ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

THE BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

He suggested that electrons cannot just
have any amount of energy but can
possess only specific amounts. This
means that electrons occupy fixed
positions with specific energies; and
that the energy of an electron is
quantized (an energy distribution
consisting of many individual steps).
•specified energy values of
electrons for an atom
•they occupy certain regions
of space around the nucleus
When atoms of an element are heated,
its electron jump to a higher energy
level. By throwing off the excess
energy, the electron can return to a
lower energy. The energy released or
absorbed as the electron moved from
higher to lower energy level is seen as a
line spectrum
The S ORBITAL is a spherical cloud that
becomes less dense as the distance from
the nucleus increases. The electrons in this
orbital possess lower energy because of
their closeness to the nucleus of the atom.
An electron is an s orbital, also called s-
electron, has a high probability of being
close to the nucleus.
The p orbital is a cloud with two lobes on
opposite sides of the nucleus. The
electron in a p orbital is called the p
electron this electron can never be
found closer to the nucleus. There are
three p orbitals that differ in spatial
orientation. These can lie in 3
perpendicular orientations such as px,
py and pz.
The d and f orbitals have more
complicated shapes… some d
orbitals resemble a four-clover
leaf, while the f orbitals are
difficult to represent and
visualize.
1. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n) – this is
described as the main energy level (MEL)… n=1, 2,
3, 4…;
•it tells the energy level of the electrons; the
higher the value of n, the greater the energy of
the orbital.
•Therefore, this quantum number indicated the
average distance of the electron from the
nucleus
Since the energy level of the electron in
each level is fixed, the atom can emit or
absorb only those light whose energy is
equal to the difference between two
energy level. A spectral line is observed
only when the electron of an atom
“jumps” or “drops” from one energy
level to another.
 MAX. NUMBER OF
ENERGY LEVEL (n)
ELECTRONS (2n2)
1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
The QUANTUM MODEL was used to replace the
work of Bohr due to its limitation. In this model,
the position of the electrons and their specified
energy cannot be measured at the same time.
This is known as the HEISENBERG
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE which states that: IT
IS IMPOSSIBLE TO KNOW AT THE SAME TIME
BOTH THE MOMENTUM AND THE POSITION OF
A PARTICLE WITH UNCERTAINTY.
The ATOMIC ORBITAL is the
region in space with the
greatest probability of finding
the electrons in an atom.
2. ORBITAL QUANTUM NUMBER (l) – this
number tells the general shape of the
orbital, whether it is an s, p, or d orbital. The
values of l depend on the value on the value
of the principal quantum number.

The possible values for l = 0, 1, 2…

3. MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER (ml) – this tells the
specific orbitals of a given
subshell and describes their
orientations. The values of ml =
+1,… 0,… -1.
4. ELECTRON SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
(ms) – this shows the two possible
spinning motions of an electron, one
clockwise and the other counterclockwise.
This quantum number has only two values :
+1/2 (electron spinning counterclockwise)
and -1/2 (electron spinning clockwise).
 PRINCIPAL ORBITAL QUANTUM MAGNETIC
QUANTUM NUMBER NUMBER QUANTUM NUMBER
orbitals designation
n l ml
1 0 0 1 1s
0 0 1 2s
2
1 -1, 0, +1 3 2px, 2py, 2pz
0 0 1 3s
3 1 -1, 0, +1 3 3px, 3py, 3pz
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 , 3𝑑𝑦𝑧 , 3𝑑𝑥𝑧, 3𝑑𝑥 2−𝑦2 , 3𝑑𝑧 2