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cccccccccccccccccccccccccACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The most precious moments are those when we get an opportunity to

remember and thank everyone who has in some way or the other
motivated and facilitated us to achieve our goals.c

First of all We thank to GOD ALMIGHTY ALLAH for giving us power

to pen down the term paper in its present shape. we thank the entire
teaching staff especially MS. SHAINA for sharing her valuable
knowledge with us & for providing her able guidance and support. we
also thank to our classmate who every time helped us out and
encouraged us for carrying out the task.c

I fall short of words to thank my family, who stood beside me while

completion of my task.c

SHUJA QAMMER SHAH

MANISH THAND
c


c 
  ÷!"#$ ""% &'( (÷) is a set of communications standards for
simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the
traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in
the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the phone system was viewed as a way to transport voice,
with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech
and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone
system. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate
Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).

ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet
switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary
telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can
provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched
connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market application for ISDN in
some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in
both upstream and downstream directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate;
typically the ISDN B-channels of 3 or 4 BRIs (6 to 8 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.

ISDN should not be mistaken for its use with a specific protocol, such as Q.931 whereby ISDN
is employed as the network, data-link and physical layers in the context of the OSI model. In a
broad sense ISDN can be considered a suite of digital services existing on layers 1, 2, and 3 of
the OSI model. ISDN is designed to provide access to voice and data services simultaneously.

However, common use has reduced ISDN to be limited to Q.931 and related protocols, which are
a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit switched connections, and for advanced
call features for the user. They were introduced in 1986.

In a videoconference, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between
individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.




÷÷
Integrated services refers to ISDN's ability to deliver at minimum two simultaneous connections,
in any combination of data, voice, video, and fax, over a single line. Multiple devices can be
attached to the line, and used as needed. That means an ISDN line can take care of most people's
complete communications needs at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing the
purchase of multiple analog phone lines. It also refers to Integrated Switching and
Transmission [3] in that telephone switching and carrier wave transmission are integrated rather
than separate as in earlier technology.

÷)*÷÷*
*  
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is an all digital communications line that allows for
the transmission of voice, data, video and graphics, at very high speeds, over standard
communication lines. ISDN provides a single, common interface with which to access digital
communications services that are required by varying devices, while remaining transparent to the
user. Due to the large amounts of information that ISDN lines can carry, ISDN applications are
revolutionizing the way businesses communicate.ISDN is not restricted to public telephone
networks alone; it may be transmitted via packet switched networks, telex, CATV networks, etc.

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The LAPD (Link Access Protocol - Channel D) is a layer 2 protocol which is defined in CCITT
Q.920/921. LAPD works in the Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). This mode is totally
balanced (i.e., no master/slave relationship). Each station may initialize, supervise, recover from
errors, and send frames at any time. The protocol treats the DTE and DCE as equals.


"'%."$'/÷

The organization primarily responsible for producing the ISDN standards is the CCITT. The
CCITT study group responsible for ISDN first published a set of ISDN recommendations in
1984 (Red Books). Prior to this publication, various geographical areas had developed different
versions of ISDN. This resulted in the CCITT recommendation of a common ISDN standard for
all countries, in addition to allocated variants definable for each country.

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Shown below is the general structure of the ISDN frame.

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+'/#%%/#!%,: Defines the length of the next field. The Call reference may be
one or two octets long depending on the size of the value being encoded.

0%: Set to zero for messages sent by the party that allocated the call reference value; otherwise
set to one.

*%%/#!%,: An arbitrary value that is allocated for the duration of the specific session,
which identifies the call between the device maintaining the call and the ISDN switch.

$$12: Defines the primary purpose of the frame. The message type may be one octet or
two octets (for network specific messages). When there is more than one octet, the first octet is
coded as eight zeros.


÷-"'%'1

 The Basic Rate Interface is one of the two services provided by ISDN. BRI is comprised
of two B-channels and one D-channel (2B+D). The B-channels each operate at 64 Kbps and the
D-channel operates at 16 Kbps. It is used by single line business customers for typical desk-top
type applications.

