FACADE TREATMENTS

A DISSERTATION REPORT

Submitted by

A.P.VIJAY RAAHUL

Under the guidance of

AR.VIJAY

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B.ARCH

CRESCENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

B S ABDUR RAHMAN CRESCENT INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI- 600048

NOVEMBER 2019
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation report CARGOTECTURE is the bonafide

work of A.P.VIJAY RAAHUL (RRN:150101601079) who carried out the

dissertation work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my

knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis report

or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an

earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

AR. VIJAY PROF. G.JAYALAKSHMI

SUPERVISOR DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT

Associate Professor Professor & Dean

Crescent School of Architecture Crescent School of Architecture

B.S. Abdur Rahman University B.S. Abdur Rahman University

Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048 Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048

 ABSTRACT

Cargo container homes have become increasingly popular around the

world in the last 30 years. Because cargo containers are modular in design, they
can be used to create efficient, cheap homes. Repurposing cargo containers
into homes is a sustainable construction practice due to the majority of the
structure coming from recycled materials. Many design parameters of cargo
container homes parallel those of standard home construction methodologies
(cold formed steel framing/light wood framing) and from a structural standpoint,
cargo containers are an effective building material.

This paper aims to discuss the design parameters of cargo container

home construction and an educational application of the concept. Problem-
based learning (PBL) methodology was applied in order to create a discussion
group. Building types were handed-out, scaled model and poster presentation
were prepared by teams according to defined design parameters. Educational
activity is evaluated by survey and critical points are determined to improve

Shipping containers are currently one of the innovative trends of shaping

architectural objects. They are used to build portable and permanently set in the
ground residential and public buildings. Realization with the use of shipping
containers appear all over the world, i.a. single- and multifamily houses
.Particularly, many realization with the use of shipping containers relate to
housing environment due to ease of transport, speed of installation and
assembly, shorten the construction time and pro-environmental potential. In
contrary, conventional housing is responsible for ¼ forest logging area, absorbs
1/6 of fresh water resources and consumes 2/5 of liquid fuels and materials. The
respect for the environment in the aspect of the global direction of shaping
residential and retail buildings is particularly important. This paper focuses on
pro-environmental, usably and economical aspects of architectural objects with
the use of shipping containers on the example of Polish and world-wide
realization.

!
!
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT !

LIST OF FIGURES !!!

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CARGOTECTURE 1

1.1.1 Aim 1

1.1.2 Objectives 1

1.1.3 Scope & Limitation 1

1.1.4 Approach / Methodology 2

1.1.5 Hypothesis 2

1.2 BACKGROUND PRILIMINARY DATA 2

2. DATA COLLECTION

2.1 What is a shipping cargotecture

What is shipping container

Is shipping containers are sustainable

Types of shipping containers and sizes

2.3 Strength and durability 12

2.4 Reason to this topic 15

2.5 Advantages of a shipping container

2.6 Factors to consider when choosing a shipping container

2.7 Treatment of controlling heat in cargotecture

!!
3. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF A SHIPPING CONTAINER

3.1 Foundation and structural system 18

3.2 Container Load bearing capacity 18

3.3 Types of Double Facade 18

!!
3.4 19

3.5 Partitioning 19

3.6 Ventilation 19

3.7 Glazing 20

3.8 Shading 21

3.9 Cavity 21

4 CLIMATE BASED FACADE TECHNIQUES

4.1 Role of daylight in building 21

5 LITERATURE STUDY

5.1 Commerzbank HeadquartersFoster and PartnersFrankfurt 22

5.2 Melvin J. and Claire Levine Hall, University of Pennsylvania 23

5.3 Bund centre 24

5.3.1 Facade 25

5.3.2 Technology 26

5.3.3 Material 26

6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 27

7 CONCLUSION 28

8 REFERENCES 28

!!!
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.2.1 Residential Building 7

