9-14 Industrial Ventilation F 2m 69 7 ' oe | eres mo sal | i ' : = SEILER Sn | 9 i = Son ' | } RQ WY ' | 8 2 MOLES = 0.08 W. ole EQUALLY Spaced FREE FROM BURRS NOSE SHALL BE FREE ot a secnow Acs j Suten Wwe Simin snot Wot Sew pauere® pesenees Baz IN e.0. x 21 BRS GUAGE O12 m OD. x APPROX. 12 GAS GUAGE TOTAL PRESSURE FIGURE 6-9, Standard Pot tubes ddue to insufficient conveying velocities, condensation of oil or water vapors on duet walls, adhesive charac- teristics of material exhausted, or leakage losses caused by loose clean-out doors, broken joints, holes wom in duct (most frequently in elbows), poor eon- nection to exhauster inlet, accumulations in ducts or con fan blades. 3. Reduced air low rate also can be charged t additional exhaust duct openings added the system (sometimes systems are designed for future connections and more air than required is handled by present branches until future connections are made) or change of setting of blast gates in branch lines. Blast gates adjust the air distribution beoween the various branches. Tampering with the blast gates can seriously affect such distribu- tion and therefore they should be locked in place immediately ater the system has been installed and its effectiveness verified. Fan volume control dampers also should be checked, 4. Reduced volumetric flow may be caused by increased pressure loss through the dust collector due to lack of maintenance, improper operation, wear, ete. These effects will vary with the collector design. Refer to ‘operation and maintenance instructions furnished with the collector or consult the equipment manufacturer 9.44 Velocity Pressure: For measuring velocity pressure to determine air velocity, a standard Pitot tube may be used, A large volume of research and many applications have been devoted to the subject of flow measurements by this instru iment, which was developed by Henry Pitot in 1734 while a student in Paris, France. A standard Pitot tube (see Figure 9-9) needs no calibration if carefully made and the accuracy of velocity pressure readings obtained are considered to be ac~ crate at velocities above 600 fpm (see Table 9-1). For more details concerning specifications and application of the Pitot tube, see the "Standard Test Code" published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engi neers and the Air Moving and Conditioning Association.° © ‘The device consists of two concentric tubes — one meas- tures the otal or impact pressure existing in the airstream; the other measures the static pressure only. When the annular space and the center tube are connected across a manometer, the difference between the total pressure and the static pres- sure is indicated on the manometer. This difference is the\ : J i 10 POINT PITOT TRAVERSE IN A CIRCULAR DUCT. (GREATER THAN 6" DIAM.) 10 OR 20 LOCATIONS IN’ CENTERS OF EQUAL ANGULAR AREA, FIGURE 9-108, 10point Pitot traverse na cular dct velocity pressure. ‘The velocity pressure can be used to compute the velocity of the air stream if the density of the air is known, The following equation can be used v=1o96 |<. ps > where: VP = velocity pressure, "we p= actual gas density, Ib/mift Where air is at standard conditions (p = 0.075 Ibim/f?), Equation 9.9 becomes: v= 4005 /VP pag) For example, ifthe temperature of the air stream varies more than 30 from standard air (70 F and 29.92 "He)orthealtitude ‘of the site is more than 1,000 feet above or below sea level or the moisture content ofthe a is 0.02 Ib/b of