9/23/2019 Matrix and Determinant - Eduncle Study Notes with Formulas, Questions & Solutions

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March 25, 2019 • 3:59 pm

Matrix and Determinant -

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Matrices and Determinants is a very important topic in Mathematics. Although it is
taught to students from 12th to Graduation Level, in this article we'll provide you
step by step lessons, MCQs and Numerical of IIT JAM Level (M.Sc.). Get Eduncle's
study notes with formulas, questions and solutions to know what are Matrix and
Determinant and how to solve these questions.
 
Download Free PDF for Matrix and
Determinants:

 
 
In this brain-friendly guide, you'll study and quickly grasp following concepts:
 
1. Introduction - What are Matrix and Determinants?

2. Matrix and Determinant (All Formulas)

3. Theory

4. Practice Questions

 
4.1 Basic Level Questions (3 Questions)

4.2 Challenging Questions (3 Questions)

4.3 Question asked in IIT JAM from Matrix and Determinant (5 Questions)

 
5. Related topics to be studied before reading Matrix and Determinant.

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9/23/2019 Matrix and Determinant - Eduncle Study Notes with Formulas, Questions & Solutions

 
So, load your brain with these important concepts! After completing all the topics,
try solving the following questions and you will easily score full marks from this
unit. Answers to these questions are given in the end. You can verify your answers
and check your level of understanding.
 
 

What Are Matrix and Determinants? -

Introduction
 
The knowledge of matrices and determinants applies to several branches of
science, as well as different mathematical discipline. Matrices are one of the most
powerful tools in mathematics. It simplifies our work to a great extent when
compared with other direct methods. The transformation of concept of matrices
results in obtaining compact and simple methods of solving system of linear
equations.
 
 

Applications:
 
We use Matrices not only for the representation of the coefficients in system of 3
linear equations, but it’s uses far exceeds. Shares
 
 The notation and operations of Matrices are used in electronic spreadsheet
programs for personal computer, which can be further used in different areas of
business and science like budgeting, sales projection, cost estimation, analyzing the
results of an experiment etc.

 Also, many physical operations such as magnification, rotation and reflection

through a plane can be represented mathematically by matrices.

 Matrices are also used in cryptography.

 This mathematical tool is not only used in certain branches of sciences, but also
in genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and industrial management.

 
For IIT JAM this topic is comparatively easy and scoring. If you want to get this
theory lesson in PDF format, then hit the download button below:
 
 

 
 

Matrix and Determinants (All

Formulas)
 
 Any matrix A and its transpose both have the same Eigen values.

 The trace of the matrix equals to the sum of the Eigen values of a matrix.

 The determinant of the matrix A equals to the product of the Eigen values of A.

 If λ1, λ2, ....., λn are the n-Eigen values of A, then

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 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

 
 A be an nxn matrix and let

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 Matrix exponential for a square matrix A,

 
Download all the formulas for Matrix and determinants, eigen values, cayley
hamilton theorem, matrix exponential etc. by clicking on the download button
below.
 
 

 
 

Description
 
A matrix (plural matrices) is an ordered rectangular table of elements (or entries).
The numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.
 
We denote matrices by capital letters.
 
For example:

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In the above examples, the horizontal lines of elements are called rows of the
matrix and the vertical lines of elements are called columns of the matrix. Thus A
has 3 rows and 2 columns, B has 3 rows and 3 columns while C has 2 rows and 3
columns.
 
 

Order of a matrix
 
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply
m × n matrix (read as an m by n matrix). So referring to the above examples of
matrices, we have A as 3 × 2 matrix, B as 3 × 3 matrix and C as 2 × 3 matrix. We
observe that A has 3 × 2 = 6 elements, B and C have 9 and 6 elements, respectively.
 
In general, an m × n matrix has the following rectangular array:
 

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or         A = [aij]m×n, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n i, j ∈ N
 
Thus the ith row consists of the elements ai1, ai2, ai3, ..., ain, while the jth column
consists of the elements a1j, a2j, a3j, ..., amj,
 
In general aij, is an element lying in the ith row and jth column. We can also read it
as the (i, j)th element of A. The number of elements in an m × n matrix will be equal
to mn.
 
