (DATA (j), j=1, NWIDTH) (I8, (5E13.7))
2. The default is overwritten when input is recognized as a different format.

684 LIMCUB
Contact Cube Sort Algorithm
LIMCUB Contact Cube Sort Algorithm
Defines the maximum number of cubes used to sort the grid points in a contact definition.

PARAM,LIMCUB,value 2000
PARAM,LIMCUB,2300
Option Meaning Type

value Maximum number of cubes I0
Remark
Each slave node has to search for master nodes that are close enough to have potential contact. It is too
expensive to have each slave node check each master node. To limit the number of checks, the space in
which the nodes reside is subdivided into cubes. This subdivision is done so that the slave nodes have to
check only the master nodes in their own cube and those in the neighboring cubes. The maximum number
of cubes used to subdivide the space is equal to the value of LIMCUB.
LIMITER 685
Euler Solver Scheme
LIMITER Euler Solver Scheme
Defines the type and the spatial accuracy of scheme used in the Euler solver.

PARAM,LIMITER,type,option See Remark 1.
PARAM,LIMITER,ROE
Option Meaning Type

type Type of scheme C
ROE Roe solver for single hydro materials
option blank Second order in space See Remark 2.
NONE First order in space
Remarks
1. By default, the standard Euler solver is used.
2. By default, second order spatial accuracy is used. The temporal accuracy is defined using the
PARAM,RKSCHEME entry.
3. When type ROE is defined, no void elements are allowed and it cannot be used in combination
with EOSJWL. Also, ALE and options concerning air bag analyses are not supported.
4. For more details on the Euler solver see Dytran Theory Manual, Chapter 6: Standard Euler Solver.
686 MATRMERG
Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies
MATRMERG Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies
Parameters
Merges MATRIG and/or RBE2-FULLRIG rigid bodies into a new FULLRIG assembly.

PARAM,MATRMERG,FR<id1>,MR<id2>,MR<id3>,FR<id4>,... None
PARAM,MATRMERG,FR1,MR2,MR6,MR7,FR4,MR8
PARAM,MATRMERG,AUTO
Option Meaning Type

FR<id1> or AUTO Name of the new FULLRIG assembly, or the AUTO option (see C
Remark 2.)
MR<idi> or Names of MATRIG and/or RBE2-FULLRIG rigid bodies merged into C
FR<idi> a new FULLRIG assembly with name FR<id1>. No names can be
supplied for the AUTO option.
Remarks
1. FR<id1> must be a nonexisting RBE2-FULLRIG. The properties of FR<id1> (as mass, center
of gravity, and moments of inertia) are computed by Dytran from the properties of each rigid body
mentioned on the entry. Rigid body output can be asked for FR<id1>, and loads or rigid body
constraints can be applied to FR<id1>. The other MATRIGs and RBE2-FULLRIGs mentioned
on the MATRMERG entry disappear after they have been merged.
2. Instead of supplying rigid body names, the AUTO option can be used. After all the normal
PARAM,MATRMERG and PARAM,MATRMRG1 entries have been applied, a
PARAM,MATRMERG,AUTO merges all the resulting MATRIGs and RBE2-FULLRIGs which
have common grid points into a new rigid assembly called FM<id>, where the id is a new FM
number starting from 1. As it is not known at the start of an Dytran analysis how many FM-
assemblies will be created, no rigid body output can be asked for FM<id>, and no constraints or
loads can be applied to FM<id>. The MATRIGs and RBE2-FULLRIGs, which have been merged
by the AUTO option into a new FM<id> assembly, disappear.
3. To supply predefined properties for the merged assembly, PARAM,MATRMRG1 can be
used, where the first rigid body mentioned on the entry must be an existing RBE2-FULLRIG
or MATRIG.
MATRMRG1 687
Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies
MATRMRG1 Merges MATRIG and RBE2-FULLRIG Assemblies
Merges MATRIG and/or RBE2-FULLRIG rigid bodies into one existing MATRIG or RBE2-FULLRIG
assembly with predefined properties.

PARAM,MATRMRG1,MR<id1>,MR<id2>,MR<id3>,FR<id4>,... None
PARAM,MATRMRG1,MR1,MR2,MR6,MR7,FR4,MR8
Option Meaning Type

MR<id1> or Name of the new MATRIG or FULLRIG assembly (must be an C
FR<id1> existing one)
MR<idi> or Names of MATRIG and/or RBE2-FULLRIG rigid bodies, which are C
FR<idi> merged with the existing MR<id1> or FR<id1> into a new MATRIG
assembly, with name MR<id1> or FR<id1>.
Remark
MR<id1> or FR<id1> must be an existing MATRIG or RBE2-FULLRIG, respectively. For a
FULLRIG, the properties of FR<id1> (as mass, center of gravity and moments of inertia) are computed
by Dytran from the properties of each rigid body mentioned on the entry. For a MATRIG, the mass of
MR<id1> is either the predefined mass on the MATRIG (id1) entry or the predefined density on the
MATRIG (id1) entry times the total volume of all MATRIG members in the MATRMRG1 entry. The
center of gravity and moments of inertia of MR<id1> are either predefined on the MATRIG (id1) entry,
or are otherwise computed from the properties of each rigid body on the entry. The other MATRIGs and
RBE2 FULLRIGs mentioned on the MATRMRG1 entry disappear after they have been merged.
688 MAXSTEP
Maximum Time Step
MAXSTEP Maximum Time Step
Defines the maximum allowable time step.

PARAM,MAXSTEP,value 1.E20
PARAM,MAXSTEP,1.E–3
Option Meaning Type

value The maximum time step R  0.0
Remark
If the time step calculated by Dytran is greater than MAXSTEP, the time step is set to MAXSTEP.
MESHELL 689
Mesh Density for Covering Ellipsoids
MESHELL Mesh Density for Covering Ellipsoids
Defines the factor that determines the mesh density for ellipsoids in contact and for output purposes
.

PARAM,MESHELL,value 5
PARAM,MESHELL,8
Option Meaning Type

value Mesh density factor I>3
Remarks
1. The mesh density factor is applied for both ellipsoids in a contact definition and for output
purposes. For ellipsoids in contact, the default value results in 18 by 36 elements. When you have
ellipsoids for output only, the default value results in 8 by 16 elements.
2. The default value is sufficient for most cases. When you increase the value, the representation of
the (hyper) ellipsoids is better, but the contact computation will be more expensive, and the
archive files will be larger.
3. In case the ellipsoids are meshed for output purposes only, the number of elements in the direction
of the ellipsoid’s short axis equals 2 . (value-1). The number of elements in the direction of the
ellipsoid’s long axis is twice the number in the direction of the ellipsoid’s short axis.
4. When the ellipsoids are meshed for contact purposes, the number of elements in the direction of
the ellipsoid’s short axis equals 2 . (2 . value-1). The number of elements in the direction of the
ellipsoid’s long axis is twice the number in the direction of the ellipsoid’s short axis.
690 MESHPLN
Mesh Density for Covering Rigid Planes
MESHPLN Mesh Density for Covering Rigid Planes
Mesh density for covering rigid planes.

PARAM,MESHPLN,value 3
PARAM,MESHPLN,4
Option Meaning Type

value Rigid planes will be meshed with MESHPLN times MESHPLN dummy I1
quad elements.
Remark
The default is sufficient in most cases.
MICRO 691
Micro-zoning Parameter
MICRO Micro-zoning Parameter
Defines the accuracy of the initial conditions in Eulerian elements, when using the geometrical
shape definition

PARAM,MICRO,value 10
PARAM,MICRO,15
Option Meaning Type

value Micro-zoning parameter I0
Remarks
1. MICRO3 is the number of micro zones into which an element is subdivided during initial
condition generation.
2. The default MICRO = 10 results in material fractions as accurate as 0.001. If a higher accuracy is
required, a greater value for MICRO can be used, but the CPU time for the generation
increases rapidly.
3. Micro zoning is only used when the initial conditions of the Eulerian material are specified on a
TICEUL entry.
692 MINSTEP
Minimum Time Step
MINSTEP Minimum Time Step
Defines the minimum time step that causes the analysis to terminate.
.

PARAM,MINSTEP,value 10% of INISTEP
PARAM,MINSTEP,1.E–6
Option Meaning Type

value When the time step is less than the MINSTEP value, the R  0.0
Remarks
1. When the elements become very distorted, in a poorly designed mesh for example, or when they
have endured a very large distortion, the time step may drop dramatically. The analysis continues,
however, and a lot of computer resources may be wasted. This option allows you to specify a
minimum time step that causes the analysis to terminate.
2. See Chapter 9: Running the Analysis, Terminating the Analysis for details on analysis termination.
MIXGAS 693
Controls Updating of Gas Fractions
MIXGAS Controls Updating of Gas Fractions
Specifies whether the gas constants of the Euler material or of gas bags are updated based on the gas
composition and temperature.

PARAM,MIXGAS,option NO
PARAM,MIXGAS,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES The gas constants for the Euler material and any gas bags are recalculated C
based on temperature and gas composition.
NO Euler and gas bag gas constants are not recalculated. C
Remarks
1. This parameter is only defined for use with GBAG gas bag definitions and/or the single-material
Euler solver.
2. This parameter can be used in conjunction with INFLATR, INFLATR1, INFLHYB, and INFLHYB1
inflator definitions and with PORHOLE, PERMEAB, PORFGBG, and PERMGBG
porosity definitions.
3. By default, PARAM,MIXGAS is set to YES if any INFLHYB, INFLHYB1, or INFLGAS entries
are present.
694 NASIGN
Echo Ignored Data Entries
NASIGN Echo Ignored Data Entries
Toggles the echo of valid MD Nastran and/or Dyna data entries that are ignored by Dytran.

PARAM,NASIGN,value YES
PARAM,NASIGN,NO
Option Meaning Type

value YES Echo ignored entries. C
NO Do not echo.
Remarks
1. The echo of the ignored data entries is output to a file with the extension IGN.
2. Large input that originates from MD Nastran or Dytran may produce a large amount of output and
slow down the input processing.
NZEROVEL 695
Auto Constrain Failed Nodes
NZEROVEL Auto Constrain Failed Nodes
Set the velocity of a node to zero in case all attached elements have failed.

PARAM,NZEROVEL,option NO
PARAM,NZEROVEL,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Perform check and set the velocity to zero if all attached elements C
have failed.
NO Do not perform check.
Remarks
1. This parameter applies only to nodes of Lagrangian elements.
2. Specifying NO reduces the CPU overhead time.
3. When the velocity of a node is set to zero, effectively the node is constraint, like an SPC or SPC1.
4. Special attention is necessary for the contact definition. If the failed node is not taken out of the
contact, it behaves as a rigid boundary constraint. Choose the appropriate METHOD for the
SLVACT entry on the CONTACT bulk data entry option.
696 OLDLAGTET
Use Collapsed Hexahedron Scheme for CTETRA
OLDLAGTET Use Collapsed Hexahedron Scheme for CTETRA
Activate the collapsed hexahedron scheme as default for lagrangian CTETRA elements

PARAM,OLDLAGTET,value See Remark
PARAM,OLDLAGTET,1
Option Meaning Type

value 0 = deactivate collapsed hexahedron scheme I
1 = activate
Remark
The current default integration scheme for Lagrangian CTETRA elements use linear tetrahedron FE one.
It is more consistent (in terms of accuracy) and efficient (both in memory and CPU time) compared with
the collapsed hexahedron scheme. The old scheme based on collapsed hexahedron with reduced
integration is deactivated. If the old scheme is activated, it is used as default. But, it is still possible to use
the new scheme for CTETRA by using separate PSOLID with IN = 1 and ISOP = 1 combination.
PARALLEL 697
Parallel Execution Information
PARALLEL Parallel Execution Information
The option allows you to gather information on the parallel section of Dytran.
Format and Example

PARAM,PARALLEL,option,value
PARAM,PARALLEL,INFPAR,[ON/OFF]

INFPAR A report is written on the actual amount of work done at the reported C OFF
parallel levels.
Remarks
1. A summary on the parallel operation when using the shared-memory mode can be requested by
including a PARAM,PARALLEL,INFPAR,ON entry in the input file. This request is not
available in a restart of an analysis.
2. Currently, the information on the parallel sections is available for the shell solver only.
698 PLCOVCUT
Pressure Cut Off Time
PLCOVCUT Pressure Cut Off Time
Defines time when PLCOVER is cut off.

PARAM,PLCOVCUT,value 0.0
PARAM,PLCOVCUT,3.E-3
Option Meaning Type

value If there are one or more COUPLE definitions with a PLCOVER specified on the R
COUOPT entry, a cut off is applied to the PLCOVER until time = PLCOVCUT.
From time = 0 to time = PLCOVCUT, the PLCOVER is cut off to the pressure
in the intersected Eulerian element.
For times greater than PLCOVCUT, the full PLCOVER is applied to the
coupling (SUBSURF)SURFACE.
This parameter is useful in air-bag analyses, where PLCOVER is used to model
the environment pressure. During the early stages of the deployment of the air
bag, the pressure inside the bag may drop. Applying the full PLCOVER may lead
to an unstable deployment of the air bag.
Remark
See also the COUPLE and COUOPT Bulk Data entries.
PMINFAIL 699
Switches Failure at Spall Limit
PMINFAIL Switches Failure at Spall Limit
Defines Lagrangian solid element failure on reaching the spall limit.

PARAM,PMINFAIL,option NO
PARAM,PMINFAIL,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Element failure on spall limit C
NO No element failure on spall limit
Remarks
1. Lagrangian elements (CHEXA) that have a material definition with a failure model will fail when
the parameter is set to YES and the spall limit (minimum pressure) is reached, even when the other
failure criterion is not yet reached.
2. The spall limit is set on the PMINC entry. (See also the DMATentry).
700 RBE2INFO
Lists MATRIG and RBE2 Grid Points
RBE2INFO Lists MATRIG and RBE2 Grid Points
The grid points attached to MATRIG and RBE2assemblies are listed to the output file.

PARAM,RBE2INFO,option GRIDOFF
PARAM,RBE2INFO,GRIDON
Option Meaning Type

GRIDON Information is issued C
GRIDOFF No information is issued
RHOCUT 701
Global Density Cutoff Value
RHOCUT Global Density Cutoff Value
Defines the minimum density for all Eulerian elements.

PARAM,RHOCUT,value See Remark 4.
PARAM,RHOCUT,1.E–10
Option Meaning Type

value Density cutoff R > 0.0
Remarks
1. Any Eulerian element with a density less than RHOCUT is considered to be empty. All of its
variables are set to zero, and the equation of state is bypassed.
2. In the Eulerian transport calculation, if the material is flowing from element A to element B, and
a. If the density of element B after transport is less than RHOCUT, then no transport is done.
b. If the density of element A after transport is less than RHOCUT, then all of the mass is
transported to element B.
3. A reasonable value of RHOCUT is 1.E–5 times the initial density.
4. If only RHOCUT is defined, all Eulerian elements use the RHOCUT value as cutoff density. If
RHOCUT is omitted, all Eulerian elements use a cutoff density automatically set to 1.E–5 times a
characteristic density. For single-material Eulerian elements, this characteristic density is the
reference density.
702 RJSTIFF
Rigid-joint Stiffness
RJSTIFF Rigid-joint Stiffness
Defines the stiffness of a rigid joint.

PARAM,RJSTIFF,value 1.0
PARAM,RJSTIFF,100.
Option Meaning Type

value Multiplication factor for the stiffness of all rigid joints R  0.0
Remarks
1. The absolute stiffness of rigid joints is calculated automatically by Dytran. The stiffness of joints
is taken so that a stable solution is guaranteed. The stiffness calculation takes into account the fact
that a rigid body can be constrained by more than one joint.
2. This parameter can be used to increase or decrease the stiffness of the joints. Care must be taken
because too high a value may lead to an unstable calculation.
RKSCHEME 703
Runge-Kutta Time-Integration Scheme
RKSCHEME Runge-Kutta Time-Integration Scheme
Defines the type of time-integration scheme used in the Roe solver.

PARAM,RKSCHEME,number See Remark 1.
PARAM,RKSCHEME,3
Option Meaning Type

number Number of Runge-Kutta stages. I0
Remarks
1. This parameter can only be used in combination with PARAM,LIMITER,ROE. The default
number of stages depends on the spatial accuracy of the solution scheme. One stage is used for
first order spatial accuracy, and three stages for second order spatial accuracy.
2. For more details on the Runge-Kutta time-integration scheme see Dytran Theory Manual,
Chapter 6: Standard Euler Solver.
704 ROHYDRO
Density Cut-Off Value
ROHYDRO Density Cut-Off Value
Defines the minimum density for hydrodynamic, single-material Eulerian elements.

PARAM,ROHYDRO,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,ROHYDRO,1.E-6
Option Meaning Type

value Density cutoff. R  0.0
Remarks
1. Hydrodynamic, single-material Eulerian elements with a density less than ROHYDRO are
considered to be empty. All of the variables are set to zero, and the equation of state is bypassed.
a. If the density of element B after transport is less than ROHYDRO, then no transport is done.
b. If the density of element A after transport is less than ROHYDRO, then all of the mass is
3. By default, the cutoff density for hydrodynamic Eulerian elements is set to 1.E–5 times the
material reference density.
ROMULTI 705
ROMULTI Density Cut-Off Value
Defines the minimum density for multimaterial Eulerian elements.

PARAM,ROMULT,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,ROMULT,1.E-6
Option Meaning Type

value Density cutoff R  0.0
Remarks
1. Multimaterial Eulerian elements with a density less than ROMULTI are considered to be empty.
All of the variables are set to zero, and the equation of state is bypassed.
a. If the density of a specific material in element B after transport is less than ROMULTI, no
transport is done.
b. If the density of a specific material in element A after transport is less than ROMULTI, all of
the mass of that material is transported to element B.
3. By default, the cut-off density is set for each material separately as 1.E–5 times the material
reference density.
706 ROSTR
ROSTR Density Cut-Off Value
Defines the minimum density for single-material Eulerian elements with shear strength.

PARAM,ROSTR,value See Remark 3.
PARAM,ROSTR,1.E-6
Option Meaning Type

value Density cutoff R  0.0
Remarks
1. Single-material Eulerian elements with shear strength with a density less than ROSTR are
considered to be empty. All of the variables are set to zero, and the equation of state is bypassed.
a. If the density of element B after transport is less than ROSTR, then no transport is done.
b. If the density of element A after transport is less than ROSTR, then all of the mass is
3. By default the cut-off density for Eulerian elements with shear strength is set to 1.E–5 times the
material reference density.
RSTDROP 707
Type of Elements Dropped at Restart
RSTDROP Type of Elements Dropped at Restart
Defines the type of elements to be removed from the calculation when restarting an analysis.

PARAM,RSTDROP,option No elements are dropped.
PARAM,RSTDROP,LAGRANGE
Option Meaning Type

LAGRANGE Lagrangian solid elements are dropped. C
EULER Eulerian elements are dropped.
MEMBRANE Membrane elements are dropped.
SURFACE Rigid bodies and coupling surfaces are dropped.
Remarks
1. All elements of the specified type are removed from the calculation. It is not possible to drop a
part of a Eulerian or Lagrangian mesh.
2. If Lagrangian solids or membranes are dropped from a coupled calculation, the surfaces should
also be dropped to prevent surfaces being present that are not attached to anything.
3. The EULER option only works for a Eulerian mesh containing a single hydrodynamic material.
708 SCALEMAS
Mass Scaling Definition
SCALEMAS Mass Scaling Definition
Parameters
Defines the activation of mass scaling.
X

PARAM,SCALEMAS,DTMIN,MXPERC,STEPS See Remark 3.
PARAM,SCALEMAS,1E-6, 100.0,1
Option Meaning Type

DTMIN Minimum allowable time step R > 0.0
See Remark 1.
MXPERC Maximum percentage of added numerical mass with respect to R  0.0
original mass. See Remark 1.
STEPS Number of steps I>0
See Remark 2.
Remarks
1. Numerical mass is added to all Lagrangian solid, triangular, quadrilateral, rod, bar and beam
elements such that its time step never becomes less than:
dt = STEPFCT*DTMIN.
where
dt = timestep of calculation
STEPFCT = timestep safety factor (see PARAM,STEPFCT)
DTMIN = value specified on the PARAM,SCALEMAS entry
If the added mass of a certain element exceeds the maximum percentage (MXPERC) of its
original mass, no more mass will be added, and subsequently, the time step may decrease again.
2. The value of STEPS determines the checking frequency against the mass scaling criterion; the
check is done for every defined number of STEPS. STEPS = 1 is recommended.
3. The values for DTMIN, MXPERC, and STEPS are required input.
4. By requesting MSMASS in an output request, the ratio of scaled mass to original mass of the
elements can be retrieved. By making fringe plots of this parameter, a check can be made if mass
has not been added in a critical area.
5. See Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 8: Prestress Analysis and Example Input Data, Mass Scaling
Definition for instructions on how to use this entry.
SHELLFORM 709
Sets the Default of the Shell Formulation
SHELLFORM Sets the Default of the Shell Formulation
Sets the default for the shell formulation for quadrilateral elements.

PARAM,SHELLFORM,option KEYHOFF
PARAM,SHELLFORM,BLT
Option Meaning Type

BLT The shell-formulation default is BLT. C
KEYHOFF The shell-formulation default if KEYHOFF.
Remarks
1. The PARAM,SHELLFORM changes the default formulation for quadrilateral shell elements. All
shell properties entries that do not explicitly define the formulation, use the default as specified
on the PARAM entry.
2. Triangular shell elements have only one formulation (C0-TRIA). Therefore, the PARAM is
ignored for triangular elements.
3. For more information, see also Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive
Default Setting.
710 SHELMSYS
Shell Element System Definition
SHELMSYS Shell Element System Definition
Defines the shell element system for the BLT shells.
Format and Example

PARAM,SHELMSYS,option
PARAM,SHELMSYS,SIDE21

SIDE21 x-axis along side21 C MIDSIDES
MIDSIDES x-axis connecting midpoints
Remarks
1. SIDE21 puts the x-axis along side21 of the element, whereas MIDSIDES puts the x-axis along
the vector connecting the midpoints of the side14 and side32.
2. Using the SIDE21 option for the BLT shell will result in the same Belytschko-Lin-Tsay
implementation as BELY.
SHPLAST 711
Type of Plane-Stress Plasticity for Shells
SHPLAST Type of Plane-Stress Plasticity for Shells
Specifies the type of calculation used to determine the plane-stress plasticity method for shells.