dry airor greater, the actual gas density (p) must be used. ‘Velocity pressure versus velocity tables for standard air can be found in Chapter 5 (Tables 5-7A and 5-7B). These tables ‘can be used for air at densities other than standard conditions by determining an equivalent velocity pressure. ne Ne vn a1 "== peat) 6 POINT PITOT TRAVERSE INA CIRCULAR DUCT. (DIM. 98 LESS) | OR 12 LOCATIONS IN | ore NTERS UAL ANGULAR’ ARE) FIGURE 9-108, 6 point Pol ravorsein a irula dct where: VP, = equivalent velocity pressure, VP, = measured velocity pressure, "wu d ‘The equivalent VP then can be used in the velocity pressure versus velocity table selected to give the actual velocity at duct conditions. density factor coefficient ‘A number of techniques can be used to determine the volumetric flow rate at hood openings and at other points in an exhaust system using the uid flow principles previously described. The method selected will depend on the degree of accuracy required, time available for testing, and the type of test data required. tis extremely important that measurements taken atthe time of the tests include all necessary information to determine the gas density to permit the calculation of the actual velocity and volumetric flow rate. 9.5 PITOT TRAVERSE METHOD Because the air low in the cross-section of a duct is not uniform, it isnecessary to obtain an average by measuring VP. at points in a number of equal arcas in the cross-section. The usual method is to make two traverses across the diameter of| the duct at right angles to each other. Readings are taken at the center of annular rings of equal area (see Figures 9-104 and 9-10B), Whenever possible, the traverse should be made 7 ¥6 duet diameters or more downstream from any major air9-16 Industrial Ventilation 3 ‘A: FULLY DEVELOPED VP DISTRIBUTION B: GOOD VP DISTRIBUTION. (ALSO SATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS, BUT MAY BE UNSATIS~ FACTORY FOR FLOW INTO INLET BOXES ~ MAY PRODUCE SWIRL IN BOXES.) VP Max. tt wry 4 ( i: { 1 : SATISFACTORY VP DISTRIBUTION MORE THAN 75% OF VP READINGS. Gf EATER THAN YP_UAK 1D: D0_NOT USE!_UNSATISFACTORY YP DISTRIBUTION ~ LESS THAN 75% OF VP READINGS GREATER THAN E: DO NOT USE! UNSATISFACTORY VP DISTRIBUTION ~ LESS THAN’ 75% OF VP REAGINGS GREATER THAN we MAX. 70 AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS F: DO NOT USE! UNSATISFACTORY VP O'STRIBUTION — LESS THAN 75% OF VP READINGS GREATER THAN Ve _MAX. 70 VELOCITY PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS ETOPITOT TRAVERSE POINTS INA RECTANGULAR DUCT. CENTERS OF 16 TO 64 EQUAL AREAS. LOCATIONS NOT MORE THAN 6" APART } FIGURE $12, Pitt ravers paints ina rectanguar duct disturbance such as an elbow, hood, branch entry, ete. Where ‘measurements ate made closer to disturbances, the results _must be considered subject to some doubt and checked against a second location. If agreement within 10% of the two tr verses is obtained, reasonable accuracy can be assumed and the average of the two readings used. Where the variation exceeds 10%, a third location should be selected and two air flows in the best agreement averaged and used. The use of a single centerline reading for obtaining average velocity is a very coarse approximation and is NOT recommended. ‘The reason for the uncertainty and vatiation in measure- ‘ments is the non-uniformity of air flow after a disturbance. Figure 9-11 shows some airflow patterns that could develop after a disturbance and the resulting