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OU'I'LINE OF THE COUltSE

1. JURISPRUDENCE. .

I. 'Vhat is jurisprudence?

II. History of jurisprudence: SC]lOO}S of jurists.

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2. TIlE EXD OF IJA w.

III. Theories of justice .

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3. THE NATURE OF LA'Y.

1 \7. Theories of law,

'1. The nature of law. "1. Law and ethics. 'TIl. Law and the state.

\1111. Justice according to law.

4, TilE SCOPE AND SUnJI~cT-l\fATTI-:H. OF I.JA'v.

IX. Interests.

X. The securing of interests.

5. Souncss, FOR~ISJ 1\IoDEs or GnO"TTJI.

XI. Sources and forms of law, XII. The traditional clement, XIII. The imperative element.

XI". Codification.

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O. .l\PPLICATION .ANIl E~FonCl~lIEN1' OF LA''''.

x,r. Application and enforcement of law.

7. t\NAI .. 1·SIS OF J4'UNDA!\IEXTAL COXCEPTIO~S.

X\1I. Jural relations.

X\7II. Rights. xvn I. PO\\·C'l's.

XIX. Conditions of non-restraint of natural powers,

XX. Duties and liabilities.

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.\.~ . erso IS.

,- XXII. Acts,

:1- XXIII. Things.

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8. THE SYSTEM OF LAW.

XXIV. Division and classification.

XXV. Proprietary rights: possession.

XXVI. Proprietary rights: ownership.

XXVII. Obligations.

XXVIII. 'Vrongs.

XXIX. Exercise and enforcement of rights .

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rrHEORY OF LAW AND

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LEGISLr\A TION

1 JURISPRUDE~~CE

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'VI-I.A.T IS JUIlISPRUDENCE?

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Holland, ,J urisprudence, chat). 1 ; Salmond, Jurisprudence, " §§ 1-4; Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ 288-321; Amos, Science of Law, chap. 2; Austin, Jurisprudence (student's edition), I .. ect, 11; Lee, Historical Jurisprudence, 6-11; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Essay 12; Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics, Essay 1; Gareis, Science of Law (Kocourek's transl.), § 3; Korkunov, General Theory of

I .. aw (Hastings' trnusl.), §§ 2-4; Brown, The Austinian Theory of Law, §§ 6.JO-(j(j{).

~A.. developed system of law may be looked fit from four points of view:

1. Anoluticol. - Examination of its structure, subject-matter, and rules in order to reach its principles und theories hy analysis.

2. Hisiorical.: Investigation of the historical origin and dcvelopment of the system and of its institutions and doctrines.

3. Philasophicol. Study of the philosophical bases of its insti-

tutions and doctrines.

4. Socioloqical. _. Study of the system functionally as a social mechanism and of its institutions and doctrines with respect to the social ends to be served,

Applied to the study of legal systems generally, these methods are called the ., methods of jurisprudence." The propriety' of naming 3. comparative method as n method of jurisprudence may

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be doubted. The analytical, historical, and philosophical methods,

as methods of jurisprudence, must be comparative. "Then these methods are applied in the study of any particular system, the mode of treatment may be doqmaiic, the practical exposition of its · principles and rules, or critical, consideration of what its principles and rules ought to be in tile light of analysis, history, philosophy, and the social ends to be served. On this side, sociological jurists insist that account must be taken of all the social sciences.

GENEI1AL BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. INTRODUCTIONS

Pollock, First Book of Jurisprudence, Part I, Some General Legal Notions, 4 ed., 1918. First ed., 1896.

Written from the English analyticnl standpoint.

Korkunov, General Theory' of L'1\" , transl. by.Hustings, 1000.

First cd. in Russian, 1887. 'I'here is also a French transl.: by Tchernoff', Cours de theorie gencrale du droit, 2 ed., 1914.

Gareis, 'I'he Bcience of Law, transl, by' Kocourek, 1911 .

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A translatlon of Gareis, Enzyklopddie lind Methodologie der

Reehtswissenschaft, 3 ed., 1905. First ed., 188i; 4 ed., 1913.

Sternberg, Einfuhrung in die Rcchtswissensehaft, 2 ed., 1912.

First cd, as Allgemeine Reehtslehre, 1904.

Written from the socinl-utilitarinn standpoint,

Kohler, Einfuhrung in die Rcchtswissensehuft, 5 ed., 1919. First cd., 1 £101.

"Trit.t.en from 1 he N co-Hegelian (i.e, historical social· philosophical) standpoint,

Grueber, Einfuhrung in die Rcchtswissenschuft, 5 ed., 1919.

First ed., 190i.

"Tritt(lll from the nnnlyticnl standpoint.

Kriickmnnn, Einfuhrung in das Recht • .1912. Radbrueh, Einfiihrung in {lie Reohtswissensehaft, 1910 .

Merkel, Juristische Encyklopadie, 5 ed., 1913. First cd., 1885.

"Trittcn from the social ... utilitarinn standpoint .

DClllOgUC, Les notions fondamentalcs du droit prive, 1911.

Written from the standpoint of the revived natural law,

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. Capitant, Introduction a l'etude du droit civil, 3 ed., 1912. First

ed., 1898. !'i

Covers much the same ground as all English text on analytical [urisprudence, but with less of the comparative.

Hastie, Outlines of Jurisprudence, 1887, is made up of translations from Puehta, Cursus der Institutionen, pt. 1, Eneyklopudie, 1841; Friedlander, Juristische Encyklopfidic oder SystCID dcr Rechtswissenschaft, 1847j Falck, Juristische Encyldopiidic, 5 ed., 1851j and Ahrens, Juristische Encyklopiidic, 1855.

Mention may be made also of the following: Ahrens, Juristischc Eneyklopsdie, 1855-1857; Arndts, Juristische Eneyklopitdie und Methodologie, 10 cd. by Grueber, 1901; Del Giudice, Enciclopedin giuridica, 2 ed., 1896; Den TeA, Encyclopaedia Jurisprudentiae, 1839; Eschbach, Introduction gcncrnlc A l'etude du droit.,3 ed., 1856; Falck, Juristische Eneyklopddie, 5 cu.

by Jhering, 1851 (there is :n French transl, of the 4th edition, 1841, and nn English transl. of parts in Hnstie, Outlines of Jurisprudence, ,1887); Fried .. lilnder, Juristischc Encyklopiidio oder System der Rechtswissenschnft, lS·Ji

(there is an English trnnsl, of parts in Hastic, Outlines of Jurisprudence, 1887); Goldschmidt, Encyklopadie der Rechtswisseuschuft, 1862; Guelfi, Enelclopodia giuridicn,5 ed., 1907; Ilugo, Lehrbuch der [uristischcn Eneyklopadic, 5 ed., 181i; Ratkowski, Encykloplldie del' Rcchts und Staatswisscnsehnften, 1800; ,\Tnrnkollig, 'Juristischc Encyklopfldie, 185:1.

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2 . .l\~ALYTICAL

(a) In English.

Austin, Ju: .. isprudonce, 5 ed., Ifll I. 'I'he first six Iectures were published in 1832. The third edit ion (posthumous),

1863, or any subsequent edition, should be used. 'I'his is the foundation of nli study of annlyticnl jurisprudence . .t\.n abridgment by Campbell, styled It Student's Edition" (11 ed., 1900), may be recommended,

Holland, Elements of Jurisprudence, 12 cd., 1016. The

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ninth or any subsequent edition may be used.

Salmond, Jurisprudence, 6 ed., 1920.

Markby, Elements of I~Ul\', 0 ed., 1905.

131"0\\'11, The Austinian Theory of Law, 1906. Pollock, First Book of Jurisprudence, 4 ed., 1918. Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, 1909.

Reference mny be Illude also to: Amos, Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence, 18;2; Amos, 'I'ho Science or Law, 2 ed., 18i4; Heron, Tho Principles of Jurisprudencs, 1873; Heron, Introduction to the History of Juris-

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prudence, 1860; Hearn, The Theory of Legal Duties and Rights, 1884; Lindley, Introduction to the Study or Jurisprudence, 1854, 2 ed., 1890 (a transl, or the general part of Thibaut, System des Pandektenreehts); Rattigan, Th» Science of Jurisprudence, 3 cd., 1909; Dillon, The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America, 1894; Goadby, Introduction to the Study or Law, 2 cd., 1914; Stone, Law and ItsAdministratlon, 1915; Harrison, Jurisprudence and the Conflict of Laws, 1919 (first published in 1878-1879).

(b) German.

Binding, Die Normen und ihre Uebertretung, vol, I, 1872, 2 ed., 1890; vol. II, 1877, 2 ed., 1914-1916; vol. III, 1918.

The first 20 sections of vol. I are of general importance for the theory of the nature of law.

Bierling, Kritik der juristischen Grundbegriffe, 1877-1883. , Bierling, Juristische Prinsipienlehre, '''01. I, 1894; vol. II, 1898; vol. III, 1905; vol. 1\', 1911.

Somlo, Juristische Grundlehre, 1917.

Sec also Jcllinck, Allgemeine Rechtslehre, 3 ed., 1914; Merkel, Elcmcntc der , Allgemeincn Rechtslehre, 5 ed., lS!)Oj Muller, Die Elemente tier Reehtsbildung unci des Rcchts, 1877; Nicol-Speyer, Systclnnti"chc Theorie des heutigen Reehts, 1911; P untseh art , Die moderne Theorie des Prlvatrcehts, 1893; Schein, Unsere Rechtsphilo=ophie und Jurlsprudenz, 1889; 'I'hon, Reehts .. norm und subiektives Recht, 1878; Stern, Ilechtsphilosophie und Rcchtswissensehnft, 190t.

(c) French.

Levy-Ullmann, tlcln('nts d'introduction generalc n. l'etude des sciences [uridiques. Pt. I, I .. a definition du droit, 1917.

Roguin, La regIe de droit, 1889.

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3. HISTOIlICAL.

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Savigny, Vom Beruf unsrer Z~it· fur Gesetzgebung und

Rcchtswlssenschaft, 1814, 3 ed., 1840, reprinted 1892 .

Translated, as "The ,r ocation of our Age for. Legislation and Jurisprudence," 1)~" Hayward, 1831.

Maino, Ancient J .. aw, New edition, with introduction and notes h~" Sir Frederick Pollock, 1906.

This hook, first published in 1861, has ~one through man)" editions in England and America, Pollock's edition is recommended.

Maine, Earl)' History of Institutions, 1874. Maine, Enl'l~" J .. aw and Custom, 1883.

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Maine, Village Communities in the East and 'Vest, 1871.

These works of Sir Henry Maine arc the foundation

of all study of historical jurisprudence.

Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, 1901. Clark, Practical Jurisprudence, 1883.

Clark, Roman Private Law: Jurisprudence, 1914. Carter, Law: Its Origin, Growth and Function, 1907.

Reference may be made also to Pulszky, Theory of Law and Civil Society, 1888; Lightwood, The Nature or Positive Law, 1883; Adams, Economics and Jurisprudence, 1897. Hastie, Outlines of Jurisprudence, lSSi, contains a translation or Puchta's juristic encyclopaedia, which is written from the standpoint of the historical school.

See also Bergbohm, Jurlsprudenz und Rechtsph ilosoph le, IS92; Bcseler, Vclksrecht und Juristenrecht, 1843; LUning, Ueber Wurael und Wesen des Reehts, 1907; Puehta, Cursus der Institutioncn, 9 ed, by Knlgcr, 1881, book I, Eneyklopadie; Wleland, Die historische und die kritisehe Methode in der Rechtswlssenschaft, 1910.

4. P1IILOSOPJIICAL (a) The [orerunncrs oj modern legal science.

NOTE: Only the books of prime importunee nrc given here. For the rest, sec post, II.

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Grotius, De lure Belli et Pacis, 1625.

Whewell's edition with an abridged translation (1853)

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IS ('011 vern ell t •

II. TIlE Fonsnuxxaus 01-" TilE l\Y~'a.)"l~TICAL SCIIOOL

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Ilobbes, Leviathan, 1051.

Spinosa, Ethicn, 1674.

Spinoza, Tractntus Theologico-Politicust 10iO.

Elwes' translation of these in Bohn's Libraries may' he used.

I I 1. TJII~ li'OltEIIUXSJ.;lt OF ~O(~"IOLOGICA 14 J l-l( I~Jtltl'Df:St~J::

Montesquieu, L'Esprit des lois, 1748.

Nugent's transl., revised hy Prichard, in Bolin's I .. ibmries, may he used convenient 1)·.

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· I'·. 1tt'I}t~ )~!\GI_l:--11 t;TJl.IT.~lt)_'SS

Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780. A convenient reprint is published by tho Clarendon Press.

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Bentham, Theory of Legislation. (Originally published in French, 1820). Trans1. by' Hildreth, 1864; 5 ed., 1887.

(b) N'ineteenth-century philosophical (nzclaphysical). · Lorimer, Institutes of Law, 2 ed., 1880.

Miller, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, 1884. Miller, The Data of Jurisprudence, 1903. Herkless, Lectures 011 Jurisprudence, 1901.

Green, Principles of Political Obligation ("Torks, II, 335- 553) reprinted separately, 1911. These lectures were delivered lSi9-1880.

Reference may be made also to Phillipps, Jurisprudence, 1863; Hutehi .. son Stirling, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, 1873 n mere outline or Hegel's philosophy; "ratts, An Outline of Legal Philosophy, 1893; Srnith, Elements or Right and of the 1..,1"·, 2 ed., 1887; Smith, 'rho Law of Private Right, 1893; J~ioYJ Philosophy of Right, transl, by Hastie, 1891; l\iiraglia, Comparative Legal Philosophy, trnnsl, by Lisle, 1012.

The- following translations nrc Important:

Kant, Philosoph)" of Law, transl, b.y Hastie, 1887.

Fichte, Science of Rights, transl. by' Kroeger, 1889.

Hegel, Philosophy of Right, transl, 1»)" Dyde, 1896. Berolzheimer, The '\101'1<1'8 Legal Philosophies, trunsl. 1»)~

Jastrow, 1913.

The student should also know of:

Kunt, Mctaphysischc Anfnngsgrunde der Rechtslehre, 2 ed.,

17HS. "rransl. by Ilnstic, 1887.

Ilp~('l, Grundliuicn rlor Philosophic drs Rechts, 1821, edt h)' Guns, ISIO; new ed. by Lasson, lfll I. 'l~r311s1. by'

Dydo, 1806. • Krause, Abriss des Systemcs der Philosophic des Rechtcs,

1825.

Ahrens, Cours de droit nnt urel, 1837, 8 ed. 1892. Twentyfour editions in seven Ianguages, The German 6th edition (Naturr .... cht, 1870-18il) contains important matter not in the French editions.

Lasson, Lehrbuch der Reehtsphilosophie, 1882.

Boistvl, Cours de philosophic du droit, I8iO; new ed., 1899.

~I~tltion Inn)" 31:-'0 he mnde of the following: Abate I.IOn~o, Principii di filosofiu del diritto, 1881; Acollus, L'idce du droit, 2 ed .. , ISS!); Acollas, In ..

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troduetron A l'ctudc du droit, 1885; Affolter, N at urgesetze und Rechtsgesetze, 1904; Anzilotti, La. scuola del diritto naturale nella filosofia giuridica contemporanea, 1892; Arnold, Philosophische Bctrachtungcn cines Juristcn, 1908; Baumann, Abriss der Rechtsphilosophie (in Handbucb der Moral),

1879; Beaussire, Les principcs du droit, 1888; Belime, Phllosophle-du droit, 1844-1848; Beudant, Lc droit individucI ct i'ctat, 1891; Bovio, Filosofia del diritto, 2 ed., 1886; Carle, La vito, del diritto, 2 ed., 1890; Carlo, La filosofia

del diritto nello stato modcrno, 1903; Cogliolo, Filosofia del diritto private, 2 ed., 1891; Dahn, Rechtsphllosophische Studien, 1883; De los Rios Urruti, La filosofia. del derecho en Don Francisco Gincr, 1916] (sec bibliography on p. 65); Fichte, Grundlage des Naturrechts, 1796, new' ed, by Medicus, 1908; Fouillee, L'idee moderne du droit, 1878, 6 ed., 1909; Franck, Philosophic de droit civil, 1886; Geyer, Geschichte und System der Rechtsphilcsophie, 18G:J; Giner de los Rios, Filosofia del derccho, 1871; Gincr und Calderon, Zur Vorschule des Rechts, kurzgefasste Grundsiitze des Nuturrechts, transl, by Roder (ISiS), 1907; Glinka, La philosophic du droit, 3 cd., 186-3; 1 Iarms, Begriff, Formen und Grundlegung dcr Rechtsphilosophie, 1889; Hennebicq, Philosophic de droit ct droit nature), 189i; Herbart Analytische Beleueh .. tung des Naturrechts und der Moral, 1836; Jouffroy, Cours de droit naturel, 5 ed., ]8i6; Kirchmann, Grundbegriffe des Rechts und der Moral, 2 cd., 1873; Krause, Das System der Rechtsphilosophie (posthumous), cd. by llodcr, 1874; Lerminier, Introduction gcncrnlc A l'histoire du droit, 1856; Marino, Element! di filosofia del diritto, 1885; Miraglia, Filosofia del diritto, 3 ed., 1903 (transl, in Modern Legal Philosophy Series); Raumer, Geschichtlichc Entwiekelung der JJegrifTc von Recht, Staat und Politik.B cd., 1861; IUidcr. Grundziigc des Naturrechts odcr dcr Rechtsph ilosoph ie, 2 ed., 1860; Rosmini, Filosofia del diritto, 2 eel .• lS05 (first cd., 1841); Rothe, 1'rait6 de droit nature! theorlque ct applique, 1884,; Schuppe, Grundsuge der Etbik und Reehtsphilosophie, 1881; Stahl, Philosophic dCR Hechts, 5 cd~, 1878 (first ed., 1829); Steudel, Kritische Betrachtungen fiber die Rcchtslehre, 1884; Tissot, J ntroduet ion historique ct philosophique A l'~hJ(lc du droit, 1875; Trendelcnburg, Naturrecht auf dern Grunde tier Ethik, 1808; VnreillesBommieres, Les principes Iondamentnux UU droit, 1889; Wnllasehek, Studicn zur Rechtsphilosophie, 1889; ""niter, Naturrecht und Politik im I ... ichte der Gegenwnrt, 2 C(I., 1871; Zocpfl, Grundriss zur \' orlesungcn fiber Reehts ..

philosophic, 2 cd., 18iO. ~~

(c) Social-philosophicol,

I. TJt~'SSlT)Os" FnO~1 UTILIT.\nr."N.J\N .. \Ll~TJCAL

Brown, The Underlying Principles of Modern I ... oglslation, 1912.