PARAM,SHPLAST,option ITER
PARAM,SHPLAST,VECT
Option Meaning Type

RADIAL Noniterative, approximate radial return. C
VECT Iterative, vectorized with three iterations.
ITER Nonvectorized iterations.
Remarks
1. The RADIAL approach does not require iterations and, therefore, is the most efficient. It is,
however, an approximation.
2. The other two approaches iterate to find the solution. ITER is the best since it takes as many
iterations as are necessary. On vector machines, such as CRAY, this is inefficient since it cannot
be vectorized. VECT always performs three vectorized iterations, which is more efficient.
However, three iterations may not be enough, and inaccuracies could occur.
3. For more information, see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive Default Setting.
712 SHSTRDEF
Composite Shell Stress and Strain Output Definition
SHSTRDEF Composite Shell Stress and Strain Output Definition
Specifies the default coordinate system for the stress and strain output of composite shells.
Format and Example

PARAM,SHSTRDEF,option
PARAM,SHSTRDEF,ELEM

FIBER Stresses and strains are output in the fiber and matrix directions. C FIBER
ELEM Stresses and strains are output in the element coordinate system.
Remark
The default setting can be overruled per property on a PCOMPA entry on the STRDEF field.
SHTHICK 713
Shell-Thickness Modification Option
SHTHICK Shell-Thickness Modification Option
Specifies whether or not the thickness of the shell changes with membrane straining.

PARAM,SHTHICK,option YES
PARAM,SHTHICK,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Shell thickness is modified according to the membrane strain. C
NO Shell thickness is constant.
Remarks
1. The YES option gives a true large-strain shell but requires some extra computation.
2. The NO option should give adequate results as long as the membrane strains are not very large
(i.e., not more than 5–10%).
3. This option applies to all the formulations of the shell elements, except for the PCOMP. The
thickness of PCOMP shell elements will always remain constant.
4. For more information, see Dytran User’s Guide, Chapter 5: Application Sensitive Default Setting.
714 SLELM
Store Shell Sublayer Variables
SLELM Store Shell Sublayer Variables
Defines whether shell sublayer variables are to be stored in the element arrays.

PARAM,SLELM,option YES
PARAM,SLELM,NO
Option Meaning Type

YES Store as an element variable. C
NO Do not store as an element variable.
Remarks
1. This parameter applies only to shell elements.
2. The shell sublayer variables are primarily stored in sublayer arrays. They can be copied into the
element arrays only for specific output purposes.
3. Specifying NO reduces the CPU overhead time.
4. Irrespective of the entry on this parameter, sublayer variables are accessible in the sublayer arrays.
For example, requesting TXX1 retrieves the stress from the element array, whereas TXX01
retrieves it from the sublayer arrays.
5. MD Nastran initialization always causes SLELM = YES.
SMP, ,BATCHSIZE 715
SMP Batchsize and CPULOOP Definition
SMP, ,BATCHSIZE SMP Batchsize and CPULOOP Definition
Define batch size and number of CPU loops, per entity type.
Format and Example

PARAM,SMP,<entity>,BATCHSIZE,<value1>,CPULOOPS,<value2>
PARAM,SMP,BEAMS,BATCHSIZE,AUTOMATIC
PARAM,SMP,BEAMS,BATCHSIZE,256
Option Meaning Type

ENTITY Define the batchsize for the following entities: C; required
BEAMS beam elements
SHELLS shell elements
SOLIDS solid elements
CONTACT contacts
VALUE1 See Remarks 1. and 3.. C, I>0 (default = 63)
The batchsize for this entity (Integer number)
The keyword AUTOMATIC (character)
VALUE2 If value1 is defined as AUTOMATIC, the user may define the I>0, not required
number of loops per CPU (DEFAULT = 2). See Remark 2..
Remarks
1. The batchsize may be defined per entity type. The SMP parts of Dytran uses the batchsize to
assign a certain number of batches to each CPU. Example:
• Batchsize = 63 (default)
• Number of Beam elements = 580
• Number of CPUs = 4
As a results, Dytran:
• Needs to process 10 batches (9x63 + 1x13)
• To spread this evenly over four CPUs, Dytran increases this to 12 batches because then each
CPU can process 3 batches.
• As a result, the batch size is recalculated for 12 batches to: batchsize = 49
• This means that:
CPU# 1,2,3 process three batches of 49 elements each (3x3x49 = 441 elements)
CPU# 4 processes two batches of 49 elements and one batch of 41
716 SMP, ,BATCHSIZE
SMP Batchsize and CPULOOP Definition
It is clear that the user-defined batchsize may not be used ultimately. The reason for this is that
each CPU is allocated the same number of batches in order to optimize the work done by
each processor.
2. When the batchsize is set to AUTOMATIC, Dytran computes an initial batchsize based on the
number of batches processed by each CPU. By default, Dytran processes two batches per CPU.
In the example above, this means that based on:
• Batchsize = AUTOMATIC
• Number of batches per CPU = 2 (default)
• Number of Beam elements = 580
• Number of CPUs = 4
As a result, Dytran:
• Computes an initial batchsize of 72 (=580/(4*2))
• Increases this batchsize to a higher number to make sure the number of batches fits in the fixed
number of CPU’s: batchsize = 72 + (580 – 4*2*72) = 72 + 4 = 76 elements
• Based on this initial batchsize, the number of batches would be: 1 + (580-1)/76 = 8 batches
• This fits nicely on four CPU’s as expected
• The CPUs process:
CPU# 1,2,3 processes two batches of 76 elements each (3x2x76 = 456 elements)
CPU# 4 processes one batch of 76 elements and 1 batch of 48 elements.
3. By default, Dytran does not use the AUTOMATIC batchsize algorithm. Testing has shown that an
initial batchsize of 63 yields the fastest results. This may vary depending on the problem
simulated and the number of elements and may be worth adjusting.
The reason for this may be found in the fact, that with many elements in the model, the number
of elements per batch increases significantly when the AUTOMATIC batchsize algorithm is used.
Each CPU will have to process two batches (by default) with many elements. Based on the cache
memory, this is usually not optimal for a CPU processor. Shorter batchsizes (< 128) will do a
better job.
SMP, ,CPUINFO 717
SMP CPU Information
SMP, ,CPUINFO SMP CPU Information
Define the CPU information per entity type
Format and Example

PARAM,SMP,<entity>,CPUINFO,<value1>
PARAM,SMP,CONTACT,CPUINFO,ON
PARAM,SMP,FSCOUP,CPUINFO,ON
Option Meaning Type

ENTITY Define the CPUINFO for the following entities: C; required
BEAMS beam elements
SHELLS shell elements
SOLIDS solid elements
CONTACT contacts
FORGE2 N/A
SF N/A
MEMBR membrane elements
EULT9 Eulerian Roe Solver
FSCOUP Fast coupling algorithm
ALL Output for all of the above
VALUE1 ON Ask for parallel CPU time information C
OFF No CPU time information (default)
Remark
By default, Dytran does not give any SMP CPU timings per entity. In order to judge the efficiency of the
different algorithms in Dytran, this parameter may be used to judge the speedup acquired by processing
on multiple CPUs.
718 SNDLIM
Sound Speed Minimum Value
SNDLIM Sound Speed Minimum Value
Defines the minimum value for the speed of sound.

PARAM,SNDLIM,value 1.E–3
PARAM,SNDLIM,1.E-6
Option Meaning Type

value Minimum value of speed of sound. R>0
Remarks
1. This parameter is used to avoid the possibility of division by zero in the time step calculation.
2. SNDLIM has the units of velocity.
SPHERSYM 719
Spherical Symmetric Analyses
SPHERSYM Spherical Symmetric Analyses
Enables an efficient and accurate 1D spherical symmetric solution for Eulerian materials. A much larger
time step becomes possible by basing the time step only on the mesh-size in radial direction.

PARAM,SPHERSYM,MESHTYPE,RADAXIS,PHI
PARAM,SPHERSYM,RECT,X,2 PHI: 0
Option Meaning Type

MESHTYPE Two types of Euler meshes are supported: C: [SPHERIC,RECT]
Axial symmetric meshes: MESHTYPE = SPHERIC
Rectangular meshes: MESHTYPE = RECT
Radial Axis XYZ C: [X,Y,X]
PHI Only used for MESHTYPE = RECT. R>0
Used to creates a 1d Spherical mesh with angles +PHI/2

and –PHI/2
Remarks
1. Only available for Eulerian elements and does not support Lagrange elements. The effect of this
parameter is not limited to the solvers. Also Euler archives will reflect the modified Euler mesh
geometry.
2. The Euler mesh can already be symmetric but also a rectangular mesh comprising of one row of
elements can be used. Using the angle specified by PHI this Euler mesh is mapped into a 1D
spherical symmetric mesh.
3. The Euler mesh has to consist of one row of elements.
4. In the time step computation only the mesh-size in radial direction will be taken into account.
720 STEPFCT
Time Step Scale Factor
STEPFCT Time Step Scale Factor
Defines a scale factor to be used on the internally calculated time step.

PARAM,STEPFCT,value 0.666
PARAM,STEPFCT,0.5
Option Meaning Type

value Time-step safety factor 0.0  R  1.0
Remarks
1. The actual time step used in Dytran is the product of the internal time step and the time step
safety factor.
2. The default value works well in the majority of situations and gives an efficient solution while
maintaining a stable solution.
3. In a calculation with a coupling surface,FBLEND must be greater than or equal to STEPFCT to
avoid instabilities (see PARAM,FBLEND).
4. For many calculations, STEPFCT can be set to 0.9, unless you are running a problem that has
coupling surfaces defined.
5. A different parameter can be used to set the time step safety factor for Lagrangian elements (see
PARAM, STEPFCTL).
STEPFCTL 721
Time-step Scale Factor for Lagrangain Elements
STEPFCTL Time-step Scale Factor for Lagrangain Elements
Defines a scale factor to be used on the internally calculated time step of Lagrangian elements only.

PARAM,STEPFCTL,value STEPFCT
PARAM,STEPFCTL,0.9
Option Meaning Type

value Time-step safety factor 0.0 < R  1.0
Remarks
1. For many calculations, STEPFCTL can be set to 0.9
2. PARAM,STEPFCT can be used to set the time step safety factor for all elements (see
PARAM,STEPFCT). The default for STEPFCT is 0.666
3. The actual time step used in Dytran is the product of the internal time step and the time-step
safety factor. If STEPFCTL is used, the Lagrangian elements will use this value for the safety
factor. The Eulerian elements will still use STEPFCT. The timestep used in Dytran is the
minimum value of the two products. To this end, an efficient solution, while also maintaining a
stable solution, is achieved.
722 STRNOUT
Shell Sublayer Strain Output
STRNOUT Shell Sublayer Strain Output
Saves the total strains and equivalent effective stress (von Mises stress) at shell sublayers for output.

PARAM,STRNOUT,option YES
PARAM,STRNOUT,YES
Option Meaning Type

YES Save C
NO Do not save.
Remarks
1. A limited output set saves memory.
2. Perfectly elastic materials only have the limited output set.
3. Total strain output for shell composite materials can be requested from the PCOMPA Bulk
Data entry.
TOLCHK 723
Tolerance for Fast Coupling
TOLCHK Tolerance for Fast Coupling
Fast coupling requires that Euler elements are orthogonal. This means that normals of Euler element
faces have to be in a coordinate direction. In practice there can be small errors in the geometry of the
Euler element and Euler face normals do not always exactly point into a coordinate direction. Small
deviations from the coordinate direction do not give problems and are allowed by fast coupling.
To check the direction of an Euler face, the face normal vector is projected onto the closest coordinate
direction. If this projection is 1, the normal is exactly in the coordinate direction. When this projection is
within a sufficient small tolerance of 1, the face can be handled by fast coupling. The tolerance used is
TOLCHK. If the projection is smaller than 1-TOLCHK, the face cannot be handled by fast coupling and
the analysis terminates. Options are then to slightly increase TOLCHK , write out double precision format
in PATRAN, use general coupling, or use the MESH entry. Increasing TOLCHK too much can make the
coupling surface computation less accurate. To keep the computation accurate, the maximal allowed
value of TOLCHK is 1e-6. If PARAM,TOLCHK is not used, the tolerance used is 1e-14.

PARAM,TOLCHK,value None
PARAM,TOLCHK,1e-10
Option Meaning Type

value 0 Tolerance in accepting faces by fast coupling. R > 0.0
724 TOLFAC
Increase the Projection Tolerance for CONTACT at Initialization
TOLFAC Increase the Projection Tolerance for CONTACT at Initialization
This parameter is a scale factor for the values of TOLPR1 of the CONTACT options that use
BPLANE option.

PARAM,CONTACT,TOLFAC,value 1.
PARAM,CONTACT,TOLFAC,1000.
Option Meaning Type

value Scale factor for TOLPR1 R>0
Remarks
1. This parameter is important for initialization of BPLANE contact. The faces of the contact surface
are enlarged with a value of TOLPR1. However, this might not be enough when the air bag is
offset folded. On the other hand, a large value of TOLPR1 might induce hooking. Therefore a new
parameter is introduced called TOLFAC. The value of TOLFAC scales the value of TOLPR1 only
at initialization, such that the contact is correctly found.
2. A correct value of TOLFAC can be up to 1000. or even higher.
UGASC 725
Universal Gas Constant
UGASC Universal Gas Constant
Defines a value for the universal gas constant.

PARAM,UGASC,value Required
PARAM,UGASC,8.3144
Option Meaning Type

value Value of the universal gas constant R  0.0
Remarks
1. This entry must be used if the molar weight is used on an INITGAS entry, or if molar gas fractions
are given on an IINFLFRAC entry.
2. Specify only one universal gas constant per problem.
3. In SI units, R equals 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1.
Using the tonne, mm, s system of units R has a value of 8314.5 tonne mm2 s-2 mol-1 K-1.
In imperial units, R equals 1.9859 Btu lbmol-1 ºR-1 or 1545.3 ft lbf lbmol-1 ºR-1.
726 VARACTIV
Activation or Deactivation of Grid-Point, Element, or Face Variables
VARACTIV Activation or Deactivation of Grid-Point, Element,

or Face Variables
Grid point, element, or face variables are activated or deactivated by the Bulk Data entry, as well as the
definition of new user variables. The name of the variable is redefined as well.
Format and Example

PARAM,VARACTIV,(elname),(GEF),(varname),(datatype),(ACTDEAC),(newname)
PARAM,VARACTIV,LAGSOLID,ELEM,MASS,FLT,ACTIVE,ELMASS renames the variable
MASS to ELMASS.
PARAM,VARACTIV,LAGSOLID,ELEM,NEWVAR,FLT,ACTIVE,NEWVAR creates a new variable
NEWVAR as an element float value.

elname Name of the element: C Required
ELEM1D One-dimensional elements
SHTRIA Triangular shell
SHQUAD Quadrilateral shell
MEMTRIA Membrane
DUMTRIA Triangular dummy element
DUMQUAD Quadrilateral dummy element
LAGSOLID Lagrangian solid
EULHYDRO Eulerian hydrodynamic solid
EULSTRENGTH Eulerian solid with stress tensor
MULTIEULHYDRO Multimaterial Eulerian solid
ALL Activate all variables
ALLPRINT Activate all variables and print a summary
GEF Entity name: C ELEM
GRID Grid point
ELEM Element
FACE Face
varname Name of the variable C Required
datatype Data type of the variable: C FLT
INT Integer
FLT Float
CHAR Character
VARACTIV 727
Activation or Deactivation of Grid-Point, Element, or Face Variables

ACTDEAC Activate or deactivate variable: C ACTIVE
ACTIVE Activate a variable.
DEACTIVE Deactivate a variable. (See Remark 4.)
newname Redefined name of the variable. (See Remark 3.) C Required
Remarks
1. The ALL entry activates all variables for all elements, regardless of whether they are used or not.
The ALLPRINT prints a summary of all element variables, regardless whether there are any
elements of a certain type or not. If ALL or ALLPRINT is entered, then no subsequent entries
are required.
2. All entries are required if ALL or ALLPRINT are not specified, except for newname, which
defaults to the original name.
3. When a variable is renamed, all subsequent references must be made to the new name; e.g., in
output requests.
4. The deactivate option is potentially dangerous, since some options may require the variable in an
indirect way. It is advised, therefore, not to deactivate standard Dytran variables.
5. This PARAM entry is a convenient way to introduce new variables to an entity, which can be used
in user subroutines. The new variables is written to restart files and can be requested for output.
6. See the EEXOUT e subroutine as an example of how to address a newly created variable.
7. In the print file of an Dytran run, a summary is given for all variables of the element types that are
used in the calculation (except when ALLPRINT was specified). The format of the printout is:
###-(CHAR)-NAME
where
### = the variable ident number when the variable is active. If the variable has been
deactivated, ### is printed as <~>
CHAR = N if the variable is standard Dytran
R if the variable has been renamed
C if the variable has been defined by the user
E if the variable is used for editing only

NAME = the (new) name of the variable
728 VDAMP
Dynamic Relaxation Parameter
VDAMP Dynamic Relaxation Parameter
Controls the global damping in the dynamic relaxation.

PARAM,VDAMP,value/option 0.0
PARAM,VDAMP,0.001
PARAM,VDAMP,OFF
Option Meaning Type

value Dynamic relaxation parameter R  0.0
OFF No dynamic relaxation C
Remarks
1. The dynamic relaxation parameter is connected to the system natural frequency,  , as  = t ,
where  denotes a percentage of critical damping. The damping occurs by factoring the velocities
every time step as follows:
F1 =  1 –     1 +  
F2 = 1   1 +  
n+12 n–12 n n
v = F1 v + F 2 a t
where v is the velocity, a is the acceleration, and  is the dynamic relaxation parameter.
2. At the restart of an analysis with dynamic relaxation, the dynamic relaxation can be switched off
by PARAM,VDAMP or PARAM,VDAMP,OFF.
3. For a more comprehensive description of dynamic relaxation, see Dytran Theory Manual,
Chapter 4: Models, Dynamic Relaxation.
VELCUT 729
Velocity Cutoff
VELCUT Velocity Cutoff
Defines the minimum velocity.

PARAM,VELCUT,value 1.E–6
PARAM,VELCUT,1.0E–6
Option Meaning Type

value Minimum velocity R  0.0
Remark
Any velocity less than VELCUT is set to zero. It is mainly used to eliminate harmless but annoying small
values of velocity caused by round-off error and numerical dispersion.
730 VELMAX
Maximum Velocity
VELMAX Maximum Velocity
Defines the maximum velocity in Eulerian and Lagrangian meshes.

PARAM,VELMAX,value,YES/NO 1.E10,YES
PARAM,VELMAX,1.E6
Option Meaning Type

value Maximum velocity R  0.0
YES Remove the mass in Eulerian elements in which the velocity exceeds the C
maximum specified velocity.
NO Do not remove the mass in Eulerian elements in which the velocity exceeds
the maximum specified velocity.
Remarks
1. For Eulerian elements, VELMAX is applied to the velocity components separately. Therefore, the
magnitude of the velocity vector is limited to 3 VELMAX. For Lagrangian elements, all
components are scaled down by the same factor to ensure that the maximal magnitude of the
velocity vector does not exceed VELMAX.
2. Although it is not usually necessary to limit the velocity in Eulerian meshes, there are occasions,
in regions of near-vacuous flow for example, where specifying a maximum velocity can be
advantageous. The same applies to Lagrangian meshes, in contact regions for example. This
parameter should be used with care.
3. Because very high velocities occur mostly in Eulerian elements with very small mass, the mass
in these elements can be removed to keep the analysis stable. This option is not available for
Lagrangian solid elements.
4. VELMAX must be greater than the minimum velocity specified by PARAM,VELCUT.
VISCOPLAS 731
Use Overstress Formula to Update Strain-rate Dependent Plasticity
VISCOPLAS Use Overstress Formula to Update

Strain-rate Dependent Plasticity
Activate the overstress formula to update strain-rate dependent plasticity. This formula is normally used
for viscous-plastic material.