difficulties in obtaining good reliable measures are evident. For round ducts 6” and smaller, at least 6 traverse points should be used, For round ducts larger than 6" diameter, at least 10 traverse points should be employed, The number of traverse locations on each diameter and the number of tra- TABLE 8-5, Distance from Wal of Round Pipe to Pont Reading (nearest 18 inch) for €-Point Traverse Duct | oR | oR | | OR | Re | OR ia_{.043 1A) 146 D1A| 296 Dia | 704 DIA| 84 DIA 957 IA 3 | | 1 | te | ew | ore | one we ff [em] 3 | as6 «fe [se [ane [278 | sxe | 37m wz | iw | se | 198 | ate | ame [ai Fa sia [tm [au | tee | orm | ase | om 1m [a | sie [sae verse diameters required are determined by the need for accuracy and the symmetry of the measured values. Where uniform velocity pressure profiles exist, a single traverse along one diameter may be adequate. Where the values are moderately skewed, the use of two diameters is recom- mended. For greater accuracy, a third diameter should be used. Six, ten, and twenty point traverse points for various duct diameters are given in Tables 9-5, 9-6, and 9-7. To ‘minimize errors, a Pitot tube smaller than the standard 5/16" ©.D. should be used in ducts less than 12" in diameter. For square or rectangular ducts, the procedure isto divide the cross-section intoa number ofequal rectangular areas and measure the velocity pressure at the center of each. The number of readings should not be less than 16. However, enough readings should be made so the greatest distance between centers is approximately 6" (see Figure 9-12). ‘The following data are essential and more detailed data may be taken if desired: + Thearea of the duct atthe traverse location, ‘+ Velocity pressure at each point in the traverse. + Temperature of the air stream at the time and location of the traverse, ‘The velocity pressure readings obtained are converted to velocities and the velocities, not the velocity pressures, are averaged. Where mote convenient, the square root ofeach of the velocity pressures may be averaged and this value then converted to velocity (average). The measured ar flow is then the average velocity multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the duct (Q = VA), Where conditions are not standard, see "Corrections for Non-Standard Conditions.” The Pitot tube cannot be used for measuring velocities less ‘than 600 fpm inthe field, It is susceptible to plugging in air streams with heavy dust and/or moisture loadings. A vibration free mounting is necessary if using a liquid manometer. See Reference 9.10 for special instrumentation which can be used to measure low velocities Modified Pitot Tubes: Modified Pitot tubes have been ‘made in an effort to reduce plugging dificultes encountered in heavy dust streams orto increase manometer differentials enabling the measurement of lower velocities in the field “These are refered to as "S-type (Staubscheide) tubes. They usually take the form of two relatively large impact openings, ‘one facing upstream and the otier facing downstream. Such tubes are useful when thick-walled ducts, such as boiler stacks, make it dificult or impossible to insert a conventional Pitot tube through any reasonably’ sized port opening. They require only inital calibration forall conditions Measurements made with an "S"- type Pitot tube cannot be used directly. The tube first must be calibrated against a standard Pitot tube and the velocity pressure measured cor- rected to the actual velocity