II. 80CI.,~UTII .. JTAltIA!'J

Jhering, Der Z\vcck im Recht, 1877-1883, 4· cd., 1904. The fil'Ht volume is trnnsluted by Husik under the title

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"Law as a Means to nn End," 1913.

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Jhering, Scherz und Ernst in die Jurisprudenz, 1884, 9 ed., 1904.

Sec also: Bekker, Ernst und Scherz tiber unsere Wissenseheft, 1892; Bekker, Grundbegrifle des Rccbts und Missgriffe des Gcsctzgcbcrs, 1909; Bentley, The Process of Government, 1908; Bulow, Heitere und ernste Betraehtungen tiber die Hechtewlssenschalt, 2 ed., 1901; Grabowski, Recht und Staat, 1908; Jhcring, Der Kampf ums Recht, 18i2, I!) ed., 1919, trans). by Lalor (from 5 ed.) as "The Struggle for Law," lSiO, 2 ed. by Kocourek, 1915 (the book has gone through :30 editions in lS111nguagcs); Krabbe, Die Lehro der Rechtssouveranitftt, 1906; Parsons, Legal Doctrine and Social Progress, 1911; Tunon, L'evclution du droit et lu conscience sociule, 3 ed., 1911.

I I I. N EO-}(AXTIAN

Stammlcr, 'Virthschaft und Recht, 1896, 2 ed., 1905. Stnmmler, Lehre "011 dem riehtigen Rcehte, 1902. Stammlcr, Theorie der Rechtswlssenschaft, 1911.

Del ,1 ecchio, The Formal Bases of Law, transl, by Lisle,

1914. A translation of I presupposti filosofici della nozione del diritto, 1905, II concetto del diritto, 1906, reprinted 1912, II concetto della. natura e il principio del diritto, 1908.

Sec also Breuer, Der Rechtsbegriff nuf Grundlage tier Stammlerisehen Sczinlphilosophic, 1912; Brutt , Die Kunst tier Itechtsnnwendung, 1907,

(critieul-positivist); Del Vecchio, 11 sentlmento giuridieo, 100S; Stammler, Ueber die Methode der gesehichtlichen Rcchtstheorie, 1888; Stammler, "'esen des Reehts und der Rechtswissenschaft., in Systclnatische Rcchtswissensehaft, InO£); Stammler, Reclus und Stnutstheorion der Neuzeit, 1917; Sturm, Psychologische Grundlage des Rcchts, 1010; Sturm, Die Materie des Rechts, 1911; Sturm, Die Form des Itoehts, l!Hl; Sturm, Die Reaktion des nech~st 1914.

See Vinogradoff, Common Sense in J .. M\", 1914, chap. 9.

Ileferenco may be made to Zeitschrirt. CUr Reehtsphilosophie in Lehre und Praxis, ed. by Holldaek, Joerges, and Stammler, \'01. It 1914.

I\r. NEO-Ill~GEI4]AN

Kohler, Reehtsphilosophie und Univcrsnlrechtsgeschichte, in Holt zen dorff, Enzyklopadie der Reehtswisscnschaft, I, 6 ed., 1904, 7 ed., 1913. (Not in prior editions.) Kohler, I .. ehrbuch der Rechtsphilosophie, 1908, 2 ed., 1917.

Trnnsl. by Albrecht as "Philosophy of Law," 1914.

Kohler, Moderne Rechtsprobleme, 1907, 2 ed., 1913.

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Berolzheimer, System der Rechts- und "riJthschnftsphiloso- · phie, 1904-1907.

Vol. II, history of juristic thought, transl. by Jastrow

(somewhat abridged) tinder the title U The "r orId's Legal Philosophies," 1912, vol. III, general Sj"StCID of legal and economic philosophy, vol. I\T, philosophy of interests of substance, vol. '7, philosophy of criminal law, are important for our purposes.

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Sec also Berolzheimer, Rechtsphilosophisehe Studien, 1903; Barillnri, Diritto c filosofia, 1910-1912; Kohler, Das Recht, 1909; Kohler, Recht und Personlichkeit in die Kultur der Gcgcnwurt, 1914; Monasterio, L'elemcnto morale nellc norme giuridiche, 1913.

Compare Munroe Smith, Jurisprudence, IDOS.

Reference may be made to .Archiv CUr Hechts und \Yirthscbnfts]lhilosophip, ed. by Kohler and Berolzheimer (since 1919 by Berolzheimcr and Klein), '·01. I, 1907-1908.

Radbruch, Grundziigc der Philosophic des Rechts, 1914. Miceli, Principii di filosofia del diritto, 1914_

Tourtoulon, Principes philosophiques de l'histoire du droit, 1908-.1920.

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S{'C also: Binder, Rechtsbegriff und Rechtsidce, ]915; Lowenstein, Der Hechtshegriff als Helntionsbegriff', 1015; Lask, Rechtsphilosophie, in Windelband, Philosophie im Beginne des Z\\"unzig3t.cn Juhrhunderts, 2 cd., 1907; 8nlol0011, Dns Problem der Reehtsbegriffe, 1 {f07.

Compare Rava, 1 eomfit i della filosofia di Ironto al diritto, 1907. Sec :lIFO French and Italian writers under Sociological, /nfra,

(d) RCl.'it'ed Natural Laui.

I. NEO~"IETAI·II'·SJCAL AND PS1"CJIOI40GJCAL Demogue, Notions fondamentalcs du droit prive, 1911.

II. NEO-SCIIOLASTIC

GCIl)~, l\lethode d'interpretution ct sources en droit prive positif, 1899, 2 ed., 1919.

A book of the first importance,

Geny, Science et technique en droit prive positif, 1913.

10

III. POSITl\~ST.gOCIOLOGICAL

Duguit, L'etat, le droit objectif et la loi positive, 1901. Duguit, Le droit social, Ie droit individuel et la transformation de l'etat, 2 ed., 1911.

Duguit, Les transformations generales du droit privd, 1912 (trans1. in Continental Legal History Series, vol. II, eh. 3).

Duguit, Law and the State, 1917.

Reference may be made to Modern French Legal Philosophy, 1916, in the Modern Legal Philosophy Series; Jung, DDS Problem des naturliehen Reehts, 1912.

Sec also: Boucard, Qu'est-ce que le droit uaturel, 1906; Charmont, La runnissunee du droit naturel, 1910; Charmont, Lc droit ct l'esprit dcmocrntiquc, 1008; Diuvara, 1.& Iondement till phenomeno [uridique, 1913; Fabraguettcs, Ln. logiquo [udiciaire ct l'art de [uger, 1914; Leroy, 1~3. lol, 1908.

Compare Cnthrein, Recht, Naturreeht und Positives Recht, 1901.

Sec nlso Cohen, Jus naturale redivivum, Philosophical Rev., x..XV·, 761, InIG.

On Geny, sec Colmo, Join. tcenica [uridicn, 1916.

5. TilE l~CONO"IIC INTEItPRETATION

Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England ill the Nineteenth Century, 1905, 2 ed., 1914.

Centralization and Law, Lectures I 311tl II, 1906.

Adams, The Modern Conception of Animus, 19 Green Bag,

12, 1907. .

Leist, Privatrecht und Kapitalismus im neunzehnten Jahr ..

hundert, 1911.

Croce, Riduzione della fllosofia del diritto alla fllosofia dell' economia, 1907.

See Lorin, J ~C bnsl economiche della const Ituzione sociule, 1902, transl, by Keasbey as "The Economic Foundations of Society," 1907.

G. SOCIALIST

Menger, Das burgerliehe Recht und die besitzlosen V olks-

klassen, 4 ed., 1908. First published in 1889. ;

Menger, Ueber die sozialen Aufgaben des Reehts, 3 ed., 1910.

First published in 1895.

•

11

Picard, I..4c droit pur, 1899, reprinted 1908. Picard, Les grandes fresques du droit, 1919.

•

Mention may be made o[ Dechesne, La conception du droit. et las idees

nouvelles, 1902; Fourniere, L'individu, l' association et l' ct 11t, 1907; Plu ton, Pour lo droit naturel, 1011; Salvioli, Filosofia del diritto, 1905; Snlvioli, I difett! sociali del eodice civile in relaalone allo classe non abbienti c operaie, 1006.

Sec also Rossi, Observations sur lo droit, civil Francais, Rev. de I.logislation et de Jurisprudence, XI, 1, 1840; Courey, 1 .. 0 droit ct los ouvriers, 1886; Glasson, Le code civile et 111 question ouvriere, lSSG.

7. COllP.-\RATIVE. Sec also 1)ost S, (b)

Melli, Institutioncn der vergleichcndcn Rechtswissenschaft,

1878.

Lambert, Fonction du droit civil compare, lStl3.

J ... ambert, L'cnseignement du droit compare, 1919. Roguin, 'I'rnite de droit civil compare, 1908-1912.

Reference lUUY be made to: Bullet in de In societe de l~gi:.:lat ion eompuree, 18Gfi- '; Zeit~chrirt fUr vergleiehendc Rcchtswlsscnsehaft, 1878-",; Jahrbuch, der intcrnat ionalcn \1 ereinigung ffir vergleichende Rechtswissensehalt, 1805 ; Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 1896-18Di; Journal of the Socicty of Comparative Legislation, new series, 190Q -; Blatter Itlr vcrglelchcnde Rcehtswissensehaft, ID05 • Compare Comparative Law Bureau of the Amerlcan IJnr Ass'n, 190i-1919, now the Section of Comparative Law,

Sec Del Vecchio, SuII' idea. di unu seicnzu del diritto universalc compnrnto, 1009, French transl, by Frances, fl.'; L'idee de droit universel compare, 1910, Spanish trnnsl. by Castano, 1011, German trans). by Hellwig, 1914.

II

(8. SOCIOLOGICAL~ (a) ).[ echanicol and Positivist, ~

Spencer, Justice, 1891.

Sec also: Albuquerque, 0 dircito c In. soeiologia, 1906; Anzilotti, ] .. n. fila .. sofia del diritto e 111, soeiologia, 190ij Brugi, Introduzionc euelelopedica alle scienze giuridiehe e socinle, 4 cd., 1907 (1 ed., 1890) j Cosentini, Filosofia del diritto c sociologia, 1905; Cosentini, Critlcismo c positivismo nella filosofia del diritto, 1912; Dnguanno, La genesi e I'evoluzione del diritto civile, 1890; Eleutheropoulos, Rechtsphilosophio, Sociologic und Politik, 1908; Fragapane, Obbictto c lirniti della filosofia del diritto, 1897; Levi, II diritto naturale nella filosofia di R. Ardigo, 1904; Nardi Greco, Bociologin giuridiea, 1906j Porehat, Sociologia e direito, 1902; Ratto, Soeiologin e filosofia del diritto, 1894; Vadale Papule, La filosofla del diritto 0, base sociologica, 1885; Vander Eyckcn, llcthode positive de I'interpretatlon [uridique, 1907.

Cf. also ante, 4, (d), 111.

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, 1

1

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(b) Biological and Ethnoloqical.

Post, Dcr Ursprung des Rechts, 1876.

Post, Bausteine fur einen allgomcinen Rechtswisscnschnft, ' 1880.

Post, Die Grundlagen des Rechts und die Grundzugo seiner . Ent\vickelungsgeschichtc, 1884.

· Post, Grundriss der ethnologischen Jurispnulcnz, 2 vols.,

•

1894-1895.

Kuhlcnbeck, Nntiirlieho Grundlagcn des Iicchts, 1905.

J\ discussion of fundamental problems of [urisprudenec from the Dnrwiniun standpoint.

Richard, Origine de l'idee de droit, 1892.

Vuccnro, 1,('8 bases sociologiques de droit ot de l'etut, 1898. 'I'ranslutlon of I ... e basi del diritto c <1('110 stuto, 13B3 .

./\ theory of 13.\,' as the outcome of class struggles,

For critiques of the foregoing, sec Tnnon, L'c\'olut ion ric droit. ct. la conscience soeinlo, a ed., 1 n 11 ; Tourtoulon, Prineipes philosophiques de I'histoire

UU droit, 1008-1020; Churmont, La renuissunr-e till llroit. nature), 1010. ·

Sec also: Post, Ueber die ~\ ufguhen cincr nllgomeinen Hecht swissenschnft ,

1 S!B; :\1 nzzcrelln, l .. es tYJlC~ soeinux ct. In droit, 1 !lOS; ~ eukmnp, Ent wiekelungsgeschirhte (IC's It(~cht:~. lS!).j; Scit z, Biologic tics gesehicht lieh positlven Rcehts, H10G-lHIO.

(r) PRycltoloy;cal.

Tarde, 1,,('8 trunsformntions du droit! published in 18U·l.

Vanni, Lczioni di filosofia dol dirit to,

published in ) 001-1902. ·

G ed., 1909.

First

3 cd., 1008.

First

L

See nlso Bonucr-i, L'orient nzione psicologicn dell' et ica c della filosofia del diri: to, J 00;; Hoxi, Die ,r eltnnsehnuung d .. r "J urisprudonz, 1 n07, 2 ed., I!) I 1; Boz], Die Schule dor .lurisprudenz, HllO; Bozi, Einluhrung in tins lehendc Recht, H112-1!H4; Cruet, La vic du droit et l'impuissnnee d(~:-; lois, 1908j Grnsseric, Principe» sociologiques du droit civil, H10G; .lellinek, Die soziulet hisehe Bedcut lln~ von Heelu, Unrceht. und HI rurl', 2 ed., 1 nos (first. ed., 1SiS); Lugorgr-tte, Ln {oncl:un(~nt, du droit, HlOi; Miceli, L'fl runt i «leI dirit to rlnl punln di vistn psichieo-sociule, 100!;; Miceli, Lozloni di fllosofia tiel dirit to, 1008.

(tI)

The ,~la(1e oJ U nification.

I-I 01 rn (IS, The Path of the Lnw, 10 Hnrvard Law 467 t 1 Sf)7; Co])cctctl Papers, 167-202.

Ehrlich, Soziologie und Jurisprudenz, 1903.

Review

J

I l

13

•

Wurzel, Das juristische Denken, 98-102, 1904. Transl. in The Science of Legall\fethod (Modern Legal Philosophy Series, vol. 9), 421-428.

Gnaeus Flavius (Kantorowicz). Der Kampf urn die Rechtswissensehaft, 1906.

Knntorowicz, ~cchts,vissenschaft und Soziologic, 1911. Kelson, Ueber Grenzen zwischen juristiseher und soziolo-: gischer Methode, 1011.

Brugeillcs, Le droit et In sociologic, 1910. Rolin, Prolegomenes a In science du droit, 1911.

Ehrlich, Erforschung des Iebendon Rcchts, in Schmoller's Jnhrbuch Iur Gcsct zgehung, XX\T, 190, 1 gIl .

Ehrlich, Grundlegung del' Soziologie des Rcehts, 101:3. Ehrlich, Das lebcnde Recht dcr Volker yon Bukowina,

1013. ·

Page, Professor Ehrlich 'H Czernowit z Seminar of Living 141u,\', Proceedings of Fourteenth ... ~nnuul l'Ieeting of Association of American I .. nw Schools, .16, 1!l14.

Coscntini, Filosofia del diritto, 1914. Ehrlich, Die juristisehe I .. ogik, 1918 ..

..

Sec also: CO~PJ1t ini, La reforme de' III Icgi!-:Iat ion CiViJl1, IOta (revised and augmented transl. of La riformn .1('l1a lcgislnzione civile, 1911); J(ornfcld, Sozinle 1\1 neht verlullt nisse, G rundzlige ei ner allgemei ncn Lehre \'0111 posi t ivcn Reehte auf sozlologischen Grumllnge, 191]; Letelier, Jencsis tiel dereeho, HllH; Levi, La Eoc!ietc et I'ordre [uridiqnc, U)11; Levi, Contributi :1(1 UIUL reoriu filosofieu dell' online giuridieo, H114j f;pi('gei, (:e~l~l z -md Hecht, 1913.

!l. :\JA 'rI~RI':\LS ron .A X':\LY'rIC.~ L .1 UIU SllnUD.~NCI~

The mntorinls for nnulyt ical jurisprudence nrc drnwn from the two developed systems of law:

1. The Roman or Civil luw, beginning as t he Inw of the ei ty of Horne, became the law of the Roman empire find thus of 1 lie nncient world, nnd eventually, by' absorption or reception from the twelfth to the eighteenth century, the law of modern Continental Europe. It is 1l0\V the foundation or n principal ingredient of the law in Continental Europe (including Turkey), Scotland, E~spt., Central and Sout h America, Quebec and J.AOUiHiuIlU, find ull French, Dutch, Spanish, or Portuguese colonies or countries set t led by t hose peoples .:

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The authoritative form of the Roman law for the modern ~

world is the Corpus Iuris Civilis, or compilation of the Emperor ~ Justinian. The best edition is that of Mommscn, Kruger, and! Sr.hoell (stereotype ed., 1877-1895), of which the twelfth edition, ~ \)"01. I, 1911, is now uppeariug. • ~

...

The sources prior to J ustininn may be f ound in convenient ~

...

form in ;

,

Girard, Textcs lin droit Romain, 4 cd., 1913. \~

~4

131"JUS, Fontes Iuris Romani Antiqui, 7 ed, by Graden- :

witz, IHOO. .

1

Hiccobono, Bnviern ct Ferrini, Fontes Iuris Itomani ~

Anteiustiniani, 1918. ~

There nrc good English translations of the Digest (in part), the ~

•

Institutes, and the Commentaries of Gains:

.I

1\10111'0, The Digest of Justinian, 2 ,:0018. (incolnplet.(',:

I !)04-190D).

'I'herc nrc also separate trnnslntions by Monro of five titles not included in the foregoing.

Moyle, English Translation of the Institutes of Justininn, 5 ed., 1913 •

Abdy and "Talker, 'rho Institutes of Justinian,' transIated with Notes, 1876 .

Peste, The Elements of Roman I .. uw of Gaius, with n Translation and Commentary, 4 ed., 1905.

Muirhead, Institutes of Gaius 11n(1 the Rules of Ulpian,

with 'I'ranslation and Notes, 3 ed., 1904. ·

Abdy nnd "r alker, The Commentaries of Gaius, translated with Notes, new ed., 1880.