PARAM,VISCOPLAS,value 0
PARAM,VISCOPLAS,1
Option Meaning Type

VALUE 0= use scaling-up scheme, 1=use overstress formula I
Remarks
1. The strain rate dependent plasticity is normally calculated by scaling up the basic yield stress
without strain rate effect. Then the trial stresses are mapped back to the scaled-up yield surface.
This algorithm may lead to premature instability. Another technique is to calculate the so-called
viscous-plastic strain rate using “overstress” formula. And then the stresses are updated based on
this viscous-plastic strain. This technique seems to be more stable then the previous one. For shell
elements, this option works when combined with PARAM,SHPLAST,RADIAL. Only
DYMAT24 and Johnson-Cook models are supported. For solid elements, this option works only
for DYMAT24.
2. For shell elements, PARAM,VISCOPLAS,1, in combination with
PARAM,SHPLAST,RADIAL, will use consistent plane stress plasticity algorithm both for
strain rate dependent and independent plasticity. This new algorithm is more accurate than
3-D approach.
732 VISCOPLAS
Use Overstress Formula to Update Strain-rate Dependent Plasticity
Chapter 7: User Subroutines
7 User Subroutines
 EEXOUT 739

EXALE 743

EXBRK 746
 EXCOMP 748

EXCOMP1 755

EXELAS 767
 EXEOS 770

EXEOS1 775
 EXFAIL 779
 EXFAIL1 781
 EXFAIL2 785

EXFLOW 788
 EXFLOW2 791
 EXFUNC 795

EXINIT 797
 EXPBAG 800

EXPLD 802

EXPOR 803
 EXPOR2 809

EXSHR 813

EXSPR 816

EXTLU 819

EXTVEL 821

EXVISC 823

EXYLD 826
 EXYLD1 829

GEXOUT 834
Chapter 7: User Subroutines 735
Overview
Overview
User-written subroutines are a powerful feature in Dytran that allow you to customize the program to
your particular needs and provide capabilities that are not possible with the standard program.
The following user subroutines may be used:
EEXOUT Element output

EXALE ALE grid point output
EXBRK Failure model for breakable join
EXCOMP Constitutive model for composites with failure
EXELAS Spring model
EXEOS Equation of state
EXFAIL Failure model
EXFAIL1 General failure model for orthotropic solid elements
EXFLOW Flow boundary condition
EXFLOW2 Flow boundary condition for multimaterial Euler
EXFUNC Time-dependent function
EXINIT Initial condition
EXPBAG Pressure in a gas bag
EXPLD Pressure load
EXPOR Porosity model for coupling surfaces
EXSPR Spring model
EXTLU Declaration of Fortran LU numbers
EXTVEL Lagrangian velocity constraint
EXVISC Damper model
EXYLD Yield model
GEXOUT Grid point output
The user-written subroutines are very simple to use. Some knowledge of Fortran programming is
required to write the subroutine, but the incorporation of the routines into Dytran is automatic on most
computers. Any Dytran user with a working knowledge of Fortran should not have problems using this
facility. Dytran uses a Fortran 90 compiler and there is no guarantee that another Fortran complier version
will link properly.
Care should be exercised when using user-written subroutines, however. It is possible to corrupt the data
stored within Dytran, rendering the results meaningless. User subroutines should be used only if you are
experienced in the use of Dytran and fully understand the implications of what you are doing.
Overview
Loading the User Subroutines with Dytran

The user-written subroutines must be in a file in the user area. The name of the file is immaterial, but it
is best associated with the name of the analysis. In general, FORTRAN subroutine filenames have the
extension f.
The File Management Section of the data file must contain a USERCODE statement that references the
file containing the Fortran coding for the user-written subroutines.
For example,
USERCODE = user.f
This causes Dytran to:
1. Compile the user-written subroutines with the correct compiler options.
2. Link the user-written subroutines with Dytran.
3. Run the Dytran analysis.
On most types of computers, the procedure is automatic.
When you are using MSC Dytran Explorer on Windows, the procedure requires just a few mouse
clicks. Please refer to the on-line help for MSC Dytran Explorer on how to create a customized version
of Dytran.
User Access to Element and Grid Point Data from

User Subroutines
Within certain user-written subroutines, you have easy access to the data stored for an element or a grid
point. The restriction is that the user-written subroutine must have the list of user numbers of the elements
or grid points involved. In this way, you can store or retrieve data for a list of elements or grid points. You
can apply calls to the subroutines included in the Dytran libraries.
To retrieve grid point data, the following subroutines are available:
retrieve_gridpoint_int_var (for integer data)

retrieve_gridpoint_float_var (for float data)
To retrieve element data, the following subroutines are available:
retrieve_element_int_var (for integer data)

retrieve_element_float_var (for float data)
Chapter 7: User Subroutines 737
Overview
To store grid point data, the following subroutines are available:
store_gridpoint_int_var (for integer data)

store_gridpoint_float_var (for float data)
To store element data, the following subroutines are available:
retrieve_element_int_var (for integer data)

retrieve_element_float_var (for float data)
An example of user access to Dytran data is given below:

SUBROUTINE EEXOUT
+(EDTNAM,LENNAM,NZONE,CZONE,NZTYPE,LBIZON,LBXZON)
*
* single or double defined below
IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H,O-Z)
*
* dimension arguments, local arrays and data type
DIMENSION NZONE(*),LBIZON(*),LBXZON(*)
CHARACTER*(*) EDTNAM
CHARACTER*(*) CZONE(*)
CHARACTER*16 CVRNAM
*
DIMENSION XMASS(128)
*
* the length of the element string
LENELM = 10
*
* get data for the mass
* LENELM = Length of the string of elements for data retrieval
* NZONE = Array holding the user numbers of the elements
* XMASS = Array to hold the Mass of the string of elements
* CVRNAM = Character variable holding the variable name
*
CVRNAM = ’MASS’
CALL RETRIEVE_ELEMENT_FLOAT_VAR(LENELM,NZONE,XMASS,CVRNAM)
*
* increase the mass data by one
DO 100 N = 1,10
XMASS(N) = XMASS(N) + 1.
100 CONTINUE
*
* store the new data for the mass
* LENELM = Length of the string of elements for data retrieval
* NZONE = Array holding the user numbers of the elements
* XMASS = Array to hold the Mass of the string of elements
* CVRNAM = Character variable holding the variable name
*
CALL STORE_ELEMENT_FLOAT_VAR(LENELM,NZONE,XMASS,CVRNAM)
*
Overview
RETURN
END
User-written Subroutine Notes

Following are some notes and tips when you are using your own subroutines to customize Dytran.
1. Assume that variables are not initialized upon entering the routine. Proper use of a variable is to
initialize it before it is used.
2. Some user subroutines are called within a section that has been vectorized or parallelized. As a
result, these routines may be called more than once during a time step.
3. You can define your own common block definition to store data that you wish to keep over the
time step.
4. You can define your own variables to be used by Dytran by the PARAM,VARACTIV entry. Please
refer to the Parameter section in the Reference Manual for details on how to add your own
variables. You can store data that is important for your user subroutine. When you add new
variables to the default set that Dytran offers, you can also add them to the output request and post-
process the results.
5. Do not mix integer and float data. Although it is allowed as standard Fortran, it is best to separate
the data types.
6. Do not perform I/O-actions (like with READ, WRITE or PRINT statements) in a loop. It
considerably slows down the performance of the loop.
7. Do not make calls to other subroutines from within a loop if possible. This considerably slows
down the performance of the loop.
8. Use the appropriate precision for your calculations. Dytran is full double precision. When you use
the include file spdbl in your subroutine, the precision is set correctly for the machine that you
are using Dytran on. The include file is part of the installation and the compiler script “knows”
where to look for the include files.
9. Be careful with fixed-size arrays. These arrays are statically allocated when the program starts.
The memory is occupied during the course of your calculation. Note that integer data uses 32 bits
per word, float data 64 bits in double precision. Thus, an array of 1,000,000 float words requires
8 MB of memory.
10. Document your user subroutine with comments. It makes it easier for others, including yourself,
to understand the meaning of the content of the subroutine.
EEXOUT 739
EEXOUT User-defined Element Output
User-defined element output.
Calling Sequence
CALL EEXOUT (NAME, LENNAM, NEL, CEL, NETYPE, LIEL, LXEL)
Input
NAME Character string. Output name specified on the ELEXOUT entry.
LENNAM Integer variable. Length of NAME.
NEL (*) Integer array. Element number.
CEL (*) Character *8 array. Unused.
NETYPE Integer variable. Type of element:
2 One-dimensional element
3 Triangular shell
4 Quadrilateral shell
5 Triangular membrane
6 Dummy triangle
7 Dummy quadrilateral
8 Lagrangian solid
9 Eulerian solid (hydrodynamic)
10 Eulerian solid (with strength)
11 Eulerian solid (multimaterial)
LIEL(*) Integer array
Base address of element in the main integer storage array ILGDAT
LXEL(*) Integer array
Base address of element in the main real storage array XLGDAT
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any ELEXOUT Case Control commands.
2. The subroutine can be used to calculate results based on the data available in Dytran.
3. The precision of the calculations should be appropriate for the computer being used. See the
Dytran Installation and Operations Guide.
740 EEXOUT
4. This subroutine is vectorized. All the input data is stored in arrays that must be dimensioned. The
start and end of the arrays are given by the variables LST and LFIN in the common block
/MSCD_LOCLOP/. All of the entries in the arrays between LST and LFIN must be output. See
the following examples.
Example 1
This example calculates the magnitude of the velocity in Eulerian elements and stores the result in the
user variable EXUSER2.
SUBROUTINE EEXOUT
+(NAME, LENNAM, NEL, CEL, NETYPE, LIEL, LXEL)
*
IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H, O-Z)
*
DIMENSION NEL (*), LIEL (*), LXEL (*)
CHARACTER *(*) CEL (*), NAME
*
COMMON/MSCD_LOCLOP/LST, LFIN
COMMON/MSCD_ILGMEM/IDUM1,IDUM2,IDUM3,IDUM4,ILGDAT(1)
COMMON/MSCD_XLGMEM/XLGDAT(1)
*
IF (NETYPE.NE.9) GOTO 9900
*
*The magnitude of the velocity of the Eulerian elements is computed
*and stored in the user variable EXUSER2
*
DO 100 NZ = LST, LFIN
XVEL = XLGDAT (LXEL (NZ)+1)
YVEL = XLGDAT (LXEL (NZ)+2)
ZVEL = XLGDAT (LXEL (NZ)+3)
VEL = XVEL*XVEL + YVEL*YVEL + ZVEL*ZVEL
XLGDAT (LXEL (NZ) + 25) = SQRT (VEL)
*
100 CONTINUE
*
9900 RETURN
END
Example 2
This example shows how the shell element sublayer data can be retrieved from memory to organize
user-defined editing. The example applies to any shell element either defined by a PSHELLn or
PCOMPn entry.
SUBROUTINE EEXOUT
+(EDTNAM,LENNAM,NZONE,CZONE,NZTYPE,LBIZON,LBXZON)
*
*
DIMENSION NZONE(*),LBIZON(*),LBXZON(*)
CHARACTER*(*) EDTNAM
EEXOUT 741
CHARACTER*(*) CZONE(*)
*
COMMON /MSCD_LOCLOP/ LST,LFIN
COMMON /MSCD_NCYVAR/ IDUM1,NCYCLE
COMMON /MSCD_XCYVAR/ RDUM1,RDUM2 ,RDUM3,RDUM4,RDUM5,TIME
*
CHARACTER*16 CVAR
DIMENSION CVAR(6)
*
DIMENSION XVAR(1024)
DIMENSION DATA(5,1024,6)
*
LOGICAL LHERE
*
DATA LHERE /.TRUE./
*
* Define the sublayer output here by variable name
*
CVAR(1) = ’TXX’
CVAR(2) = ’TYY’
CVAR(3) = ’TXY’
CVAR(4) = ’FAIL’
CVAR(5) = ’EXY’
CVAR(6) = ’MXTFI’
*
*********************************************************************
*
* Make a loop over the sublayers, variables
* The routine will retrieve the variable from the designated
* sublayer for the entire string of elements in one call
* The data array will contain all requested data after the
* loops over the sublayers and the variables requested
*********************************************************************
*
*
* Loop over the sublayers
*
DO 300 ISUB = 1,5
*
* Loop over the variables
*
DO 200 NVAR = 1,6
*
* Call a predefined user routine
*
CALL GET_ELEMENT_SUBL_VARS
+ (NZONE,XVAR,CVAR(NVAR),ISUB)
*
* Arguments: element list, float data list, variable name
list,
* and sublayer number
*
* Make a loop over the elements in the edit list
*
742 EEXOUT
DO 100 NZ = LST,LFIN
*
* Store all data for the list in the data array
*
DATA(ISUB,NZ,NVAR) = XVAR(NZ)
*
100 CONTINUE
200 CONTINUE
300 CONTINUE
*
* If we come here for the first time write the header
*
IF (LHERE) THEN
OPEN(UNIT=90,FILE=’SUBLAYERS’,STATUS=’UNKNOWN’)
WRITE(90,’(9A)’,IOSTAT=IOS)
+ ’ Time ’,
+ ’ Element ’,
+ ’ Sublayer ’,
+ ’ Txx ’,
+ ’ Tyy ’,
+ ’ Txy ’,
+ ’ Fail ’,
+ ’ Exy ’,
+ ’ Mxtfi ’
*
* And a dummy line
*
WRITE(90,’(A)’) ’ ’
LHERE = .FALSE.
ENDIF
*
* Write it all to a file
*
DO 400 ISUB=1,5
DO 500 NZ=LST,LFIN
NZON = NZONE(NZ)
WRITE(90,’(E15.8,2I15,6E15.8)’,IOSTAT=IOS)
+ TIME,NZON,ISUB,(DATA(ISUB,NZ,NVAR),NVAR=1,6)
500 CONTINUE
400 CONTINUE
*
9900 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXALE 743
User-defined ALE Grid Point Motion
EXALE User-defined ALE Grid Point Motion
User-defined ALE grid-point motion.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXALE (CNAME, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, ISTART, IEND,
+ IUSER, XPOS, YPOS, ZPOS, XVG, YVG, ZVG)
Input
CNAME Character string
Name specified on the ALEGRID entry
LENNAM Integer variable
Length of CNAME
TIME Real variable
Time at the current time step
NCYCLE Integer variable
Number of the current time step
ISTART, IEND Integer variables
Grid-point loop counters
IUSER(*) Integer array
Grid-point numbers
XPOS(*), Real arrays
YPOS(*), Grid-point coordinates in basic coordinate system
ZPOS(*)
XVG(*), Real arrays
YVG(*), Grid-point velocity components during last time step
ZVG(*)
Output
XVG(*), Real arrays
YZG(*), Grid-point velocity components for current time step
ZVG(*)
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any ALEGRID entries with the TYPE set to USER.
2. The subroutine is used to calculate the grid-point motion in an ALE calculation according to a
user-specified prescription.
744 EXALE
4. This routine is part of a vectorized process. As a result, the routine can be called more than once
per time step.
Example
SUBROUTINE EXALE( CNAME,LENNAM,TIME,NCYCLE,ISTART,IEND,
+ IUSER,XPOS,YPOS,ZPOS,XVG,YVG,ZVG )
*
*
* declare argument as arrays and data-type here....
CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
*
* ---------------------------------------------------------------
*
* cname = name of the exale definition
* lennam = length of the character string
* time = current problem time
* ncycle = current time step number
* istart = start of the grid point loop
* iend = end of the grid point loop
* iuser = array with grid point user numbers
* xpos = x-position of the list of grid points
* ypos = y-position of the list of grid points
* zpos = z-position of the list of grid points
* xvg = x-velocity of the list of grid points
* yvg = y-velocity of the list of grid points
* zvg = z-velocity of the list of grid points
*
* ---------------------------------------------------------------
*
*
* local dimensions and declarations
*
DIMENSION IUSER(*)
DIMENSION XPOS(*),YPOS(*),ZPOS(*)
DIMENSION XVG(*) ,YVG(*) ,ZVG(*)
*
* data statements
*
* statement functions
*
* executable statements
*
FACTOR = 1.51
X = 18.02775637
*
* compute cosine and sine for this cycle
RXCOS = X*COS(FACTOR*TIME)
RXSIN = X*SIN(FACTOR*TIME)
*
EXALE 745
* jump to the motion prescription according to the name

IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .EQ. ’EXALE1’) GOTO 1000
IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .EQ. ’EXALE2’) GOTO 2000
*
1000 CONTINUE
DO 100 NP = ISTART,IEND
XVG(NP) = RXCOS*RXSIN
YVG(NP) = 0.0
ZVG(NP) = RXSIN
100 CONTINUE
*
GOTO 9900
*
2000 CONTINUE
DO 200 NP = ISTART,IEND
XVG(NP) = RXCOS
YVG(NP) = 0.0
ZVG(NP) = RXSIN*RXCOS
200 CONTINUE
*
9900 CONTINUE
*
*
RETURN
END
746 EXBRK
User-defined Failure of Breakable Joins
EXBRK User-defined Failure of Breakable Joins
The EXBRK user subroutine defines the failure criterion or criteria for a breakable join between pairs of
grid points.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXBRK(TIME, ICYCLE,NMSETS,ILIST,IFAIL,CSETNM,
+ FX1,FY1,FZ1,FX2,FY2,FZ2,
+ XM1,YM1,ZM1,XM2,YM2,ZM2,
+ FAIL1,FAIL2,FAIL3,FAIL4,FAIL5,FAIL6,
+ ICONN1,ICONN2)
Input
TIME Real Variable. Current time in computation.
ICYCLE Integer variable. Current time-step number.
NMSETS Integer variable. Number of “bjoin” pairs in the current user-defined string.
ILIST Integer array. Contains the set numbers of the “bjoin” pairs in the string.
CSETNM Character array. Contains the name of the user-defined criterion for the
“bjoin” pair.
FX1,FY1,FZ1 Real arrays. Contain the force components of the first grid point of the
“bjoin” pairs.
FX2,FY2,FZ2 Real arrays. Contain the force components of the second grid point of the
“bjoin” pairs.
XM1,YM1,ZM1 Real arrays. Contain the moment components of the first grid point of the
“bjoin” pairs.
XM2,YM2,ZM2 Real arrays.Contain the moment components of the second grid point of the
“bjoin” pairs.
ICONN1,ICONN2 Integer arrays. Contain connectivity data for the first and the second grid point
of the “bjoin” pairs. Data concerns the grid point user number, the number of
connected elements, and the connected element user numbers.
Output
IFAIL Integer array. Global failure flag for the “bjoin” pairs.
FAIL1-FAIL6 Real arrays. Contain the component failure flags for the “bjoin” pairs. The data
is used for degradation of the join. Forces and moments are multiplied by
these values.
EXBRK 747
User-defined Failure of Breakable Joins
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any references to the EXBRK in the input data file.
2. The subroutine is called every time step. The forces and moment on the grid points of the “bjoin”
pairs are passed to the subroutine. You must return the global failure flag and the component
failure switches. Dytran uses them upon return from the subroutine.
3. There can be more than one failure criterion defined in the EXBRK subroutine. The criteria can be
distinguished by their user-defined names.
Example
This subroutine defines a failure criterion on the force x-components.
SUBROUTINE EXBRK
+ (TIME,ICYCLE,NMSETS,ILIST,IFAIL,CSETNM,
+ FX1,FY1,FZ1,FX2,FY2,FZ2,
+ XM1,YM1,ZM1,XM2,YM2,ZM2,
+ ICONN1,ICONN2 )
*
#include "spdbl"
*
DIMENSION ILIST(*),IFAIL(*)
DIMENSION ICONN1(8,*),ICONN2(8,*)
DIMENSION FX1(*),FY1(*),FZ1(*)
DIMENSION FX2(*),FY2(*),FZ2(*)
DIMENSION XM1(*),YM1(*),ZM1(*)
DIMENSION XM2(*),YM2(*),ZM2(*)
DIMENSION FAIL1(*),FAIL2(*),FAIL3(*)
DIMENSION FAIL4(*),FAIL5(*),FAIL6(*)
CHARACTER*8 CSETNM(*)
*
FMAX = 12000.0 ** 2
DO 100 N=1,NMSETS
NPAIR = ILIST(N)
IF (IFAIL(NPAIR).EQ.0) GOTO 100
DFX = (FX1(NPAIR)-FX2(NPAIR))**2
IF (CSETNM(N).EQ.’CRIT_1’) THEN
IFAIL(NPAIR) = 0
WRITE(6,*)
+ ‘Grid point pair (Point 1 =’,ICONN1(1,N),
+ ‘Point 2 = ‘,ICONN2(1,N),’) Failure.’
ENDIF
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
748 EXCOMP
User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model
EXCOMP User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model
Defines an orthotropic failure model for shell composites

.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXCOMP (CNAME, YMX, YMY, XNUY, SXY, SYZ, SZX,
+ FBTEN, FBCOM, XMXTEN, XMXCOM, SHRF, CAPA, XMAT,
+ TIME, NSTEP, IPREC, LAST, NADVAR, ISUBLY, LBUSER,
+ DLTH, SIG1, SIG2, SIG4, SIG5, SIG6, D1, D2, D3,
+ D4, D5, D6, DOUT1, DOUT2, DOUT4, EFAIL, EFT, EFC,
+ ESF, EMT, EMC, Q1, Q2, FAIL, FAIL2, USRVAR)
Input
CNAME Character string. Material name.
YMX Real variable. Young’s modulus in fiber direction.
YMY Young’s modulus in matrix direction
XNUY Poisson’s ratio v yx
SXY In-plane shear modulus
SYZ Transverse shear modulus
SZX Transverse shear modulus
FBTEN Fiber tensile strength
FBCOM Fiber compressive strength
XMXTEN Matrix tensile strength
XMXCOM Matrix compressive strength
SHRF Shear strength
CAPA Shear correction factor
XMAT Extra material data
TIME Current problem time
NSTEP Step number
IPREC Single/double precision check:
1 = library is single precision.
2 = library is double precision.
LAST Length of element string
NADVAR Number of additional variables (see MAT8 Bulk Data)
EXCOMP 749
Input
ISUBLY Sublayer number
LBUSER List of pointers to the user variables
DLTH Time step
SIG1 Sigma xx in fiber system
SIG2 Sigma yy in fiber system
SIG4 Sigma xy in fiber system
SIG5 Sigma yz in fiber system
SIG6 Sigma zx in fiber system
D1 Strain increment xx
D2 Strain increment yy
D3 Strain increment zz
D4 Shear angle = 2.0 strain increment xy
D5 Strain increment yz
D6 Strain increment zx
DOUT1 Total xx-strain for output
DOUT2 Total yy-strain for output
DOUT4 Total xy-strain for output
EFAIL User fail switch
EFT User fail switch
EFC User fail switch
ESF User fail switch
EMT User fail switch
EMC User fail switch
Q1 Fiber axis relative to element system
Q2 Matrix axis
USRVAR User variable
Output
New Stresses
750 EXCOMP
Output
Fail Switches
FAIL Overall element fail switch
FAIL2 One-dimensional element time step suppression
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if USER is specified on the FT field on the MAT8A Bulk
Data Entry.
2. The subroutine returns the stress tensor and failure flags.
3. Failure flags FAIL and FAIL2 are used by Dytran to zero out the hourglass forces and to enforce
time step skipping for “1D elements” (if requested).
4. The total strains are supplied only if requested on the PCOMPA entry. Do not use the total strains
when they are turned off.
5. Additional sublayer variables are only available when requested on the PCOMPA entry. The
pointers LBUSER are set to a large value if the variables are not defined.
7. If IPREC = 1, the Dytran object library is single precision; if IPREC = 2, it is double precision.
8. If your input refers to EXCOMP on a MAT8A entry and the material number (MID) is set to
99999999, the demo example will run.
9. EXCOMP does not necessarily need to define a composite material. Any material model can be
programmed. EXCOMP is used for each sublayer on the PCOMPA Bulk Data entry that refers to it.
10. In XMAT, extra material data from the MAT8A option is available.
PFD = nint( MATE(32 ):1 = STEPS
2 = TIME
3 = VELOC
VALUE = XMAT(33)
Example
This subroutine swaps the stresses into the user variables:
SUBROUTINE EXCOMP
+ ( CNAME , YMX , YMY , XNUY , SXY , SYZ , SZX ,
+ FBTEN , FBCOM , XMXTEN , XMXCOM , SHRF ,
+ CAPA , XMAT , TIME , NSTEP , IPREC ,
+ LAST , NADVAR , ISUBLY , LBUSER ,DLTH ,
+ SIG1 , SIG2 , SIG4 , SIG5 , SIG6 ,
+ D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 , D5 , D6 ,
+ DOUT1 , DOUT2 , DOUT4 , EFAIL ,
+ EFT , EFC , ESF , EMT,EMC, Q1, Q2 ,
+ FAIL , FAIL2 , USRVAR )
*
EXCOMP 751

