Introduction to power system faults Inthis introductory chapter, we introduce the important terminology of fault current ‘waveform, discuss the need for power system fault analysis and the effects of fault ‘currents in power systems. Per-unit analysis concept of single-phase and three- ‘phase power systems is presented including the base and per-unit equations of self ‘and mutual impedances and admittances Electrical ac power systems consist of three-phase generation systems, transmis sion and distribution networks, and loads. The networks supply large three-phase industrial loads at various distribution and transmission voltages as wel as single- pphase residential and commercial loads. In some countries, e.g. North America, ‘the term subtransmission is used to denote networks with voltage classes between transmission and distribution, Distribution voltages are typically 10-60 kV, sub- transmission voltages are typically 66-138kV and transmission voltages are typically above 138kV. Generated voltages are up to 35kV for generators used in large electrical power stations. Power station auxiliary supply systems and industrial power systems supply @ significant amount of induction motor load, Residential and commercial loads include a significant amount of single-phase induction motor loads For over a century, electric power systems used synchronous machines for the ‘generation of electricity, However, in the twenty-first century, the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind has begun to expand at 4 lange pace. Generally, such generation systems use a variety of asynchronous