Iustitutional hooks in English are:

Sohm, Institutes of Roman I~3"', transl. b~" Ledlie, 3 ed., 1907.

Salkowski.Roman' Private Law, transl. by Whitfield, 18.80. Buckland, Elementary Principles of Roman Private Law, 1912.

The most satisfactory introductions for beginners are:

Girard, Manuel 61emcntnire du droit Romain. 5 cd., 1912. Czyhlarz, Lehrbuch der Institutionen des romisehen Rechts, 13 and 14 ed .. , 1914- •

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14

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(a) R011lan Law.

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(b) Tile Civil Law. "

For the modern Roman law the best works of reference are:

Windsehcid, Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 3 vols., 9 ed. by Kipp, 1906.

Dernburg, System des romischen Rechts, 2 \'01s. (8 edt of Dernburg, Pandokten), 1911-1912.

'Tan 'Vetter, Pandcctes, 5 vols., 1909-1911.

Savigny, System des heutigen romischen Reehts, 8 vols., 18·10-1849.

Gluck, Ausfuhrliche Erlauterung der Pnndckten, 63 vols., 1. i90-l89G.

(c) Austria» Lou:

Kraluz, System des ostcrrcichh;chcn Privatrechts, 2 vols., 4: ed., 1905-1907.

Stubenrauch, Kommentar ZUID ustcrl'cichischcn allgemeine]! burgerlichen Gesetzbuch, 2 vols., Sed., 1902-1903.

..

Krasnopolski, Lehrbuch des osterrciehisehcn Privatrechts,

3 vols. (to be completed in 5), 1010-1914.

There is u. 1 runslnt ion of the Austrian Civil Code hy Winiwurter, 1866.

(d) illodcrn Frencli L .. alD.

The best institutional works nrc:

Capitnnt, Introduction a I'etude du droit civil, a cd., 1012. Plnniol, Truitt! elclnentnirc du droit civil, 2 vols., 8 ed., 1 g20.

~ I ,.

13:l11(h":,"-Lncnntinerie, Precis du droit civil, 3 vols., '''01. 1,

12 cd., 1919; YO]~. 2 and 3, 11 cd., 1912- l.Ot!.

Colin ct Capitunt, Cours CiCll1Clltairc de droit civil Francnis, 3 vols., 1 {) 1 .. 1-1 n 1 O •

The leading work of reference on civil luw is:

Baudry-I .. ncnntinerie, 'frnitc du droit civil, 2n vols., 2 ed., 1899~1{)05.

The lending work of reference on commercial law is:

Lyon-Cam et Renault, Traitd de droit commercial, 8 vols.,

4 ed., i YO):;., 1906-14; '·01. 8 in 3 eel.

· Trnnslat ions of French codes:

j

, Blackwood 'Yright" 1~hc French Civil Co.le, 1908.

; :\Inycr, The French Code of Commerce, 1887.

,

: Quebec.

~ Langelier, Cours de droit. civil LIe lu Province de Quebec, 6 vols., 1!105-1!H I •

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Louisiana.

Merrick, Revised Civil Code of Louisiana, 2 ed., 1913. ~ Sec Fenner, 'The Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, 13:3 i La. lxi-lxvi; Saunders, 'I'ho Law of Louisiana, prefixed to his Revised ~ Civil Code, 1909. ~

~

.. I

(c) 11! odern German Law. 1

•

l'hc best introductions are: · :

I

• I

Schuster, The Principles of German Civil Law, 1907. ~

Kruckmann, Institutioncn des biirgcrlichcn Gcsetzbuchcs..

2 vols., 4 ed .. 1912. ':

r ~

Useful works of reference arc: -

Crume, System des deutschcn bilrgerlicheu Rechts, 5 vols., ! 1900-1912.

• I

Planck, Burgerlichos Gesetzbuch, 6 vols., 3 cd., 1903-1905;:

vols. 1 and 2, 4 ed., lU13-1Dl~1~

.Endcmann, I ... ehrbuch des burgerlichen Rechts, 3 vols., i-9' ed., 1900-1908.

Staudinger, Kommentur ZUIl1 btirgerlichen Gesctzbueh, 7 vols., 7-8 ed., 1912-1914.

On commercial lnw:

Cosaek, Lehrbueh des Handelsrcchts, 7 etl., In10.

Trnnslations of Gcrmnn codes:

Wung, 'The German Civil Code, 100i.

Schuster, 'rhe German Commereinl (~o(lCt HH 1.

Sec Borchard, Guide to the l .. uw of Germany, 1912.

(J) Italian Laic. _

Chironi, Istituzioni eli diritto civile Italiano, 2 vols., 2 ed., 1912.

~

Fiore (and others), Diritto civile Italiano (in course of pub-

lication), a6 vols., 1905-1916.

Vivanto, 'I'rntatto di diritto commcreiale, 4 vols., 3 ed., 1907-1909; 4 edt now appearing.

«(J) Ja1JanCSe Laui.

De Becker, Elements of Japanese 1 .. 3\\-, InIO. ·

IIozumi, Lectures 011 the Japanese Civil Code, 2 ed., 1912.

Trnnslnt ions of .J tlP:U1C:-:C codes: ·

De Becker, Annotated Civil Code of Jnpnn, 4 vols., lonft-1910. v n ngt Commercial C~dl~ of s upan, I!) 11.

1)0 Becker, Commentary on the Commcrelal Corle of Japan, 3 vols., 191:1 .

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,

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(h) Iioman-Duidi LaID.

Lee, Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law, 1915.

'Tan "dcr Lindell, Institutes of the Laws of Holland, transl, hy Juta, 5 cd., 1906.

Nathan, The Common Law of South Africa, -1 vols., 1004-

1907; 2 ed, of vols. 1. and 2, 1913. .

(i) The Law of IloUa1ld.

Diephuis, Het nederlandseh burgcrlijk Regt, 13 vols., 1885- 1890.

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I !

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I

...

•

(Ill)

(j) Roumanian Ltn»,

Alexandresco, Droit ancien ct moderne de Roumanie, 1897 l'

(k) Russian LaID.

Klibanski, Handbuch des gesamten russischcn Zivilreehts,

3 vols., 1911-1918. .

Todaro, Istituzioni di diritto civile Russo, 1894.

Lehr, £lcmcnts de droit civil RU8se, 2 vols., lSii-1800. Foucher, Cede civile de l'cmpire de Russie, 1841. 'I'ehemov, Code de commerce Russe, 1898.

(I) l~cotch Laui.

Bell, Principles of the Lnw of Scotland, 10 ed., 1899. Erskine, Principles of the Law of Scotland, 21 cd. by Rankine, 1911.

Spanish Laio.

"Talton, The Civil I .. uw in Spain and Spanish America, 1900.

Lohr, ~lcnlents de droit civil espagnol, 2 vols., 1880-1890. Sanchez Roman, Estudios de derceho civil, 6 vols., 1889-

1911. ~

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I

Falcou, Exposicion doctrinal del derecho civil espafiol, 4

vols., 0 cd., 1902.

Valverde, Trntado de derecho civil Espafiol, 5 vols., 1905-

1911. I

Clemente de Diego, Apuntes de derecho civil, 8 vols., 1914. Manresa Y' Navnrro, Comentarios at c6digo civil espanol, 12 vols., 3 ed., 190:3-11107.

Scaevola, C6digo ei vil concordado y comentado, 24 vols . and suppl. '] vols., 1902-1909; now edition appearing.

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Translations of the Spanish civil code: !

1

United States, ,V er Department, Translation of the Civil Code in Force l

I

in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, 1899. :

'There is also a translation in Walton, The Civil 1.90"· in Spain, etc., supra. Sec Palmer, Guide to the Law of Spain, 1915.

Mexico,

Wheless, Compendium of the Law's of Mexico, 2 vols., 1910. Kerr, Handbook of Mexican Law, 1909.

\T erdugo, Derccho Civil Mexicano, 5 vols., ISS5-1S!)O.

South America.

Sec Borchard, Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of Argentlna,

Brazil, and Chilct 1917.

Argentine Civil Code, transl, by Jouuiui, 191':.

Civil Code of Brazil, trnnsl. by '\~hclcss, 1920. Zc\'allos, Tratudo de derecho civil Pcruano, 1906.

Velez, Estudio sobre cl derecho civil Colombiano, {} vols., 1905-1911. Zubiznrrctn, Elementos de dcrceho civil, 2 vols., 1899-1900.

J\s to Spanish commercial law, sec: Alvarez, Bonilla, und Mlnanu, Derecho mercnntil Espnfiol, vol, I, .1915, Y01. II, In10; Altunagn, Derecho mercantil, CRt uclio sobre el dereeho mercant il vigente cn Cuba, Espnflu, Peru y Salvador, 1917.

..

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18

(ll)

StViS8 Laic.

Ressel et Mentha, Manuel du droit civil Suisse, 3 1910-1912.

Egger (and others), Kommentnr ZUlU schweizcrischen Zivilgesetzbuch, 5 vols, and 2 supplementary vols., 1899-

1915; vol. (j appearing. ·

There is a trunslution of the Swiss Civil Code hy Shk .. k, HJ15 •

•

2. The Common lnw, Germanic in origin, was developed by the English courts from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century, and has spread over the world with the English 1"3CC. It now prevails in England and Ireland: the United States, except Louisiana: Porto Rico and the Philippines: Cannda, except Quebec; Australia; India, except Ceylon and except over Hindus and Mohammedans as to inheritance. nnd Jamily law: and the principal British dominions and colonies, except South Africa,

If, iN assumed that. the student has a dogmatic knowledge of Anglo-Amerlcan 13",- •

Commereial law Reference mav be mnde to the series " Com ..

...

mercial Laws of the World," 1911 0_ •

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3. The Canon la\v........_, the law of the church during the Middle Ages.

Corpus Iuris Canonici, cd. by Friedberg, 3 vols., 18i6- 1882.

Codex I uris Canonicl, 1918. Sohm, Kirchenrecht, 1892.

Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, 6 vols., 1896-189i.

Schulte, Gcschiehte der Quellen und Litcratur des kanonischen Rcchts, 3 vols., 1875-1880; De Angelis, Praelectiones Iuris Canonici, 4 vols., 1877-1884; Hari ng, G rundzuge des katholischen Kirchenrechts, 2 ed., 1916.

4. International luw A SystCID of adjusting the relations of states with

one another so as 10 meet the approval of the moral sentiment of the community of nations; nn application of the principles of private 1:1,,· to states,

llislory:

'Volker, History of the Law of Xntions, lSfi9.

""cst1akc, Chapters on the Principles of Internntional Law, 1894. Phillipson, Internntional 1.3.\\· and Cust01U of Greece and Rome,

2 vols., 1911.

Nys, Les Origines du droit internationnl, 1894.

Treatises:

1

Wheaton, Elements of Internntionul Ln.",', S ed, by D:UIU, lS(j(j,5 Eng-

li:,h ed. by Phillipson, l!llti.

Hull, 'I'rcntise on Intematlonnl Law, 0 ed., 100!).

Hershey, Essentials of International Public 1 .. aw, 1!l12 (cont nins

useful bibllographies).

Oppenheim, Internutionnl ] .. nw, 2 vols., 2 ed., 1!l12. "·(,f'tlukc, International J,,:1"', 2 vols., 1010-101:1.

Bonfils, Manuel de droit Intermit lonul public, 7 ed., ~014. Liszt, Dns ,7(jlkerrccht, 10 ed., 1015.

lrork.~ oj lirJcrcllcc:

Calvo, 1..0 droit internat ional t hcoriquc ct. prat iquo, G '''01:;., 4 ed.,

1887-18!JO,

Pradier ... Fodere, Traite de droit internntionnl, S vols. lSS5-1!106. IloltzendorfT, Handbueh des "6Ikl'rrccht:-:, 4 vols., 18S5-1SS!).

Sec Ollvnrt, Bibliographie du droit international, 2 '''018., und Sup .. plement, 1005-1912.

Borchard, Bibliography of Internntionnl 1..:1\\. and Continental Law, 1913.

oil

10. l\IATERIALS FOR IIISTORICAL JURISPRUDENCE

The materials for historical jurisprudence are drawn from (1) the history of the developed systems of ]3."., Roman and Ger-

~~

.~

~

~ manic; (2) the SystCIDS of 13.\v which obtained among peoples of ~

some degree or civilization which did not nttain to maturity ~ because of the spread of the Roman 13.\v, or of the English law; § (3) the Hindu and Mahommedan law, which have a limited ap- f

i plication today ill India; and (4) the legal institutions of primitive ~

.:'.\.

and uncivilized peoples. t-'

U

For general reference: ~~

., .

Kocourek and '\~ignlorc, Sources of Ancient nnd Primitive 1.

.. :

Law (in Evolution of Law Series), 1915. ;:

:-~

Kocourek nnd Wigmore, Primitive and Ancient Legal In- ::

• •

stitutions (in Evolution of Lnw Series), lU15. t,:

til

•

Kocourek and Wigmore, Formative Influences of Legal :.,

...

Development (in Evolution of Law Sories), 1918. ~

Dnreste, f:tudes d'histoire du droit, 3 vols.; vol. 1, 2 ed., ~

~J

lU08; vol, 2, ns Nouvelles etudes d'histolre till droit, ;,

1902; vol. 3, as Nouvelles ctud(ls d'histoire du droit, :' 3 series, 1 noo.

Kohler und ,\r enger, Allgemeine Rechtsgeschichtc, I, Oriontulisehes Recht und Recht, der Griochen und Homer, 1914.

Kohler, Shnkespenre vor dern Forum der Jurisprudcnz, ' 18Sa, 2 ed., 1010.

"'ilutzky, Vorgcschichte dC!"1 Reclus, avo):;., I {)03.

20

(I) IIIS1'OItY OF TlE'''ELO(I}:D SY8TE~IS OF J.J.\\'" (0) The legal institution» oj A ryan 7JC01)ics.

Fustel de Coulangos, The Ancient City, trunsl. h~· Smull,

1874. .

Hearn, The Aryan Household, au lnt reduction to Comparativc Jurisprudence, ISiS.

Leist, Altarisches Jus Civile, 2 vols., lSt12-1snO. Leist, Alturisches Jus Gent ium, ISSU.

(b) II istory oj Ronut n Ltuo,

'The best work in English is:

Muirhead, Historienl Introduet ion to the Private Law of Home, a ed. h)" Grant, 1916.

For 'ref erenec see I( uhlenhcek t 1~1l t wickolu n~~gcsch ieh t c d (~S riinl isehen Ilcehts, 2 vols., l!llO-Hlla; Kurlowu, Itoluh'whe Rochtsgcsehichte, 2 '·oL"4.,

- ,

I

21

1885-1901; Cuq, Lcs institutions [urkliques des remains, 2 vols., 1891-1902, 2 ed. of vol. I, 1904.

As to Byzantine 13."·, see Mortrcuil, llistoirc du droit Byzantin, 3 vols.,

It

1843-184i.

(c) Germanic Law.

The best introductions are:

v. Amira, Grundriss des Germanischen Reclus, 2 ed., 1901. Hensler, Institutionen des dcutschen Privatrechts, 2 vols., 1885-·1886. ·

Hubner, Grundzuge des deutschen Privatrechts, l{lOS, translated as U A History of Germanic Private Law," by Philbrick, 1918.

•

For fuller expositions reference may be made to Gierke, Deutsches Privatrecht, 2 vols., lS95-1n05; Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgesehichto, 2 vols., 1892- IHOG; llnurt'r, Altnordischc Rcchtsgcschichte, 5 vols., l!)Oi-H)lO_

~\ tuble of the principal sources may be found in Jenks, L3.\\r :111(1 Politics in the Middle Ages, :319-345.

The best edition of the .:\llgI0-SUXOIl 13"-:; is I .. iebermunn, Ge~lltze der Angelsachsen, 2 vols., 190:3-1012.

There is no English edition (text. and t rnnslut ion):

Thorpe, Ancient Luws and. Inst itutes of England, 2 vols., 1810.

Reference mny be made also to Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (by l\UUIllR,

l.udg(', Young, and Laughlin}, 1876. .

•

The French coulumes:

Benune, Droit eoutumier Frnncnis, 4 vols., 15BO-1889.

(d) lliston; of I~nol;slt I ... au'.

Jenks, Short History of English Law, 1912. Holdsworth, History of English J ... U\V, 3 vols., 1 !lO:3-J 000. Pollock 111)(1 :\I:litl:tnd, History of English Lnw before the

time of Edward J, 2 vols., 2 ed., 18!)S.

Select 1~~s3)·s ill J\ngl0-.l\nlPl"ic:ttl Legal 1-1 i~t()r)', a vols., 1907.._ 1 flU!}.

•

Ames, Lectures on Legal Histoty, 191:3.

f:('f' also Reeves, History of English Law, 5 vols., liS7-182H the new

(1.1- hy Finlason, If\r,n, i:o; not J!:oncl; Curter, History of English I .. ('~tll Institu ..

...

t inns, Hl02; Pound, l~t.·:u1inJ!;": Oil t he I fi~t ory and System of the Common Law,

2 (,.1., 191:1.

...

•

..

•

22

(e) Hislol·Y of the Modern Law oj Continental Europe.

....

.,..

,.

I. GE~~RA~L ~

j

•

A general Survey of Events, Sources, Persons, and :

Movements in Continental Legal History. Conti- I~ nental Legal History Series, vol. I, 1912. ~

'I •

Progress of Continental Law in the Nineteenth Century, ;

•

Continental Legal History Series, '·01. XI, 1918. ~

II. .t\CADE)IIC AND JUlllSTIC DI~'·l~LOI)lIEST OF TIJl~ J~., w Stintzing, Geschiehte der deutschen Reehtswissenschaft, 3 vols., the third b)' Landsberg, 1880-1893.

Ill. CO!\t~IERCJ.~L I~.4.'"

Goldschmidt, Universalgeschichte des Handelsrechts, 1801.

1 ,7 . ]4'llJ~l':C)J I~A ,v

Brissaud, Cours d'histoire genera]c du droit francais public et prive, 2 vols., 1904.

Brissaud, Mnnuel d'histoire du droit prive, 1008, a second edition of the latter part of the foregoing. Translated by' Howell under the title, "IIistory' of French Private Law," Continental Legal History Series, '''01. III, 1912.

Sf'C ulso Esmein, Cours ~Icrnrntairc d'histoire du droit francais, 13 ed., 1\)20; Violle: t Histoire rlu droit civll frnnr;ui:.:, a ed., 1905 .