pressure.9-18 Industrial Ventilation TABLE 9-6. Distance from Wall of Round Pipe to Point of Reaing (nearest 118i R R Ry Ry Ry R R Ry ip oucToia | oo2soa | oos2nia | ov4sow | azo | 03201 | ossebia | a7 | ossioa | osreb | osrbA 4 1% 8 oe | 7e | ix | 258 | a18 | sae | 358 | 376 wa | 3 | se 4 am _| 2 | 3 | 370 | sw | ae 5 8 8 wa | 1 | isa | 3m | a7e | am | 458 | are sia | wa | me | 1m | ime | 300 | am | 4m 5 538 é ie | 7 | 138 2 4 asa | sie | 512 | one 7 18 38 +_[ 158 [7238 [ase [san |e sae | 678 a a se | te | 1x4 | 2a4 | saa | ou | ore | rae | 74 Q ‘a | 2 aie | sme | 7 | 7m | am | om 0 im me | tie | 2 | 308 | 698 | rae | 12 | ow | om 4 ‘a 7m | 198 | 2m | saa | 7m | om | 930 | 101 | 10m 2 28 1 tm [2m | sve | 770 | om | ow | 1 | 156 ee at |e im ene |e ie omer eon ee “ ae | 116 2 ave | eu | 9m | wre | 2 | wre | 1350 a ae | tm | 2m | sae | swe | ove | nse | ize | i994 | use 6 ae | 14 | 228 | ase | sia | wom | ae | ee | uaa | 1558 v va_|_13e | 2m [ ze | a4 | nm | 1308 | tae | rose | weir | 8 va _| 11 | 258 | 4 | ove | nze | 7 | tae | wie | iin @ ve | ie | 2a4 | 4m | 6 | rm | wae | som | rie | wie 2 ve | 198 | 276 | «im | o7e | pe | tm | vie | wae | 1912 2 | tx4 [38 [5 ra_| win | 7 | tae | mom | 2130 a 58 2 sw_| sin | oi | tu | wim | mm | 2 | 238 6 36 | 26 | saa | 576 | o7e | trie | ww | zim | a7 | 2530 28 au | 2m | aw | eae | ose | tox | arse | ave | ose | cm 0 34 | 2 | 30 | 636 | wr | 1934 | zu | ase | aie | ave 2 7e_ | ase | ase | 7m | a a | usa | ase | mse | 3118 a 7 | 24 | 5 7a | nse | zoe | 2m | ao | one | a0 % 1 3 si | eve | wae | ose | ae | wom | x S 8 1 sve [ sa | ose | 13 3 | ox | 2m | are | x 4 4 sie | 578 9 | se [a8 | 1 | owe | oe | 2 | 1 | 28 | ow | 91 | wae | zoe | sew | wre | we | 70 4 | 1 | 368 | 638 | 10 5 2 u | ase | wae | 278 «| 1m | sae | xe | wae | woe | som | ose | som | aie | ae 8 11 4 7 so7e_[ 1636 [ aise | ave | a | a3‘Testing of Ventilation Systems 9-19 ‘TABLE 9-7. Distance from Wall of Round Pipe fo Point of Reading (nearest 18 inch for 20 Point Traverse De Ro | fe | | Ry | | Re | | | he 1| 0080 | 0.0390 | a06ro | aosro | 0.1290 | 01650 | a2040| a2500 | 0.3060 jaa | Fy Re Rs Rs Rs fs fy Ra Ry esizo_| a6s¢0 | a7500 | a7960 | 28350 | aa7i0 | 9030 | 09330 | ase wo] we] rae] ase] smal sae] 6 af eae [ao ws ee ara | a7 srk | 50 si iva | 33 sre | su ave | 35 ave | 37 aye | 3a 172 wa] we] vere] ame | wael ss sre [© ve |e sye [a0 a2 | a2 78 as 3/4 | 29 178 | at 72 | 3 v0 | 35 ave | 36 Sra | 37 ava | 33 ave | eo S70 wl u2{ ase s wus] sss | ran] o nn 33172 a6 78 | 30472 | 33 38 sé 574 | 36 37a | 38 au | ar Bin wl sel 1am] suel vals se] sae fara favs [ar ve ae iva | st ava | se 172 | 56576 | 5a sve | 00 abaya fanaa | meta | AS 57e wel sve] ama] san] «sel care | ave] sare fae ae sve [ae se zo 57a | 3370 | 6 sae | ub 76 | ot svt | us ave | ak ave | Ae ava | 07 378 sul sve| 2 sel ars] saz | vars [rose [az azz [as sve | as 378 go 57a | sk sea | si iva | sa Sy | at 3a | ud a2 | as ave | ae 57a | oo ao 578 sz] srl 2 sats eosre | 8 ay2 | a0 sve | as 15 7/8 | 20 178 si 7/8 | sb ave | 38 siosva [8072 | asad | ata | 50 St Sa se [ sva[ zaye] 3 sea | sam] 7 puefa 13.172 | a6 72 | 21 3 sha | ua iva | a3 aS ass | ur ae ssa | 50 578 | 31 aa | 53 ave sel ae] zare] 330] 5578] 2 uy noe | be aye [ar sie su the | 38778 | a2 ab 308 | a8 5M BO B/E | SE ar | 55 aha | 35 ae se] ae | zare| sre] ssa] 7 are avs [aware [ar aye [a2 aye g5172 | wo ie | a5 172 | 06 Ie | ab 272 | 50472 | $2 570 | su avd | 55 yu | 57 178 col av sue{ 7s | ova | 12 aye | 25 ve 578 | 