*3 C/R refers to Command or Response. The C/R bit in the address field defines the frame as
either a command frame or a response frame to the previous command.

*' $ Three main Codesets are defined. In each Codeset, a section of the information
elements are defined by the associated variant of the protocol:

Codeset 0 The default code, referring to the CCITT set of information

elements.
Codeset 5 The national specific Codeset.
Codeset 6 The network specific Codeset.
ISDN ² the Integrated Services Digital Network ² evolves from the all-digital Telephone
Network. Its advantages are the integration of voice, text, facsimile and data services within one
network, the so-called narrow-band ISDN based on 64 kbps circuit switched channels. The usage
of the existing subscriber lines which will be operated at 192 kbps, allows for 2 B (64 kbps) and
1 D (16 kbps) channels for each subscriber (Basic access). The B-channels can be used for any
voice, data, text or facsimile connections simultaneously, whereas the D-channel allows for
signalling at any time. Within the ISDN, interoffice signalling is also separated from the user
information paths; thus, an end-to-end packet switched signalling network controls all
connection management. Therefore, the narrow-band ISDN can easily be extended to a broad-
band ISDN by extending the switched network by broadband switching and transmission
facilities.
Most countries start their ISDN pilot and regular services during the next years. It is anticipated
that ISDN will quickly grow and take over a number of non-voice services which are today
operated on different networks. Particularly, it will be of highest interest, how packet switched
services can be integrated into the ISDN. There are several options in the subscriber access area
(D-channel, B-channels) and within the network itself (packet switched subnetwork, signalling
network or switched B-channels).
Six cost-effective and productivity-enhancing ISDN applications for use in office environments
are presented. The applications include ISDN multipoint, ISDN host interface for terminal
sessions, ISDN telephone call control via data terminal, video conferencing, and ISDN service
direct to employees' homes. It is shown that ISDN provides foundations for the applications
described. Several applications use off-the-shelf customer premises equipment; others use
prototype equipment. Each application addresses a specific communications need.

This section describes the modules that form the ISDN PRI software architecture. These modules
are:

‡ Layer 3 Plus
 ‡ Layer 3

‡ Layer 2

‡ Configuration

‡ Management

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ISDN PRI Software Architecture illustrates the functional modules involved in the PRI
implementation on an ISDN card.

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The Layer 3 Plus (L3P) module is an interface between Layer 3 and Layer 4 Central Call
Processing (CCP) on the Matrix Controller, and Layer 5 (host). L3P formats information from
Layer 3 into the programmed format for the host. It also manages application specific variants
for call control. It is made up of the following PPL components:

L3P Call Control [Component (0x05), per D channel]

‡ This component is the interface between Layer 3 and Layer 4 central call processing, which
resides on the Matrix Controller. This component manages which messages to send internally for
call processing as well as notifying the host of various events related to the protocol.

L3P D Channel Control [Component (0x06), per D channel]

‡ This component manages the enabling/disabling of the D channel per terminal (for PRI ISDN
there is only one terminal). It manages the sending of the Alarm message when the D channel is
establishing a connection, and informs the L3P B channel control component of the availability
of D channel.

L3P B Channel Control [Component (0x07), per B channel)

‡ This component manages the service state of the channel based upon the following:

‡ Host service states

‡ Layer 1 states (span framed or not)

‡ D channel availability

‡ B channel availability from the network

1

The Layer 3 (L3) module provides ITU-T Q.931 implementation. The L3 state diagrams mirror
the SDL diagrams of the interface specifications. It consists of the following PPL components:

L3 Call Control [Component (0x08) per D channel]

‡ This component implements Q.931 variants, which has state tables that are SDL equivalents
with some validation logic embedded. This component is managed per call reference, and
manages B channel bearer capability as well as B channel allocations.

L3 Global Call Control [Component (0x09) per D channel]

‡ This component manages the protocol for the restarting logic. It implicates active calls per a
channel RESTART message, ACKs them, and then arbitrates sequencing with the B channel
control components.