•

For Freuch-Cuuudinn lnw, see LC1Uit'UX, Origines du droit Franco .. Cunn-

client tHO]. "

\r. GJ~II~I.\X ]j:\ \, ..

Brunner, Grundzuge der deutsehen Rcchtsgcschichte, 7 cd., IO] o.

Schreder, Lehrbueh <4;r deutschen Rcchtsgesehichte, 0 ed., io I fl.

Brunner, Deutsche Rcchtsgeschichte, 2 '·018., 1887 -1892; 2 ed. of vol. II, 1906.

\'1. ITALI~~~ I ... A'\-

Calissc, Storla del diritto italiano, 3 vols.; vols. 1-2, 2 ed., 1902; \'01. 3, 2 cd., 1903.

Salvioli, Storia dol diritto italinno, G cd., ) 908.

-

~ r

~

~ I

• • I I

...

23

Salvioll, Corso ufficiale di studio del diritto Italiano, 2 vols., 1913.

Pertilc, Storie del diritto Italiano, 6 vols., 1896-1903.

\711. RO:\1 Ax-DuTCII I"tt4.a " ..

Sec "·csscls, History of the Roman-Dutch 1..3."", 100S.

..

'~IJ I. HJ'.C\XISII I .... ' w

Sec Continent al Lcgul History Series, vol, 1, General Survey, IIp. 579- 702 and t he bibliography on p. 0;9; Palmer, Guide to the Law of Spain, 30-38.

•

(2) Lsws O}" CIVILIZED l)EOPLES ,,"IIlCII IIA.'·E NOT COlfE TO ::\IATURITY (i) Bolrflonian Lain.

Harper, The Code of Hnmmurabi, 1 90-1.

Johns, Bubylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts und J.,jct tors, 1904.

Kohler und Peiser, Hammurabis Geseta, 5 vols., 1904-] 911. Kohler und Peiser, Aus dem babylonischen Hcchtsleben, 5 parts, 1800-1808.

Kohler und Ungnad, Assyrische Rcehtsurkundcn, 1913. Kohler und Ungnad, Hundert nusgcwahltc Rcchtsurkundon aus del' Spntzeit des Babylonischen Schrifttums, Ifll l. · Darcste, Code babylonien du roi Hummurabi, in Nouvelles etudes d'histoire du droit, 3 ser., l-JO, 1000.

(ii)

Egyptian Laio,

Revillout, Cours de droit egyptien, 1884.

Revillout, Les obligations en droit egyptieJ1 compare nux autros droits d'antiquitc, 1886.

Revillout, La propriete, ses demcrnbremonts, In. posses .. sion ct. leurs transmissions en droit cgyptien, 1897.

Revillout, Les actions publiques ct privees en droit egYJltien, 1896-189i.

(iii) J euiish. Law.

Kent, Israel's Laws and Legal Precedents, 1907.

Rodkinson, The Babylonian Talmud, transl. into English, Section Jurisprudence, vols. 5-10, 1903.

Goldin, The Mishnah, A Digest of the Basic Principles of the Early' Jewish Jurisprudence, 1913.

,

24

...

Kadushan, Jewish Code of Jurisprudence, 2 ed., 1919. Rabbinowicz, Legislation civile du Talmud, Commontaire et traduction critique, 5 '·018., 18i3-1870.

(iv) India see infra, (3) (i).

(v) Urccl: Laio,

Roby, The Twelve "rubles of Gortyn, 2 Law Quar, Hev, 135.

,

Bucheler uncl Zitelmann, Das Recht von Gortyn, 1885.

Telfi, Corpus Juris Attici, 1808 .

...

Hermann, Lehrbuch der gricchischen Hcchtsaltcrttimer,

4 orl. h)p Thalheim, 1895.

13u801t., Die gricehischen Staats- und Rcchtsaltertumor, 2 ed., 1802.

Meier und Schomann, 1)(')' uttische Prozess, new ell. b~·

Lipsius, 3 vols., 1!105-IDl .. I,

lIcfftcr, Die athemiisehe Gcrichtsverfussung, 1882. I .. eist, Grueo-I talische Rcchtsgesehichte, 1884. Dareste, Le science <Ill droit en Grece, 18{)3.

Benuehet, Hlstoire du droit prive de In rcpuh1ique Ath« .. nionno, 1 sse.

l\littei~, Ilpicllsrecht. und ,Tolk:;r('cht in den ost1ichell 1>ro-

vinzen des romischen Kniserreichs, 1891.

Caillomor, J ... e droit de succession l<!gitiJnc £1 Athenos, lS!U). Hruza, J3citl!iige zur Goschiehte dps gricchisehen und romisehcn 1~:ullilienrechtH, 2 vols., 18n2-180~1.

Purh;eh, Gricchisehe Biirgschnftrccht, 1 DOi.

See also Duresto, Quest ion« de droit, grcc, in Nouvelle etudes d'histoi r e .hl droit t 55-11G, 1002.

•

(vi) Irisli Laic.

Ancient Laws of I roland, 3 "01:; .. , 1865-18i3. Ginnell, The Brehon Laws, lS94.

D'Arhois du Jubainville, £tudes sur ]c droit celtique, 1895 ..

Darestc, Le droit ecltique L'Irlandc, in f;tudes d'his-

toire du droit, 2 ed., 356-381, 1908.

(vii) ll! eish Laio.

Owen, Ancient Laws and Institutes of '\"31p.~, 2 vols., 184]. "rnde-Evnns, "relsh Medieval Law, 190f)'

;t (viii) Skuionic Law.

Sigel, Lectures on Slavonic Law, 1902.

Kovalevsky, Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Rust

it sia, 1891. ·

, Macieiowski, Slavische Hechtsgcschiehte, 2 vols., 1835-

i 1839.

25

Ewers, Das iilteste Recht der Russen, 182G. Goetz, Das Russische Recht, 3 vols., 1910-1912. Krauss, Sittc und Brauch der Siidslaven, 1885.

Darcste, L'ancien droit sluve, in £tudcs d'histoiro du droit, 2 ed., 158-2..Ji, 1908.

..

,... ~

t

; Poland .

•

~ yon Ostrowski, Civilrceht der Polnischen X:1t ion, 2 vols., 1 i9i-l 802,

~

~ Bulto-Sluvonic 1:1\\·.

t

Bunge, Altlivland's Rechtshnchcr, 1870,

Bunge, 13('itriige zur kumle tier Liv-, 1~~1h-, und Curhindischen Recht squellen, lS!Jl,

Bunge, Geschichto des goriehtswesen und gcrichtverfnhren in Liv,», Est-, und Curlnml, ISi4.

Bunge und Mudni, l~l'(;rtrrunp;en nus den in Liv-, Esth-, und Curlandgeltenden Rochton, 5 \'01:;., lS-lO-IStj:J.

~

•

•

: (ix) Old.l apanese LUll'.

,,7igI110r(', Mnterinls for the Stud)" of Private Law in 01<1 Japnn, lS!}2 (Supplement to 'I'ransaet ions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, \'01. 20).

..

• ,

· I

I

i

~

(:1) lIIXI)U .. ~XD lIAIIO!\I!\IJ~nAX JJ;\ w

..

:\I:n'ld):y , Introduction to Hindu find Mohammedan 1.:1,",

inou

: (i)

, •

IJinriu LUll'.

Gautnma, trnnsl, by BUhler, 1879. Vasisht hn, transl. h)· nil hler, 1882.

Vishnu, trunsl, hy Jollv, 1880.

Manu, trnnsl. hy Buhler, 1886 .

Nurada, transl, by Jolly, 18i6 .

J olly, History of the Hindu Law, 1 SU5 .

~IHyne, Treatiso on IIindu Law und U~age: 7 cd., ]90G. CO""(lIl, Short. Treatise 011 11 indu Law , 1805. Colebrooke, Digest of Hindu Law, 2 vols., .. i pct, 18i4.

'" . .

..

,

~

F

"

{

i

~

...

• • •

"

• ...

J

r;

L

~

... •

oil

•

,

(ii)

~

J

~

~

(: ~

.. ....

"lilt

t1

"rest and Buhler, Digest of Hindu 1 .. aw, 2 vols., 4 ed., 1919. ! Sarkar, Hindu Law, 3 ed., 1907. ~

~

Ghose, Principles of Hindu 143.\"', 1903. ~

S

.1.1 [ ahommcdan Ltuo, ~

~

;

The Hcdnya or Guide, u Commentary on the )[ ussulman ~

Laws, transl. by Hamilton, 4: vols., 1791. 'There is all ~

.......

abridged edition by Grady, 1870. ~

""l

"Tilson, Introduction to the Study of Anglo-::\Iuhtunnlud311 ~

tl

Law, 1894. ~

•

"rilson, Digest of 1\nglo-~I\lhaJnnlnd311 I .. aw, 3 ed., 1908. ;

Alxlur Rahim, Muhammadnn .lurisprudonce, 1912. .:

•

Ameer Ali, Mohammedun La\\9, 2 vols., 2 cd., ]1894. ~

Ruxton, Maliki Law, 1 GiG. ~

Morand, Etudes de droit musulmun algerien, 1nl0. i

I

Morand, ])roit musulman algerien, 1 U 1 G. :

I

Kohler, lleehtsvcrglcichclldc Studicn fiber islamitisehcs i

I

Recht, dus Recht der Berbern, tins ehinesische Recht I

UI1(1 dus Recht auf Ceylon, 188B. i Abdur Rahman, Kritiseho Prufung del' Quellen des islumitiseheu Reehts, ] 0]·1 (complete bibliography),

I

26

•

(4) IJEGAI .. !XSTITUTIOXS OF PRI!\tITIVE AND UXCIVILIZED l'.;oPI4ES Post, Grundriss der ethnologischcn Jurisprudenz, 2 vols., 1894-1895.

}>ost., Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, 1887.

II

lIIS1"OllY OF JUIlISI>I{UDENCE: SCI-IOOJ.lS or JUIlIS'I'S

Berolzheimer, 'l'he "r orld's Legal Philosophies, chaps. 5, i:

Charmont, La renaissance du droit nature}, chaps, 1-5 (chap. 5 is translated in Modern French Legal Philosophy, 65-73); Isaacs, The Schools of Jurisprudence, 31 Harvard Law Review, 373.

1. TIlE NINETEENTII-CENTUUY SCHOOLS

Pollock, Oxford Lectures, 1-36; Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics, 1-30; Bryce, Studies in History and Juris .. prudence, Essay 12; Munroe Smith, Jurisprudence, 30-42; Brown,

oil

27

~ "he Austiniun Theory of I~3'\· J Excursus I~'; Korkunov, General '\ j"1.1cory of J ... aw, transl. h)' Hustings, 23-30, 116-138; Lightwood, :-- The Nature of Positive Law, chaps. 12-]:3; Lorimer, Institutes of ~ ... aw, 2 ed., 38-5·t; l\IiU('J", Lectures 011 the Philosophy of Law, ~\PJlendix E: Lconhnrd, 2'I et hods Followed in G erm any' bJP the ~ Iistoricul School of I .aw, i (~.Oltll~ bin I..,n~\~ Review, 573; Pound,

ilfhc Scope and Purpose of Sociological Jurisprudence, 2·1 Harvard ;lr.u w Review, 5B I; ]'()UI)( 1, '1"11(' Philosophy of 1.3.\\" in America, :~\rchi\" fUr Iicchts- lind Wir: hschaitsphilosophie, \:"1 r, 21:3, 385.

:f Clark, I'ract icnl ,J l1,.i~1 irudenee, 1-.0; A mos I Syst ~]U n tic ,,. icw of the :'~:--:d('uec of Jurisprudence, -10-13 (1~72); Holland, Elements or .. lurisprudcnce, :~]:! ('(I., 1-1!J; I'ucht :1, Cursus der I nst it lit iunen, I, § § :t:J-:15 (18-11), J~ngli~h

~

~r:lll:Ol. IJY J lust ie, Out lines of .J urisprudence, 1:!4-I:t~; Fichte, Grundlnge des

:~ nt urrecht ~t I ntroduct ion, § 2 (1 iBU), English t ransl. by Kroeger (as 1,"ichtc's "~('ien("c of Hight~), 1(i-21; Hegel, Grundlinicn tier Philosophic des Hechts, f1§§ I-a (l~2(), English t rnnsl. hy ])yc!(' (us IIcgl\l):-_; Philo:-"nllhy or Hight), ;}l-]O; .. Bni~h\l, COli)":'; tlr. philosophic <Ill druit, §§ 1-2 (ISO!}); Xl iller, Dutn of

."

~.J urisprudcnee, 1-2 (I no:!).

·1

•

~

.. 1 J."

"""

j-

_\1

~{ Pound, The Scop« und Purpose of Sociological .l urisprudenco

• J " .

r!.?5 II:II·,·ard Law Hcvicw, ]·10; Munroe Smith, Four Germun

I

'~Jllri~t~, 10 Polit icnl Science Quarterly, Oti·l, 11 Political Science

~(luart prly, 2·iS, ] 2 Polit ical Science Quart t·}'I),·, 21; ,J boring, 14a \V ::lS l'Il.':lllS to an End, :3:30-3:i2; Struumler, Die Lehre yon dem .')·ieht igen ]{('chtl", 3- J 1; l~(Jh)pr, Hcchtsphilosophie und U niver-

··~:l11·l·cht~!!{'schichte, §§ 8-10: Pound, l)olitieal und l~eollotnic In-

l~ ~ ~ ·

j orprvtut ions of J urisprudonce, Proceedings American l'olitil'al

t ~

Heiel)(~e Assoeint ion, 1 U12. !J5; Burdick, Is Law the Expression of

",y

.:{~Ja~s Selfishness? 25 Harvard Law Review, :3 .. 19.

, r\

C.

~ CI'O(I(~, Jl i-aorh-nl )'I:ll(~riali:-:Jn :111(1 Karl Xlurx; Croce, Riduzione dellu

;.~nn~ofin clp] dirit to nlln Iilosofin doll' economin, aU-·Hi (H)(l,); Brooks Adams, ;'?·Iu.~ Xloderu Conception of . Animus, In Green IJ:l~t 12, :~:3 (1007).

1 ~ •

~ ~ 1

~ ~t

.. , :3. 'I'm: SOCIOLOGIC.~ I~ SCHOOl ...

. }

.. ;:

. ~

/J Pound, The Scope anrl ])UJ"P08(, of Sociologienl .J urisprudcnee,

...

. :~5 IIarY:lI'<lI ... uw Review, 48f); Pound, The 1'('(.'<1 of n Sociological

~uri~J)l"udenee, ] 9 Green Bmr, ] OJ; Kuntorowicz, Hochtswisscn-

l.chnft und Soziologie, 1-15, 21-aO, :30-;34; Tunon, L'evolution du :droit. et In conscience soeiale, a od., 1·13-170, 1 06-202; Brugeillos,

•

I

1.

~

') '1· .. c" 1) -. :.

... IIF~ ;:'QCI.\.14-- JIJL(J:;()('IIIC .. \L :;CIIOOI .. S

•

..

28

5~

Le droit ct In sociologic, Introduction and C1UlpS. 1-2, G; ,randcP'

E~·cken, l\Jcthodc positive de I'intcrpretutiou, 100-112; l~olil1ll Prolegomenes :\ 1:1 science du droit, l-Q; Ehrlich, Erforschung del! lebcnden Reclus, Schmoller, Jahrbuch fiir Gcsctzgebung, xx,rt~ 109; Ehrlich, Grundlegung der Soziologie des Hechts, Cl13p. 21~

Page, Professor Ehrlich's Czernowitz Seminar of Living I.Ju,v~ Proceedings Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Associat ion orii

\ · lSI 1 J. ~~j

~ mericnn ... U\V ~ C 100 8, • 6. f.~

l;~ pr~

~1. J-IISTOHY OP ,JUIUHPH(JJ)EXC}~ t~

The beginnings of legal nnnlysis the" taking of differenre~.Ji~

~~

,.! hcrin~t Gei.~t (~CS~ 1"?1Ili~ch~l~ lt~,r~'1~, 1 I]:) ~ §. ';::-50: .'r~~c .. ~ Ic~h\yn. (.II:~tllil·t~ ton :-; trnnsl.), hk. 1 h. Ch.1Jl. 1, Gr.\tl~ ~ ed., ]" _·14, Picot :i Cust , \ . 11. 33 Ed. L,

r.1l

(11()~\\'()(lC Led.), 22-~;j; 'l'he Execut ors' Case, 1(1. (;:;; i\ 01 e, Keilwny, 41; ~ ot('~'~1

2 Dyer, Ill') in margin; !! Dyer, I·lab (pI. 57). i~

.. ~.;

f ...

The hp~inllin~s of a ~l'nel'al scicnee of law. ~

\.~ ~

Darestc, La :-:1'il'lll'c rlu droit en Greel'; 1-1 S, 2U-3 t; Cicero, De Orat on{~

t '

1 ·11 s 1":''' () .. ~ ...

, ,~,,,,,, . . ,~

~~

~

The iu« !ICllfilllll - "a eomhinntion of comparat ive juri~.~';

prudence nnd rn t iouul ~I)(I(,\Ila t ion." ~~i

...

Muirlu-nd, Ll istorir-nl Introduet iou to the Private Lnw of H01Ur.. ~ I:?:·.~

......

8011111, Institutes of Homnn Law (t rnusl. hy Lodlie), ~§ 1:J-17; Girard, Shorti

l1istory of Romun Law (trnn-I, hy Lefroy nn<1 Cumoron), 7-8; Voigt, l):t.~~

•

I us X nt urule, Aoquum, ct· Bonum und 1 U~ Gent hun dor Hc';tncl', I, ~ ~ I a-l;;.~

42, 4:1, 7!)-SR, 1 n:1; Kurlowu, ]{ii1l1i:-.'."he IIllI'ht ~g:~':-:(·lli,·hh', 1, ~ ~ .1H-HO; j\uhl(~n:~j heck, Ent w i('k('lun~:-:gc~dlidlt e (J(IS !'()11I i-ehcn H cch t~, 1, ~o.)-~a!j. .~;

1>~

• j

Tho iu« naturale :1 speculnt ivc hudy of principles, f\('r'·iJ)i~

n~ the basis of lnwmn king :lJH 1 erit icism, of pot (lilt in 1 n pplira-, bilitv to nll men, in all ages, :UIlOIlJ! :111 peopk-s, derived from; reason and worked out. pliilosophienlly. t

p.