 
 

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Determinant
 
To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or
complex) called determinant of the matrix A, written as det A, where aij is the (i,
j)th element of A.
 

 
NOTE:

 
(i)         Only square matrices have determinants.
(ii)        For a matrix A, |A| is called determinant of A and not modulus of A.

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Determinant of a Matrix of Order One

 
Let A = [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to
a.
 
Determinant of a Matrix of Order Two

 
Determinant of a Matrix of Order Three

 
The determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in
terms of second order determinants which is known as expansion of determinant
along a row (or a column). There are six way of expanding a determinant of order 3
corresponding to each of three rows (R1, R2 and R3) and three columns (C1, C2 and
C3) and each way gives the same value.
 
Consider the determinant of a square matrix A = [aij]3×3, i.e.
 
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Download the study notes for Determinant along with solved examples and
practice questions here:
 
 

 
 
 

Eigen values and Eigen vectors

 
Definitions:

Let A = [aij]n×n be a square matrix of order n, I is an unit matrix of order n and λ an

indeterminate, then the matrix.

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Also the equation |A – λ| = 0, is called the characteristic equation of A. The roots
of this equations are called the characteristic roots or characteristic value or
Eigen roots or Eigen values of latent roots of the matrix.
 
The set of the Eigen values of the matrix A is called the spectrum of the matrix A. If
λ is a characteristic root of a n × n matrix A, then the non-zero solution
 

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of the equation A X = λ X i.e. (A – λ|) X = 0 is called the characteristic vector or
Eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the characteristic root λ.
 
Chief Characteristics of Eigen Values:

 
The sum of the elements of the principal diagonal of a matrix is called the trace of
the matrix.
 
(i)         Any matrix A and its transpose both have the same Eigen values.
(ii)        The trace of the matrix equals to the sum of the Eigen values of a matrix.
(iii)       The determinant of the matrix A equals to the product of the Eigen values
of A.
(iv)       If λ1, λ2, ....., λn are the n-Eigen values of A, then
 

 
 
 

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Some important Theorems

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Liked what you read? Download the PDF copy for free to master concepts of eigen 3
value and vectors here: Shares

 
 

 
 
 

Cayley Hamilton Theorem

 

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Practice Questions for Matrix and

Determinants
 
Download the Practice Question PDF for Matrix and Determinants and get the
solutions for all the below mentioned questions.
 
 

 
 
 

Basic Level Questions on Matrix and

Determinant
 

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Correct answer  View Solution

 
 
Multiple Selection Question

Correct answer  View Solution

 
Numerical Type Question

 
 

Correct answer  View Solution

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Challenging Questions on Matrix and

Determinant
 

Correct answer  View Solution

 
Numerical Type Question

 
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Multiple Selection Question

Correct answer View Solution

 
 
 

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Click Here!

 
 
 

Previous Year Questions on Matrix and

Determinant
 

Correct answer View Solution

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Correct answer
  View Solution

 
 

 
 
 

Correct answer View Solution

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Correct answer View Solution

 
 

Correct answer View Solution

 
 

Correct answer View Solution

 
 

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Get reliable IIT JAM Mathematics Study Material with Previous Years
Question Papers and Mock Test Papers. Download now!

 
 
 

Related Topics:
 
 Matrix and operations

 Inverse of Matrix

 Trace of a Matrix

 Determinant

 Minimal Polynomial

 Type of Matrices

 Algebraic and geometric multiplicity.

 
 

FAQ: 3
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What is the difference between matrix and determinants?

 
Key Difference: A matrix or matrices is a rectangular grid of numbers or symbols
that is represented in a row and column format. A determinant is a component of a
square matrix and it cannot be found in any other type of matrix.

 
Who invented matrix and determinants? Carl Gauss (1777-1855), the greatest
German mathematician of the 19th century, first used the term 'determinant' in
1801. Matrices began in the 2nd century BC with the Chinese although traces could
be seen back in the 4th century BC with the Babylonians.  It was only towards the
end of the 17th century that much progress was made on the studies of matrices.
Read more here – Matrix Mathematics

 
 
IIT JAM Eduncle Study Notes Matrix and Determinant Mathematics

Type of Matrix and determinants matrices and determinants all formulas

matrices and determinants basics matrices and determinants PDF download

matrices and determinants entrance questions matrix and determinants history

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