Figure 2.2.2 Commercial Building 7

Figure 2.2.3 Religious Building 7

Figure 2.2.4 Heritage Building 8

Figure 2.2.5 Hospital Building 8

Figure 2.2.6 Defence Building 8

Figure 2.2.7 Institutional Building 9

Figure 2.2.8 Agricultural Building 9

Figure 2.2.9 Semi Public Building 9

Figure2.2.10 Public Building 10

Figure 2.2.11 Transport Building 10

Figure 2.2.12 Industrial Building 10

Figure 2.3.1 Individual Villa 11

Figure 2.3.2 Row Housing 11

Figure 2.3.3 Apartment 12

Figure 2.3.4 Bungalow 12

Figure 2.3.5 Chettinad House 12

Figure 2.3.6 Resorts 13

Figure 2.3.7 Cottages 13

Figure 2.3.8 Palace 13

Figure 2.3.9 Vernacular House 14

Figure 2.3.10 Duplex House 14

Figure 2.3.11 Town House 14

Figure 2.4 Bungalow Villa 16

!!!!
Figure 2.5 Resorts 17

Figure 2.6 Vernacular House 17

Figure 3.6 Natural / Cooling 20

Figure 4.1 Daylight 21

Figure 5.1.1 Commerzbank 22

Figure 5.1.2 Plan & Ventilation 22

Figure 5.2.1 Elevation 23

Figure 5.2.2 Fixing 23

Figure 5.2.3 View 23

Figure 5.3.1 Front View 24

Figure 5.3.2 Inspire 24

Figure 5.3.3 Plan 25

Figure 5.3.4 Elevations 25

Figure 5.3.5 Weaving 26

Figure 5.3.6 Evolution 26

Figure 5.3.7 Fixing 26

1
 1.INTRODUCTION

Reusing and recycling of materials is considered as an important value in

sustainable design and architecture that prolonged among many historical ages,
from reuse of stone, wood, marble columns

Shipping container architecture could be defined as that type of architecture that

is generalized by the characterized by the reuse of shipping container

The applicable of cargotecture is greatly expanded in the recent times

They can be affordable and reliably a low cost buildings in which a housing or a
shelter can be done in 2000-3000$.

1.1.1 Aim:

Main reason is to study about this is to know can we make people to

make live in an eco friendly container based buildings
To explore the building experience and to provide cost efficiency to require
building that can be made through these steel containers
And to provide aesthitical buildings to the
environment and also to built a good structural homes to homeless people
In a efficient amount

1.1.2 Objectives:

To provide platform for homeless people and to create inovation design

ideas in the form of containers
To create a architecture of hospitality one that restores safety security and
hospitality
To study the shipping containers as an economical fast and eco friendly and
provide Less maintenence housing material

1.1.3.Scope&Limitation:

Due to their high strength , shipping containers usually last fall in extreme
weather such as tornadoes hurricanes and tsunamis so what are the buildings
that can host in this system

The complexity of transient housing and rehabillation for homeless people and
to safe guard these people

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Making new type of innovative building with low cost and make people to
experience those spaces

Cargotecture building and housing are extremely low cost building that include
material and labour charge They are extremely low cost compared to cement and
concrete buildings

No abstract buildings can be made due to constraints of the specific module

Buildings have height restrictions

This dissertation paper will show the advantages and structural elements in
Cargotecture

1.1.4 Approach/Methodology:
How cargotecture buildings are carried out with cost effective way
Literature study projects are reviewed with respect to their
design,structure and aesthetic purpose.
Comparative study shows the
.Identification of the topic
.Analysis of the topic
.Design solution to the topic
.Structural solution
.Conclusion

1.1.5 Hypothesis:

Cargotecture plays an important role in eco-friendly building

Cargotecture is an efficient and cost effective method of construction.
Cargotecture buildings can withstand anytype of natural disaster better a
concrete structure
cargotecture can be a future toward various design process

Cargotecture changes the perception of building experience

Cargotecture building can be easily transported to any place

Cargotecture can get into any shape by welding or can act as cantilever
by columns

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 by columns

1.2 BACKGROUND PRILIMINARY DATA

‘BRICK FACADE, STONE FACADE , METAL FACADE , TIMBER

FACADE,CEMENT FACADE , GLASS PANEL , PLASTIC PANEL , CERAMIC
FACADE PANEL , POLYCARBONATE’ these are the types of material which
we can use in facades. By these types only we can show the variety of aesthetic
facades.