,

:\ lui 1'1 ,P:u 1. § r,;,: B ryee, ~ t 11' lies i 11 I Ii.ott nry :t 11' I .J uri ~1 mulonc«, l~:;::-:ny 11 ~

:\1 nino, A1U·it~1l1 L:\,,', chaps. a und -1 nnd ~ir Frederick Pollock's 1l0H~~ E nnr.: (1; Hit ehiv, Xnt urul Hights, chup. 2; Pollock, History of lIH~ 1.:\\\· of Xntu r r~

.1.0

1 Columhin ] .. uw Il eview, 11; Salmond, The Lnw of X at \11"(''. It 1.:\\\' Qu2tr~

i

torly Review, 122; Cuq, l nstitutions Juridiques cIt·s Rmunins, I l, 4i-:;a~

\' oigt., Dns 1 us ~ ut urulo, .. \ef)lllllU l·t 110nuIll und 1 us Gent hun dor II tit 11(,)· • lj § § 1.1-11 t fi2-li·l; us. ' l

i

The hist ory of 1110<1('1"11 lognl science hegins wit h the revival o~

the studv of Roman law ill the twelfth centurv, J

.. .. I

t

~ :

• I •

t

..

• •

~

I

..

;

4 ,

,

I

i

I

1

•

•

29

..

Continental Legal History Series, I (General Survey), 128 (§ 38)-175, l7S (§ 7i)-19tl; Sohm, Institutes of Roman Law (transl. by Lcdlie), Grue.,cr"s Introduction (in first l only), i-xxvi; Sohm, Institutes of Il.OllU111 L:l\V :trnnHI. by I .. edlie, 3 ed.), §;. 1-28; Westlake, Chr .. ptcrs 011 the Principles of lntcrnational La\\~J 17-51; Lee, Historical Jurisprudence, 386-308; Hastie, Jlltlincs of Jurisprudence, 23;-253, 260-271.

I'he Glossators.

Snvigny, Gesehichtc des ri)Jni~chcn Reclus im Mittelnlter, \1, 222-240; ~tjntzingt Geschichtc tier dcutsehen Rochtswiscensehafr I, 102-105; Landsberg, Die Glosse des Accursius und ihrc Lehre \"0111 Eigenthum, 1-81.

The Commentators.

~n,·jgny, Gcsehicluc des ri)uli~eh~n Reclus im Mittclulter, \~, 225-228, :!5:{-:J:.(;, \~I, }-25; St int Zill~, Geschiclu (! der dent schen Rechtswisscnschult, L 10H-13:i; Contillenhlll.pg:tlllb.lury Serie», II (Great Jurists of the World),

1 ........

I i)-i) I •

ffhe Humnuists,

The ~1~"1·CIIC11 School .

• J ucobus Cuiueius (Jacques Cuju«, 1522-1 ~(V ). l lugo Donellu« (Donenu, J:;2i-15Ul).

t'oJltinent:ll1_.,~~:\11Ii~tory S('ri(l:O:, I (C;Cl. rat Survey), 2TJ2-25U; Continent a] Legal Hist ory Series, I I (Grout .lurists of the \r 01"1(1), 58-lOS; Stint zin~~ Ge~ehieht e tier tl~nt sclien Rcclnswisscnschuft , 1, 1:J:3-1.j,1.

t

J~tlln ncipa t ion of If urisprurlence from Theologv.

The I'rotestnnt [urist-theologiuns.

II ugo Grot ius (l)c o root, 15S:3-I U4!j).

:'(!C }1l),''i/, I I 1, B, 2. A~ t o Grot ius, :o:pc Cont inent ul Legul II i~t ()l"Y Series, I J l Grout Jurists of t lie Workl), IGn-lS·t; Vreeland, I I lIJ.!:O (~ r otius (HU7).

Hemmingsen (Henn .. inuius), De lrge naturae npodiet ieu methorlu- (1~;H2)J prf'fac·c (I his mny he fount! convenient ly in Knltcnborn, Die \"or1:i .. £l11' des 1f1lJ!u(~rotiu~, II, :it); Gro1iu:o:, I)e lure belli et Jl:u:i:(1(j21j):Prol(l~()IIlP1Ht, § 11.

Emnnelpation of Law Irom the text of the Corpus I uris.

1I('fnUUUl Couring (lUOG-InS). .

, Conrirur, De Origine iuris Gvrmuuicl (1 (i·ta) I chnps, 2 J -27, :.i2-!l.j; Stint z: i JlJ,!, (;(!~{'h icht c tier deut sehen Reeh t :;\\·i:-::-:('n~ c -huft , II, I-a I, 105-1 SS; Brunner,

I

! ( :run<lz\ige der deutsehen lh'('ht~g('~chil'htp, § fl·!; Stobbe, Hermnnn Conring,

i Der H('l!rihlller der rleutsehen Rechtsgesehichte (1870).

r

j'rhn T~n\\"-of-Nntur(' Sehoo1.

! Grot ius, Do lure hl,J1i et pacis (1tJ~;'j), \"'he\vcll's 1 ran-I. (IS;i!1) is COl;" {\"t.'ui(\nt; Pufcndorf, De I ure nut urne et gent ium (lu1)S) - J\c.'llnct'~ transl. ! (17na) may he found in several editions. See nlso tho ahritlJ!c.~(l trans). hy

~,

;' pnvnn (171fl). Burlnmnqui, PrineiJle~ rlu .l.-oit, nuturel (1;·1;) Xugent's

~

•

30

• •

..

..

trans}. iq convenient; there are several editions. Wolff', Institutioncs iur ---,. ........ naturae ct gentium (1750); Rutherforth, Institutes of Natural Law (175~ 56); Vattel, Le droit des gens, Preliminaires (li58). There nrc tunny tra .~ lations of \7 attel,

Burlamaqul, Principes du droit nuturel, pt. I, chap. S, §§ 1-2, Engli trnnsl. by Nugent, It 7C)-7S; Continental Legal History Series, II (are

........-:101

Jurists of the World), 305-34.1, 44i-476; Blackstone, Cornmcnturies, 1, 38-4 =---

The Low-of-Nature School in the nineteenth century. (a) Nco-Rousseouisis.

Aeollas, Introduction a l'ctudc du droit (1885), I, 2, 7; Acollns, L'I<l~ du droit (188ft), 2!lj Beaussire, Les principes du droit. (1888), Introduction especially 1, 7, but. cf. 25 rr,

(b) The Law of Nature in .t1111crica.

Bishop, Non ... Cuntruct Law (lSSn), § 85; HJuith, The Law' of l)rivnt~ Riglu (18110), nt., a, chap. 3; Andrews, Amcricun Law (2 cd., IUDS), I, §§ 10' 1?.t; Haines, rrhc I...n~ of Nature in State and Poderal Deeisions (In16), 2~ Y ale I .. :1'\· Journul, (,i,.

t :-.

, 'rhe nineteenth-century schools represent different phases of al

reaction from the philosophical method of the seventeenth and'~~ eighteenth centuries. - [t ~ 7tJ

Bluntsehli, lJic noucrcn Rechtsschulcn der deutsehen Juriston (lS{j~)!t

Bekker, Ueber dell St relt tier historischcn und dor filoscfischon }{ccht8chttlf.!,11

(1886). f~

~.t ~ \~:'f

¥.~ +4~ ~~! ~

Snvigny, v om 13l'ruf unsrer Zeit. rUr Gcsctzgobung und Recht 1-\\\'i:-;:-:pn-tj

schnlt (ISlA). Ch.,)lS. 1, ~ (use :3 ed., 18·10, or Hayward's trnusl.): llel'olzh(!iJlH.·r~ HystClll der Rechts- uml '\"iI·th~l!h:trt~]lhilo~()])hiCt II, 2.)0-2:31 (\\"orhPs l.(\~:l~J Philosophies, 204); Dernhurg, Pnndcktcn, S cd., § 12; Cont incnt ul l .. <..g:ll,~ llistol'Y SC1'ir~, II (Great .lurists of the \Vol'ld), 5lH-;jSn. f~

For erit iques of the hist orienl school, sec Korkunov, General Theory of.~ I. aw (1 T ust iJlJ.t~' trunsl.), lIU-12~; Chnrmont , 1..:1 rennissunce du droit, nat Ul'P]fi 7·t-n-t; St mnmler, U eber d ic :\ 1 ct hoc le lh'r ~(~:o:ch irht liehou Heeh t st hcol'icf~ Bekker, Recht des Hesit zcs, § 1; Kunt nrowicz, Lehre von dem ri(·ht.igcl~ Rechte, S. ' ~

The English Historical School is pnrtlv n development of th~.~ foregoing aud part I)· u reaction from t he English Analyt i{'al~~ School. ';

Sir Henry :i\J nine (1822-1 SSS). See bibliogra phy, a ntc, p .. Ii Duff, Sir Henry Maine (lS!l2); Vinogrudoff, The Tenehing of Sir IIC"nr:~

!\luinc (1004), 20 Luw Quarterly Review, lID. I

"./ )-

l

~

~

'" "f

J

l'

1

J I

1

r

I

(1) The II istoricol .School.

l~ricdrich Curl. von .3u vigny (177U-J S6 1).

•

..

31

t I

! Preface (by Sarnh Austin) to 3d and subsequent editions or Austin,

r _

Lectures 011 Jurisprudence; Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ 1-1tl;

Bcrolzheinlcr, System der Reclus- urul \Virthschuftsphilosophic, II, 18-20 (\\"'o)"I"]'s l,eg:l.l Philosophies, 9-11); Bergbohm, Jurisprudcnz und Rechtsph i1o~ophic, 12-20; SOI1110, J urlst isehe Grund lohrc, 3:3-3i (1917).

~

I

~2) The English Analytical School.

! PreCUrS01"S: Thomas Hobl)cs (1588-16i9).

~ Jeremy Bentham (li48-1S32).

~

: Founder: John Austin (1790-1859) ..

Sec bibliography, cnte, 1). 3.

In the nineteenth century t he philosophical method \YUS con-

l inned by: ·

I

I I

(3) The JI eiaplujeical .School.

•

I

~ Hegel, Grurullinien der Philosophic des Rcehts, § 1; Ahrens, Cours lin

~lroit. nnturcl, S erl., 1,1, II, 17-20; Lorimer, Institutes of Lnw, ~ (1(1.: :353; )lillcr, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, !l, 7'1-i3; Geyer, Goschichte und ry~tcnl del" Hcehtsphilosophie, § 2; 130is1t,!, Cours de philosophic tin droit,

l§ § 1~2; P!'in~, 1~:t philosophic ~ du droit. et I'ecole hi:;t~l'~quC (1882). ..

, Sl'C (1 ray, Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ ,-0; Bryce, Studies m

~Ii~tory nut! Jurisprudence, Amerieun cd., (j:31-(j~4; Pollock, Essay« in Juris ...

•

prudence and Ethics, 28-:30; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (Hnst lngs'

:1 ran-l.), § 4; Bergbohm, Jurispnulenz und Recht sphilosopliie, ~ ~ 6- 15; Berolz~lcilncr, System der Recht s- uml 'Yirt hschaft sphilosophie, 1, vii.

"""III

~

~ In the latter part. of tho nineteenth century there \\'3.S

'\t, tendency to bring the different methods together and to

...

jll'oat len t he bash; of both the historical n nd the philosophical

~ehoo18.

! Dnhn, Rechtsphilosophischc St udien, 288; Schuppe, Rcehtswlssensehaft

~

:t111d Hechtsphilosophie, .1 uh r hueh del" int ernnt ionulen V erelnigung fiir ver-

f1ci,.hcndc Rechtswisseuschuft , It 215; Kohler, Hechtsphilosophie und Uni ... ~~·rr:;nlrccht8gc8chichte, § s.

~t

;~ "he u comparn t ivc method."

\

~I eili, I nsf it ut ionen del" vcrgleichendon Hecht swisscnschnft. (lSt1S) - .. u [bihliogruphy only.

r: Sec ulso :\Iuiu('. Village Communit jes, Lect. 1; Bryce, Studies in 11 i.;1 ory !~n(l ~J urisprudcnce, Essa,y 11; Bcrolzheimer, Syetem der Recht ~- und Wirthldluf1 sphiloscphio, 1 I, 21; Sohuppe, Die Methoden rler Rechtsphilosophie, "Zeit schrilt fiir verglciehende Recht swisscnsehuft , \7 t 209.

· Compare Snvigny, System des heut igen rdmischen Rechts, I, preface

t<IIolio\yny's transl., p. vii). y:,f;

~'i

I P

.,.

~.

\_\

J

..

...

,.

•

32

•

.....

At the end of the nineteenth century a revolt from the hist ... ~ ical school, which had all but supplanted philosophical jurisp donee, and a development of the philosophical school, resulted i -.n!'II..--.r'

t

(a) The Social7Phi'o801Jhical School .

There are three varieties:

•

(1) 1_"UE SOCIAL UTlI .. IT.O\IUA.X8

...

Coutinentnl Lognl History Series, II (Great Jurists of the World), 5~ ~

599; .lhering, Law us 11. Means to an End (transl, by Husik), Appendix I (t

· original muy be found in Merkel, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, 11, 733' Bcrolzheimcr, System der Reclus- und \Yirthschnft~philosoJ>hic, II, § 43 ('J' ... .L __

. \V()rld'~ Legal Philosophies, 33i-351); Bcrolzheimcr, Rcchtsphilosophi-e ____

St udien, 14a-14S; 8t annuler, \Yirthschuft. und Itechf.,2 ed., 5;8-58-1; Statuti lor, Lehre yon dem rlchtigcn Rcehte, lnt fT.; Korkunov, General Theory Luw (trnnsl. by Hnsf ings), §§ la-I·I; Jhcring, Law as n Means to all ]~n (trunsl. by Ilusik), Appendix II.

. (2) 'ritE Nl~O-I\:ANTI'\~S

8t umm lor' s wri t i ngs: U eber die 1\1 ct hode der geschieh t lichen Recht ... 1 heorio (1888); Wirthschalt und llccht (lSOG, 2 od., 1905); Die Gcsct zlniit-;;.;ig~ kelt in Heehtsordnung und Volkswirt hsehnft. (1002); Lehre yon dem richti~er~J Rechte (1!l02); \Yc.~CJl des Hcchts und der Rechtswissenschnlt. (in. Die l~ult\na der Gogenwurt ), 1 gOO; Systcmntische Theorie der Hcchtswisscnschnf't (1911}g Rechts und Stuntsthcorlen tier Neuzeit (Inti). ~

Crit lques of Stemmler: Berolsheimor, System dcr Rcchts- und "1irlll'~ schnltsphilosophie, II, § 48, iii (The \Yorld's Legal Philosophies, 3nS-422)~ Kunt orowicz, Zur l .. ehrc vom richtigcn Recht: Croce, Historicnl Mnt (!rin1isn~ nnd the Economies of Kur] Mnrx, chup, 2; Geny, Scicll{·c et technique (,l!~ droit 11l'iv6 positil, 11, i27-130; Binder, Rcchtsbcgriff und Rcchtsidoe (1915)1;

Compare the Neo-Critieul social philo:-:o}lhy of Rcnouvier. Picard, t~

philosophic sociulc de Renouvior, chnp. 3 (IHOS). ~~

~

(3) 'rUE N"t:o .. IIJ~G.:1 .. 1AXS t

Kohler's writ ing~ on jurisprudence and philosophy of luw: Shnkc~pc:u.( vor dcm Forum tier J urisprudenz (1RS:]); Recht, Glnubo und Sitte (18!l2)~ Zur t;rg('~dlichte tier l~:he (lSn7); l~it1rnhrung in (lie Recht s\\pisscn~(~h:\r~ (1002, !) ed., lUI9); Recht sphilosophie und Univcr~:\lrerhtfo\gc~chichte, ir~ Iloltzcndortl, l~n(!~·kln})iidic dcr Rcehtswissousclmft, » ed. (H10-l), 7 cd! (Hll!;); Modorno Rechtsprobleme (1007, 2 od. InI:l); Lehrbuch der Ilcchts{

philosophin (I90S, trunsl, by Albrecht, Hl14, 2 ed., Hl17). I

Berolzhelmor, SYHt em dcr Rorhts ... und 'Vir' hschaft sphilosophio, II, § 48: iv (Tho World's L{'~nl I'hilosophies, 422-4:-11); Bcrolzhoimcr, ZtUll Method

I

('ustrt,it in del' ll('(:ht sphilosophie der G('~~n\\·!lt't, A rehiv fUr Hechts- \lUC

I

,\~ irt ll:-orhnft sphilosophie, I V, !'ift

For eritiquo, ~c(' G,'ny, Science ct teehniquo ('11 droit prh·c positil, II

111--120.

"

•

+

..

..

33

. (b) The Revival of J\TaLural Law in France. ·

Sallcillcs, L'~colc historique et droit naturel d'apres quelques ouvrages reccnts, Revue. trimestrielle de droit civil, 1, SO (1902); Charmont, La rcnnissance du droit nature! (1910) sec Modern French Legal Philosophy, §§ 43-103, for translation of part of this book; §§ 78-103 nrc Important in the present connection. Gcny, Science ct technique en droit pri,·c positif, 11, §§ 134.-140; Demogue, Notions fondamentalcs du droit l)rivc, 22. Sec also Jung, Das Problem des naturliehen Reehts (1912).

(c) The Economic Interpretation. '

(i) As to interpretation of history generally, sec Seligman, The Economic Int erpretation of History, 2 ed.; Smull, General Sociology J 44-62; Barth, Die Philosophic dcr Geschiehte fils Soziologle, 200-346, 2 ed., -183-809; Croce, Historical Metorialism and the Economics or Kurl Marx, chap. 2.

(ii) As to interpretations or [urisprudence and legal history, t;CC Pound, Political und Economic Interpretations of Legal History, Proceed ... ings, American Political Science ,Ass'n, 1912, 95.

(iii) Idealistic interpretat ions:

(u) Ethical. Ilustio, Outlines of Jurisprudence, 152-153 (Friedlnnder, Juristische Encyklopfldie, 65).

(b) Religious. Stahl, Philosophic des Rechts, 5 ed., 11, § [) (p, 4); l)cZuluetn, The Girard 'Testimonial Essays, ao Law Quarterly Review, 214, 216-21 i; Pound, Puritanism and 1 he Conunon Luw, 45 American Lnw Review, 811. ·

(c) Polit icnl, Lorimer, Institutes of Ln\v,2 cd.,353-:356; Hastie, Outlines of Jurisprudence, 5, 7, 24-28 (Puchta, Cursus der Institutioncn, §§ 2,3,9); Maine, Ancient Law, lust two paragraphs of

· chap. 5 .