25478 36578 vi 5 | so tra | sz ae | 5u ave | 56 5) 574 | $8 174 oz] 3m{ 23| sal 6 + ao ave | a2 578 | 15 472 | 29 2 1/8 37478 | as ue 172 | 08 50 | st sve | 5h 5B Sr 1/8 | 39 sya | 51a” eo { am | zaz| sam | oa] eave [aoe | sare | as aa s/e | 20 77/8 soya | ak 378 | at sora | 55172 | 55 374 | 37 37u | $3 aya | ot av? | 63 7 eel val 2 sre] ssa | 6 sre] ease [a0 ve | as ave | as ave | 20 ae | 2s sre so 37a | 45 370 | uo iva | 52 ive | 55 ave | 57 are | 50 578 | or 578 | 63 ava | 65 17a eel wal zsre| wae] 6 sre] sae [ans [as re [ar 20 7/8 | 26 3/8 aise | arava | sit st iva | se su | 53 ire | 61 578 | 83 ase | 65 Sve | €) ive wl vel zany | sae] eae [3 aa ava [aware [ay aya | 22 aye | 27 78 az 178 | a8 372 | 52472 | $5 370 | sae | 6h es aye | a5 ae | 67 ak | 83 ve nl wel 2s sae] 7 are [ar qa | au sve [ae 22 a “ 5b st stam | oo tes | Oz 38 | 65 Bo aye | 65 aye | hve ml vl eve | os pays | ov uz [az va | sare | ae ave | 22 aye | ae ary as ine | st 37a | 55 asa | 98 78 | ot 178 | ot 172 | 66 778 | 8 Han | ie wt 3 sel rove] ome [az ue | is az | a9 ain faa e612 | 52 370 | 57 60 172 | 3 1/2 | 66 ive | 68 57a | 20 va | 33 5 mi] a 3 sare] or arz | ao are [az ays | as re | a9 a2 | 25 278 | 30 are ab syu | st ase | 58472 | 02 176 | 6S a78 | bo 78 | ro a2 | 72 ark | 95 2 wo] a sass] sae] 7 sya | 10 se [1s va | ae sve | 20 ze aye | 3 a 55172 | 60 63 376 | os ru | os 378 | re are | M4 seu | 70 78 | 89.20 Industrial Ventilation 6 5 5 4 4 a 3 2 < oe ‘ vil 2" 0 o yt 1 2 3 4 5 2-072" 1/22" FIGURE 9-13, Utube manometer Other modified forms of the Pitot tube are the air foil pitometer, the Pitot venturi and the air speed nozzle, toname afew.079 Pressure Sensors: Pressure sensorscan be usedinconjune- with the pitot tube to measure pressures existing within ‘entiation systems. These devices are described below. U-Tube Manometer: The vertical U-tube (see Figure 9-13) is the simplest type of pressure gauge. Usually calibrated in inches water gauge, itis used with various fluid media such asalcohol, mercury,cil, water, kerosene and special manome- {er fluids, The Utube may be used for either portable or stationary applications. Available commercial units offer a ‘ide latitude in range, number of columns, and styles. Tubes are usually of all-plastic construction to minimize breakage. One leg may be replaced by a reservoir or well (well-type ‘manometer) with the advantage of easier manometer reading. Well FIGURE 9-14, nctined manometer 10 9 8 7 Fas} Cer a 5 || 2" eey ay—t 3 2 1 0 6-4=2" Inclined Manometer (Figure 9-14) Increased sensitivity ‘and scale magnification is realized by tilting one leg of the U-tube to form an inclined manometer or draft gauge. The inclined manometer gives increased accuracy and permits lower readings. In commercial versions, only one tube of the small bore is used and the other leg is replaced by a reservoir, ‘The accuracy of the gauge is dependent on the slope of the tubes. Consequently, the base of the gauge must be leveled carefully and the mounting must be firm enough to permit accurate leveling. The better draft gauges are equipped with built-in level, leveling adjustment and, in addition, a means ‘of adjusting the scale to zero. Some models include over-pres- sure safety trapsto prevent oss of fluid in the event of pressure surges beyond the manometer range. ‘A modification of the inclined manometer is the inclined vertical gauge in which the indicator leg is bent or shaped to give both a vertical and inclined portion — the advantage is