The ‘FACADE ‘is an essential part of the building, that element which
performs the function of enveloping the inner space. Metaphorically, intelligent
skin, emphasize its similarity with the human epidermis. It is a composition of
construction elements confined to the outer, weather-protecting zone of a
building, which respond predictably to environmental variations, to maintain a
comfortable environment. Energy flows through the building fabric are
automatically controlled for maximum gain, and minimal reliance on imported
energy. The skin forms part of a building system, and is connected to other parts
of building outside of enveloping zone, such as sensors and actuators linked
together by command wires , all controlled by a central building management
system.

2.DATA COLLECTION

2.1 Questioners:

1.Do facade Design need for building? Y=94& N=06

2.Do facade plays important role for building? Y=10 & N=0

4
3.Do facade plays energy efficiency for building? Y=86&N=14

4.Do facade help to identify typology? Y=50 & N=50

5.Do facade changes its style from ancient? Y=10 & N=0

6.Do facade play role for climate adoption? Y=94& N=06

7.Which plays an important role for facade in Building?

a)Material(13) b)design(0) c)color(0) d)a,b,c(69) e)combine(18)

8.Which Style is approachable in future?

a)kinetic(47) b)glass(05) c)heritage(11) d)new material(19)
e)combine(18)

9.Which Material do you prefer in facade?

a)Brick(11) b)Steel(05) c)Glass(13) d)Wood(03) e)Ancient(0)
f) Poly-sheet (08)

5
Inference:
According to questioners Facade designs plays an energy efficiency of
building.
It may help to identify the typology of building due to their designs.
Its style changes from ancient to now.
Due to their idea basis and prefer to choose the material and colour
Some countries prefer Facade Design,Others also prefer but rather
functions is important for them.
Comparatively Facade Design helps for identify country.

2.2 Types of Buildings:

In Facade, According to the building typology the way of treatments
change by choosing materials, installations etc..,

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2.2.1 Residential Building

2.22 Commercial Building

2.2.3 Religious Building

7
2.2.4 Heritage Building

2.2.5 Hospital Building

2.2.6 Defence Building

8
2.2.7 Institutional Building

2.2.8 Agricultural Building

2.2.9 Semi Public Building

9
 2.2.10 Public Building

2.2.11 Transport Building

2.2.12 Industrial Building

From these above typologies, my part of study is about “RESIDENTIAL

FAÇADE TREATEMENTS”. I n residence there are several types are there, for
the façade treatments according to their type each terms may differ eg.,
material, installation methods, cost etc..,

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2.3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

A building should be regarded as residential building when more than

half of the floor area is used for dwelling purposes. Other buildings should be
regarded as non-residential.

2.3.1 INDIVIDUAL VILLA

2.3.2 ROW HOUSING

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2.3.3 APARTEMTNT

2.3.4 BUNGALOW

2.3.5 CHETTINAD HOUSE

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2.3.6 RESORTS

2.3.7 COTTAGES

2.3.8 PALACE

13
 2.3.9 VERNACULAR HOUSE

2.3.10 DUPLEX HOUSE

2.3.10 TOWN HOUSING

From these above types, my part of study is about three type of

residences namely, ‘BUNGALOW ‘RESORT& VERNACULAR.

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2.4 BUNGALOW HOUSE FACADE:

While coming to the material section for facades there are lots of façade
skins available, in that for residences only few are them can able to install.

Those materials are concrete, wood, brick work, stone work, Tiles &
stones veneer panels, mild steel or stainless steel louvers.

Some kind of facades will be like just a projection of slabs and walls &
also they can create extra massing by brick work.

2.4 Bungalow Villa

The material used in this type mostly like brick cladding , stone
cladding , wooden panels , ACP (Aluminum Composite Panels) & veneer
finish panels.

In Residential building, facades are designing as per the client own taste
and also as per their budget only they fixed the material for those façade, in that
case each type of residence carry each façade treatments, that segregation is
not for the aesthetic appealing, which is used to show difference between one
typology to another

2.5 RESORT HOUSE:

The main purpose of a resort is to offer relaxation and recreation in

addition to accommodation , meals and other basic facilities

It is a self contained commercial establishment that tries to provide most

of a vacationer’s wants, such as food,drink,lodging,sports,entertainment and
shopping on the premises.

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 2.5 Resort

The material used in this type mostly like CONCRETE ROOF, BRICK
CLADDING,GLASS AND VENEER FINISHES.

Facade for the Individual villas can be either aesthetic appealing facades
or otherwise it may look like traditional appealing.