•

(iy) Ethnological interpretations.

(a) Idealistic. Jhering, Geist des ri:uuischen llcchts, I, .§ 10; lluirhead, Historical Introduction to the Private L~l'V of Rome, § 1. But sec Voigt, 11.uluiRchc Rcchtsgcsehichte, It § 2; CU'l, Institutions [uridlques des Romuins, I, 20-30; Kuhlcnbcck, EntwickeIungsgeschichte des r(}Jni~chcll Reclus, 1, :Jl--l0. Compare Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophic des Reclus, §§ 34()-a47

(Dyde's transl., 343-34-1).

(b) Psychological. Curle, La vita del diritto, 2 ed., bk, V'; Fouillee, 1,' Idee moderne du droit t () ed., bk. I, introduction nnd chap. 5 (Modern French Legal Philosophy, chaps. 1 and II).

(c) Posit ivlst • Post, Die G rundlngcn des Rcch t~t 8-9.

(y) Economic interpretations,

(a) Idealistic the realization of an economic idea. Croce, The

Philosophy of Hegel, 201-202.

(b) Mcchanieal-Positivist. Centralization and Lnw, 23, 31-35, O:J-G-4, 132-133; Adams, The Modern Conception of Animus, 19 Green

34

Bag, 12, Ii, 32-33. Sec nlso Hohlen, The Rule in Hylnnds r. Fletcher, 59 University of Pennsylvunia L:1\\- Review, 298, 318-329.

(c) Economic realism, Berolzheimer, :;y~tt.~ln der Recht's und 'Yirth~(!haft sphilosophie, I I, § 40 rrhc "·orhl's Legal Philosophies,

2US-30i)I .

At the same time, beginning under the influence of the positivist philosophy, there arose:

(d) Tile !;oci(J/ogicai Schoo], See hibliography, supra.

Precursor: Xlontcsquieu (lGSH--1755).

Sf'C Cunrinentul L('gul History f'(lric~, II (Grout Juri:;;ts of the Worhl), 417-4-1H; 1':hrlic'h, llonh.'!4111i('u und ~ociologie:ll Juri-prudence, 2!J Hurvar.l ] .. :l w Review .jS~.

(1) Tna ~h~{·lI.'~IC~\I. ~T.\(il: I

For crit iques, seo Hcrolzhciruer, H)·~t en. der Hl'(lh'~- UI") \rJrt h:O:(I1.:1(' sphi- ~ losophie, 11, § 4·t (,rhe \rorl.1'Zi L,lltal Philo:"()Jlhi~~. a:;1-!17.J); Churmont , La rt"Jlai:-::-=:u1('C .h. (Irni, nat HI'(') , chnp. ;; (.:\Iolh'rn French L(·~:ll Philosophy, 65- l ;3); Korkunov, General Theory of Luw (truusl. hl" Hustings), 2H5-:!nti. :

I

1

I

•

Po-t t Dcr l~r:-:prllu~ (Ies Hvchts, i; Riehnrd, Origine ele ricl{'(l .t(! rlrnit , !j,

5·J-;';;; '·:l(,('uJ'u, Les ha~(·s ~o(·iol()f..'ti(lU(·~ du droit et (h~ retnt t .j.;O-I;'~.

For (Irit it "u":o:, H'e Hcrolzhehuer, ~~·":H·Jll der Ih'c"111~.. luul 'Yirt h:-:tOhuft:';60 philo-ophi«, I It § § .r;, fil ('rll(~ ,roI'1.1's 1.(\J:ul Philosophie», as. -:)~H. 450- .juU); 'I'ourtoulon, Principe» philosophique» (Ic l'hi-toire rlu droit t SO-17:1 •

...

(:1) '1'.1I~ P~l"Cllot..()(ae.\14 :;T.\t'J~ C:allrh·l Tnnle (] 8·1:3-1 oun.

l~('rut1.hpiJn(lJ" ~~"~t Pill (I .. -r B(,t"ht~· UII«1 'Yirt h~(lhaft sphilo-ophi« H, § 4H (1")1l~ \r(JI'I(l'H 1.. .. ·J.tul Philosophies, 4:l l-l.j(j); Tunh-, Lt,!{ t rnn-Iormnt ion.~ rlu droit; Tourtuulon, I'rincipes ).hi1u!-=ophifJu,,'s ,IC' l'histuire till druit ; Tuuon. l.'(.,"ulutioll rlu ,ll'oit (It In (~nn!'('i('I1('(~ e-;fH·ia1t,. :1 ("1'1., 1-1:1-17(j.

(i ir-rk« ))('uhwhl1 G(~U():'~('flJoo.('huft ,.:r,,'c'ht , I, 1; G ierke , ]):1" \ r (l~('n fit -r men-rhlielu-n \'('rh:inci«', aa-:J-1; (1i(\rla\ Die (i(lnn~:o=t\n:-('h:Lft~1 heori« und .lic' deut-che )l('('lat~J)r('f'h\nlf.!. 1{) Il.; Gi('rkf', Die Grundheg r iffe der ~tuut sreeht und clin Jlllllt':o;tl· :-:. uat!'-t heoricn, Zl'ih'('hrirt fUr .lie ~(l:-:ulnlut(· ~I unt ~r"'('hl:-;-

\\·i~r.('n~(~hnf1, :XXX, :~().t.

\\"ur.), Dynnmie f-:()(·i(JI()~~·:t 1, ·tt\S-172, iO-I-70n, 11, 1 1-17; \\·nr.l, rr)l('

1 )~y(~hi(· F:u,t or:4 uf Clvilizu: ion t 120; "~ nrd, J\ )lpli(,d ~(}{'jf)l()~y, 1 a.

Tarde, L:l"'F; of Imitntion (trnn-I. hy Parsons), 2-:1, 11-1:1t 1·1-15, :J]0-3201 ]JruJ.!c'i114~~t Lo droit t't In sor-iolngio, chnp. fl.

1.c'J!ul met hn( 1: ~('il'nr<' etf Logul ~I ~1 hod (ll orlcrn Legul l)hi1()~nph~· 8('ri('~, vol, !l); Los nl(01ho(I('~ [uridiquo« (lerf ures hy French juri~h:, IntO); ,\"urz{"I, IJ:u.; j urist isrhe Dcnken: 1\ozi, Die \'" elt an-chnuung der J urisprudonz.

35

(4) 1'tJlE STAGE OF USll:'lC_'TI0~

Roguin, 1.3. rl~glc de droit, S; Vander Eyckcn, llcthotlt' positive de I'int('rpretation, 112; Kantorowicz, Rcehtswissenschaft und Soziologie, S; Bru .. ~t"ill~, Le droit ct In sociologic, 100 fT. N"

Vinogrcdoff, The Crisis of llodC!rn.I uri-prudence, 29 Y ule Law ,Journal, 312 •

•

"·:lr,l, Pure Sociology, 12-14; 8111:111, General Sociology, HI; 8Jll:l11, 'The

'-t("uning of Sociul Science, Si.

1"IIB I)JlILOSOI'IIICAL ~CIIOOI .. S COlIP~\nl-~D

... _............... _ II-r.rf-.......... -- ...._........... T _ "'I .. - - __ ,._,. • -- - -......-..............- _,......... - -.... .. -......... __ _ __ __ - __ ....,...._.. ..

:.. ~ *... .. III ..-.......p= II ~ II.. .--- EEFE I' :list............. -. _.............. L d ..

•

So(" ill I-J J h il "Xl) I'/' ira I

J ~I ,,·-tif-.Y (I III rc

-

• - _:a._.

:-:()ll~h t t o deduce tl r-omplct (' ~:r:-.1 fill of prin .. (.j .,]C~, of urn versul vnI it lit v, Irotn the Ilat ure of 11·1:1 t1 i It tlu' nh:, t met , :\11,1 1 H dr-Vt'lnp t hC-:o"(I priu('iplf's into nn all .. :outJh'i('tlt rode of ll'g:ll 1~111('~ •

~ouJtht to tl,,«I ure

f rom some !- i nzlc f U III luruent ul i« (('U tl l·OJ11 plet e svst ern (If prinri,)1t,l'i of 1ini\"('r~ul validit v 1 o which jurists ~holilcl ('11- • tt":l '·C 11· t o II) nk l' the uct 11 :11 ):l w confon 11.

~(l(!)i:-: t J ie it 1.-:11 ~i.I(~ of 111C net uul 1:1\\· :1 Ilf l the JI):ll erinls for c·ri ti .. C'i'IJl :l11l1 f or ('('11~1 ruet ive law-making on the 1):l~j:\ elf ~,)JI1(! form (If :--t wial phi loso] ,hy .

................. .,_.. .. __ -............ w- ,...... .. - ._,.... - - --....... ~ _ ..-....._._............ r"'IIIII • J ~ _ .........

............................. ~ .-. ...... ._ ........ .-. Wdl. r ~ ... ._.. r .................... -................ .. --......... .... ....... ......._ ........ - - 1 _

_ __ .~ .._..._ .. _. =+-+ ........_. __........ --.......-... • ._. ._.. ~ .. - ~ ~....... .. d - ..........-........ +::IId.... L , _. ::zIs& ._.._..

.\u:tlyt i~·:tl and :-n- PJaiJo:--upliic-uJ and

c1i:tl4J.II ilo-upl I i'·:ll ~(willlo~it"n I

____ -----,...-. -- _.._._,."",_,..____..- ~ ... IIA __ _...._ ..-- ._ .....__

dF' --.... ..... ...........

I ( t J ( Ie , If ~ t : 1111 J 11 ) (' r .1 ( • !'t If 1\ c ) 1 ~ I ( -I·

(I :-;iin -) (1 S·I!J- J H 1 H)

': .lt~if 11 1~';tH ~ ~~.L ~(~1 )~' (~)~~~(~~~~-)~Ir~')~b~~. ~~(~I~)·~':l~·l~I;~I~li~Jl~~~:!~t~~l· ~I)~:J·IJ(! tJl(~)J·'· flf 1 hl~ H j uri-pru- 1 ent ion Iroru 1 he' of Jaw :too; t Ju' pruc [, d('I1(O(' of C·UTU·l'p- rvlut ions of mor- ur-t of 1 il., civilitions." :.1-.; :uul c"1hi,·s tn zut ion of a people.

(:!) J n- i:.:t ('111'-(' H l.~tr·:u·t rules :11 u I t!) 'I' J ~(! • ht'o.·'-

'upon t h,' intere-t ~ direct inJ,!; it tot hi' of 1IH~ rebu ion (;r which the 11'':::11 ft'lnt ion of t lip:--p rompnrat h'" 1('J!ul ~~·!'-h·JJl :o'l'CUl'es muttr-rs 1 u t lUI hi:-;ttu'Y 1l1ul lhe rat 1)(· r 1 han 11 pou :I( lm iu ist r nt ion uf I ,II ilu.'~C)Jlhy of 1:1\\'.

tit" r i g h t s by jU~tj(Il~ t hrouuh ca) 'I'Iu-nr v of

which it H't'Url'''; r ule~. tlt(' t--, .. ·iuiu:.deul

t hpJII. (!!) 'fit" t heorv intorpr« at inn :.nul

(:n 'I'ho t IH'(~r:.· uf tin' :-:o(·i:tl illt':~l nppJlc'at iuu or It,of puni-Inuent n- :If' ,lu' (·rit criun of gal rules, ~(Jnlt"1J.inl.! tn l,p j u s t i e e through

:uljlI'-"h'tI t o tIlt} rule-.

erlminnl r n t h e r (a) ... \d,linJ,t II 1 linn t n til" nn- t hcorv of 1 he j u-t t ure nf t ho crime, ,h·(·i=,Ic'1l uf e:tu~(lI:-:

(4) HC-'·(lJ,tuitjon to tho theory or in n'C'Pllt Cont i- rnnking j ust rules. non t :11 t hough t of

the irup ... rut i v e

i( I, -:l e)f 1:1 \\9 •

L, at! i "!1 1,',' pre~ f t, II ( II i re

H udolf YO 11 .J h,'d 1lJ.! (I~ is-t ~tt:!)

....._ __ ...........,.,......____.......__..,._...-.,_ __ --......._...--_ ......... __ -.-...--..-_...._ .......... ........, I.......... **II1II

36

TIlE PRINCIPAL SCIIOOLS OF JURISTS COllPARED

* ....

:b * zzzllIL 7p7 prrz • .-.. 'W

..

... II' ~...... vz zzzL. _ •• mn. .. l1li' .... 22IIra

.t11tolylical

..... lb.

Consider devoloped sys t ems only.

............ .-.. • d: __,. ...._.... • ., LLll •• • - - • ..-....... .-. __ ~

Historical

Consider the past father than the present of luw,

Regard lnw n.. tt social inst itu tion which 1URY he improved bv intelligent human efT ort, nnd hold it their dutv to di::-

COY(lf tile best - I11C3.115 of furt her- ~~ inlt and direct in~ ~ such effort. f

~

._. __.......,_-------,,_.,_~-- ~----~.......,.----.----- .-.-.--..__...-----------,....-. -------- .............. ------ ........ t;

~e(! chiefly the ~cc chiefly the Look at the Lnv -tress upon j.

force and COI1- socinl pressure ethienl bases of the ·:-ucial pur- r: 81 ru i nt hch inrl hchind Ie g n l rules rather than poses which law ~1 It'J!;al rules; COIl- rules; find ~:UIC- ut their sanction. subserves ruther

ccive t. 1t:1. t t It e i10n ill habits of than upon sane .. !

snnetion of law is obedience, d i~- tion, G

enforcement by pleasure of one's ~

the judicial Of- fellow men, pub- t

~{U\~ of the state, lie sent iment or ~

uno 1 hnt nothing opinion, or 1 he ~

which lacks un -ociul stundnrd of l

~nrorcing ng(l1!(~y just icc.

J~ 1:1\\-. •

Regard hn ... us sotuet hing made consciously by lawgivers, l(l~islat ive or [udieial,

..

It egnrd In. "to as something that i~ 110t and ill the long run cannot he made eonsciouslv .

..

Philosophica!

Seck idenl st un d nr ds by which to critici!-'e the law that ex .. ists.

Agree with the historical" jurist t hat law j~ not m nde , but, is found.

Sociological

Consider th working of la\\ more t han its ab struct content.

I

J.

;JI~ l &.

l

_......___,..._......,__.........,t _........,.. ...,__ ..................... ...._......... ......... _ -.......-~_....d -.... ...... ~ -..----..-.~ .._- __......_.... _,_...~ .. ..._..-- ...........

I

Look upon legal f

doet rincs, r \11 Po:-; ~ and ~1 nndnrd» ~ Iunet ionally :ll .. l ~ regard t he Iorin ~ as ~:I mnt 1 er or i

I t 1 (~ ~ II \ ~ (J) 11 \. • f

. ~~

f' • I

'1':11~c stut lite :1:-, 1 he typicul luw,

Tuke cust om or t 110:;0 cust omnrv 1l10tiCS of decision t hut, 111uliC up a

hod", of [urist ic t rtu li t ion or of (!:L~C 1:",· us the type of law,

Huve 11() nrccs .. sary preference for :\11,· I orin of

•

)n \\9.

l ..

___ ...._._..--_.......".- ......... ~,._... _. _ • ...........__._____..._ .. ---... ............. -- ...... F -...,_...-_._...---....--...---- ... .....__....,~----...------~~

'rl!"ir J) h i 1 0 - .-\s n rule 1 hoy I Iold vcrv eli- Their Jl It i 10'" t

sophieul views are: hnve been Hege- verse philosoph- sophical views arc i

nf ilituriun or tole- liuns, ieul views. In the very d iv e r sv.]

ologicnl. nineteenth cen- C~hicfly (II) Social- r t ury, I Iegelians or Krausenns. 1'0· one type or a,!dny, some form of other, (lJ) I)O~I·?