*
CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
DIMENSION LBUSER(*)
DIMENSION
+ SIG1(*) , SIG2 (*), SIG4 (*),
+ SIG5 (*), SIG6 (*),
+ D1(*) , D2(*) , D3(*) ,
+ D4(*) , D5(*) , D6(*) ,
+ DOUT1(*) , DOUT2(*) , DOUT4(*) , EFAIL(*) ,
+ EFT(*) , EFC(*) , ESF(*) ,
+ EMT(*),EMC(*), Q1(*), Q2(*) ,
+ FAIL(*) , FAIL2(*) , USRVAR(*)
*
* input:
* cname - material name (character)
* ymx - youngs modulus in fiber dir
* ymy - youngs modulus in matrix dir
* xnuy - poisson ration nuyx
* sxy - inplane shear modulus
* syz - transverse shear modulus
* szx - transverse shear modulus
* fbten - fiber tensile strength
* fbcom - fiber compressive strength
* xmxten - matrix tensile strength
* xmxcom - matrix compressive strength
* shrf - shear strength
* capa - shear correction factor
* xmat - extra material data
* time - current problem time
* nstep - step number
* iprec - singel/double precision check
* 1 - library is single precision
* 2 - library is double precision
* last - length of element string
* nadvar - number of additional vars
* ( see mat8a bulk data )
* isubly - sublayer number
* lbuser - list of pointer into usrvar
* dlth - time step
* sig1 - sigma xx in fiber system
* sig2 - sigma yy in fiber system
* sig4 - sigma xy in fiber system
* sig5 - sigma yz in fiber system
* sig6 - sigma zx in fiber system
* d1 - strain increment xx
* d2 - strain increment yy
* d3 - strain increment zz
* d4 - shear angle = 2.0 x strain increment xy
* d5 - strain increment yz
* d6 - strain increment zx
* efail - user fail switch
* eft - user fail switch
* efc - user fail switch
752 EXCOMP
* esh - user fail switch

* emt - user fail switch
* emc - user fail switch
* q1 - fiber axis rel to element sys
* q2 - matrix axis
*
* output :
* new stresses
* fail switches
* fail - overall element fail switch
* fail2 - one-dimensional time step suppression
*
* notes :
*
* - if nadvar = 0 do not use usrvar arrays
* - dout1-dout4 are not usable if strain output option
* on pcompa card was set to -no-
* - the program expects fail to be set to zero if the
* element ( all sublayers) has failed. the time step
* will be skipped for a failed element and all
* forces (also hourglass) will be set to zero
*
* example :
*
* swap the sigmas into usrvar
*
* do lv = 1,last
* usrvar(lbuser(1) + lv ) = sig1(lv)
* usrvar(lbuser(2) + lv ) = sig2(lv)
* enddo
*
*
DATA INIT/1/
*
* note that sys_print is equivalent to a fortran print statement
*
* this demo only works if cname = 99999999 , set on the mat8a
* bulk data entry
IF ( CNAME.NE.’99999999’ ) THEN
CALL SYS_PRINT (’USER SUPPLIED EXCOMP IS MISSING ....’)
ENDIF
*
* checks done only at first step
*
* make sure we have the strain output on and 6
* defined user variables
IF ( INIT.EQ.NSTEP ) THEN
*
* check is for a single precision library . if double
EXCOMP 753
* precision then check against 2

IF ( IPREC.NE.IDEFPR ) THEN
CALL SYS_PRINT (’PRECISION IS WRONG IN EXCOMP ’)
STOP
ENDIF
*
IF ( NADVAR.LT.6 ) THEN
CALL SYS_PRINT(’FOR THIS EXCOMP DEMO TO RUN YOU MUST DEFINE
’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’AT LEAST 6 SUBLAYER USER VARIABELS ON THE ’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’MAT8A BULK DATA ENTRY FOR MATERIAL ’)
CALL SYS_PRINT( CNAME )
STOP
ENDIF
*
CALL SYS_PRINT(’YOU ARE USING THE DEMO EXCOMP ’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’RATHER THAN YOUR OWN VERSION’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’RELINK MSC.Dytran WITH YOUR EXCOMP CODING ’)
*
DO 100 NV = 1,3
DO 110 LV = 1,LAST
USRVAR(LBUSER(NV) + LV) = -1.E20
110 CONTINUE
100 CONTINUE
*
DO 200 NV = 4,6
DO 210 LV = 1,LAST
USRVAR(LBUSER(NV) + LV) = 1.E20
210 CONTINUE
200 CONTINUE
*
* see if strain output is on
IF ( DOUT1(1) .EQ. 123456789. ) THEN
CALL SYS_PRINT(’FOR THIS EXCOMP DEMO TO RUN YOU MUST DEFINE
’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’STRAIN OUTPUT OPTION ON ON THE ’)
CALL SYS_PRINT(’PCOMPA BULK DATA ENTRY WHICH HOLDS MATERIAL
’)
CALL SYS_PRINT (CNAME)
STOP
ENDIF
ENDIF
*
XNUX = XNUY * YMX/YMY
PXY = 1./(1. - XNUY*XNUX)
C11 = YMX*PXY
C12 = PXY*XNUX*YMY
C22 = PXY*YMY
C44 = SXY
DO 1000 LV = 1,LAST
SIG1(LV) = SIG1(LV) + C11*D1(LV) + C12*D2(LV)
SIG2(LV) = SIG2(LV) + C12*D1(LV) + C22*D2(LV)
SIG4(LV) = SIG4(LV) + C44*D4(LV)
SIG5(LV) = SIG5(LV) + SYZ*CAPA*D5(LV)
754 EXCOMP
SIG6(LV) = SIG6(LV) + SZX*CAPA*D6(LV)

1000 CONTINUE
*
* save max in user vars as an example
DO 2000 LV = 1,LAST
* save maximum stress
USRVAR(LBUSER(1) + LV) = MAX( USRVAR(LBUSER(1)+LV),SIG1(LV) )
*
* save minimum strain
USRVAR(LBUSER(4) + LV) = MIN( USRVAR(LBUSER(4)+LV),DOUT1(LV) )
2000 CONTINUE
*
5000 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXCOMP1 755
User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model that allows to model Property Degradation
EXCOMP1 User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model that allows to model

Property Degradation
Defines an orthotropic failure model for shell composites

.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXCOMP1 (CNAME, LENVEC, ISHRPR,
+ YMX, YMY, XNUY, SXY, SYZ, SZX,
+ XT, XC, YT, YC, SC,
+ CAPA, CM,TIME, NCYCLE, IPREC,,
+ LAST, NADVAR, ISUBLY, LBUSER,DLTH,
+ SIG1, SIG2, SIG4,
+ SIG5, SIG6, SIG51, SIG62,
+ D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D87, D8,
+ DOUT1, DOUT2, DOUT4,
+ EFT, EFC,ESF, EMT, EMC, Q1, Q2,
+ EINC,FACP,
+ FAIL, FAILNM1, EFAIL, FAIL2 , USER,
+ EFIB, EMTX, ESHR)
Input
CNAME Material name (character).
LENVEC Vector Length
ISHRPR Shear property
YMX Young’s modulus in fiber direction.
YMY Young’s modulus in matrix direction
XNUY Poisson’s ratio v yx
SXY In-plane shear modulus
SYZ Transverse shear modulus
SZX Transverse shear modulus
XT Fiber tensile strength
XC Fiber compressive strength
YT Matrix tensile strength
YC Matrix compressive strength
SC Shear strength
756 EXCOMP1
Input
CAPA Shear correction factor
CM Extra material data
TIME Current problem time
NCYCLE Step number
IPREC Single/double precision check:
1 = library is single precision.
2 = library is double precision.
LAST Length of element string
NADVAR Number of additional variables (see MAT8A Bulk Data)
ISUBLY Sublayer number
LBUSER List of pointers to the user variables
DLTH Time step
SIG51
SIG62
D1 Strain increment xx
D2 Strain increment yy
D3 Strain increment zz
D4 Shear angle = 2.0 strain increment xy
D5 Strain increment yz
D6 Strain increment zx
D7
D8
DOUT1 Total xx-strain for output
DOUT2 Total yy-strain for output
DOUT4 Total xy-strain for output
EFT User fail switch
EFC User fail switch
EXCOMP1 757
Input
ESF User fail switch
EMT User fail switch
EMC User fail switch
Q1 Fiber axis relative to element system
Q2 Matrix axis
EINC For transverse shear correction
FACP For transverse shear correction
EFIB Property degradation fiber mode
EMTX Property degradation matrix mode
ESHR Property degradation shear mode
USER User variable
Output
New Stresses
Fail Switches
FAIL Overall element fail switch
FALNM1
FAIL2 One-dimensional element time step suppression
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if USER is specified on the FT field on the MAT8A Bulk
Data Entry.
2. The subroutine returns the stress tensor and failure flags.
3. Failure flags FAIL and FAIL2 are used by Dytran to zero out the hourglass forces and to enforce
time step skipping for “1D elements” (if requested).
4. The total strains are supplied only if requested on the PCOMPA entry. Do not use the total strains
when they are turned off.
5. Additional sublayer variables are only available when requested on the PCOMPA entry. The
pointers LBUSER are set to a large value if the variables are not defined.
758 EXCOMP1
7. If IPREC = 1, the Dytran object library is single precision; if IPREC = 2, it is double precision.
8. If your input refers to EXCOMP on a MAT8A entry and the material number (MID) is set to
99999999, the demo example will run.
9. EXCOMP does not necessarily need to define a composite material. Any material model can be
programmed. EXCOMP is used for each sublayer on the PCOMPA Bulk Data entry that refers to it.
10. In XMAT, extra material data from the MAT8A option is available.
PFD = nint( MATE(32 ):1 = STEPS
2 = TIME
3 = VELOC
VALUE = XMAT(33)
Example
* <$> Source Info: Copyright (C) MSC.Software (E.D.C.) BV

* <$> Gouda, The Netherlands
SUBROUTINE EXCOMP1 (CNAME ,LENVEC,ISHRPR,
+ YMX , YMY , XNUY , SXY , SYZ , SZX ,
+ XT , XC , YT , YC , SC ,
+ CAPA , CM , TIME , NCYCLE , IPREC ,
+ LAST , NADVAR , ISUBLY , LBUSER ,DLTH ,
+ SIG1,SIG2,SIG4 ,
+ SIG5,SIG6,SIG51,SIG62,
+ D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,
+ DOUT1 , DOUT2 , DOUT4,
+ EFT , EFC , ESF , EMT,EMC, Q1, Q2 ,
+ EINC,FCAP,
+ FAIL , FALNM1 ,EFAIL,FAIL2 ,USER,
+ EFIB , EMTX , ESHR )
*
#include "spdbl"
#include "params"
#include "ermsg"
#include "constants"
*
**************************************************************
* property degration is implemented in loop 41
* warning
*
* use dout1,dout2,dou4 only if csprop(3) = non-zero
*
***************************************************************
*
CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
DIMENSION LBUSER(10),USER(*)
DIMENSION CM(*)
DIMENSION SIG1(LENVEC),SIG2(LENVEC),SIG4(LENVEC)
DIMENSION SIG5(LENVEC),SIG6(LENVEC)
DIMENSION SIG51(LENVEC),SIG62(LENVEC)
EXCOMP1 759
DIMENSION DOUT1(*) , DOUT2(*) , DOUT4(*)

DIMENSION EINC(LENVEC),FCAP(LENVEC,*)
DIMENSION D1(LENVEC),D2(LENVEC),D3(LENVEC)
DIMENSION D4(LENVEC),D5(LENVEC),D6(LENVEC)
DIMENSION D7(LENVEC),D8(LENVEC)
DIMENSION SIGLC1(LENVEC),SIGLC2(LENVEC),SIGLC4(LENVEC)
DIMENSION SIGLC5(LENVEC),SIGLC6(LENVEC)
DIMENSION SIGL51(LENVEC),SIGL62(LENVEC)
DIMENSION FAIL(LENVEC) , FALNM1(LENVEC)
DIMENSION EFAIL(LENVEC),
+ EFT(LENVEC) , EFC(LENVEC) , ESF(LENVEC) ,
+ EMT(LENVEC),EMC(LENVEC)
DIMENSION Q1(LENVEC),Q2(LENVEC)
DIMENSION FAIL2(LENVEC)
DIMENSION
+ EFIB(*) , EMTX (*), ESHR (*)
*
* falnm1 = 0 if whole element was failed last cycle
* = 1 if not
*
* dimension pdrule(20) , iprule(5)
*
* following assumes lenvec does not exceed 256
COMMON /MSCD_X_MLOCS/ EF(256),EC(256),EM(256),ED(256),ES(256),
+ EX(256),EY(256),PRX(256),GXY(256),PXY(256),
+ STG1(256),STG2(256),STG4(256),SG42(256),
+ SG44(256)
COMMON /MSCD_X_MLOC2/ EF2(256),EC2(256),EM2(256),ED2(256),
+ ES2(256)
*
* input :
* cname - material name (character)
* lenvec - vector length
* ishrpr - shear property
* ymx - youngs modulus in fiber dir
* ymy - youngs modulus in matrix dir
* xnuy - poisson ration nuyx
* sxy - inplane shear modulus
* syz - transverse shear modulus
* szx - transverse shear modulus
* xt - fiber tensile strength
* xc - fiber compressive strength
* yt - matrix tensile strength
* yc - matrix compressive strength
* sc - shear strength
* capa - shear correction factor
* cm - array with material data
* time - current problem time
* ncycle - step number
* iprec - singel/double precision check
* 1 - library is single precision
* 2 - library is double precision
* last - length of element string
* nadvar - number of additional vars
760 EXCOMP1
* ( see mat8a bulk data )

* isubly - sublayer number
* lbuser - list of pointer into usrvar
* dlth - time step
* sig51
* sig62
* d1 - strain increment xx
* d2 - strain increment yy
* d3 - strain increment zz
* d4 - shear angle = 2.0 x strain increment xy
* d5 - strain increment yz
* d6 - strain increment zx
* d7
* d8
* dout1 - total xx-strain for output
* dout2 - total yy-strain for output
* dout4 - total zz-strain for output
* eft - user fail switch
* efc - user fail switch
* esf - user fail switch
* emt - user fail switch
* emc - user fail switch
* q1 - fiber axis rel to element sys
* q2 - matrix axis
* einc - for transverse shear correction ala klaus hoff
* fcap - for transverse shear correction ala klaus hoff
* efib - property degrdation fiber mode
* emtx - property degrdation matrix mode
* eshr - property degrdation shear mode
* user - user-variables
* falnm1 - whole element last cycle failure
*
* output :
* new stresses
* fail switches
* fail - overall element fail switch
* fail2 - one-dimensional time step suppr
*
CHARACTER*31 CSUBNM
CHARACTER*6 CSUB06
PARAMETER (CSUBNM ='BVS3_COMP_SHEL_CONST_MODEL_U1')
PARAMETER (CSUB06 = 'INIT')
EXCOMP1 761
*
PARAMETER( NERM= 3 )
DIMENSION IERM(NERM)
DATA (IERM(I),I=1,NERM) /NERM*0/
*
#include "call_hello"
*
****************************************************
*
IF (LAST.GT.256) THEN
*-----error_message_start_1
if ( ierm ( 3 ) .ge. 0 ) then
*-----error_message_end_1..
WRITE(CERMSG,'(2A,I8)',IOSTAT=IOS)
+ 'EXCOMP:INSUFFICIENT MEMORY ALLOCATION',
+ '/INCEASE SIZE TO',LAST
CALL ERMESG( CSUBNM,1,IERM,CSUB06, 3)
endif
ENDIF
*
IF ( CNAME.NE.'99999999' ) THEN
WRITE(CERMSG,'(A,A)',IOSTAT=IOS)
+ 'A USER SUPPLIED ROUTINE EXCOMP IS MISSING',
+ '/FOR DEMO VERSION, SET MATID TO 99999999'
endif
ELSE
WRITE(CERMSG,'(A)',IOSTAT=IOS)
+ 'USING EXAMPLE VERSION OF EXCOMP1'
endif
ENDIF
*
IF1DDT = 0
IFMSFL = NINT ( CM(12) )
MX = 0
ALP =CM(MX+30)
D13 =CM(MX+22)
D23 =CM(MX+23)
*
* the derivative of the non-linear eq
* produces 3*alp
762 EXCOMP1
AP3 =THREE*ALP
AP34=.75*ALP
OD2G=.5/SXY
*
* derived values
XTSQI =ONE/(XT*XT)
YTSQI =ONE/(YT*YT)
SCSQ =SC*SC
SD2 =QUART/SCSQ
*
XMLT1=ONE/(SCSQ*(OD2G+AP34*SCSQ))
XMLT2=(YC*YC*SD2-ONE)/YC
*
* post failure theory
IPOST = NINT( CM(32) )
XPOST = CM(33)
*
* property degaradation rules
TRNSFL = CM(13)
*
* checks done only at first step
*
* make sure we have the strain output on and 6
* defined user variables
*
* failure theory for tentative stress update
*
* set the material constants appropraite to the failure
* flags last time
*
* ef = tensile failure in a-dir
* ec = comp failure in a-dir
* em = tensile failure in b-dir
* ed = comp failure in b-dir
* es = plain shear failure
* efail = complete element failure
*
* zero is failure , one is not
DO 40 I = 1,LAST
IF ( EFT(I).GT.ZERO ) THEN
EF(I) = ONE
ELSE
EF(I) = ZERO
ENDIF
IF (EFC(I).GT.ZERO ) THEN
EC(I) = ONE
ELSE
EC(I) = ZERO
ENDIF
IF ( EMT(I).GT.ZERO ) THEN
EM(I) = ONE
ELSE
EM(I) = ZERO
ENDIF
EXCOMP1 763
IF ( EMC(I).GT.ZERO ) THEN
ED(I) = ONE
ELSE
ED(I) = ZERO
ENDIF
IF ( ESF(I).GT.ZERO ) THEN
ES(I) = ONE
ELSE
ES(I) = ZERO
ENDIF
40 CONTINUE
*
XNUX = XNUY * YMX/YMY
DO 41 I = 1,LAST
EX(I) = YMX * EF(I)*EC(I)
EY(I) = YMY * EF(I)*EM(I)*ED(I)
PRX(I) = XNUX * EF(I)*EC(I)*EM(I)*ED(I)
GXY(I) = SXY * EF(I)*ES(I)
PXY(I) = ONE/(ONE - XNUY*PRX(I) )
41 CONTINUE
*
* update to a tentative stress state
DO 50 I = 1,LAST
C11=PXY(I)*EX(I)
C12=PXY(I)*PRX(I)*EY(I)
C22=PXY(I)*EY(I)
C44=GXY(I)/( ONE + AP3*GXY(I)*SIG4(I)*SIG4(I) )
* d3(i) =-(d13*d1(i)+d23*d2(i))
STG1(I)=SIG1(I)+C11*D1(I)+C12*D2(I)
STG2(I)=SIG2(I)+C12*D1(I)+C22*D2(I)
STG4(I)=SIG4(I)+C44*D4(I)
SG42(I)=STG4(I)*STG4(I)
* check and the formula is ok (although terrible fumbled)
SG44(I)=XMLT1*SG42(I)*(OD2G+AP34*SG42(I))
EF2(I) = -ONE
EC2(I) = -ONE
EM2(I) = -ONE
ED2(I) = -ONE
ES2(I) = -ONE
50 CONTINUE
*
*------------failure-
*
* tsai-hill
XTMAX = MAX( XT,XC )
XTMXSI = ONE/(XTMAX*XTMAX)
YTMAX = MAX( YT,YC )
YTMXSI = ONE/(YTMAX*YTMAX)
DO 110 I = 1,LAST
EF2(I) = XTMXSI*STG1(I)**2 - XTMXSI*STG1(I)*STG2(I) +
+ YTMXSI*STG2(I)**2 + SG42(I)/SCSQ - ONE
EC2(I) = EF2(I)
EM2(I) = EF2(I)
ED2(I) = EF2(I)
764 EXCOMP1
ES2(I) = EF2(I)
110 CONTINUE
*
* update the failure flags
*
DO 55 I = 1,LAST
EFT(I) = EF(I)*MAX(ZERO,-EF2(I))
EFC(I) = EC(I)*MAX(ZERO,-EC2(I))
EMT(I) = EM(I)*MAX(ZERO,-EM2(I))
EMC(I) = ED(I)*MAX(ZERO,-ED2(I))
ESF(I) = ES(I)*MAX(ZERO,-ES2(I))
*
EF(I) =EF(I)*(HALF-SIGN(HALF,EF2(I)))
EM(I) =EM(I)*(HALF-SIGN(HALF,EM2(I)))
ED(I) =ED(I)*(HALF-SIGN(HALF,ED2(I)))
EC(I) =EC(I)*(HALF-SIGN(HALF,EC2(I)))
ES(I) =ES(I)*(HALF-SIGN(HALF,ES2(I)))
55 CONTINUE
*
* set the overall failure flags if the whole layer has failed
* note that this is reduced from 1 (not failed) to 0 (failed) over
* 100 timesteps to get a smooth failure (the stress are scaled by
* this value)
*
DO 65 I = 1,LAST
EX(I) = YMX * EF(I)*EC(I)
EY(I) = YMY * EF(I)*EM(I)*ED(I)
PRX(I) = XNUX * EF(I)*EC(I)*EM(I)*ED(I)
GXY(I) = SXY * EF(I)*ES(I)
PXY(I) = ONE/(ONE - XNUY*PRX(I) )
65 CONTINUE
*
DO 80 I = 1,LAST
EF2(I) = MAX( EX(I) , EY(I) , PRX(I) , GXY(I) )
IF ( EF2(I) .NE. ZERO ) THEN
EF2(I) = ONE
ENDIF
80 CONTINUE
*
* 1d situations take away the time step
IF ( IF1DDT.EQ.1 ) THEN
DO 81 I = 1,LAST
XFIB = MAX( GXY(I) , EX(I) )
XMTX = MAX( GXY(I) , EY(I) )
FAIL3 = XFIB*XMTX
IF ( FAIL3 .GT. ZERO ) THEN
FAIL3 = ONE
ELSE
FAIL3 = ZERO
ENDIF
FAIL2(I) =MAX(FAIL3,FAIL2(I))
81 CONTINUE
ENDIF
*
EXCOMP1 765
* stress degradation model