L3 D Channel Control [Component (0x0A) per D channel]

‡ This component manges the D channel availability as defined by the Data Link Connection
state diagram in ITU-T Q.931. It communicates with the L3P DSM upon D channel failure.

L3 B Channel Control [Component (0x0B) per B channel]

‡ There is one state machine per B channel to manage the SERVICE messages for the protocol
using the protocol discriminator (0x03). This state machine manages availability for the B
channels as well as in-use status.

1

The Layer 2 (L2) module is the ITU-T Q.921 (LAPD) implementation. It performs flow control,
sequence numbering (module 128), retry logic, and it also guarantees message delivery.

*'/","'

The Configuration (CFG) module manages all configuration of parameters and options for the
ISDN protocol. This task communicates with the Matrix Controller during configuration. It also
verifies battery backed data and card level configuration.

-

The Management (MGMT) module performs terminal endpoint identifier (TEI) management
logic for Basic Rate Interface (BRI) access and it synchronizes Layers 2 and 3 correctly. It also
acts as an alarm manager for the L2 protocol
 .  ÷0÷
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The modem was a big breakthrough in computer communications. It allowed computers to
communicate by converting their digital information into an analog signal to travel through the
public phone network. There is an upper limit to the amount of information that an analog
telephone line can hold. Currently, it is about 56 kb/s bi-directionally. Commonly available
modems have a maximum speed of 56 kb/s, but are limited by the quality of the analog
connection and routinely go about 45-50 kb/s.
ISDN allows multiple digital channels to be operated simultaneously through the same regular
phone wiring used for analog lines. The change comes about when the telephone company's
switches can support digital connections. Therefore, the same physical wiring can be used, but a
digital signal, instead of an analog signal, is transmitted across the line. This scheme permits a
much higher data transfer rate than analog lines. BRI ISDN, using a channel aggregation
protocol such as BONDING or Multilink-PPP, supports an uncompressed data transfer speed of
128 kb/s, plus bandwidth for overhead and signaling. In addition, the latency, or the amount of
time it takes for a communication to begin, on an ISDN line is typically about half that of an
analog line. This improves response for interactive applications, such as games.

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Previously, it was necessary to have a separate phone line for each device you wished to use
simultaneously. For example, one line each was required for a telephone, fax, computer,
bridge/router, and live video conference system. Transferring a file to someone while talking on
the phone or seeing their live picture on a video screen would require several potentially
expensive phone lines.
ISDN allows multiple devices to share a single line. It is possible to combine many different
digital data sources and have the information routed to the proper destination. Since the line is
digital, it is easier to keep the noise and interference out while combining these signals. ISDN
technically refers to a specific set of digital services provided through a single, standard
interface. Without ISDN, distinct interfaces, are required instead.


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Instead of the phone company sending a ring voltage signal to ring the bell in your phone ("In-
Band signal"), it sends a digital packet on a separate channel ("Out-of-Band signal"). The Out-of-
Band signal does not disturb established connections, no bandwidth is taken from the data
channels, and call setup time is very fast. For example, a V.90 or V.92 modem typically takes
30-60 seconds to establish a connection; an ISDN call setup usually takes less than 2 seconds.
The signaling also indicates who is calling, what type of call it is (data/voice), and what number
was dialed. Available ISDN phone equipment is then capable of making intelligent decisions on
how to direct the call.

÷ .  ÷0÷
Ñc With extensive use, ISDN can be more expensive than Diginet.
Ñc As your site only has dial-up connectivity, you cannot make resources on your network
permanently available to other Internet users; for example you would not be able to run
your own WWW server for outside users to access.
Ñc Email delivery would be slightly more irregular than a permanent Diginet connection (eg.
every 15 minutes outside the times when the link is up for other reasons, as opposed to
immediate delivery with a Diginet line).

W+ '$÷#'$5
Here is a typical cost model for a school using ISDN for fast Internet access instead of a Diginet
data line:

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ISDN is thus cheaper than Diginet where online time is less than 4.5 to 5 hours a day (averaged
over a school year), with a maximum saving (with very low use) of R2000-R3000. ISDN is more
expensive when usage time exceeds this, or when è
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 are used for 128kbps
throughput (call rates are doubled).