the Social-Philo- rivists, (c) Prtlg-~l sophicul School. mut ists. I

~~~. ~~_~I.~~_~.I~~~ __ ~~, __ ~_~_~~ ~._ ~_ ~.~F • .-~~ __ ~~~_~_= = __ .~ __ ~ ••• __ .-. -- --~

i

III(

•

...

37

..

TIlE PnOGRAl\llIE OF TIlE SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOL The Sociological jurists insist upon six points:

~

(1) Study of the actual social effects of legal institutions

and legal doct rines.

Ehrlich, Grundlegung der Soziologic des Rechts, chap. 21; Ehrlich, Die Erforschurtg des lebenden Rechts, Sehmollcr's Jahrbuch fiir Gcsctzgehung, XXV', tHO; Page, Professor Ehrlich's Czernowitz Seminar of I .. iving LfL\V, Proceedings of Fourteenth .. \nnunl Meeting of the Association of American · Law Schools, 46; Knntorowicz, Rechtswissenschuf't und Sosiologic, 7-8; Vnndcr Eycken, l\lcthodc positive de l'interprctation, 109.

(2) Sociological study in preparation for law-making.

Knntorowicx, Hcehtswissenschaft. und Soziologic, U; Tunon, L'cvolut ion (Ill droit ct. In conscience sociale, 3 cd., 1 nCr H1S.

(3) Study' of the 111('3.118 of making legal rules effective.

Pound, The Need of n Sociological Jurisprudence, l!t Green Bag, 607; Pound, 1.:1\\' in Books uml Law in Act ion, ·1-1 Amerieun Law Ilcview, 12; Pound, The l .. imits of Effect ive Legal .Act ion, 27 I fit ernntionul .lournal of Ethics, 150; Pnrry, 'file Luw and the 1'001", 2-18-2,10; :-;rnilh, Just ice :11111 the

] '(JOlt.

t

(~) A sociological lcgnl history.

Brugeilles, J .. e droit et 1:1 sociologic, 100; Kuntorowicz, Reehtswissen .. schnft und !';uziologi(', 3a-3·1; 1 ,rjglllorc, Evidence, § S(;.j.

(5) The Importance of reasot .. able find just solutions of indi vidual cases.

Ilollams, Jottings of an Old Solicitor, lGO-lfl~~; P()UIl41, Enforcement of Law', 20 Green ]\u~t 401; Gnneus Flavius (Kuntnrowiez). Dor Kumpf um die Ht1(lh1s\\'is:!cllschnft; Knnt orowicz, Rcchtswisscnschuf't und Soziologic, 11 IT.

(6) That the end of juristic study, toward which the foregoing nre hut some of t he moans, is to make effort more effective in achieving the PllJ"POSf'S of lnw.

Kohler's I nt reduction ill Rogge, ~Icthodologi:;ehc ,9 orst udicn zu einr-r 1\ rit ik des Itf'chtf:. viii.

])I~FIXITIOXS OF JUnISPHt"I>BXCE Jo"OR DISCLSSIOX IX COX'~ECTIOX ,\\''ITII TilE FOHEGOING

•

The formal science of positive ]:1".. Holland, Elements of Jurisprudence, 12 ed., 13.

...:

lII

f

~~

~

~

~

Scientific knowledge of the histor J. and system of right (In \'9). ~

~.

· '" Puehtu, CUI'SUS dcr Institutioncn, I, § 3~. j

The ultimate object of jurisprudence is the roalizntion of the ~ idea in the ideal of humanity, the attainment of human pcrfcc-I tion, and this object is identical with the object of ethics. . .. ~ The proximate object of jurisprudence, the object which it 4

'1

seeks us n separate science (i.e. from ethics), is liberty. But ~

"\,

liberty', being the perfect relation between 11111n3n beings, be- f

comes a nlCfU1S towards the realization of their perfection as I human beings. Hence jurisprudence, in realizing its special or ~ proximate object, becomes a. means towards the realization of the i ultimate object which it has in common with ethics. The rela- ~ tion in which jurisprudence stands to ethics is thus u subordinate i

..

one, the relation of species to genus. Lorimer, Institutes of I

I

L o 1 3"3 3-:-:

11 w, fIIIIII C( ., :.1., 0,).

'I'he science of the human will, in the distinction of the particular from the universal, and in the relation of the pnrtieulur

to the universal. Herkless, Jurisprudence, 1.

Jurisprudence luis for its subject. law, that is, nn aggrogntc of norms which determine the l11ut\1:11 relations of 1)1(\11 living in a cOlnlnunit~~.· · Arrults, Juristischo Encyklopadic, § 1 .

• T uristic encyclopedia, nccordingly, is u syst p.111n tie, unifie. I survey of the means of peaceable adjustment of the external I"Plations of mankind and soeinl communities. - Gareis, Science of

•

Lnw (t ransl. hy Kocourek), 20.

I t. is n t once n philosophy', a science, find un art. J\s n philosophy, its desire is to understund justice; us n science, its purpose is to explain the evolution of just icc; ns all nrt, its uim is t «) Iormulute those rules of conduct essential to the realizution of justice. Conceived in this manner, [urisprudence for1118 the background of all associntcd net ivity ; it provides the framework t Ita t, limits and cont 1"018 the exercise of liberty; it reflects the color and resounds the tone of t hose unconseious premises of action which give chnractcr to n civilization. 'rho law is neither n schoolmaster for instruction nor a guardian for command: it. iH ruther the expression of the ethical sense of a community crystal-

· lized about the problem of COlnnlon Hying. --- Adams, Economies and Jurisprudence, 8.

'I'he science of law in the wider sons is our whole knowledge

3S

,

...

..

t

30

of law. But this knowledge is on the one hand practical, on the other hand philosophical. Accordingly it may be divided into the science of law in its narrower and more proper sense, called jurisprudence, and the philosophy of law. Sternberg, Allgcmeine Hcehtslchrc, I, § 12.

General theory' of law investigates the formal (constructive) side of fundnmentul juristic conceptions and lcgnl institutions; the philosophy' of law Invcstigntes their material kernel and basis. Bcrolzheimer, System der Rechts- und "rirthschaftsphilosophic, II, 20.

The Science of Justice :IS practiced in civilized nations. · Beale, The Development of Jurisprudence during the Ninetccnth Century: Select Essay's in Anglo-Americun Legal His-

tory, I, 558. ·

• ..

..

•

,

•

• I

..

..

•

•• •

..

40

2

THE END OF LA "r

III l~HEORIES OF .JUS1'ICE

~q

Miller, The Data of Jurisprudence, chap, Uj Salmond, Juris ...

prudence, § U; Pulszky, Theory of Law and Civil Society, § 17~; ~ Bentham, Theory of Legislation, Principles of the Civil Code, part I, chaps. )-7; Holland, Jurisprudence, chap. G.

I(

Knn! Philosophy of L:\\\~ OI:lStic's transl.), 45-46 (§ C); Spencer, J\1~ ... ~ tice, ehups, fJ, (); Willoughby, Social Justice, chnp. !.!; Sidgwick, The ~lcthotl8~ of ]~thicB, ehup. 5; Paulsen, l~thics (1"hilly's transl.), ehnp, 0; Gareis, \~(}1nt; H{\grifT Gerechtigkeit.; Dernoguc, Xot ions Iondamentules du droit prive, 119-~~

Social Just ire nnd Legul .J ust ie·c, iii Central Luw Journal, 41):;. ~,~

.v; }~

~ ~~ ~;~

~,~

. ,

it"

~

. .,.

~

{(~

f ~ "J

I l,_

ant ~

~

(~

.r\,

lIISTOllICAL: 1~I1B Exn 01" ] ",A. w AS ])J-:\'ELOPED rx I~EGAL

I~ ULBS AXD DOCl'HINES

•

Pound, The End of La',' as developed in Legal Rules

Doctrines, 27 Hnrvnrd Law Review, lU.j.

1. I)ItI:\I]1"I,rl~ LA\Y 1

~~

Holmes, COnll110n Lu '" , Leer. I; Post, l~t 1111010gischc ,J uris .. J,

prudenz, II, bk. iv, l·"ehr, Hummurapi und dns Sulisches l~ccht,~

135-138. . ~

Jenks, Luw nnd Polit ics ill the :\liddlc Age», chap .. 1; Mnino, :\Jl(~ipnt~ 1 .. :1\\", ehnp, 10; Struclian-Dnvidson, PJ"Ob'ClllS of the Reman Criminal LUWt~ chap. a; Loist , Grneeo-It nlische Hcchtsgeschichtc, §§ 28-5:3; Amini, Grundrissl des Genunnischon Recht», ehn ps ... I, 0.

Code of I Inmmurubi, §§ H1C,-21·1 (Harper's transl.); Laws of Mnnu, VI II, 279-280 (Btihler's 1 rnnsl.) i Twelve 'rablc~ of Gort ynu, ] J, ·1-;', and 1Xi (Ruby's trunsl. in 2 Lnw Quarterly Review, 125); Law of Draco, quoted byj Demosthencs ugainst Aristocrut C~, § no "If uny one is k illed violently, rl'-~ prisals by seiaing men (Ta.~ O,J,l)poXf1flas) to he n right of his nearest relativ '"l~

I

,

•

41

until justice is done for the murder or the murderers nrc surrendered. But this right of reprisal to extend to three InCJl anti no more;" Law of Draco, quoted by Plutarch, Life of Solon, - "lie [Draco] likewise enacted a law' for the reparation of dumnge received from beasts. . .. \ dog that had bit u man was to be delivered up bound to a log four cubits long;" Twelve Tables, VIII, 2-3, 12-13, XII, 23. (transl. ill Goodwin, XII 1·ublc.~, 13, 1·1); Gni\1~, III, §§ lS3-192, 222-223, IV, §§ 7S-iS (transl. by Abdy and Walker, and by Po:-;tc); Salle Law, Xl'V, 1-3, x..x...'X, 4-7, XL (transl. in Henderson, Historical IJoCUJllcnts of the Middle Ages); 1.:1.\\·8 of Ethelbert, §§ 33-61 (transl. in 'l'horpe, Ancient Laws of England, I, 13-1S); I .. uws of Alfred, § 24 (transl. in Thorpe, I, 79); Evans, Medinevul Welsh Law (Laws of Howel the Good), 1 S5-187, 190-191; .r\ bd ur R:lllitn, :\1 uhnmmadnn J ur isp rude nee , 35S-:35H.

Dnreste, Le droit. des represailles, Xouvclles etudes d'histoire du rlroit, 3S; Lch.t, Altarisehes .Jus Gentium, § OS; Xluurer, .AIt nordischc ReehtsgeH'hieht C', Y, pt., I; Mnine, Early History of J nstit utions, teet. 2; Dnrcst e, Le prix du F:lng, Nouvelles c!tudcs d'histoiro <ill droit, ]; Struchnn-Dnvidson, Problems of the Roman Criminal 1 .. nw, chap. 1; 'ViltIn, Strufrccht del" GCI'mnnen, 278-280; Jhering, Geist dt's riimisehen Rechts, 5 erl., I~ §§ IS-lSa; 1)3111., Dcr Sakrule Schutz im rijlnh:dl(~n Rechtsverkehr, 4i fT.; Greenidge, J nfuml», chaps. a, 4; Thayer, Prcliminnry 'I'reat iso on Evidence, 9-10.

2. rJ"IIE srmcr ]J.\ w

Jhering, Geist des romischen llechts, 5 ed., §* .J-I-tid.

Galus, Ill, § InS, rv, ~§ 11n-117; 1 feu-lor, Institntioncn dos deutsehcn Privatreehts, 1, § 12; Justiniun, Institu1C~, II, 23 (trnnsl. hy Ahdy nnd 'Yalkl'l' nml h~' lloylc); Doctor and ~tllde':t, Dial, II, chaps. 0,7,11,2·1; Hargrave, l.uw Trnets, 324-325; Finch, IJ: iw , chap. 3; Coke, Fourth Institute, 82-8·1; Kerly, History of Equity, 113-115; Amr«, Specialty Contructs und Equitable Defenses, 9 Hnrvard Law Review, 4n.

Pollock, Genius of 1 he Common Law, !in; 1):U1Z, Lehrhuch tier (;('!sehi('ht e dt'~ romisrhen Heehts, II, § 142; Gruy, Restraints on tile Alienation of Prop .. (lrf~'! § 74h: Coke on Littleton, 214h; Spence, History of the Equitable Juris .. diet ion of 1 he Court of Chancery, I, (;2!l, O!;4.

A rist ot IC', ]Joli t ies, hk. ] If ehnp, S (.J owet t'~ t rnnsl., \'01. I, 47 -tn, w ell-

dnn's trnnsl., i1-i2); :\Iirror of Justices, chnp, 5, §§ 1,10; Letter of Thomas : .1"fT,·r::ol1 to .10hn Tyler, 'Tyler, Letters and Timos of the Tylers, It an; 1 .. 0),,<1, : E:ll'ly' Courts of Pennsy lvnni H, 1 £;2-1 0:3, 189- Hl0, 1 n:J-l !)5, 1 UG-197, 209- i "10

1'" •

! 3. l~QlJI'rY: NAT'UnAT~ II.A'V >

I

! 'toj~tt Dus Jus Xaturnlo, Acquum ('t. Bonum unci Jus Gentium rler ]{ijtner,

! I, :321-323.

l Holland, Jurisprudence 12 ed., !11-40; :\l:trkhy, Elements of Law, {j erl.,

I §§ lln-124; ~lillcr, J)atn of .lurisprudonee, :iSl-:1S7f :Ull-tOi; Snlmond,

t

Lluri~l)rt1clence, § 13; Korkunov, General 'Theory of Luw (trnnsl, hy Hastings),

~ Ii; Pt11~7.ky, Theory of Law and Ch-il 8o(licty, § 220; Goadby, Introduction to the Ht l1cly of Law, 2 ('(1., 127-1!l4; Si('~clt Dent sehe Reehtsgesehiehte, § 53;

I

I

<14

•

..

42

Maine, Ancient Law, chaps. 2, 3; Buckley, Equity in Roman J. .. aw; Maitland, Equity, l .. octs, 1, 2; Erdmann, History of Philosophy (transl. by Hough), 11 ]90; Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics (transl, by Reichel), 2Si-200; references under ius naturale, lillie.

(i) Identification of Law with Morals.

Digest of .1 ustinian, I, 1, 1, § 1 (transl. by Monro); Id., I, 1, 11; Inst itutes] of Justinian, 11, t, 2; Code of Justininn, V]II, 56, 1 and 10; let, IV, 44, 2; Plnniol, Traite clcrllcntnirc du droit civil, Ill, § 2638; Graeber, Introduction to Solun, Instit.utes of ]{OJllUIl Law, 1 ed., xxv; Russell, Internntionnl 1 .aw , 19 1Ic}1 .. Am, Bnr Ass'n, 253-208; Ycnr Book, 4 Hen, \111, 5; Drew v. Hansen,

(j Ves, Gi5, G7S; Lambe [t. Eames, L. It. (j Ch .. ApI). 507; Story, Equity Juris .. prudence, I, § 24i; Mnitlnnd, Equity, 104.

Pound, The Decadence or Equity, 5 Columbia 1..:1\\. Review, 20.

(ii) JIU01Ul1 beings as subjects of legal rights.

Institutes of .Ju:-;t.ininn, I, a, § 2, S, §§ 1, 2; Digest, I, 5, 17 (trausl. hyj Monro): H:ll1~O\\'ski, ] nst it utes of Roman 1~:l\\P (trunsl. by 'Yhitfichl), 1 no, I 162, 2·tS-2na, 280-28;3; Gnins, I, §§ 14·1-145; Grotius, hk. 2, chap. 5, §§ 1-7; Maine, ] nt crnut ionnl L:1\\"', .. unoricun cd., 120-12i.

(iii) Substance rather than form, i

Digest of Justinian, iv, 5, 2, § 1 (transl. by Monro}; Gains, I, § 158; II,!

I

§§ 40-11, 101-104, 115-11;, 11n; IV, § an; Muirhead, Histuricul Introduc-.

i

tion to the Private Law of Rome, 3 ed., 21Uj Phelps, Jurldical Equity, §§ H)·l- i

2061. I

(iv) Good Iuith,

•

j

Gnius, J V, §§ til-02j Muirhead, Historical Introduction to the Privute 1..,:1\\. of Rome, :J ed., 256-25i; Sohm, ] nst it ut cs of Homan Law (trnnsl. b:.' i Lcdlie, 2 cd.), 106-10S; Guius, 11, § 43; SOhIJl, Institutes of Romun Lnw (trnnsl. by 1..cdli(~J 2 ed.), 222-2:!!3; Digest of Ju::tillian,XXIJ, 1,25, § 1, XLI,: 1, 40. XLI, 1,' -tS, pro HUt! § 1; Coile of J ustininn, II I, :32, 22; Digest of Justin .. I inn, XLI, a, 4, § ~O; Gnius, n, § .J:3; Digest, L, ]7, g·t, § 1; Sext, I, 18; Grotius, hk. Ill, chnp, 11, §§ a-t (trnnsl. b)' Whewell): Puf'cndorf, Law of Nature unci Nations (Kcnnct'x transl.), hk. III, chap . .J; Burlnmaqui, Principles of, N n1 ural nnd Politic J~U\\· (X ugent's t rnnsl.), hk. 1 I, pt. • ..J, chup, 1 U, § 4, J .k, 1. pt., I, chup, 7; Muine, Ancient Law, chnp. 9; .;\JHCS, Luw und :\lorah;, 22 Hur ..

vard 1.:1". Review, Bi, IOn. '

..

(,,) U n] ust enriehmcn t,

Digest, 1" 17, 20(i, XII, 6. 1, XII, 0, nG; Moses '-t. Mnelorlan, 2 Burr. 1005; .AII)c~~ Law and :\1(Jl'al~, ~2 Ila1"·:11"(1 Law Review, H7, lOG .

....

•

,

I

I

I

I

j

J

•

~

,

~

~

~ r

r

I

I

,

I

•

43

4. 'l'lIE :\1,\ l'Ul~ 11~\~ 01" L~\ w

Progress of Continental Lnw in .the Xinctccnth Century, Continental Lcg:ll1Iistory Series, \PoL XI, chaps. 1, 2 (Alvarez).

(i) EqU3.1it,~,.

Digest, I, 1, 4; Bentham, Theory of Legislation, Principles of the Civil Code, pt. J, chap. 2; Clark, Prueticnl Jurisprudence, 110-114; Austin, Juri~Jlr\ltlencc, 3 ed., !)i-BS; Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 189-255; ~Iaillc, Early History of I nstit ut ious, . American ed., 398-100; Miller, Datu of Jurisprudence, 3iO-:~Sl; Lorimer, Institutes of 1.1:\,,·,2 ed., 375-114; Roder,

Grundziigc des Xnturrechts, II, §§ lOll-lIn; Lasson, System der Reclusphilosophic, :37 G-::J 77 ; Ritchie, X:\1 ural Rights, chap. 12; Dcmogue, X otions fundnmcntnles du droit privi', l:1ti-14::!.

'II

(i'i) Security.

Beutluun, Theory of Logislution, Principles oi the Civil Code, pt. I, chups. 2, 7; Lorimer, I nst itutes of Law, 2 ed., 3{ji -;17 -l; Gareis, Science of Luw (1 runsl, by j\:ocoure]t),3:1; Dcmogue, Xotions Iondamentules du droit. priv«, (;3-110; :\lu~8:u:hu~ctt~ Bill of Rights, nrt. 10 (1780).

5. '!'IIE SO()IJ\IJIZ~\~l~IOX 01;' I~;\\'·