Material for facades in this type of residence are chosen depends upon
the surrounding nature & climatic factor

Depends upon those similar changes in scheme, the façade looks

aesthetically good design.

2.6 VERNACULAR HOUSE:

It is characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge,usually

without the supervision of professional architects.

These typically simple and practical,whether residential houses or built for

other purposes.

It encompasses 95% of the worlds built environment vernacular tends to

be overlooked in traditional histories of design.

2.6 Vernacular House

The material used is locally available such as wood and bricks.

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 3 MATERIAL BASED FACADE TECHNIQUES

3.1 Scratching the Surface of Building Skin: Development of the Ventilated

Double Façade

The European Best Façade report claims that the Steiff Factory in Germany, still
in use today, as well as Otto Wagner’s Post Office Savings Bank in Austria, used the
double façade method in 1903. In 1930’s France, Corbusier was designing his “Mur
Neralistant”, where an air cavity was meant to neutralize the external climate.

Research and development in the field of sustainable design has led to advancement
in products and methods used in double glass façades, and holistic analysis of building
physics using computer modeling proves that integrated design can maximize energy
efficiency.

Another factor in the development of the building skin, and thus the double glass wall
façade, is the impact of Biomimicry on the design industry. Biomimetic buildings apply this
innovative design model most successfully to the building skin. Examples can be seen in the
self-cleaning Lotus-Effect paint used in Germany, the transpiring Stomatex cladding, and the
passive thermally-regulated ‘Termite-Mound’ building in Zimbabwe.

3.2 Basic System Components of the Double Façade

Glass, cavity, shading and ventilation – these are the basic components of the double
façade. However, a list of considerations from aesthetics to acoustics will produce a different
combination of these basic elements within a complex, integrated environment.

3.3 Types of Double Façade Systems

Ventilation Types

•Natural

• Mechanical

•Hybrid

Cavity Partition Types

•Ventilated Window

•Ventilated Façade

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 Cavity Ventilation Types

•Outdoor Air Curtain

•Indoor Air Curtain

•Air Supply

•Air Exhaust

•Buffer Zone

3.4 System Type

Natural ventilation relies primarily on stack effect for air movement, but also pressure
differences created by wind. Since no mechanical systems are used to facilitate the air
movement, the level of ventilation is dependant on exterior climate and the temperature of
the air in the cavity.

Mechanical ventilation requires that the building envelope be carefully sealed and
monitored. Being that energy conservation is a major reason for designing double facades, it
seems counter-intuitive to rely solely on mechanical ventilation.

Mixed-mode is most popular among-st the types listed in this report. This type
requires a complex, centralized environmental management system which can switch the
façade’s components from natural mode to mechanical mode depending on climate and
user need.

3.5 Partitioning

The next criterion is the partitioning of the façade, which is split in two. The partition
creating the cavity can either isolate each individual window, or open the entire façade. Of
the ventilated façade type, the system may be further partitioned either vertically by floor, or
horizontally via a rising shaft. Or it may not be partitioned at all – but this multi-storey type of
partitioning may lead to negative issues such as fire safety and inter-office noise pollution.

3.6 Ventilation

In the ‘curtain’ modes, air is not exchanged between the inside and outside. The air
exchange modes either take fresh air from outside or exhaust indoor air to the outside. The
buffer zone provides no ventilation, but is distinguished because it is still a double
façade. The variants are simply a reversal of the air flow.

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 During heating/cooling mode, the façade is sealed to the interior so the radiant slabs
can temper the indoor environment. In cooling mode, operable shading minimizes solar gain,
and the double façade portion evacuates hot air from the western and southern facades.
Notice the bottom of the cavity is opened to allow air flow through to the top.

3.6 Natural/Cooling

3.7 Glazing

Glazing must be split into inner and outer glazing. The air cavity provides insulation,
and so, while one of the glazings is double glass, the other can be single pane. The
consideration of spectrally selective or tinted glass must be countered with the possibility of
other shading devices. Glazing can also be ‘angularly selective’; this fritted glass appears in
buildings where lighting is important, such as libraries or laboratories. The chosen angle of
the textured glass allows maximum light while minimizing heat gain. Also, integrating
photovoltaics into the external façade is becoming more popular, as it can provide many
levels of transparency, shading and power production simultaneously.