IF ( IPOST.EQ.0 .OR. IPOST .EQ. 1 ) THEN
* degrade in 100 cycles , or n cycles
XDEGRA = ONE/XPOST
DO 60 I=1,LAST
EFAIL(I)=EFAIL(I)-XDEGRA*(1.-EF2(I))
60 CONTINUE
IF ( IFMSFL.EQ.1 ) THEN
DO 7001 I = 1,LAST
EFIB(I) = EFIB(I) - XDEGRA*(ONE - EX(I)/YMX )
EMTX(I) = EMTX(I) - XDEGRA*(ONE - EY(I)/YMY )
ESHR(I) = ESHR(I) - XDEGRA*(ONE - GXY(I)/SXY )
7001 CONTINUE
ENDIF
ENDIF
*
DO 67 I=1,LAST
FAIL(I) =MAX(FAIL(I),(HALF+SIGN(HALF,EFAIL(I))))
EFAIL(I)=MAX(ZERO,EFAIL(I))
*
C11=PXY(I)*EX(I)
C12=PXY(I)*PRX(I)*EY(I)
C22=PXY(I)*EY(I)
C44=GXY(I)/(ONE+GXY(I)*AP3*SIG4(I)*SIG4(I))
*
* update the stresses
*
SIG1(I)=SIG1(I)+C11*D1(I)+C12*D2(I)
SIG2(I)=SIG2(I)+C12*D1(I)+C22*D2(I)
SIG4(I)=SIG4(I)+C44*D4(I)
SIG5(I)=SIG5(I)+SYZ*CAPA*D5(I)
SIG6(I)=SIG6(I)+SZX*CAPA*D6(I)
67 CONTINUE
*
2000 CONTINUE
************************************
*
IF ( ISHRPR .EQ. 2 ) THEN
DO 131 I = 1,LAST
SIG51(I)=SIG51(I)+SYZ*FCAP(I,3)*D7(I)
SIG62(I)=SIG62(I)+SZX*FCAP(I,4)*D8(I)
EINC(I)=D7(I)*SIG51(I)+D8(I)*SIG62(I)+EINC(I)
131 CONTINUE
ENDIF
*
IF ( IFMSFL.EQ.1 ) THEN
DO 7010 I = 1,LAST
EFIB(I) = MAX(EFIB(I),ZERO)
EMTX(I) = MAX(EMTX(I),ZERO)
ESHR(I) = MAX(ESHR(I),ZERO)
*
SIG1(I) = EFIB(I)*SIG1(I)
SIG2(I) = EMTX(I)*SIG2(I)
SIG4(I) = ESHR(I)*SIG4(I)
766 EXCOMP1
*
* transverse shear stresses
TOTFL = TRNSFL * FALNM1(I)
TRFAIL = MAX ( TOTFL , EFAIL(I) )
SIG5(I) = TRFAIL*SIG5(I)
7010 CONTINUE
*
ELSE
DO 7011 I = 1,LAST
SIG1(I) = EFAIL(I)*SIG1(I)
*
* transverse shear stresses
7011 CONTINUE
ENDIF
*
* for both failure modes , transverse fail is same
IF ( ISHRPR.EQ.2 ) THEN
DO 7012 I = 1,LAST
* fail the transverse correction stress
7012 CONTINUE
ENDIF
*
*
#include "call_byebye"
*
RETURN
END
EXELAS 767
User-defined CELAS1 Spring Element
EXELAS User-defined CELAS1 Spring Element
Returns the force and stiffness in CELAS1 spring elements.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXELAS (N, M, IX, IC, PROP, HISV, FORCEO, C, DI,
+ V, A, UREL, DUREL, VREL, XMASS, FORCE, STIFF)
Input
N Integer variable
Element number
M Integer variable
Property number
IX(2) Integer array
Connectivity:IX(1) = grid point at end 1
IC(2) Integer array.
Component:IC(1) = component at end 1 (between 1 and 6)
IC(2) = component at end 2 (between 1 and 6)
PROP(7) Real array
Properties as input on the PELASEX entry
HISV(6) Real array
History variables for the element. This array can be used by the user to store variables
from one time step to the next.
FORCEO Real variable
Force in the element at the previous time step
C(3,2) Real array
Deformed coordinates in the basic coordinate system:
C(1:3,1) x, y, z, coordinates at end 1
DI (6,2) Real array
Incremental displacements in the basic coordinate system
DI(1:3,1) = x, y, z, translational displacements of end 1
DI(4:6,1) = x, y, z, rotational displacements of end 1
768 EXELAS
Input
DI(4:6,2) = x, y, z, rotational displacements 2
These are incremental displacements; i.e., the displacements for this time step only.
V(6,2) Real array
Velocities in the basic coordinate system
V(1:3,1) = x, y, z, translational velocities of end 1
V(4:6,1) = x, y, z, rotational velocities of end 1
A(6,2) Real array
Accelerations in the basic coordinate system
A(1:3,1) = x, y, z translational accelerations of end 1
A(4:6,1) = x, y, z rotational accelerations of end 1
A(1:3,2) = x, y, z, translational accelerations of end 2
A(4:6,2) = x, y, z, rotational accelerations of end 2
UREL Real variable
Relative displacement of the element; i.e., the displacement of end 2 in the spring
direction minus the displacement of end 1
DUREL Real variable
Relative incremental displacement of the element VREL real variable
VREL Real variable
Relative velocity of the end points of the element in the direction of the element
XMASS(2) Real array
Mass of the grid points at ends 1 and 2
Output
FORCE Real variable
Force in the element
STIFF Real variable
Current stiffness of the element
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if the PELASEX entry is specified in the Bulk Data Section.
2. The velocities (V) and accelerations (A) of the end points can be updated by the user subroutine
when required.
3. The stiffness is used by Dytran to estimate the time step. A nonzero value must be returned.
EXELAS 769
Example
This example defines a stiffness and a corresponding force for a spring element.
SUBROUTINE EXELAS
+(N,M,IX,IC,PROP,HISV,FORCEO,C,DI,V,A,UREL,DUREL,
+VREL,XMASS,FORCE,STIFF)
*
IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECSION (A-H,O-Z)
*
DIMENSION IX(2),IC(2),PROP(7),HISV(6),C(3,2),
+DI(6,2),V(6,2),A(6,2),XMASS(2)
*
* define the stiffness and the force on the spring
STIFF = 1.E3
FORCE = STIFF * DUREL
*
RETURN
END
770 EXEOS
EXEOS User-defined Equation of State
Calculates the equation of state for Lagrangian and Eulerian solid elements.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXEOS (CNAME, LENNAM, ISTART, IEND, RHO, DV,
+ DEVIS, XMASS, FBURN, POLD, SIEOLD, PNEW, SIENEW, CLNEW, GRUNGM)
Input
Name specified on the EOSEX entry
Length of CNAME
RHO(*) Real array
Density of element
DV(*) Real array
Change in volume of element
DEVIS(*) Real array
Viscous work term of element
XMASS(*) Real array
Mass of element
FBURN(*) Real array
Burn fraction of element (not for Lagrangian elements)
POLD(*) Real array
Old pressure of element
SIEOLD(*) Real array
Old specific internal energy of element
Output
PNEW(*) Real array
New pressure of element
SIENEW(*) Real array
New specific internal energy of element
EXEOS 771
Output
CLNEW(*) Real array
New sound speed of element
GRUNGM(*) Real array
Gruneisen gamma of element (only for multi-material elements)
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any EOSEX entries.
2. The subroutine is used to calculate the pressure PNEW for Lagrangian and/or Eulerian elements
according to a user-specified description. In most cases the equation of state is energy dependent,
the new pressure must be solved therefore simultaneously with the energy equation:
SIENEW = SIEOLD + DEVIS – ---   POLD + PNEW  --------------------

1 DV
2 XMASS
PNEW = f  RHO,SIENEW 
It may be necessary to solve these equations by iteration.

The sound speed CLNEW should be computed as:
4
--- G + ------ dp-
2 d l 3 d S
CLNEW = -------- = ---------------------------
d S
0
where S denotes that the adiabatic derivative is required,  l is the longitudinal stress,  is the
density, p is the pressure, G is the shear modulus,  0 is the reference density and  =   0 . Care
must be used in defining this quantity, because an error can cause an instability in the calculation.
The Gruneisen gamma GRUNGM must be computed for multi-material elements and can be
calculated as follows:

p = A  f  ----- + B  f   e 
  0
where B is the Gruneisen gamma.

Dytran Installation and Execution Guide.
per time step.
772 EXEOS
Example
This example calculates the equation of states of an explosive in water using multi-material
Eulerian elements.
SUBROUTINE EXEOS(CNAME,LENNAM,ISTART,IEND,RHO,DV,DEVIS,XMASS,
+ FBURN,POLD,SIEOLD,PNEW,SIENEW,CLNEW,GRUNGM)
*
*
CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------
*
* input:
* rho = density
* dv = change in volume
* devis = viscous work term
* xmass = mass
* fburn = burn fraction (not used for Lagrangian elements)
* pold = old pressure
* sieold = old specific internal energy
*
* output:
* pnew = new pressure
* sienew = new specific internal energy
* clnew = new soundspeed
* grungm = Gruneisen gamma
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------
*
*
DIMENSION RHO(*),DV(*),DEVIS(*)
DIMENSION XMASS(*),FBURN(*),POLD(*),SIEOLD(*)
DIMENSION PNEW(*),SIENEW(*),CLNEW(*),GRUNGM(*)
*
ZERO = 0.0
ONE = 1.0
HALF = 0.5
*
* first water
IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .NE. 'WATER') GOTO 1000
*
* variables
E = 2.2E9
RHOREF = 1000.
HVLM = 1.0/1.1 - 1.0
SSPD = SQRT(E/RHOREF)
EXEOS 773
** the simple bulk equation of state

DO 100 NZ = ISTART, IEND
TMU = (RHO(NZ)-RHOREF)/RHOREF
AMU = MAX(TMU,HVLM)
IF (XMASS(NZ) .LE. 0.0) GOTO 100
*
* calculation of new pressure, specific internal energy
* and soundspeed
PNEW(NZ) = E*AMU
SIENEW(NZ) = SIEOLD(NZ) + DEVIS(NZ) -
+ HALF*(POLD(NZ)+PNEW(NZ))*DV(NZ)/XMASS(NZ)
CLNEW(NZ) = SSPD
*
* gruneisen gamma can be neglected
GRUNGM(NZ) = ZERO
100 CONTINUE
*
1000 CONTINUE
*
* next the explosive
IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .NE. 'JWL') GOTO 9900
*
* variables
A = 6.17E11
B = 1.69E10
R1 = 4.4
R2 = 1.2
OMEGA = .25
RHOREF = 1770.
OR1 = ONE / R1
OR2 = ONE / R2
BOR1 = A*OMEGA*OR1
BOR2 = B*OMEGA*OR2
DMIN6 = 1.E-6
SMALL = 1.E-20
*
* the jwl equation of state
DO 200 NZ = ISTART,IEND
IF (XMASS(NZ) .LE. ZERO) GOTO 200
ETA = RHO(NZ)/RHOREF
TERM1 = -R1 / ETA
TERM2 = -R2 / ETA
EXP1 = EXP(TERM1)
EXP2 = EXP(TERM2)
TERM1 = A*(ONE-OMEGA*ETA*OR1)
TERM2 = B*(ONE-OMEGA*ETA*OR2)
TAA = TERM1*EXP1+TERM2*EXP2
AA = TAA*FBURN(NZ)
TCC = EXP1*(R1*TERM1/ETA**2-BOR1)+
+ EXP2*(R2*TERM2/ETA**2-BOR2)
CC = TCC*FBURN(NZ)
BB = OMEGA*ETA*FBURN(NZ)
DD = OMEGA*FBURN(NZ)
DVOVH = DV(NZ)*RHO(NZ)/XMASS(NZ)
774 EXEOS
TERM3 = MAX(SMALL,ONE+HALF*BB*DVOVH/ETA)
TERM4 = SIEOLD(NZ) + DEVIS(NZ) -
+ HALF*(POLD(NZ)+AA)*DVOVH/RHO(NZ)
*
* and speed of sound
SIENEW(NZ) = TERM4/TERM3
PNEW(NZ) = AA + RHOREF*MAX(ZERO,SIENEW(NZ)*BB)
SSPD = CC/RHOREF + SIENEW(NZ)*DD +
+ PNEW(NZ)*BB*RHOREF/RHO(NZ)/RHO(NZ)
SSPD = MAX(DMIN6,SSPD)
CLNEW(NZ) = SQRT(SSPD)
*
* in this case the gruneisen gamma should be calculated
GRUNGM(NZ) = BB*RHOREF/RHO(NZ)
200 CONTINUE
*
9900 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXEOS1 775
EXEOS1 User-specified Equation of State
Calculates the equation of state for Lagrangian and Eulerian solid elements. The pressure can depend on
a damage variable and the SOFTE and VOLPLS variables. These last two variables can be set in for
example an EXFAIL2 routine or in an EXYLD1 routine.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXEOS1 (CNAME, LENNAM, ISTART, IEND, RHO, DV,
+ DEVIS, XMASS, FBURN, POLD, SIEOLD, PNEW, SIENEW, CLNEW, GRUNGM,
+ DAM,SOFTE,VOLPLS)
Input
Name specified on the EOSEX entry
Length of CNAME
RHO(*) Real array
Density of element
DV(*) Real array
Change in volume of element
DEVIS(*) Real array
Viscous work term of element
XMASS(*) Real array
Mass of element
FBURN(*) Real array
Burn fraction of element (not for Lagrangian elements)
POLD(*) Real array
Old pressure of element
SIEOLD(*) Real array
Old specific internal energy of element
DAM(*) Real array
Damage of the element
776 EXEOS1
Input
SOFTE(*), Arrays that allow the user to store an additional variable. Contents are
VOLPLS(*) transported and clumped. These arrays can also be accessed within exfail2
and exyld1.
Output
PNEW(*) Real array
New pressure of element
SIENEW(*) Real array
New specific internal energy of element
CLNEW(*) Real array
New soundspeed of element
GRUNGM(*) Real array
Gruneisen gamma of element (only for multi-material elements)
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any EOSEX entries.
2. The subroutine is used to calculate the pressure PNEW for Lagrangian and/or Eulerian elements
according to a user-specified prescription. In most cases, the equation of state is energy
dependent; therefore, the new pressure must be solved simultaneously with the energy equation:
1 DV
SIENEW = SIEOLD + DEVIS – ---  POLD + PNEW  --------------------
2 XMASS
PNEW = f  RHO SIENEW 
It may be necessary to solve these equations by iteration.

The soundspeed CLNEW should be computed as:
4 dp
d --- G + -------
3 d S
CLNEW 2 = -----------l = ---------------------------
d S
0
where S denotes that the adiabatic derivative is required,  l is the longitudinal stress,  is the
density, p is the pressure, G is the shear modulus,  0 is the reference density and  =    0 . Care
must be used in defining this quantity because an error can cause an instability in the calculation.
The Gruneisen gamma GRUNGM must be computed for multi-material elements and can be
calculated as follows:

p = A  f  ----- + B  f   ,e 
  0
where B is the Gruneisen gamma.

EXEOS1 777
Dytran Installation and Execution Guide.
per time step.
Example
SUBROUTINE EXEOS1(CNAME,LENNAM,ISTART,IEND,RHO,DV,DEVIS,XMASS,
+ FBURN,POLD,SIEOLD,PNEW,SIENEW,CLNEW,GRUNGM,DAM,
+ SOFTE, VLPL )
*
#include “spdbl”
*
CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
*
* ---------------------------------------------------------------
*
* input:
* rho = density
* dv = change in volume
* devis = viscous work term
* xmass = mass
* fburn = burn fraction (not used for Lagrangian elements)
* pold = old pressure
* sieold = old specific internal energy
*
* output:
* pnew = new pressure
* sienew = new specific internal energy
* clnew = new soundspeed
* grungm = Gruneisen gamma
*
* ---------------------------------------------------------------
*
*
DIMENSION RHO(*),DV(*),DEVIS(*)
DIMENSION XMASS(*),FBURN(*),POLD(*),SIEOLD(*)
DIMENSION PNEW(*),SIENEW(*),CLNEW(*),GRUNGM(*),DAM(*)
DIMENSION SOFTE(*),VLPL(*)
*
ZERO = 0.0
ONE = 1.0
HALF = 0.5
*
* first water
IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .NE. 'WATER') GOTO 1000
778 EXEOS1
*
* variables
E = 2.2E9
RHOREF = 1000.
HVLM = 1.0/1.1 - 1.0
SSPD = SQRT(E/RHOREF)
*
* the simple bulk equation of state
TMU = (RHO(NZ)-RHOREF)/RHOREF
AMU = MAX(TMU,HVLM)
IF (XMASS(NZ) .LE. 0.0) GOTO 100
*
* and soundspeed
PNEW(NZ) = E*AMU*(1-DAM(NZ))
SIENEW(NZ) = SIEOLD(NZ) + DEVIS(NZ) -
+ HALF*(POLD(NZ)+PNEW(NZ))*DV(NZ)/XMASS(NZ)
CLNEW(NZ) = SSPD
*
* gruneisen gamma can be neglected
GRUNGM(NZ) = ZERO
100 CONTINUE
*
1000 CONTINUE
*
*
9900 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXFAIL 779
User-defined Failure Model
EXFAIL User-defined Failure Model
Returns a failure flag FFAIL to Dytran for all elements in the string (LST....LFIN).
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFAIL(MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,EPLAS,EFFSTS,PRES,
EDIS,RHO,FFAIL,IZONE)
Input
MATNAM Character variable
Material number
Length of MATNAM
LST,LFIN Integer array
First and last number of the loop over the elements in the list
EPLAS Real array
Plastic strain of an element
EFFSTS Real array
Effective stress of an element
PRES Real array
Pressure of an element
EDIS Real array
Distortional energy of an element
RHO Real array
Density of an element
IZONE Integer array
List of element user-number, see Remark 4.
Output
FFAIL Real array
Failure flag of an element:
FFAIL = 0 Element failed
FFAIL = 1 Element not failed
780 EXFAIL
Remarks
1. The subroutine must be included if there are any FAILEX entries in the input.
2. The pressure array is only used for Eulerian material with strength.
4. The IZONE array is only filled for Lagrange Solid Element
Example
In this example, the material fails when the maximum plastic strain exceeds 50%. The routine returns the
FFAIL flag to the code (FFAIL = 1 no failure and FFAIL = 0 failure).
SUBROUTINE EXFAIL
+(MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,EPLAS,EFFSTS,PRES,SIE,RHO,
FFAIL,IZONE)
C
#include “spdbl”
C
DIMENSION EPLAS(*),EFFSTS(*),PRES(*),SIE(*),RHO(*),FFAIL (*)
C
CHARACTER*80 MATNAM
C
C Example of failure if the maximum plastic strain exceeds 50%
C
DO 100 NZ = LST, LFIN
IF (EPLAS (NZ) . GT. 0.5) THEN
FFAIL (NZ) = 0.
ELSE
FFAIL (NZ) = 1.
ENDIF
100 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXFAIL1 781
EXFAIL1 User-defined Orthotropic Failure Model
The EXFAIL1 user subroutine defines a general failure model for orthotropic
three-dimensional elements.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFAIL1 (MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,IZONE,TXX,TYY,TZZ,TXY,
+ TYZ,TXZ,DEPSXX,DEPSYY,DEPSZZ,DEPSXY,DEPSYZ,DEPSXZ,
+ EPSXX ,EPSYY , EPSZZ ,EPSX ,EPSXZ ,EPSYZ,
+ EXX,EYY,EZZ,EXY,EYZ,EXZ,GXY,GYZ,GZX,
+ USRVR1,USRVR2,TSTEP,FFAIL)
Input
Material number
Length of MATNAM
The first and last number of the loop over the elements in the list
IZONE Integer array
Element user number
TXX, TYY, TZZ Real arrays
Element normal stress components
TXY, TXZ, TYZ Real arrays
Element shear stress components
DEPSXX, DEPSYY, DEPSZZ Real arrays
Element normal strain increments
DEPSXY, DEPSXZ, DEPSYZ Real arrays
Element shear strain increments
EPSXX, EPSYY, EPSZZ Real arrays
Element normal (last cycle) strain components
EPSXY, EPSXZ, EPSYZ Real arrays
Element shear (last cycle) strain components
782 EXFAIL1
Input
EXX, EYY, EZZ, EXY, EYZ, Real arrays
EXZ, GXY, GYZ, GZX Element elasticity matrix components
USRVR1, USRVR2 Real arrays
Element user variables
Output
TSTEP Real array
Element time step
FFAIL Real array
Element failure flag
FFAIL = 0 means element has failed
FFAIL = 1 means element has not failed.
Remarks
1. The user subroutine exfail1.f must be included if there are any FAILEX1 entries in the input data.
2. The FAILEX1 entry can only be used in combination with orthotropic solid (Lagrangian) elements.
The material definition for these elements is done using DMATOR.
3. The access to the element’s elasticity matrix allows for inclusion of degradation of the material
on an element-by-element basis. Any changes made to the elasticity matrix components of an
element are stored in the element memory and are used during the next time step in the evaluation
of the new stress state. When the properties of the elasticity matrix depend on the strain, you
define the full constitutive model.
4. The strain components are the last time-step strains. To get the current strain, the increments
must be added. The increments are used to detect the direction of the loading (i.e., loading
or unloading).
5. Dytran does not store changes you make to the strain tensor.
6. The stress tensor is always represented in the material coordinate system, which is based on the
element topology for the materials that refer to the FAILEX1 entry.
7. Dytran stores the changes that you make to the stress tensor components. Note that this may result
in an inconsistent relation of stress state and strain field.
8. The user variables are used to store element data that is not standard part of Dytran storage. When
these variables are used by other user subroutines, this may cause definition conflicts. The content
of the user variables is stored at return from the EXFAIL1 user subroutine. Additional user
variables can be defined by using the parameter PARAM, VARACTIV.
9. The precision of the calculations should be appropriate for the computer being used.
EXFAIL1 783
Example
In the example that follows, a failure model is defined that is based on maximum strain, depending on
the direction of the strain. The example includes material degradation prior to failure.
SUBROUTINE EXFAIL1
+(MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,IZONE,
+ TXX,TYY,TZZ,TXY,TYZ,TXZ,
+ DEPSXX,DEPSYY,DEPSZZ,DEPSXY,DEPSYZ,DEPSXZ,
+ EPSXX ,EPSYY, EPSZZ ,EPSXY ,EPSXZ ,EPSYZ ,
+ EXX,EYY,EZZ,EXY,EYZ,EXZ,GXY,GYZ,GZX,
+ USRVR1,USRVR2,TSTEP,FFAIL)
*
#include "spdbl"
*
*Stress tensor
DIMENSION TXX(*),TYY(*),TYY(*)
DIMENSION TXY(*),TXZ(*),TYZ(*)
*
* Strain increments
DIMENSION DEPSXX(*),DEPSYY(*),DEPSZZ(*)
DIMENSION DEPSXY(*),DEPSXZ(*),DEPSYZ(*)
*
* Last time step total strain tensor
DIMENSION EPSXX(*),EPSYY(*),EPSZZ(*)
DIMENSION EPSXY(*),EPSXZ(*),EPSYZ(*)
*
* Elasticity matrix
DIMENSION EXX(*),EYY(*),EZZ(*)
DIMENSION EXY(*),EYZ(*),EXZ(*)
DIMENSION GXY(*),GYZ(*),GZX(*)
*
* Element user numbers
DIMENSION IZONE(*)
*
* Current time step and element failure flag
DIMENSION TSTEP(*),FFAIL(*)
*
* User variables
DIMENSION USRVR1(*),USRVR2(*)
*
*
*
CHARACTER*80 MATNAM
CHARACTER*80 CFLRNM
LOGICAL LFIRST
*
* Set the failure name for groups
IF (MATNAM(1:LENNAM).EQ.’100’) THEN
CFLRNM = ‘COMPOSITE’
ENDIF
*
* Check the material name
IF (CFLRNM.EQ.’COMPOSITE’) THEN
784 EXFAIL1
* Set material parameters