One of the cost components of Diginet lines is the 

c
ccharged on distance between the
two exchanges in km. For sites further away from the Internet hub site but still within local call
distances (up to 50km), the usage factors above change slightly in ISDN's favour.

These cost models exclude installation and hardware costs which are comparable. Diginet
requires synchronous serial TCP/IP routers on both sides (eg. a Cisco 1005). ISDN requires
ISDN TCP/IP routers (eg. a Cisco 1003).
÷) *÷ ÷0 *

ISDN on the SPARCstation system is available either as a standard feature on the system main
logic board or as an optional SBus board. In both cases, the Sun SPARCstation ISDN interface
uses a custom chip known as the Dual Basic Rate Interface (DBRI) chip, which provides support
for TE and NT connections.
This chip provides an optimized, low-cost ISDN interface that can be used on future SPARCÒ-
based systems. SPARCstation systems can support multiple ISDN interface boards via the SBus.
A dual interface enables the chip to support additional ISDN devices connected to the NT port,
such as an ISDN telephone or terminal. Sun ISDN implementation supports CCITT I.430,
ETS30-012, CTS2, JATE specifications and ANSI T1.605 standards for four-wire 2B+D ISDN
Basic Access.

3÷ 

The Speaker Box interface (SBI) integrates audio capability on the Sun SPARCstation system
with ISDN using the multimedia (MM Codec) chip. This is an audio coder-decoder that handles
the digital-to-analog and analog-to digital conversions. Although audio can be routed through the
ISDN interface, it requires no CPU cycles for audio processing. Therefore, conferencing
applications can take advantage of the MM Codec real-time processing of audio data.
The Sun audio interface in the SPARCstation 10 and SPARCstation LX provides output to an
attached Sun Speaker Box device. This audio MM Codec architecture provides support on the
SPARCstation system by permitting a microphone and Speaker Box device to be used as a
substitute for a telephone in some countries. This approach depends on local regulations
regarding telephone equipment, so the additional use of headphones attached to the Speaker Box
is advised.
Integration with ISDN through the telephony application programming interface (API) enables
the application to take full advantage of the environment, including call control and handling,
interaction with other audio and multimedia applications, and networking.

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The SPARCstation system supports the Basic Rate Interface (BRI) through a pair of ISDN RJ-45
ports on the back of each system. These ports are labeled NT and TE. Initial software support for
ISDN on SPARC systems addresses the TE interface only.c

Sun ISDN SBus Board Back Panel

 SPARCstation LX ISDN Back Panel

Each port has a preinstalled plug to prevent unauthorized ISDN usage.

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The following procedure shows how to remove the protection plug from a SPARCstation 10.
This procedure also applies to the Sun ISDN S Bus board, the SPARCstation LX system, and the
SPARCstation Voyager.
To remove the protection plug from the port
1. Use a Phillips head screwdriver to rotate the TE plug counterclockwise until it releases.
The protection plug should spring outward.
2. With your fingers, remove the plug from the port.


0*÷ 

www. Google.com

www.wikipedia.com

http://sunsolve.sun.com/data/800/800-6863/pdf/08.Chp2new.pdf

http://www.wcape.school.za/handbook/isdn.htm

http://www.networktutorials.info/isdn_lines.html

http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/d/i/s/disadvantages_of_isdn/_t/online/

http://www.state.net/dsl/DSLadvantages.html

http://www.ask.com/questions-about/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-ISDN

http://fpen.org/aafp/connect.html

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis777-98/ftp/g_8isdn/sld006.htm

http://www.techfest.com/networking/wan/isdn.htm

http://www.dialogic.com/webhelp/CSP/8.4.1/WebHelp/ccs_isdn_chap_-_isdn_architecture.htm

http://www.theitstuff.co.cc/isdn-architecture/

http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=319056.319054

http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800384350_1800006_AN_7eef06fd.HTM