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3.8 Shading

Shading devices can be blinds or shades placed in the cavity, operated

automatically, manually, or by a hybrid system. Solar heat transmitted into lowered
shades or blinds will be absorbed into the air of the cavity and driven out through exterior
vents via stack effect or mechanical ventilation. This constant air flow allows the cavity to
perform as a natural buffer to the external climate. The shades must be placed close enough
to the exterior to avoid transmittance to the interior glass, but far enough to allow proper
airflow around both sides of the shade. External shading devices and light shelves can also
be used to reduce solar gain while enhancing day lighting effects.

3.9 Cavity

The cavity can vary in its size from a few inches to many feet (in the case of an
atrium).This specification depends on maintenance accessibility, amongst others. The
continuous air flow in the cavity, supplied by exhaust/room air, acts as an insulation barrier to
the external environment.

4 CLIMATE BASED FACADE TECHNIQUES

The changes may occur on the materials we used to treat on façade

depends upon the climatic condition and surrounding nature. As per the
surrounding and climate of that particular area only the materials should be fixed

4.1 Role of daylight in building:

Everyone agrees that light is a fundamental ingredient of good design,

but agreement on the amount and quality of light, both natural and artificial, that
makes good design is less easy to find. Daylight is also an important contributor
to the reduction in the need for artificial lighting with its associated energy costs
and contribution to heating loads.

Façade design has a big role to play in both of these issues. Climate
Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) challenges the industry’s reliance (through
BREEAM and LEED among others) on the Daylight Factor and its “Standard
Overcast Sky” as a design standard

4.1 Daylight

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 5 LITERATURE STUDY

5.1 Commerzbank HeadquartersFoster and PartnersFrankfurt,

Germany1997

Germany sets the benchmark for double ventilated facades. The Commerz bank is
claimed to be the world’s first ecological high-rise tower. Consequently, post occupancy data
is more available in Germany than anywhere else, giving us rich data regarding energy
efficiency and occupant satisfaction.

The success of the double ventilated façade here is a direct result of intelligent,
integrated design, starting at the overall building design level. In section, the building is a
triangle with a full height atrium in the center.

Four-story ‘Sky Gardens’, atriums placed in between the inner and outer layer of the
glass façade, are placed on each side every eight floors. This smart design allows every floor
access to the massive atrium across the triangle. Atriums provide pollutant removal and
humidification in dry winter weather when used in conjunction with the double façade system.
Absorption refrigeration running on municipal steam chills the ceiling slabs on hot days.

5.1.1 Commerzbank 5.1.2 Plan & ventilation

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5.2 Melvin J. and Claire Levine Hall, School of Engineering and Applied
Science, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA Kieran
Timberlake Associates2001

5.2.1 Elevation 5.2.2.Fixing

The mechanically ventilated cavity between two glass walls has an inlet at the
base of each frame supplies the cavity with air from the interior rooms, while an outlet at the
top draws tempered air back into the room.

Blinds located in the cavity absorb solar radiation, which is then exhausted by the
ventilating cavity. This strategy leaves the surface of the inner glass within 1-2 degrees of the
room temperature.

5.2.3 View

The unique feature of Levine Hall is its unitized custom aluminium frame – completely
fabricated and glazed off-site. Its off-site fabrication allows fewer room for errors, leading to
higher energy efficiency and tighter construction overall.

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 5.3 BUND CENTRE

Architects Foster + Partners, Heatherwick Studio

Location Shanghai, China
Area 420000.0 m2
Project Year 2017
Photographs Laurian Ghinitoiu
Manufacturers Axen

Structure:

These structures in turn surround new public spaces and speak to the
heritage of the historical Bund buildings.

5.3.1 Front View

5.3.2 Inspire

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Facade:

It is a veil organized along three tracks and made up of layers of 675

individual magnesium alloy ‘Tassels’ – a reference to the traditional Chinese
bridal headdress. The tassels range in length from around 2 meters to 16
meters so that as each track independently moves, the veil rotates with the
tassels overlapping and producing different visual effects and levels of opacity.