XYMIN = 0.05
XYMAX = 0.08
*
* loop over the elements in the list
*Element user number
NZONEU = IZONE(NZ)
* Assume xx-fiber direction
*Variables – strains are n-1 cycle strains
EPSXX(NZ) = EPSXX(NZ) + DEPSXX(NZ)
EPSYY(NZ) = EPSYY(NZ) + DEPSYY(NZ)
EPSZZ(NZ) = EPSZZ(NZ) + DEPSZZ(NZ)
EPSXY(NZ) = EPSXY(NZ) + DEPSXY(NZ)
EPSXZ(NZ) = EPSXZ(NZ) + DEPSXZ(NZ)
EPSYZ(NZ) = EPSYZ(NZ) + DEPSYZ(NZ)
*Strain to failure
*Tensile & compressive 1%
*(Ultimate failure strain)
* -- Fiber direction
IF (ABS(EPSXX(NZ)).GT.0.01) FFAIL(NZ)=ZERO
*
* -- Inplane shear (epsxy) 5%
IF (EPSXY(NZ).GT.0.05) THEN
*Compute damage
DEPS = EPSXY(NZ)-XYMIN
XDMGE1 = MIN(MAX(DEPS/(XYMAX-XYMIN),ZERO),ONE)
*
*Degradation
FACTOR = (ONE-XDMGE1)/(ONE-USRVR1(NZ))
EXY(NZ) = EXY)NZ)*FACTOR
EYY(NZ) = EYY(NZ)*FACTOR
EYZ(NZ) = EYZ(NZ)*FACTOR
GXY(NZ) = GXY(NZ)*FACTOR
*
*Store in user variable
USRVR1(NZ) = XDMGE1
ENDIF
*
*If fully damaged ‡ failure
IF (USRVR1(NZ).GE.0.836) THEN
FFAIL(NZ) = ZERO
USRVR1(NZ) = 0.836
ENDIF
*
*Next element
CONTINUE
ENDIF
RETURN
END
EXFAIL2 785
EXFAIL2 User-defined Failure Model
Updates the damage variable for all elements in the string (LST....LFIN). Failure can depend on a
damage variable and the SOFTE and VOLPLS variables. These variables can be set in, for example, an
EXEOS1 routine or in an EXYLD1 routine. The damage variable can also be determined by a
FAILJC entry.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFAIL2 (MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,EPLAS,EFFSTS,PRES,
SIE,RHO,DAM,SOFTE,VOLPLS,DEPI,DLTH,SXX,SYY,SZZ,SXY,SYZ,SXZ,
SXXO,SYYO,SZZO,SXYO,SYZO,SXZO,SHEAR)
Input
Material number
Length of MATNAM
First and last number of the loop over the elements in the list
EPLAS Real array
Plastic strain of an element
EFFSTS Real array
Effective stress of an element
PRES Real array
Pressure of an element
RHO Real array
Density of an element
DAM Real array
Damage of an element
DEPI Real array
Plastic strain increment of the current cycle
DLTH Time step
SXX-SXZ Deviatoric stress tensor of the current cycle after radial scale back
SXXO-SXZO Deviatoric stress tensor from the previous cycle
786 EXFAIL2
Input
SHEAR Shear modulus
SOFTE,VLPLS Arrays that allows the user to store an additional variable. Contents are transported
and clumped. This array can also be accessed within exfail2
Output
DAM Updated Damage
Remarks
1. The subroutine must be included if there are any FAILEX2 entries in the input.
2. EXFAIL2 is only supported by the multi-material Euler solver with strength.
4. The damage variable is available in EXEOS1 and the EXYLD1 subroutine.
Example
This example illustrated how FAILJC can be implemented by means of EXFAIL2.
SUBROUTINE EXFAIL2
+ (MATNAM,LENNAM,LST,LFIN,EPLAS,EFFSTS,PRES,SIE,RHO,DAMT,
+ SOFTE,VOLPLS,DEPI,DLTH, SXX , SYY , SZZ , SXY , SYZ , SXZ ,
+ SXXO, SYYO, SZZO, SXYO, SYZO, SXZO,
+ SHEAR)
*
#include "spdbl"
SAVE IERM
DIMENSION EPLAS(*),EFFSTS(*),PRES(*),SIE(*),RHO(*)
DIMENSION DAMT(*),DEPI(*)
*
*
#include "params"
#include "ermsg"
*
CHARACTER*(*) MATNAM
*
CHARACTER*31 CSUBNM
CHARACTER*6 CSUB06
PARAMETER (CSUBNM='EXFAIL2')
*
*
D1 =
D2 =
D3 =
D4 =
EXFAIL2 787
D5 =
DEPREF=
TROOM =
TMELT =
CP =
EPCUTOF =
SMALL = 1e-20
*
ONE = 1.0d0
*
DO 400 NZ=LST,LFIN
TEMP = SIE(NZ)/CP
TEMP = MAX(TEMP,ZERO)
TEMP = MIN(TEMP,TMELT)
THL = (TEMP - TROOM)/(TMELT-TROOM)
EFPMIN = MIN(EPLAS(NZ),DEPI(NZ))
IF (EPLAS(NZ).LT.EPCUTOF) GOTO 400
IF(EFFSTS(NZ).GT.ZERO .AND. EFPMIN.GT.ZERO) THEN
SCPR = -PRES(NZ)/EFFSTS(NZ)
SCPR = MIN(SCPR,1.5D0)
EPDAM = (D1 +D2*EXP(D3*SCPR))
DEPDT = DEPI(NZ)/DLTH
DEPDT = DEPDT/DEPREF
EPDAM = EPDAM*(ONE+D4*LOG(DEPDT))
EPDAM = EPDAM*(ONE+D5*THL)
EPDAM = MAX(EPDAM,SMALL)
DAM(NZ) = DAM(NZ) + DEPI(NZ)/EPDAM
DAM(NZ) = MIN(DAM(NZ),ONE)
ENDIF
400 CONTINUE
9900 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
788 EXFLOW
EXFLOW User-defined Flow Boundary
Returns the velocity, pressure, density, and specific internal energy at a single material Eulerian user-
defined flow boundary.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFLOW (FLNAME, LENNAM, NELEM, PELEM, QELEM,
+ UXELEM, UYELEM, UZELEM, RHOEL, SIEEL, PFACE,
+ UXFACE, UYFACE, UZFACE, RHOFAC, SIEFAC)
Input
FLNAME Character string
Name of the boundary
Length of FLNAME
NELEM(*) Integer array
Element number
PELEM(*) Real array
Pressure in the element
QELEM(*) Real array
Artificial quadratic viscosity of element
UXELEM(*) Real array
x-velocity of element
UYELEM(*) Real array
y-velocity of element
UZELEM(*) Real array
z-velocity of element
RHOEL(*) Real array
Density of element
SIEEL(*) Real array
Specific internal energy of element
Output
PFACE(*) Real array
Pressure at boundary
EXFLOW 789
Output
UXFACE(*) Real array
x-velocity at boundary
UYFACE(*) Real array
y-velocity at boundary
UZFACE(*) Real array
z-velocity at boundary
RHOFAC(*) Real array
Density of inflowing material
SIEFAC(*) Real array
Specific internal energy of inflowing material
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any FLOWEX entries in the input file.
2. The pressure and velocity at the boundary must be specified. If there is flow into the mesh, the
density and specific internal energy must also be defined.
3. This subroutine is called twice every time step for every Euler face referenced on the FLOWEX
entry. The first call is for the material transport calculation, the second is for the impulse
calculation.
4. This subroutine is vectorized. All the input data is stored in arrays, which must be dimensioned.
The start and end of the arrays are given by the variables LST and LFIN in the common block
/MSCD_LOCLOP/. Calculations must be done for all of the entries in the arrays between LST
and LFIN. See the following example.
Example
This example simulates a non-reflecting boundary by defining the velocity and pressure at the boundary
to be the same as that in the element.
SUBROUTINE EXFLOW (FLNAME, LENNAM, NELEM, PELEM, QELEM,
+UXELEM, UYELEM, UZELEM, RHOEL, SIEEL,
+PFACE, UXFACE,UYFACE, UZFACE, RHOFAC,
+PFACE, SIEFAC)
IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H, 0-Z)
DIMENSION NELEM(*), PELEM(*), QELEM(*), UXELEM(*),
+UYELEM(*), UZELEM(*), RHOEL(*), SIEEL(*)
DIMENSION PFACE(*), UXFACE(*), UYFACE(*), UZFACE(*),
+RHOFAC(*), SIEFAC(*)
CHARACTER*(*) FLNAME
COMMON /MSCD_LOCLOP/LST, LFIN
790 EXFLOW
C
C Do the vector loop from the LST to LFIN
DO 100 I = LST, LFIN
PFACE (I) = PELEM (I)
XFACE(I) = UXELEM (I)
UYFACE (I) = UYELEM(I)
UZFACE (I) = UZELEM (I)
RHOFAC(I)= RHOEL (I)
SIEFAC(I) = SIEEL (I)
100 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
EXFLOW2 791
EXFLOW2 User-defined Flow Boundary
Returns the velocity, pressure, density, and specific internal energy at a multimaterial Eulerian user-
defined flow boundary.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFLOW2 (FLNAME, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, NELEM,
+ PELEM, QELEM, UXELEM, UYELEM, UZELEM,RHOEL,
+ SIEEL, PFACE, UXFACE, UYFACE, UZFACE, RHOFAC,
+ SIEFAC, SX, SY, SZ, CMATNO, IFLWTP)
Input
FLNAME Character string
Name of the boundary
Length of FLNAME
NELEM(*) Integer array
Element number
PELEM(*) Real array
QELEM(*) Real array
Artificial quadratic viscosity of element
UXELEM(*) Real array
x-velocity of element
UYELEM(*) Real array
y-velocity of element
UZELEM(*) Real array
z-velocity of element
RHOEL(*) Real array
Density of element
SIEEL(*) Real array
Specific internal energy of element
SX(*) Real array
Face area x-component
792 EXFLOW2
Input
SY(*) Real array
Face area y-component
SZ(*) Real array
Face area z-component
Output
PFACE(*) Real array
Pressure at boundary
UXFACE(*) Real array
x-velocity at boundary
UYFACE(*) Real array
y-velocity at boundary
UZFACE(*) Real array
z-velocity at boundary
RHOFAC(*) Real array
Density of inflowing material
SIEFAC(*) Real array
Specific internal energy of inflowing material
CMATNO Character array
Material name of material for in- or outflow at the faces in the list
IFLWTP Integer variable
Flow type switch:
0 in/outflow
1 outflow
2 inflow
Remarks
1. This subroutine is valid for multimaterial Euler only. For hydrodynamic single material, or single
material with strength, use EXFLOW.
2. This subroutine must be included if there are any FLOWEX entries in the input file and the Euler
processor used is the multimaterial Euler processor.
3. The pressure and velocity at the boundary must be specified. If there is flow into the mesh, the
density and specific internal energy must also be defined.
EXFLOW2 793
4. This subroutine is called twice every time step for every Euler face referenced on the FLOWEX
entry. The first call is for the material transport calculation, the second is for the
impulse calculation.
5. This subroutine is vectorized. All the input data is stored in arrays that must be dimensioned. The
start and end of the arrays are given by the variables LST and LFIN in the common block
/MSCD_LOCLOP/. Calculations must be done for all of the entries in the arrays between LST
and LFIN. See the following example.
Example
SUBROUTINE EXFLOW2
+ (FLNAME, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, IUSRZN,
+ PZON, QZON, UXZON, UYZON, UZZON, RHOZON, SIEZON,
+ PFAC, UXFAC, UYFAC, UZFAC, RHOFAC, SIEFAC,
+ SX, SY, SZ, CMATNO, IFLWTP )
*
*
DIMENSION PZON(*),QZON(*),UXZON(*),UYZON(*),UZZON(*),
+ RHOZON(*),SIEZON(*)
DIMENSION
PFAC(*),UXFAC(*),UYFAC(*),UZFAC(*),RHOFAC(*),SIEFAC(*)
DIMENSION SX(*),SY(*),SZ(*)
DIMENSION IUSRZN(*)
*
CHARACTER*80 FLNAME
CHARACTER*8 CMATNO(*)
*
COMMON/MSCD_LOCLOP/LST,LFIN
*
CHARACTER*80 FLNAME
*
DATA SMALL /1.E-15/
DATA ZERO /0./
DATA ONE /1./
*
*
* mass flow
DATA DMASS /10./
*
DO 100 NF = LST,LFIN
*
FACX = ONE
FACY = ONE
FACZ = ONE
IF (ABS(SX(NF)).LE.SMALL) FACX = ZERO
IF (ABS(SY(NF)).LE.SMALL) FACY = ZERO
IF (ABS(SZ(NF)).LE.SMALL) FACZ = ZERO
794 EXFLOW2
*
* Material at Inflow
CMATNO (NF) = ’100’
*
* Density at Inflow
RHOFAC (NF) = 1000.
*
* Internal Energy at Inflow
SIEFAC (NF) = 2.E5
*
* Pressure on the face is the element pressure
PFAC (NF) = PZON(NF)
*
* normal on the face points outward
* .... transport of material ....
*
UXFAC (NF) =
+ -FACX * DMDT / ( RHOFAC(NF) * SX(NF) )
UYFAC (NF) =
+ -FACY * DMDT / ( RHOFAC(NF) * SY(NF) )
UZFAC (NF) =
+ -FACZ * DMDT / ( RHOFAC(NF) * SZ(NF) )
*
100 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXFUNC 795
EXFUNC User-defined Function
Defines the functions to create time dependency in dynamic excitation.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXFUNC (CFNAME, XVAL, YVAL, NMSTR)
Input
CFNAME Character variable. The name of the function defined on input.
XVAL (NMSTR) Real array.
The x-value that the function requires (time).
NMSTR Number of values
Output
YVAL (NMSTR) Real array.The value to be returned by the function.
Note that the y-value is multiplied by the scale factor defined on the load entry.
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any TABLEEX entries in the input.
2. The subroutine is called every time step. The time is passed to the subroutine. The outcome (y-
value) is returned.
4. There can be more than one function defined in the EXFUNC user routine; these functions can be
distinguished by their names.
Example
This subroutine defines six different functions that can be referred to from the input by a TABLEEX entry.
These functions can be used for a variety of dynamic loads.
SUBROUTINE EXFUNC
+(FNAME, XVAL, YVAL, NMSTR)
*
*
DIMENSION XVAL(*),YVAL(*)
*
CHARACTER*16 CFNAME
*
IF (CFNAME.EQ.’FUNC1’) THEN
YVAL = LOG (ABS (XVAL) )
ELSE IF (CFNAME. EQ.’FUNC2’) THEN
796 EXFUNC
YVAL = SIN (XVAL*6.28)*COS (XVAL*3.14)

ELSE IF = (CFNAME.EQ.’FUNC3’) THEN
YVAL = XVAL*XVAL*XVAL+2*XVAL
ELSE IF (CFNAME.EQ.’FUNC4’) THEN
YVAL = XVAL
YVAL = ABS (XVAL)
YVAL = EXP (XVAL)*LOG10 (ABS (XVAL-1.) )
ELSE
CONTINUE
ENDIF
*
RETURN
END
EXINIT 797
User-defined Initial Condition
EXINIT User-defined Initial Condition
Defines an initial condition for elements and/or grid points at the beginning of the analysis.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXINIT (CNAME, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, NGPEL, NUMENT,
+ ISTART, IEND)
Input
CNAME Character variable
Name specified on the TICEEX or TICGEX entry
Number of characters in CNAME
TIME Real variable
Number of the current time step
NGPEL(*) Integer array
Element or grid point user number
NUMENT Integer variable
Length of array and number of elements or grid points defined on the TICEEX or
TICGEX entry
Element loop counters
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any TICEEX or TICGEX entries.
2. This subroutine is used to initialize the variables of elements and/or grid points.
Example
This example shows how to initialize a gravitational field in water.
SUBROUTINE EXINIT
+(CNAME, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, NGPEL, NUMENT, LST, LFIN)
*
*
798 EXINIT
* declare argument as arrays and data-type here

CHARACTER*(*) CNAME
*
* ---------------------------------------------------------
* cname = name of the exinit definition
* time = current problem time
* ncycle = current time step number
* ngpel = gridpoint or element user number
* nument = array length
* lst = start of the element point loop
* lfin = end of the element point loop
* ---------------------------------------------------------
*
* parameter constants
*
* global commons
CHARACTER*16 CVAR
*
DIMENSION NGPEL(*)
DIMENSION IPU(1),XPVAR(1)
DIMENSION IPN(1),NZU(1)
DIMENSION IZVAR(8)
DIMENSION NZONEU(NUMENT),XVAR(NUMENT)
*
DATA ACCG /9.81/
DATA YSURF /5.75/
DATA RHOREF /1000./
DATA BULK /2.2E9/
*
* check if we have the right initial condition entry
IF (CNAME(1:LENNAM) .NE. ’INEL1’) GOTO 9900
*
* loop over the elements
NZV = 0
*
NZU(1) = NGPEL(NZ)
*
CVAR = ’NODE1’
CALL RETRIEVE_ELEMENT_INT_VAR(1,NZU,IPN,CVAR)
IZVAR(1) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE2’
IZVAR(2) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE3’
IZVAR(3) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE4’
IZVAR(4) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE5’
EXINIT 799
IZVAR(5) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE6’
IZVAR(6) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE7’
IZVAR(7) = IPN(1)
CVAR = ’NODE8’
IZVAR(8) = IPN(1)
* Find the eight nodes of the zone
YMID = 0.0
DO 100 IC = 1,8
IPI = IZVAR(IC)
* get user numbers
CALL PX_GET_USR_PNT_FROM_INT_PNT
+ ( IPU(1) , IPI )
* get ypos
CVAR = ’YPOS’
CALL RETRIEVE_GRIDPOINT_FLOAT_VAR(1,IPU,XPVAR,CVAR)
YMID = YMID + XPVAR(1)
100 CONTINUE
* Compute the z-coordinate of the center of the zone and
* compute the pressure for the distance under the water level
YMID = YMID/8.
DH = YSURF - YMID
PRES = RHOREF * ACCG * DH
* To this pressure belongs a density
RHO = RHOREF + PRES*RHOREF/BULK
* Only change the density in non_void zones
IUNUS = ISVOID(NZU(1))
IF(IUNUS.EQ.0) then
NZV = NZV+1
NZONEU(NZV) = NZU(1)
XVAR(NZV) = RHO
ENDIF
200 CONTINUE
*
CVAR=’DENSITY’
CALL STORE_ELEMENT_FLOAT_VAR(NZV,NZONEU,XVAR,CVAR)
*
9900 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
800 EXPBAG
User-defined Air Bag Pressure
EXPBAG User-defined Air Bag Pressure
Defines the pressure within a closed volume bounded by membrane elements.
Calling Sequence
Call EXPBAG (NAME, LENNAM, TIME, VOLUME, PRES)
Input
NAME Character variable
Name of the gas bag
Number of characters in NAME
TIME Real variable
Problem time
VOLUME Real variable
Volume inside the gas bag
Output
PRES Real variable
Pressure inside the gas bag
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any GBAGEX entries in the input file.
2. The subroutine is called every time step. The volume of the gas bag is calculated and passed to
the subroutine. The pressure in the gas bag is returned.
Example
This subroutine simulates an air bag with the pressure inside initially at 100 N/m2 and updated using the
equation P  V = constant.
SUBROUTINE EXPBAG
+(PBNAME, LENNAM, TIME, VOLUME, PRES)
C
C
SAVE IFIRST, CONST
CHARACTER *(*) PBNAME
DATA IFIRST /0/
C
EXPBAG 801
User-defined Air Bag Pressure
IF (IFIRST.EQ.0) THEN
PRES = 1000.
CONST = PRES * VOLUME
IFIRST = 1
ELSE
PRES = CONST/VOLUME
ENDIF
C
RETURN
END
802 EXPLD
User-defined Pressure Load
EXPLD User-defined Pressure Load
Defines the pressure on a set of faces

.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXPLD (NAME, LENNAM, TIME, PRES, SIGN)
Input
NAME Character variable
Name of a set of pressures
TIME Real variable
Problem time
SIGN Real variable
Unused
Output
PRES Real variable
The magnitude of the pressure
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any PLOADEX entries in the input file.
Example
SUBROUTINE EXPLD (NAME, LENNAM, TIME, PRES, SIGN)

