The Levels of Difficulty in sea Kayaking

Level Wind Sea State and Length of Open

(knot= one nautical Waves Water Crossing
mile(1.852kms)/hour)
Novice Conditions Calm Wind Calm to rippled Travel along shore with
many easy landing
(Minimal Risk) (Less than 8 knots) areas
Beginner Condition Light winds(0-11 knots) Calm to light chop Short open crossing
less than 1.5 nautical
(Lower Risk) miles(nmi); many easy
landing areas
Intermediate Condition Moderate winds Moderate with wind Open water crossing
(12-19 knots) waves near 0.5 meters less than 5 nmi;
(Moderate Risk) intermitting landing
areas
Advance Condition Strong winds (near 20 Rough sea state, wind Open water crossing
knots) waves near 1 meter, greater than 5 nmi
(Considerable Risk) and tide rips greater with infrequent landing
than 3 knots areas and some with
difficult landing sites

International Scale of River Difficulty

Classification Description
Class I Rapids:  Moderate to fast-moving water
Easy  Waves and riffles are small
 Passages clear or few but obvious obstruction
 Little maneuvering is needed
 Minimal Risk is needed
 Minimal risk to swimmers
 Rescue is easy
Class II Rapids:  Easy rapids
Novice  Wide channels with some obstacles but are easily missed
 Medium- sized waves
 Sometimes maneuvering may be required
 Rarely swimmers are injured
 Rescue is easy
Class III:  Moderate rapids strong current
Intermediate  Waves are bigger and may swamp an open canoe but it comes irregularly
 Obstacle require complex maneuvers
 Narrow passages are generally straightforward
 Scouting is recommended
  Self-rescue is still manageable but group help my be needed
 Big splashes
Class IV:  Long powerful, and strong rapids requiring accurate handling of boat
Advance  Passages are constructed by obstacle
 Precise maneuvering skills
 Moderate to high risk of injury to swimmers
 Self- rescue is difficult
 Group assistance is necessary but must possess rescue skills
 Eskimo roll is recommended
Class V: Expert  Long, obstructed and very violent rapids
 Massive waves often following one after the other
 Big drop, extremely congested channels
 Requires high level of maneuvering skills
 Scouting is mandatory but difficult
 Dangerous for swimming and difficult for rescue
 Dangerous for swimming and difficult for rescue
Class VI:  Almost never been attempted
Extreme and  Extremely difficult, unpredictable, and definitely a life hazard
Exploratory  Rescue may be close to impossible
Rapids

The evolution of Scuba Diving

13000s A simple cauldron in the shape of a ball was used where the idea was trop the air inside
the container where the diver swims out until he or she runs out of breath then return to
the bell to replenish air

1690 Edmund Halley developed an improved diving bell. The diving bell with
trapped air was brought down with two people inside. The diver/explorer
outside the diving bell also use a smaller version of the diving bell on
his/her head where a tube is connected from his/her diving bell to the
bigger diving bell to get some air. The air inside the bigger bell is turn
replenish from a barrel( with tube connected to the diving bell) which is
brought down from the top. This barrel is retrieve also by the diver and
tugged over the bell.
1715 Englishman John Lethbridge built the “diving engine” which was an
underwater oak cylinder supplied with compressed air from the surface
1823 Charles Anthony Deane invented the “smoke helmet” originally for firefighter. The
helmet fits over a man’s head with an attached hose for supply of air which comes from
the surface.
1825 William James invented the first workable, full-tome SCUBA. It had a cylindrical belt
around the diver’s trunk that served as an air reservoir at 450psi
1837 German-born investor Augustus Siebe innovated a closed diving suit to complete the
diving helmet of Deane. The suit was connected to an air pump on the surface and
became the first standard diving dress
1843 The first diving school was established by the Royal Navy.
1866 Frenchman Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze patented the “Aerophore”,
where the diver carries a steel tank of compressed air and is connected through a valve
which goes to the mouthpiece. The tank also has a hose where fresh air is pumped from
the surface. This became the forerunner of the modern-day scuba gadget
1876 Henry A. Fleuss, an English merchant seaman, developed the first self- contained diving
gear that used compressed oxygen and not compressed air. In his prototype of closed
circuit scuba, carbon dioxide was absorbed by a rope soaked in sodium hydroxide so
that exhaled air can be recycled or re-breathed.
1943 Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan redesigned a car regulator which provided
compressed air to divers in the slightest breath and later on called as the aqualung. This
design has changed the landscape of diving and remains to be what we know as the
SCUBA of modern day.
 RESEARCHER’S BIODATA

Personal Background
Name:Bliss Acera Simbajon
Address: Cebtro 2 Damps District, Tagbilaran City
Birthdate:July 10, 2001
Parents: BerchmanSimbajon
Beatriz Simbajon

Educational Background
Elementary: Dampas Elementary School S.Y. 2013-2014
Junior H.S.:Tagbilaran City Science Highschool S.Y 2017-2018
Senior H.S.: Dr. CecilioPutong National Highschool 2019-2020

Personal Background
Name: Gary Migrino
Address:VPInting Avenue Tagbilaran City
Birthdate:December 19, 2001
Parents:HermesMigrino
Rosario Migrino

Educational Background:
Elementary: City East Elementary School S.Y. 2013-2014
Junior H.S.:Mansasa National Highschool S.Y. 2017-2018
Senior H.S.: Dr. CecilioPutong National Highschool 2019-2020
Personal Background
Name: Ivy Maris M. Castano
Address: Habitat Village Bool District Tagbilaran City
Birthdate: May 11, 2002
Parents:Pedrita M. Castano
Avito S. Castano

Educational Background
Elementary: Cogon Elementary School S.Y. 2013-2014
Junior H.S.: Dr. CecilioPutong National Highschool 2017-2018
Senior H.S.:Dr. CecilioPutong National Highschool 2019-2020

Personal Background
Name: Mia Ritcheh C. Horcerada
Address: 113-c Mahogany Street Mansasa District Tagbilaran City
Birthdate: August 26, 2002
Parents: Richard Horcerada
Marilou C. Horcerada

Educational Background:
Elementary:Mansasa National Highschool S.Y. 2013-2014
Junior H.S.:Mansasa National Highschool S.Y. 2017-2018
Senior H.S.:Dr. CecilioPutong National Highschool 2019-2020