5.3.3 Plan

5.3.4 Elevations

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Technology:

The cultural centre is an optimum blend of craft and technology. It is

inspired by traditional Chinese weaving, while incorporating the latest cutting-
edge technology that helps withstand earthquakes, typhoons and severe
weather. Its unique form provides a memorable and extraordinary experience for
visitors, while the illuminated stage and the motion of the moving veil creates a
unique backdrop to the theatre of city life,” added Evenden.

5.3.5 Weaving

Material:

Magnesium alloys are mixtures of magnesium with other metals (called

an alloy), often aluminum, zinc, manganese, silicon, copper, rare earths and
zirconium. Magnesium is the lightest structural metal. Magnesium alloys have a
hexagonal lattice structure, which affects the fundamental properties of these
alloys. Plastic deformation of the hexagonal lattice is more complicated than in
cubic latticed metals like aluminium, copper and steel; therefore, magnesium
alloys are typically used as cast alloys, but research of wrought alloys has been
more extensive since 2003. Cast magnesium alloys are used for many
components of modern automobiles and have been used in some high-
performance vehicles; die-cast magnesium is also used for camera bodies and
components in lenses

5.3.6 Evolution 5.3.7 Fixing

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6 Comparative analysis of materials:

Cladding system is used as outermost cover on building exterior. There

is a wide range of building facade cladding systems in use. Building owners
need to consider many things before choosing a particular type of cladding
material.

Things to consider include the type of building, the type of material for the
cladding product, and any specific requirements like insulation.

In the range of building facade cladding systems, metal is one of the

most popular options because it lasts long and requires little or no
maintenance.

This material is lightweight, requires less maintenance, is easy to install,

and provides good insulation. Vinyl cladding requires almost no maintenance
and can be used for all types of homes and buildings.

Wood provides good insulation and is considered an environment friendly

option. While it is a durable material and provides good weather resistance, it
also requires more maintenance. A yearly chemical treatment to protect it from
termites may be needed.

This affordable option can be found in a wide range of colors. Adding

insulation to vinyl cladding is easy. It is also known as UPVC or Unplasticized
Polyvinyl Chloride cladding.

It gives a natural look to the house and gels well with any type of natural
surroundings. Timber cladding systems are available in planks and shingles.
The wood for this type of cladding usually comes from trees like cedar, pine
and oak.

The cladding system may consist of more than one layer. For example,
before installing the main cladding product, a thin sheet of a material that helps
protect the building structure from moisture may be used. Choosing the right
type of cladding system may not be easy because there are so many options.
However, knowing the advantages and disadvantages of each option makes it
easy to select the right material.

It should be easy to install, require less maintenance, keep moisture out,

and provide good insulation properties. Building owners need to fix the budget
before shopping for a particular type of cladding system. Some expensive
options are mainly used for increasing the value of the building.

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7 Conclusion:

As per building typology, Residential Architecture is differing from other

typology. Because, other kind of typology it will be like a public space building
and the number of users and visitors is damn high compared to this type.

In residence facade treatments are quite interesting and at the same

time it will be more challenging compared to public space building.

But while coming for the residential type, there is lots of style in
residential architecture. In that some kind of styles only suits for our climatic
factor.

There are hundreds of styles are segregated in residence, but most of the
styles are similar when compared to other styles.

In facades perspective, difference between one style to another will be

rarely found.

The façade treatments are an important part for the building towards
architecture.

They are not only the aesthetic appealing element, it also acts as the
external skin for whole building structure through the variety of materials that we
used.

Therefore, I concluded that façade always plays major role in all type of
buildings.

8 References:

http //study.com/academy/course/architectural-design-history.html

http://gizmodo.com/5-smart-building-skins-that-breathe-farm-energy-
and-g-1254091559

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-anodized-aluminum.html

http://design8-cheryl.blogspot.in/2011/09/intelligent-skin.html

https://www.archdaily.com/924862/ktm-motohall-hofbauer-liebmann-
wimmesberger-architekten-plus-x-architekten.

https://www.archdaily.com/881511/bund-finance-centre-foster-plus-
partners-plus-heatherwick-
studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all

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 http://www.smalldesignideas.com/modern-house-facade-design.html

https://www.homify.co.uk/rooms/houses

https://www.fernhillstone.com/apply-stone-cladding-walls

http://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-
manufacturer/cladding-brick-923.html

https://www.realestate.com.au/lifestyle/house-facade-ideas/

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