IMPLICIT DOUBLE PRESCISION (A-H, O-Z)
CHARACTER *(*) NAME
C
PRES = 725. * SQRT (TIME)
RETURN
END
EXPOR 803
User-defined Porosity Model
EXPOR User-defined Porosity Model
The EXPOR user subroutine defines a general porosity model for coupling surfaces.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXPOR (CEXPOR,LENNAM,NMENTR,NMFACE,IEUL,IFACE,PRESS,DENSTY,
+ SIE,XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,UX,UY,UZ,AREA,SX,SY,SZ,
+ QVISC,DLTH,VTRANS,DMASS,
+ FDENS,FSIE,XVELF,YVELF,ZVELF,COEEFV)
Input
CEXPOR Character array
Name of the porosity definition
Length: NMENTR
Length of the CEXPOR name variable
NMENTR Integer variable
Number of segments in the current batch
NMFACE Integer variable
Number of face segments
IEUL Integer array
User Euler element number connected to the segment
Length: NMENTR
IFACE Integer array
Internal face number connected to the segment
Length: NMENTR
PRESS, DENSTY, SIE Real arrays
Pressure, density and specific internal energy in the element connected
to the segment
Length: NMENTR
XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL Real arrays
X-, Y- and Z-velocity components in the element connected to
the segment
Length: NMENTR
804 EXPOR
Input
UX, UY, UZ Real arrays
X-, Y- and Z-velocity components of the moving face the segment is
part of
Length: NMENTR
AREA, SX, SY, SZ Real arrays
Total segment area and the X-, Y- and Z-components of the
segment normal
Length: NMENTR
QVISC Real array
Artificial viscosity of the element connected to a segment
Length: NMENTR
DLTH Real variable
Time step at current cycle
Output
VTRANS, DMASS Real arrays
Transported volume and transported mass through the segment
Length: NMENTR
FPRESS, FSIE Real arrays
Pressure and specific internal energy at the segment face
Length: NMENTR
XVELF, YVELF, ZVELF Real arrays
Velocity components at the segment face
Length: NMENTR
COEFFV Real array
Porosity coefficient of the segment
Length: NMENTR
Remarks
1. The expor.f user subroutine must be included if there are any POREX entries in the input data.
2. The POREX entry can only be used in combination with a coupling and porosity definition
(COUPLE and COUPOR).
3. User-defined porosity can only be used with the single mat hydrodynamic Euler solver, the Roe
solver, and the multi-material Euler solver. For use with the multi-material solver, the EXPOR2
user subroutine has to be included.
EXPOR 805
4. The user-defined subroutine must be compiled with a Fortran 90 compiler for compatibility.
There is no guarantee that a Fortran 77-compiled object will link properly with the Fortran 90
compiled library objects provided on the Dytran distribution.
5. The porosity is computed according to the user-defined model. The output must consist of the
volume and mass flow through the segment faces, the pressure, specific internal energy and the
velocity components at the face. The porosity coefficient is also required output as it is used in
the impulse computation.
6. The volume and mass flow are defined to be positive for outflow and negative for inflow. They
should be consistently defined. In case of elements containing (partial) voids, the void fraction is
taken into account automatically by Dytran.
7. The area coefficient COEFFV represents the open fraction of the surface area. The coefficient
must be in the range [0.0, 1.0], where a value of 1.0 means entirely open to flow and 0.0 means
entirely closed to flow. The coefficient is subsequently used for the impulse calculation on
the surface.
8. The segment face values for the velocity components, the pressure and the specific internal energy
are by default set to the centroidal values of the Euler element the segment is connected to.
9. The volume and mass flow and the porosity factor are to zero by default.
10. The precision of the computations should be appropriate for the computer being used. You can
use the include file “spdbl” to automatically define the proper accuracy.
11. The EXPOR user subroutine is part of a “vectorized” computation process and may be called
several times within a time step.
Example
In the example that follows, the subroutine contains two different porosity models called PERM and
FLOW, respectively.
The PERM porosity model is analogous to the Dytran PERMEAB implementation. It represents a porous
surface where the flow is the porosity factor times the pressure difference.
The FLOW porosity model mimics the Dytran standard PORFLOW implementation with pressure-
dependent porosity.
SUBROUTINE EXPOR
+( CEXPOR,LENNAM,NMENTR,NMFACE,IEUL,
+IFACE,PRESS,DENSTY,SIE,
+ XVEL,YVEL,ZVEL,UX,UY,UZ,AREA,SX,SY,SZ,
+ QVISC,DLTH,VTRANS,DMASS,
+ FDENS,FSIE,XVELF,YVELF,ZVELF,COEEFV )
*
#include "spdl"
*
* input arguments
CHARACTER*(*) CEXPOR(*)
DIMENSION IEUL (*),IFACE (*)
DIMENSION PRESS (*),DENSTY(*),SIE (*)
DIMENSION XVEL (*),YVEL (*),ZVEL (*)
806 EXPOR
DIMENSION UX (*),UY (*),UZ (*

DIMENSION AREA (*)
DIMENSION SX (*),SY (*),SZ (*)
DIMENSION QVISC (*)
*
*output arguments
DIMENSION VTRANS(*),DMASS (*)
DIMENSION FPRESS(*),FSIE (*)
DIMENSION XVELF (*),YVELF (*),ZVELF (*)
DIMENSION COEFFV(*)
*
*
*loop over all segments
DO 100 NSEG = 1,NMENTR
*
IF (CEXPOR(NSEG)(1:LENNAM).EQ.’FLOW’) GOTO 1000
IF (CEXPOR(NSEG)(1:LENNAM).NE.’PERM’) GOTO 100
*
*PERMEAB porosity model
POUT = 1.0E5
RHOOUT = 1.2
SIEOUT = 2.1E5
GAMCRT = 1.4
*
* permeability coefficient
VALP = 0.005
*
* area coefficient for transport
COEFF = 0.5
*
* porous area
AREAN = COEFF*AREA(NSEG)
*
* area coefficient for impulse computation
* assume the area to be closed)
OEFFV(NSEG) = 0.0
*
*in- or outflow depends on the pressure diff
IF (PRESS(NSEG).GT.POUT) THEN
RHO = DENSTY(NSEG)
XINOUT = 1.0
PRSDIF = PRESS(NSEG)-POUT
SIECRT = SIE(NSEG)
ELSE
RHO = RHOOUT
XINOUT = -1.0
PRSDIF = POUT-PRESS(NSEG)
SIECRT = SIEOUT
ENDIF
*
* limit the velocity to sonic flow
SQPMB = GAMCRT*(GAMCRT-1.0)*SIECRT
VALCRT = SQRT(SQPMB)
EXPOR 807
VALUEP = VALP*PRSDIF
VALPMB = MIN(VALCRT,VALUEP)
*
* mass-flow rate and transported volume
* NOTE: Outflow is positive
FLWOUT = XINOUT*VALPMB*RHO*AREAN
VTRANS(NSEG) = DLTH*FLWOUT/RHO
DMASS (NSEG) = RHO*VTRANS(NSEG)
*
*sie, pressure and velocity at the face
FSIE (NSEG) = SIECRT
FPRESS(NSEG) = POUT
XVELF (NSEG) = XINOUT*VALPMB*SX(NSEG)
YVELF (NSEG) = XINOUT*VALPMB*SY(NSEG)
ZVELF (NSEG) = XINOUT*VALPMB*SZ(NSEG)
*
*next segment
GOTO 100
*
* porflow model
1000 CONTINUE
*
* outside values
PFACE = 1.0E5
RHOFAC = 1.2
GAMMA = 1.4
*
*porosity coefficient
*NOTE: porous area is open to the flow
COEFFV(NSEG) = 0.5
*
* effective open area
AREAN = AREA(NSEG)*COEFFV(NSEG)
*
*in- or outflow depends on pressure diff
IF (PRESS(NSEG).GT.PFACE) THEN
PRES = PRESS (NSEG)
RHO = DENSTY(NSEG)
PENV = PFACE
XINOUT = 1.0
ELSE
PRESS = PFACE
RHO = RHOFAC
PENV = PRESS(NSEG)
XINOUT = -1.0
ENDIF
*
* constants
GAMP1 = GAMMA + 1.0
GAMM1 = GAMMA – 1.0
*
* critical pressure
PCRIT = PRES*((2.0/GAMP1)**(GAMMA/GAMM1))
IF (PENV.GT.PCRIT) THEN
808 EXPOR
PEXH = PENV
ELSE
PEXH = PCRIT
ENDIF
*
* determine flow depending on the pressure
CHK = 0.0
IF (PRES.NE.0.0) THEN
CHK = 2.0*PRES*RHO*GAMMA/GAMM1*
+ ((PEXH/PRES)**(2.0/GAMMA) -
+ (PEXH/PRES)**(GAMP1/GAMMA))
ENDIF
*
* mass-flow rate
FLWOUT = 0.0
IF (CHK.GT.0.0) THEN
FLWOUT = XINOUT*AREAN*SQRT(CHK)
ENDIF
*
* volume and mass
VTRANS(NSEG) = DLTH*FLWOUT/RHO
DMASS (NSEG) = RHO*VTRANS(NSEG)
*
* store face pressure
FPRESS(NSEG) = PFACE
100 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
EXPOR2 809
User-defined Porosity Mode for Multi-material Euler
EXPOR2 User-defined Porosity Mode for Multi-material Euler
The EXPOR2 user subroutine defines a general porosity model for coupling surfaces in combination with
the Multi-material Euler solver.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXPOR2 (CEXPOR,LENNAM,TIME,
+ NMENTR,IEUL,IFACE,
+ PELEM,QELEM,UXELEM,UYELEM,UZELEM,
+ RHOEL,SIEEL,UXSEG,UYSEG,UZSEG,
+ PFACE,UXFACE,UYFACE,UZFACE,RHOFAC,
+ SIEFAC,AREA,SX,SY,SZ,
+ COEFFV,CMATNO)
Input
CEXPOR Character array
Name of the porosity definition
Length: NMENTR
Length of the CEXPOR name variable
NMENTR Integer variable
Number of segments in the current batch
IEUL Integer array
User Euler element number connected to the segment
Length: NMENTR
IFACE Integer array
Internal face number connected to the segment
Length: NMENTR
PELEM,RHOEL,SIEEL Real arrays
Pressure, density and specific internal energy in the element
connected to the segment
Length: NMENTR
810 EXPOR2
Input
UXELEM,UYELEM,UZELEM Real arrays
X-, Y- and Z-velocity components in the element connected to the
segment
Length: NMENTR
UXSEG, UYSEG, UZSEG Real arrays
X-, Y- and Z-velocity components of the segment
Length: NMENTR
AREA, SX, SY, SZ Real arrays
Total segment area and the X-, Y- and Z-components of the segment
normal
Length: NMENTR
QELEM Real array
Artificial viscosity of the element connected to a segment
Length: NMENTR
Output
CMATNO Character array
Name of material for inflow through the segment face. Outflow of
material occurs on basis of the material fractions present in the
adjacent Euler element. For outflow, CMATNO is ignored.
Length: NMENTR
PFACE,RHOFAC,SIEFAC Real arrays
Pressure, density and specific internal energy at the segment face.
These are the boundary conditions that will be imposed on the
Euler element.
Length: NMENTR
XFACE, YFACE, ZFACE Real arrays
Velocity components at the segment face. These are the
boundary conditions.
Length: NMENTR
COEFFV Real array
Porosity coefficient of the segment
Length: NMENTR
EXPOR2 811
Remarks
1. The EXPOR2 user subroutine must be included if a POREX entry is used in combination with the
multi-material solver.
2. The POREX entry can only be used in combination with a coupling and porosity definition
(COUPLE and COUPOR).
3. The user-defined porosity can only be used with the single mat hydrodynamic Euler solver, the
Roe solver and the multi-material Euler solver.
4. The user-defined subroutine must be compiled with a Fortran 90 compiler for compatibility.
There is no guarantee that a Fortran 77-compiled object will link properly with the Fortran 90
compiled library objects provided on the Dytran distribution.
5. The user subroutine loops over surface segments. Each segment is connected to only one Euler
element and only one surface element. The arrays IEUL and IFACE can be used to refer to these
elements or faces as a function of the segment number. Note that each Euler element and each
face can refer to multiple face segments.
6. The porosity is computed according to the user-defined model. The output must consist of the
pressure, specific internal energy and the velocity components at the face.
7. The area coefficient COEFFV represents the open fraction of the surface area. The coefficient
must be in the range [0.0, 1.0], where a value of 1.0 means entirely open to flow and 0.0 means
entirely closed to flow. The coefficient is subsequently used for the impulse calculation on the
surface.
8. The segment face values for the velocity components, the pressure and the specific internal energy
are by default set to the centroidal values of the Euler element the segment is connected to.
9. The precision of the computations should be appropriate for the computer being used. You can
use the include file, spdbl, to automatically define the proper accuracy.
10. The EXPOR2 user subroutine is part of a “vectorized” computation process and may be called
several times within a time step.
Example
In the example that follows, the subroutine contains a simple inflow boundary.
SUBROUTINE EXPOR2
+ (CEXPOR,LENNAM,TIME,
+ NMENTR,IEUL,IFACE,
+ PELEM,QELEM,UXELEM,UYELEM,UZELEM,
+ RHOEL,SIEEL,UXSEG,UYSEG,UZSEG,
+ PFACE,UXFACE,UYFACE,UZFACE,RHOFAC,
+ SIEFAC,AREA,SX ,SY,SZ,
+ COEFFV,CMATNO)
*
#include "spdbl"
*
* input arguments
CHARACTER*(LENNAM) CEXPOR(*)
812 EXPOR2
DIMENSION IEUL(*),IFACE(*)
DIMENSION PELEM(*),QELEM(*),UXELEM(*),UYELEM(*),
+ UZELEM(*), RHOEL(*),SIEEL(*)
DIMENSION AREA(*),SX(*),SY(*),SZ(*)
*
* output arguments
DIMENSION PFACE(*),UXFACE(*),UYFACE(*),UZFACE(*),RHOFAC(*),
+ SIEFAC(*)
DIMENSION COEFFV(*)
CHARACTER*8 CMATNO(*)
*
*
DO 100 NSEG=1,NMENTR
IF (CEXPOR(NSEG) (1:LENNAM).EQ.'INFLOW') THEN
UXFACE(NSEG) = 0D0
UYFACE(NSEG) = 200D0
UZFACE(NSEG) = 0D0
RHOFAC(NSEG) = 1100D0
SIEFAC(NSEG) = 0D0
COEFFV(NSEG) = 1.0D0
*
CMATNO(NSEG) = '4'
ENDIF
*
100 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
EXSHR 813
User-specified Shear Behavior
EXSHR User-specified Shear Behavior
The EXSHR user subroutine defines the shear modulus, SHEAR, for Lagrangian solid elements or
Eulerian elements with shear strength, for all elements in the string (ISTART ... IEND).
Calling Sequence
CALL EXSHR (MATNAM, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, DLTH,
+ EXX, EYY, EZZ, EXY, EYZ, EZX,
+ PRES, EDIS, SIE, RHO, FBURN, ZMASS,
+ SHEAR, ISTART, IEND)
Input
MATNAM Character string
Name of the material
Length of MATNAM
TIME Real variable
Cycle number of the current time step
DLTH Real variable
Time step increment at the current time step
EXX,..,EZX(*) Real arrays
Strain components in element
PRES(*) Real array
EDIS(*) Real array
Distortional energy of the element
SIE(*) Real array
Specific internal energy of the element
RHO(*) Real array
Density of the element
FBURN(*) Real array
Burn fraction of the element
814 EXSHR
Input
ZMASS(*) Real array
Mass of the element
EFFSTS(*) Real array
Old effective stress of the element
ISTART Integer
First element in string
IEND Integer
Last element in string
Output
SHEAR (*) Real array
Shear modulus of the element
Remarks
1. The subroutine must be included if there are any SHREX entries in the input.
2. The FBURN array is only used for Eulerian material with strength.
Example
In this example, the shear modulus will be computed as a function of the shear strain. The routine returns
the shear modulus SHEAR to the code.
SUBROUTINE EXSHR
+ (MATNAM, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, DLTH,
+ EXX, EYY, EZZ, EXY, EYZ, EZX,
+ PRES, EDIS, SIE, RHO, FBURN, ZMASS,
+SHEAR, ISTART, IEND)
*
INCLUDE DOUBLE PRECISION (A-H,O-Z)
*
DIMENSION SHEAR(*)
DIMENSION EDIS(*),ZMASS(*),SIE(*),RHO(*),FBURN(*),PRES(*)
IMENSION EXX(*),EYY(*),EZZ(*),EXY(*),EYZ(*),EZX(*)
*
CHARACTER*80 MATNAM
*
*
* Example of shear modulus as a function of shear strain.
*
*
* define the shear modulus
EXSHR 815
GAMXY = 1.0 + EXY

GAMYZ = 1.0 + EYZ
GAMZX = 1.0 + EZX
GAMMA = GAMXY*GAMYZ*GAMZX – 1.0
SHEAR(NZ) = 3.E7 – 1.E10*GAMMA
100 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
816 EXSPR
User-defined CSPR Spring Element
EXSPR User-defined CSPR Spring Element
Returns the force and stiffness in CSPR spring elements.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXSPR (N, M, IX, IC, PROP, HISV, FORCEO, C, DI,
+ V, UREL, DUREL, VREL, XMASS, FORCE, STIFF)
Input
N Integer variable
Element number
M Integer variable
Property number
IX(2) Integer array
Connectivity
IX(1) = grid point at end 1.
IC(2) Integer array
Unused
PROP(7) Real array
Properties as input on the PSPREX entry
HISV(6) Real array
History variables for the element. This array can be used by the user to store
variables from one time step to the next.
C(3,2) Real array
Deformed coordinates in the basic coordinate system
C(1:3,1) = x-, y-, z-coordinates at end 1.
C(1:3,2) = x-, y-, z-coordinates at end 2.
DI (6,2) Real array
Incremental displacements in the basic coordinate system:
EXSPR 817
Input
These are incremental displacements; i.e., the displacements for this time
step only.
V(6,2) Real array
Velocities in the basic coordinate system:
UREL Real variable
Relative displacement of the element; i.e., the displacement of end 2 in the spring
direction minus the displacement of end 1.
DUREL Real variable
Relative incremental displacement of the element.
VREL Real variable
XMASS(2) Real array
Output
FORCE Real variable
STIFF Real variable
Current stiffness of the element
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if the PSPREX entry is specified in the Bulk Data Section.
2. The velocities (V) and accelerations (A) of the end points can be updated by the user subroutine
when required.
3. The stiffness is used by Dytran to estimate the time step. A nonzero value must be returned.
818 EXSPR
Example
This example defines the stiffness and the corresponding force for a spring element.
SUBROUTINE EXSPR
+ (N,M,IX,IC,PROP,HISV,FORCEO,C,DI,V,UREL,DUREL,
+ VREL,XMASS,FORCE,STIFF)
*
single or double defined below
*
+ DI(6,2),V(6,2),XMASS(2)
*
* define the stiffness and the corresponding force
RMASS = 1./(XMASS(1) + XMASS(2))
STIFF = RMASS * (XMASS(1)*1.E3 + XMASS(2)*2.E3)
FORCE = STIFF * DUREL
*
RETURN
END
EXTLU 819
User-defined Logical Unit
EXTLU User-defined Logical Unit
The EXTLU user subroutine declares Fortran logical unit (LU) numbers for usage by other
user subroutines.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXTLU (LUUSR, LUMAX)
Input
LUMAX Integer
Maximum LU number allowed
Output
LUUSR Integer array
To store declared LU number
Remarks
1. LUMAX is set by Dytran. This value can be used to check whether the user-defined LU number
does not exceed the maximum allowable LU number. LUMAX should not be changed in the
user subroutine.
2. Declared Fortran LU numbers are reserved within Dytran and are used for files you need in other
user subroutines.
3. It is advised to define a common block in the EXTLU subroutine where the user-defined LU
numbers are kept. This common block can be included in any other user subroutine that utilizes
external user-defined files. For example:
COMMON /MSCD_MYLU/ LU01, LU02, LU03, LU04, LU05
Example
SUBROUTINE EXTLU (LUUSR,LUMAX)

*
* User Subroutine to declare FORTRAN LU numbers for
* exclusive usage in any User Subroutines.
*
* Subroutine EXTLU is always called by the program
*
* MSC.Dytran checks whether the user declaration is valid
*
DIMENSION LUUSR(LUMAX)
COMMON /MSCD_MYLU/ LU01,LU02,LU03,LU04,LU05
*
* E.g. Declare LU numbers 80 and 81 as user exclusive LU’s
* Any LU number greater than LUMAX is illegal
*
820 EXTLU
User-defined Logical Unit
LU01 = 80
LU05 = 81
LUUSR(LU01) = LU01
LUUSR(LU05) = LU05
*
* The above statements reserve LU01 and LU05 as user exclusive
LU’s
*
RETURN
END
EXTVEL 821
User-defined Grid Point Constraint
EXTVEL User-defined Grid Point Constraint
User Subroutines
Constrains the velocity of Lagrangian grid points.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXTVEL (NAME, LENNAM, NGP, XPOS, YPOS, ZPOS,
+ XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL, XAVEL, YAVEL, ZAVEL,PMASS)
Input
NAME Character string
Velocity boundary name
NGP Integer variable
Grid point number
XPOS Real variable
Old x-coordinate of point
YPOS Real variable
Old y-coordinate of point
ZPOS Real variable
Old z-coordinate of point
XVEL Real variable
Tentative x-translational velocity of the point
YVEL Real variable
Tentative y-translational velocity of the point
ZVEL Real variable
Tentative z-translational velocity of the point
XAVEL Real variable
Tentative x-angular velocity of the point
YAVEL Real variable
Tentative y-angular velocity of the point
ZAVEL Real variable
Tentative z-angular velocity of the point
822 EXTVEL
User-defined Grid Point Constraint
Output
XVEL Real variable
Constrained x-translational velocity of the point
YVEL Real variable
Constrained y-translational velocity of the point
ZVEL Real variable
Constrained z-translational velocity of the point
XAVEL Real variable
Constrained x-angular velocity of the point
YAVEL Real variable
Constrained y-angular velocity of the point
ZAVEL Real variable
Constrained z-angular velocity of the point
PMASS Real variable
Grid point mass
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any FORCEEX entries in the input file.
2. The subroutine returns the constrained velocities of each grid point.
3. EXTVEL is called once for every grid point referenced on FORCEEX entries.
Example
This example constrains the x-velocity of grid points with an x coordinate that is positive.
SUBROUTINE EXTVEL
+ (NAME, LENNAM, NGP, XPOS, YPOS, ZPOS, XVEL, YVEL, ZVEL, XAVEL,
+ YAVEL, ZAVEL)
*
CHARACTER*(*) NAME
*
* This routine puts the x-velocity to zero when the x-position
of the point is positive.
*
IF (XPOS.GT.0) XVEL = 0.
*
RETURN
END
EXVISC 823
User-defined CVISC Damper Element
EXVISC User-defined CVISC Damper Element
Returns the force in CVISC damper elements.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXVISC (N, M, IX, IC, PROP, HISV, FORCEO, C, DI,
+ V, UREL, DUREL, VREL, XMASS, FORCE)
Input
N Integer variable
Element number
M Integer variable
Property number
IX(2) Integer array
Connectivity
IC(2) Integer array
Unused
PROP(7) Real array.
Properties as input on the PVISCEX entry
HISV(6) Real array
History variables for the element. This array can be used by the user to store
variables from one time step to the next.
C(3,2) Real array
Deformed coordinates in the basic coordinate system
DI(6,2) Real array
Incremental displacements in the basic coordinate system:
DI(1:3,1) x, y, z, translational displacements of end 1
DI(4:6,1) x, y, z, rotational displacements of end 1
824 EXVISC
Input
DI(1:3,2) x, y, z, translational displacements of end 2
DI(4:6,2) x, y, z, rotational displacements of end 2
These are incremental displacements; i.e., the displacements for this time
step only.
V(6,2) Real array
Velocities in the basic coordinate system:
V(1:3,1) x, y, z, translational velocities of end 1
V(4:6,1) x, y, z, rotational velocities of end 1
V(1:3,2) x, y, z, translational velocities of end 2
V(4:6,2) x, y, z, rotational velocities of end 2
UREL Real variable
Relative displacement of the element; i.e., the displacement of end 2 in the
damper direction minus the displacement of end 1
DUREL Real variable
Relative incremental displacement of the element
VREL Real variable
XMASS(2) Real array
Output
FORCE Real variable
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if the PVISCEX entry is specified in the Bulk Data Section.
2. The velocities (V) and accelerations (A) of the end points can be updated using the user subroutine
if required.
EXVISC 825
Example
This example defines the damping force for a danger element.
SUBROUTINE EXVISC
+(N,M,IX,IC,PROP,HISV,FORCEO,C,DI,V,UREL,DUREL,
+ VREL,XMASS,FORCE)
*
*
+ DI(6,2),V(6,2),XMASS(2)
*
* define the force on the damper element
VELX = V(1,1) - V(1,2)
VELY = V(2,1) - V(2,2)
VELZ = V(3,1) - V(3,2)
*
FORCE = 1.E-3 * SQRT(VELX*VELX + VELY*VELY + VELZ*VELZ)
*
RETURN
END
826 EXYLD
User-defined Yield Behavior
EXYLD User-defined Yield Behavior
The EXYLD user subroutine defines the yield stress, YLDSQ, for Lagrangian solid elements or Eulerian
elements with shear strength, for all elements in the string (ISTART ... IEND).
Calling Sequence
CALL EXYLD (MATNAM, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, DLTH, IZONE,
+ DEZX, TDET, YLDSQ, ISTART, IEND)
+ SXYT, SYZT, SXZT, DEXX, DEYY, DEZZ, DEXY, DEYZ,
+ SYYO, SZZO, SXYO, SYZO, SXZO, SXXT, SYYT, SZZT,
+ EFFSTS, TWOJ2, EFFSR, USRVR1, USRVR2, RELV, SXXO,
+ PRES, EDIS, SIE, RHO, FBURN, EFFPLS, ZMASS,
Input
Length of MATNAM
TIME Real variable
DLTH Real variable
IZONE(*) Integer array
Element number
PRES(*) Real array
EDIS(*) Real array
SIE(*) Real array
RHO(*) Real array
EXYLD 827
Input
FBURN(*) Real array
EFFPLS(*) Real array
Effective plastic strain of the element
ZMASS(*) Real array
Mass of the element
TWOJ2(*) Real array
Trial second invariant at current time of the element
EFFSR(*) Real array
Effective strain rate of the element
USRVR1(*) Real array
User variable 1 of the element
RELV(*) Real array
Relative volume of the element
SXXO(*)...SXZO(*) Real arrays
Old deviatoric stresses of the element
SXXT(*)...SXZT(*) Real arrays
Trial deviatoric stresses at current time of the element
DEXX(*)...DEZX(*) Real arrays
Strain rate components of the element
TDET(*) Real array
Detonation time of the element
ISTART Integer
IEND Integer
Output
YLDSQ(*) Real array
Yield stress of the element
828 EXYLD
Remarks
1. The subroutine must be included if there are any YLDEX entries in the input.
2. The FBURN array is only used for Eulerian material with strength. The IZONE array and the
USRVR1-2 arrays can only be used for Lagrangian material.
Example
In this example, the yield stress is computed as a function of the effective strain rate and the pressure.
The routine returns the yield stress YLDSQ to the code. The USRVR1 and USRVR2 arrays are used to
store the yield stress and the effective strain rate in memory so that they can be requested as output.
SUBROUTINE EXYLD
+ (MATNAM, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, DLTH, IZONE, PRES, EDIS, SIE,
+ RHO, FBURN, EFFPLS, ZMASS, EFFSTS, TWOJ2, EFFSR, USRVR1,
+ USRVR2, RELV, SXXO, SYYO, SZZO, SXYO, SYZO, SXZO, SXXT,
+ SYYT, SZZT, SXYT, SYZT, SXZT, DEXX, DEYY, DEZZ, DEXY,
+ DEYZ, DEZX, TDET, YLDSQ, ISTART, IEND)
C
C
DIMENSION IZONE(*)
DIMENSION YLDSQ(*)
DIMENSION EDIS(*),ZMASS(*),EFFSTS(*),TDET(*)
DIMENSION SIE(*),RHO(*),FBURN(*),EFFPLS(*),EFFSR(*)
DIMENSION TWOJ2(*),PRES(*),RELV(*)
DIMENSION USRVR1(*), USRVR2(*)
DIMENSION SXXO(*),SYYO(*),SZZO(*),SXYO(*),SYZO(*),SXZO(*)
DIMENSION SXXT(*),SYYT(*),SZZT(*),SXYT(*),SYZT(*),SXZT(*)
DIMENSION DEXX(*),DEYY(*),DEZZ(*),DEXY(*),DEYZ(*),DEZX(*)
C
CHARACTER*80 MATNAM
C
C
C Example of yield stress as a function of
C effective strain rate and pressure.
C
C
C define the yield stress.
YLDSQ(NZ) = EFFSR(NZ)*SQRT(ABS(PRES(NZ)))
C
C store the yield stress and effective strain
C rate in the user vars, so that they can be
C requested as output.
USRVR1(NZ) = YLDSQ(NZ)
USRVR2(NZ) = EFFSR(NZ)
100 CONTINUE
*
RETURN
END
EXYLD1 829
User-specified Yield Behavior
EXYLD1 User-specified Yield Behavior
The EXYLD1 user subroutine defines the yield stress, YLDSQ, for Eulerian elements with shear strength,
for all elements in the string (ISTART ... IEND). The yield stress can depend on a damage variable
and the SOFTE and VOLPLS variables. These last two variables can be set in, for example, an FAILEX2
routine or in an EXEOS1 routine.
Calling Sequence
CALL EXYLD1 (MATNAM, LENNAM, TIME, NCYCLE, DLTH, IZONE,
+ DEZX, TDET, YLDSQ, DAM, SOFTE,VOLPLS,ISTART, IEND)
+ SXYT, SYZT, SXZT, DEXX, DEYY, DEZZ, DEXY, DEYZ,
+ SYYO, SZZO, SXYO, SYZO, SXZO, SXXT, SYYT, SZZT,
+ EFFSTS, TWOJ2, EFFSR, USRVR1, USRVR2, RELV, SXXO,
+ PRES, EDIS, SIE, RHO, FBURN, EFFPLS, ZMASS,
Input
Length of MATNAM
TIME Real variable
DLTH Real variable
IZONE(*) Integer array
Element number
PRES(*) Real array
EDIS(*) Real array
SIE(*) Real array
830 EXYLD1
Input
RHO(*) Real array
FBURN(*) Real array
EFFPLS(*) Real array
Effective plastic strain of the element
ZMASS(*) Real array
Mass of the element
TWOJ2(*) Real array
Trial second invariant at current time of the element
EFFSR(*) Real array
Effective strain rate of the element
Relative volume of the element
RELV(*) Real array
SXXO(*)...SXZO(*) Real arrays
Old deviatoric stresses of the element
SXXT(*)...SXZT(*) Real arrays
Trial deviatoric stresses at current time of the element
DEXX(*)...DEZX(*) Real arrays
Strain rate components of the element
TDET(*) Real array
Detonation time of the element
ISTART Integer
IEND Integer
EXYLD1 831
Input
DAM(*) Real array
Damage
SOFTE(*), VLPL(*) Arrays that allow the user to store an additional variable. Contents are
transported and clumped. This array can also be accessed within EXFAIL2.
Output
YLDSQ(*) Real array
Yield stress of the element
Remarks
1. The subroutine must be included if there are any YLDEX entries in the input.
2. The FBURN array is only used for Eulerian material with strength. The IZONE array and the
USRVR1-2 arrays can only be used for Lagrangian material.
Example
In this example, the yield stress will be given by the Johnson-Cook yield model. The yield stress will be
reduced using the damage variable. This reduction is equivalent to continuous failure.
SUBROUTINE EXYLD1
+ (MATNAM,LENNAM,TIME,NCYCLE,DLTH,
+ IZONE,PRES,EDIS,
+ SIE,RHO,FBURN,EFFPLS,ZMASS,EFFSTS,TWOJ2,
+ EFFSR,USRVR1,USRVR2,RELV,
+ SXXO,SYYO,SZZO,SXYO,SYZO,SXZO,
+ SXXT,SYYT,SZZT,SXYT,SYZT,SXZT,
+ DEXX,DEYY,DEZZ,DEXY,DEYZ,DEZX,
+ TDET,YLDSQ,DAM,SOFTE,VOLPLS,ISTART,IEND)
$cmsc/dytran ompstk
*
#include "spdbl"
*
*---------------------------------------------------------
* input:
* matnam - name on exyld entry
* lennam - length of name
* time - time
* ncycle - cycle
* dlth - time step
* izone - (lagrange) element number
* pres - old element pressure
* edis - old element distortional energy
* sie - old element specific internal energy
* rho - element density
* fburn - (euler) burn fraction of element
832 EXYLD1
* effpls - element effective plastic strain

* zmass - mass of element
* effsts - element old effective stress
* twoj2 - tentative second invariant element
* effsr - effective strain rate element
* usrvr1 - user variable element
* usrvr2 - user variable element
* relv - relative element volume
* sxxo..sxzo - old deviatoric element stresses
* sxxt..sxzt - trial deviatoric element stresses
* dexx..dezx - strain rate components
* tdet - detonation time element
* istart - start of the element loop
* iend - end of the element loop
*
* output:
* yldsq: yield stress
*
*---------------------------------------------------------
*
SAVE IERM
#include "params"
#include "ermsg"
*
DIMENSION IZONE(*)
DIMENSION YLDSQ(*)
DIMENSION EDIS(*),ZMASS(*),EFFSTS(*),TDET(*),
+ SIE(*),RHO(*),FBURN(*),EFFPLS(*),EFFSR(*),
+ TWOJ2(*),PRES(*),RELV(*)
DIMENSION USRVR1(*), USRVR2(*)
DIMENSION SXXO(*),SYYO(*),SZZO(*),SXYO(*),SYZO(*),SXZO(*)
DIMENSION SXXT(*),SYYT(*),SZZT(*),SXYT(*),SYZT(*),SXZT(*)
DIMENSION DEXX(*),DEYY(*),DEZZ(*),DEXY(*),DEYZ(*),DEZX(*)
DIMENSION DAM(*),SOFTE(*),VOLPLS(*)
*
CHARACTER*(*) MATNAM
*
CHARACTER*31 CSUBNM
CHARACTER*6 CSUB06
PARAMETER (CSUBNM='EXYLD1')
*
*
#include "call_hello"
*
*
* calculate the johnson_cook yield stress
*
*
SHEAR =
EXYLD1 833
YLDA =
YLDB =
YLDC =
YLDN =
YLDM =
SPHEAT =
TROOM =
TMELT =
EFSTN0 =
*
DO 50 NZ=ISTART,IEND
TEMP = SIE(NZ)/SPHEAT
TEMP = (TEMP-TROOM)/(TMELT-TROOM)
TEMP =MAX(SMALL,TEMP)
TEMP =MIN(ONE,TEMP)
EFFSTN = SQRT(3./2.*TWOJ2(NZ))/(3.*SHEAR*DLTH)
EFFSTN = EFFSTN/EFSTN0
EFFSTN =MAX(ONE,EFFSTN)
EFFPLS(NZ) = MAX(ZERO,EFFPLS(NZ))
TMP1 = YLDA+YLDB*EFFPLS(NZ)**YLDN
TMP2 = ONE+YLDC*LOG(EFFSTN)
TMP3 = ONE-TEMP**YLDM
YLDSQ(NZ) = TMP1*TMP2*TMP3
YLDSQ(NZ) = (ONE-DAM(NZ))*YLDSQ(NZ)
50 CONTINUE
*
*
#include "call_byebye"
RETURN
END
834 GEXOUT
GEXOUT User-defined Grid Point Output
User-defined grid-point output.
Calling Sequence
CALL GEXOUT (NAME, LENNAM, NGP, CGP, NGTYPE, LIGRD, LXGRD)
Input
NAME Character string
Output name specified on the GPEXOUT entry.
Length of NAME
NGP(*) Integer array
Grid-point number
CGP(*) Character *8 array
Unused
NGTYPE Integer variable
Type of element to which the grid point is attached:
2 One-dimensional element
3 Triangular shell
4 Quadrilateral shell
5 Triangular membrane
6 Dummy triangle
7 Dummy quadrilateral
8 Lagrangian solid
9 Eulerian solid (hydrodynamic)
10 Eulerian solid (with strength)
11 Eulerian solid (multimaterial)
LIGRD(*) Integer array
Base address of grid point in the main integer storage array ILGDAT
LXGRD(*) Integer array
Base address of grid point in the main real storage array XLGDAT
GEXOUT 835
Remarks
1. This subroutine must be included if there are any GPEXOUT Case Control commands.
2. The subroutine can be used to calculate results based on the data available in Dytran.
4. This subroutine is vectorized. All the input data is stored in arrays, which must be dimensioned.
The start and end of the arrays is given by the variables LST and LFIN in the common block
/MSCD_LOCLOP/. All of the entries in the arrays between LST and LFIN must be output. See
the following example.
5. Access to grid-point variables is possible by including calls to the subroutines listed in User
Subroutines using the variable names from Outputting Results.
Example
This example outputs the total force on a grid point to the primary output (unit 6).
SUBROUTINE GEXOUT
+ (NAME, LENNAM, NGP, CGP, NGTYPE, LIGRD, LXGRD)
*
*
DIMENSION NGP (*), LIGRD(*), LXGRD(*)
CHARACTER *(*) NAME
CHARACTER*8 CGP(*)
*
COMMON/MSCD_LOCLOP/LST, LFIN
COMMON/MSCD_XLGMEM/XLGDAT(1)
*
IF (NGTYPE.NE.8) GOTO 9900
*
* The total force on each Lagrangian node is printed out.
*
DO 100 NG = LST, LFIN
FTOT = XLGDAT(LXGRD(NG) +7)**2+
+ XLGDAT(LXGRD(NG)+8)**2+
+ XLGDAT(LXGRD(NG)+9)**2
FTOT = SQRT (FTOT)
WRITE (6, 101) NGP (NG), FTOT
101 FORMAT (1X, ’Force on node’, I5, ‘is‘, E13.5)
100 CONTINUE
*
9900 RETURN
END
836 GEXOUT
Chapter 8: Diagnostic Messages
8 Diagnostic Messages
Whenever Dytran encounters invalid or inconsistent data in the input file or a problem is encountered
during the analysis, a diagnostic message is printed.
Diagnostic messages produced during the initialization and solution are written to the
<jobname>_ERROR_SUMMARY-MSG file. These messages normally indicate incorrect or inconsistent
data and problems encountered during the solution.
Each diagnostic message is produced a maximum of five times to prevent large quantities of output from
being produced.
The diagnostic message is a set of short codes that indicate the severity of the message, its number, and
the subroutine that generated it. One or more lines of text follows, indicating what the problem is.
The coded line has the basic form:
%x-<diagnostic number>-<subroutine name>
where x indicates the severity:
• I Information
• W Warning
• E Error
• F Fatal
• C Catastrophic
Information messages do not indicate a problem, and the analysis should continue successfully.
Warnings are not fatal, and the analysis will continue. However, warnings are an indication that
something about analysis is not normal. You should review all warnings carefully and make sure you
know what is causing the message.
%W-P3007905-P3XXTXX_CYCLE_ZERO
Authorization files will expire this month
Error messages indicate that there is almost certainly something wrong with your analysis. You should
review your input and modify it appropriately. Errors in the solution cause termination at the end of the
current time step. If you specified output at the end of the analysis, then the output is produced before the
%E-CN000602-SYS_CHECK_RST_INPUT_FILE
Restart input file must have extension .RST
Fatal messages have the same effect as error messages but indicate a more serious problem.
%F-2039502-P2XXTXIX_PACKET_EDIT
Materials cannot be put on archive files, only on time history files.
Catastrophic errors are issued only when the program would otherwise crash. They may occur, for
example, when the analysis would result in a division by zero.
%C-P2057301-C2_STORE_IZONER_FOR_CFACE
Face number -4 is illegal
Chapter 8: Diagnostic Messages 839
The severity code letter is followed by the unique diagnostic number. There is a unique number for each
diagnostic message and it can be used to reference the message. The subroutine name indicates which
routine produced the diagnostic message. Note that the routine names in Dytran consist of up to 31
characters.
Internal program errors have the message (PROGRAM ERROR) at the end of the first line of the diagnostic
message, e.g.,
%E-CN000502-SYS_CHECK_RST_INPUT_FILE (PROGRAM ERROR)
RESTART INPUT FILE HAS WRONG EXTENSION
You should never get program errors. If you do, check if there are other diagnostic messages indicating
other problems. If not, please note the diagnostic number and contact your local MSC representative.
Redefinition of severity and number of prints of diagnostic messages can be performed by using
PARM,ERRUSR. This parameter has to be used carefully.
Appendix A References
A References
1. MSC/DYNA User’s Manual, The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation.

2. MSC/PISCES-2DELK User’s Manual, The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation.
3. E. L. Lee et al., “Adiabatic Expansions of High Explosive Detonation Products”, UCRL-50422,
May 1968, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
4. MADYMO User’s Manual 3-D Version 4.3, The Dutch Institute of Applied Scientific Research -
Road/Vehicles Research Institute, Department of Injury Prevention, October 1988.
5. Louise A. Obergefell, Thomas R. Gardner, Ints Kaleps, and John T. Fleck, Articulated Total Body
Model Enhancements, Volume 1: “Modifications”, (NTIS No. ADA198726).
Model Enhancements, Volume 2: “User’s Guide”, (NTIS No. ADA203566).
Model Enhancements, Volume 3: “Programmer’s Guide”, (NTIS No. ADA197940).
8. J. T. Fleck, F. E. Butler, and N. J. Deleys, “Validation of the Crash Victim Simulator”, Calspan
Report Nos. ZS-5881-V-1 through 4, DOT-HS-806-279 through 282, 1982, Volumes 1 through
4, (NTIS No. PC E99, PB86-212420).
9. P. L. Roe, Approximate Riemann Solvers, parameter vectors, and difference schemes, Journal of
Computational Physics, 43, 357-372, 1981.
10. P. L. Roe and J. Pike, Efficient construction and utilisation of approximate Riemann solutions,
Computing Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (VI), R. Glowinski and J. L. Lions
(Editors), Elsevier Publishers B.V. (North Holland), INRIA 1984.
11. Bram van Leer, Chang-Hsien Tai, and Kenneth G. Powell, Design of Optimally Smoothing Multi-
Stage Schemes for the Euler Equations, AIAA-89-1933-CP, 1989.
12. Ch. Hirsch, Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Fundamentals of Numerical
Discretization, 1, Wiley, Chichester, 1988.
13. Ch. Hirsch, Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Computational Methods for
Inviscid and Viscous Flows, 2, Wiley, Chichester, 1990
14. Louise A. Obergefell, Huaing Cheng, Annnette L. Rizer, Articulated Total Body Model Version
V: “User's Manual”, (NTIS No. ASC-98-0807), 1998.
15. Louise A. Obergefell, Huaing Cheng, Annnette L. Rizer, Input Description for the Articulated
Total Body Model ATB-V.1, 1998.
16. Joseph A. Pellettiere, Huaing Cheng, Annnette L. Rizer, The Development of GEBOD Version V,
2000.
17. S.Tanimura, K.Mimura, and W.H. Zhu, Practical Constitutive Models Covering Wide Ranges of
Strain Rates, Strains and Temperatures, Key Engineering Materials Vols. 177-180,189-200, 2000
18. W.A. van der Veen, “Simulation of a compartmented airbag deployment using an explicit,
coupled Euler/Lagrange method with adaptive Euler Domains”, Presented at: Nafems 2003,
Orlanda. Available at the Dytran section of www.mscsoftware.com.

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Similarity with MD Nastran 19

2 File Management Statements (FMS)

3 Executive Control Statements

Executive Control Summary 47

Executive Control Descriptions 48

4 Case Control Commands

Case Control Summary 57

Case Control Descriptions 60

ENDSTEP — Final Time Step, 78

5 Bulk Data Entry Descriptions

Format of Bulk Data Entries 124

Bulk Data Summary 127

Bulk Data Descriptions 137

CMARKB2 — Two-noded Marker Connectivity Definition, 183

EOSEX — User-defined Equation of State, 279

GBAGINFL — Inflator Model to be used with GBAG Entry, 363

PBEAML — Beam Cross-Section Properties, 439

RCONN — Rigid Connection, 510

TLOAD2 — Transient Dynamic Load, Form 2, 579

Parameters Summary 612

ALEVER — ALE Volume Computation Method, 618

GRADED-MESH — Glue Sets of Euler Elements, 664

SCALEMAS — Mass Scaling Definition, 708

EXFAIL2 — User-defined Failure Model, 785

Similarity with MD Nastran

Loads and Constraints

File Management Statements

BULKOUT Prestress Grid Point Output

Format and Example Defaults

Option Meaning Type

EULINIT Imports an Euler archive from a previous run

Format and Example Default

Option Meaning Type

CYCLE Cycle number

MESH-ID The MESH ID of the target elements See Remark 3.

IMMFILE Initial Metric Method File Section

Format and Example Default

Option Meaning Type

NASTDISP Prestress MD Nastran Displacement File

Format and Example Defaults

Option Meaning Type

NASTINP Prestress MD Nastran Solution File

Format and Example Defaults

Option Meaning Type

NASTOUT MD Nastran Input File for Prestress Analysis

Format and Example Defaults

Option Meaning Type

PRESTRESS Prestress Analysis

Indicates a prestress analysis.

Format and Example Defaults

NASTDISP Specifies an MD Nastran displacement file to be used as input (FMS).

RESTART Restarts a Previous Run

Requests that a previous run be restarted and continued.

Format and Example Default

RSTBEGIN Restart Time Step

Defines the time step at which a calculation is to be restarted

Format and Example Default

Option Meaning Type

RSTFILE Restart File Section

Defines the restart file to be used for restarting.

Format and Example Default

Option Meaning Type

SAVE Interval Between Saving an Output File