Jhoring, Scherz und Ernst in del" Jurisprudcnz (10 ed., H10n), .108-125; Charmont., Le droit, ct. l'esprit (lcJno(~rnt ique, chap. 2; Stein, Die soziule Fruge im Lichte der Philosophic, 2 ed., ·157 fT.; Pound, Soeinl Justice and Legul Justice, Proc, 1\10. Bur Ass'n, Hl12, IIU, 7~ Central Law Journnl, 455; Duguit, Les trausformat ions gcnern.le:; till-droit. prh·c depuis Ic code N npoleon, trnnsl, in Cont incnt ul Legal J Ii:;t ory Series, YOl. XI, clu.p. :~.

(1:) Limitations 011 the use of property .. : ant i-sociul exercise of rights.

,

German Civil Code, § 22ti; Cosuck, Lehrhuch des deutschen htlrgerllehen

Hcchts, I, § tt, Plnniol, 'rrnit6 t!lclllcntairc du droit civil, II, §§ 870-871; ""fllton, Motive ItS nn Element ill 'forts in the Common and in the Civil Lnw, 2:! Hurvnrd Law Review, 501; Chnrrnont., L'Ahus du droit; Revue trhuestrielle de droit civil, I, 11:3; Porcherot, De l'ubus du droit; Salanson ; De l'nbus tin droit; ] lulTcut, Percolating 'VateTs; The Rule of Iteasonable

User, la Y all! 1,,21\\,' .J nurnal, 222; J\U1C8, 110\\· Fur nn ,Act, 1\1 ny be u Tort 13c!cnuse of the ""rongful Motive of the Actor, 18 Harvard Law' Rovicw, 411, 414 ff.; Stoner, 'I'he Influence of Social nnd Economic Ideals 011 the Law of Xlnlicious 'Torts, 8 Michigan Law Review, 468; 'Yiglnol'c, Cases on 'forts,

II, app. A, §§ 262, 271-272; Dunshee t~. Standard Oil Co., 152 Ia. 018.

Jenks, Governmental Action for Social '\:"c){urc, 81; Advertisement Itegulations Act , (HJOij \'11 Edw. 7, ch. 27; Terry, Constitutionality of Statutes Forbidding Advertising Signs on Property, 24 Yule Law Journal, 1; Billboard and Other Forms of Outdoor Advertising, Chicago City Club Bulletin V, no. 24; 81. Louis Advertisement Co. v. City, 235 :\Io.d)9, 249 U. S. 269, 274,

..

•

People v. Oak Park, 266 Ill. 3G;j; nm Posting Co. 1.1• Atlantic City, il X. J Lnw, i2; Bryan t'. City, 212 Pal St. 25D.

(ii) Limitations on freedom of contract.

Goodno,,·, Socinl Relorm and the Constit ut ion, 2·12-2.~S; 'YYIJ1lln, Publj

•

Service Corporations, 1, .§ 3:~1; Dicey, Lnw and Public Opinion in England

Lcet. 8; Pound, Liberty of Contruct , 18 ·Y ale Law .Tottrnn],454; Jnstrow, 'YU! ist Arbeitorsehutz, Archiv fiir Heehts- und 'rirth8ch:lftFphjlo~ophie, '71, 13::1 3li, 322, 501; Brown, Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, 31G~ 321; Xoblc State 13:1nk tl. lIa~k{!J1, ~H) U. S. 104; Chicago, n. l~ o. It Co. v, l\lcGuirc, 21!) U. S. ;j·t!), 5Q6-5iii.

(iii) Limitations on the [u» (/i'S]J012ClIdi ..

Gray, Restrnints on the Alienut ion of Property, 2 ed., viii-ix: Thompson, Homesteads and Exemptions, § .J(;;'; :\I:t~s. Acts of 1905, chap. 605; Ill. Rev, Sf.. tHOn, chr.p. Hi), § 24; XC'\" Zl'al:uul Family Protect ion ~\ct, If108; Allnrdiee V •. Allnrdiee, [H)111 J\. C. 730; Huber, By:4cIIl lind Geschichte des Schwcizerischen Privntrechts, ] II, §§ 82-83.

(1·V) Limitntions on the power of the creditor or injured pnrty 10 exact satisfaction.

Thompson, Homesteads nnd Exemptions, §§ .. 10, 8iO; Gerninn Civil COlic, §§ 528-520, 82ft; Zh .. ilprozcssrccht (Gt'l'IIHUl Code of Civil Procedure), § SuO; Bureau, Le ] lomestcnd.

Compare Digest., XL1I, :J, 4, pr.; Code, \'11, i1, 1; Co(IC', II, 11, 1]; Digest, XLI I, 1, 16--1;; Digest, XLII, I, Hl, * I; Digest, L, 17, 173; Hohv, Homan Privut c Luw, 1 T, 125, n. 1; Bnudry .. Lncunt inorie, Precis de droit, civil,

11 ed., 1, § 529 .

•

(r) Liability wit hout fault: responsibility for agencies employed,

\V nmbnugh, 'Yorl'lllcn's Compensnt ion .A('t s, 25 II nrvurd J...,3.". Review; 120; Opinion of the J UHt ices, 20n :\1 ass. G07; ~t at e ". Clausen, 05 \V ash. 15f.Jj Borgnis t'. Irulk, 147 '\"i~. 327. Sec Ives II. Rnilrond Co., 201 N .: v. 271.

PIlotngc Act, inia (Englund), § 15.

Compare 1 Bishop, Criminnl I .. nw, i erl., §§ 285-201, with Hobbs ". Winchester Corporation, [l!llO] 2 1\". ]1. 471, 482 fT.; State v, Keller, 8 Idaho, ()!)~); State v. 'Turner, 54 Ohio Law Bullet in, 400, 410.

(vi) Change of 1'CS C011l11lUllCS and rce nullius into res publicae.

I

See statutes in 1 'Vict, 'Y:tier Rights, 3 ed., §§ 6, 170, a4.7; I!Jx 1Jartc Bailey, 155 Cal. 472; Greer r, Connecticut, 161 IT. S. 5In; Gallatin f'. Corn- , ing I. Co., ID3 CnI. 405; Cravos t'. Dunlap, Si Wash. 6-18; "i nter Code of

Washington (H)l:J), §§ 1-2. ~

(rJii) Interest of society in dependent members of the household. l Mnek, The Juvenile Court, 2:3 Harvard Lnw Review, 104; Flesner, Juve- ~ nile Courts and Probation, 9, 68; Eliot, The Juvenile Court, S!), 90.

..

B

..

..

PJlILOSOPIIICAL: TUB ENJ) O:F LA."" .AS DEVELOI)ED IN

JURISTIC 'I'JIOUGIIT

Pound, The End of J.Jl1\\' ns Developed in Juristic Thought, 9i Hnrvard Law Review, 005, 30 Harvard Law Review, 201 ..

•

1. Gl~J~l~J{

Bcrolzhcirner, System del" Rcehts- und ,,1irthschaftsphilosophie, II, §§ 13-16 ('\~or)d's Legal Philosophies, .1(}-77).

"

, Aristotle, Nicomnchncnn Ethics, bk, \r (convenient transl. by Browne,

I~in Bohn's I .. ibraries), bk. '·111,7,2-4; ... \ristotIc, Polities, I, I, fl, 1,13, ur, I, III, 4-5, 1'7, ]2 (convenient trunsl, by ',,"clldon); Erdmann, History of Phi .. losophy (trnnsl. hy Hough), I, 3i, 52, 123, lnO-Inl; IJ ildeubrnnd, Gcschiehtc urul System del' Reehts .. und Stuntsphilosophic, §§ 1-]21; Dunning, Political

ThcorieR, Ancient nnd 1\IceJinc\'nl, 28, 105; ZelIer, Arisrot le find the Earlier Poripntetics (trnnsl, hy Costelloe nnd Muirhead}, 11, 1;5, lUi.

~ Shnll "'0 not 1 hen find 1 hat in such u cit.y . . . :t shoemnker is only :L !EIlocIlHtkcr, and not :1 pilot along wit h shoemaking, :UIC.l t hat the husbandmnn !j~ only u husbundman, anti not, a. judge along wit h husbandry j and t hat the

•

[t:oldicr is a soldier, nnd not. n mnney-muker besides; and ull others in 1 he ~fLJIH!

: way? ] Ie ndmit ted 11.. .A nd it would appear t hut if :t Juan, who through iwisdom were able t'J hCC0J11C everything and to huH at e everyt hing ~h011111

· rome into our cit.y and should wish to show us his POCIIlS, we should honor him . • • hut, we should tell him that 1 here is 110 such person wit h us in our cit.y, nor is there any such allowed to he, and "·0 should send him to some other cit.y. - Pluto, Republic, III, 3n7-3!JS.

C S .. I> 1· E) oo IT 1· 1 ...

. Ollll)~lrC .. (~. :111 ]11 +)) 1. ", ... _ .~, nll( \'J, -.J.

,.

r

2. n()~I:\N

Bcrolzhcimer, System del' Rechts- und "rjrthschaftsphiIosophie, II, §§ 17-20 ("r orld's Legal Philosophies, is-92) .

•

Institutes of Just ininn, I, 1, pr. und § :3; Cicero, I)c Officiis, II, 12, DC' Republica, I, 32; 1 I ildcnbrand , Geschiehte unci System dcr Reehts- und Stantsphilosophio, §§ 131-13;;, 143-14;; Voigt, Das Ius Naturale, aequum et bonum lind Ius gentium tier RillJler, I, §§ 10. :35-41, 4·1-04, S!l-!)u; Savigny, System des heutigen romisehen Rechts, I, 40i-410.

3. l\JJ~DIJ\E\~I\r~

Berolzheimer, System der Rechts- und \\Tjrthschuftsphi1osophie, II, §§ 21-23 (World's Legal Philosophies, 93-111).

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, prima secundae, quo 90-07, seeundn.secundao, quo 57-SO, 120,122; Erdmann, History of Philosophy (trans). by Hough), I, 229; Dunning, Political Theories, Ancient and Mediaeval, 158, 196.

•

..

46

J '

4. TIlE ItEFOR:\I.-\ TION

Berolzhoimer, S)"stCID der Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilos phie, II, § 24 ("rorld's Legal Philosophies, 112-114).

Sources: Oldendorp, Iuris naturnlis gentium ct ciuilis daa.j'w.r'1 (1539 Hemmingius (Hemmingsen), De lege naturale upodictica methodus (1562, 'Vinckler, Principiorum iuris libri \' (1615). These may be found convonicntl in Knltenburn, Die Vorlnufcr des Hugo Grot-ius. Hinrichs, Geschichte d« Rechts- und Stantspriucipicn seit der Reformntion, 1-(;0; Gierke, Johunns Althusius,2 ed., 18-19, 142-102, 321; Dunning, Politicnl Theories from Luthe to Montesquicu, chaps. 1-3.

5. "!'IIE SI)J\~ISII ,JUl~lsrr-1~III~OJ40GI4\XS

Figgis, Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius Leet, '71.

Sources: Soto, De iustitln ct jure (1.3Sn); Suarez, De legihu» :Ie dco legis lntore (16H».

Suarez, ])0 loglbus, I, 8, §§ 1-2, 1, 9, § 2, II, 12, II, In, § D, III, 9, ~ 41 III, II, 111,35, § S; Soto, Dc iustltin ct jure, I, q. 5, uri. 2, III, q. 3, art. 2; Franciscus de Victorie, Relcctiones thcologieac (15.;i), I, 35·1, :j;5.

Dunning, Political Theories from Lut her to ~I onicsq uieu, 132-1 ~9; " .. estlake, Chupt ers on t he Principles of I ntermu ionnl Law, 2.;-28.

Berolzhcimcr, SystC111 tier Rcehts- und \\TirthschuftsphiIo:o;o-

I

phie, II, §§ 25-27 ("rorld's I ... egal Philosophies, ] 15-134). I

I

Sorirccs: Grotius, De iure belli et. pacis (1U25); Hobbes, Leviathan (1651);

Pufendorf, De iure naturae ct. gentium (1I>i2).

Grotius, 1,1,3-0, s-u, II, 1, 1, II, 1.11, 11,10, I, II, 1i,2, § 1; PUff'D· rlorf, Do iure naturae ct, gent ium, I, chup, 7, §§ ()-li, 1\', 4; Hobbes, Levisthan, chap. 15; Rutherforth, Institutes of Naturul Law, 1,2, §:J.

St int zing, Geschicln n rler dcutschen lie"ht swissenschuft, ] I, 1-111; Hinrichs, Gcschichte dvr l~c(·ht~ .. und St uutsprineipien seit der Iieformat ion, I, (jO-~74t 11, Il l, 1-318; Dunning, Political 'I'heories from Luther to ).Iontesquieu, 164-171, alS-:~25; Duff, Hpilloza's Political und Ethieul Philosophy,

That is unjust which is contrary to the nature of rnti01131 creatures. Grotius, I, 1, 3, § 1.

I~rOJIl that law of nature bv which 'V(~ nre obliged to transfer

• •

to another such rights 3R being retained hinder the peace of man-

kind, there followeth u third, which is this: ,. that nlcn perform their covenants made;" without which covenants arc in vain

•

..

47

..

~d but empty words, and the right of all men to all things reaining, we are still in a condition of war, And in this law of nture consistcth the fountain and original of justice. For where

o covenant hath preceded, there hath no right, been transferred ____ nd every man has right to everything, and consequently no ction can be unjust. But when a covenant is made, then to renk it is unjust; and the definition of injustice is no other than he not performance of covenant. And whatsoever is not unjust · s just .... And therefore where there is 110 "own," that is no ....... roperty, there is no injustice; and where there is no coercive mower erected, that is where there is no commonwealth, there is no property, all men having right to all things; therefore where

there is no commonwealth, there nothing is unjust. So that the nature of justice consists in keeping of valid covenants; but, the validity of covenants begins not but wit h the constitution of :L civil power sufficient to com pel men to keep them: nnd t hen it is also that property begins. - .. Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 15.

Again, in the state of nature no one is by common consent ~ master of anything, nor is there anything in 11:1 t urc which can he

•

f said to belong to one 111311 rather than another. Hence in the

I state of nature we ran conceive no wish to render to e\·{)J"~" Juan ~ his 0,,"11 or to deprive n 01:11. of that which belongs to him; in other

t

! words, there is nothing in the state of nature answering to justice

and injustice. Such ideas are only' possible in a social state, when it i~ decreed 1)~" common consent what belongs to one 111:111 and whut to another', - Spinoza, Ethics, pt. lor t }JI'. :ii, 11. § 2 (Elwes' transl.).

i. 1~] IE J!:I (; I I·l'J~)~XTI I CI~X'J~l;]1 ,.

Berolzbcimor, System del' Rechts- und ,,1 ir! hschuftsphiloso .. phie, II, ~ 29 (World's Legal Philosophies, 141-1.50); Korkunov, General Theory of Law (transl. lJ~~ Hastings), § 7; Ritchie, N n tural Rights, chap. 3; Charmont, Ln renaissance tin droit nature}, 10-13.

Burlnmaqui, Principles of Xaturul and Polit.ie Law (Xugent's transl.), pt. r, chap. 5, § 10, and chap. 10, §§ 1-7; Housseuu, Social Cont raet, hJi. 11, chap. 6 (transl. by Barrington and by Tozer); lIont('squit'u, f;pirit. of Laws, bk, I (Xugent's transl., rd. by Prichard, '·01.1, 1-7); Vuttel, 1~1l\\· of Xat ions, bk, I, chap. 2, §§ 15-17 (there are several English versions): 1 Hlnek-tone, Commentaries, 38-43; Hutherforth, Institutes of Natural Law, hk. II, ('hn)l, 5, §§ 1-3; ""'oUT, Institutiones juris naturae et gentium, §§ 74-102 .

•

•

.,.

•

48

•

I shnll close this chapter and this hook with :1 remark whie ought to serve as 3. basis for the whole social system; it is til instead of destroying naturnl equalitv, the fundament 31 pact, the contrary 1 substitutes :1 moral : ud 1 awfu 1 equality for t physical inequality which nature imposed upon men, so ths though unequal in strength or intellect, thPJ· nil become equal b" convention and legal right. Rousseau, Social Contract, bk. 1 chap. U (Tozer's 1rUl1H1.).

~ •• J~J II~ X l:\,l~·I·J~I~:,\~l·J I cnxrruv (i) :\Ietallh)·~icul.J urists.

Berolzheimer, System dpr Reclus- uIHI "·iJ"th~('h:lftsphilo. I phie, 11, §§ :35-30 ("·orld's Legal Philosophies, 21;j-25H); l\or~ kunov, General Theory of 1.,:1,," (il":11181. h~" Hustings), :320-322~ Gray, Nature :11)(1 Sources of Law, § 5S.

l .. U.~~OIl, ~yf;h!nl tier ]l .... , .. htsphilosophie, § § 24-2.1; Ilcrkless, Lect ures Ot Jurisprudence, chn] •• -I; 11(_'~l'IJ Philo-ophy uf Hight (Dyde's transl.), § § !!U-33.

J~Yl'r~· n ction i~ righ t w hich in itself, or j n t he maxim on w hieh it proeeerls, is such t ha tit «nn covxist ulong wit h the freedom of t lu will of C":ll'h nnd n 11 in uct iuu according to n uni versal la w. - -- Kant. Hcchtslehrc, xxxv (1 Instie's t ransl.).

I must in nll ('n~p:-; 1'(',·oI!Jliz(' the r,,(ll' hping: outside of Inc n:~

such. that Is, must limit my lihprty h~" t IH~ po~~ihilii)' of hi~ 1ihprt)\ - - ]t-'j,thtp. Grundlng .. des Xuturrcchts, It ·JH.

'This is right: t hat nn existenco in ~('Iu' .. ul is existence of tJ1('

frope ,,·iJI. ,,·\('('or(linJd.r it is ill ~(,IH'J":tl lihl'rt~· :t~ an idt'a. J-I(l~pl

(~I"\I It( llinien clpr Philosophi« clPS l~('eht:-:, (j 1.

,\"(~ mnv tlt'fin(' I'i~ht :t~ :1 priucipl« . . • ~o\"('rllillg 1 lu- f'xpr(lj~

• •

of Ii hpl't)· in t hl' 1'('la t ions of human li fee - Ah rens, (~OUI':; du

I)roit Xutun-l, 8 P(I.. I, )07.

l{i~hf. is t lu- :;11111 of 1 hose universal t1,'tprlnin:ltioIlS of net ior t hrough whir h it. Ian PJlf'US t hat t h" et IIiI'll) whole :uu 1 it ~ pnrts 111:1) be lJl·('~('I'\·(_·tl and further dvveloped.> 'I'rendelcnhuru, Xatur

reel it. § ·1 (j.

'l'he fundumentul ... \XiOlll which forms the basis of the who]:

svstr .. m of Xaturnl .lustiec I conceive to ln-, thnt one human boin;

•

h!l~ lIO right to cont rol for his own bent-fit t he volit ion of another. -

Ilhillijlps, JUl"iSpr'H1('J1('C', 80-S1 (§ I) .

•

49

The ultitunte object of positive law is identical with the proxi-

•

nl!lte object of natural law> viz. liberty. But being realizable

only' by means of order, order is the proximate object of positive 1:1\\·. - Lorimer, 1 nst i tu t('~ of I .u \V ~ 2 ed., 523.

Reduced to these terms, the difference between morality and right is u difference in d"gl"(,l? and not. of essence. Y ct it is a very important diffcrouee, us it reduces tile 1JOlL'C" of coercion to irhu! is nbsolulfl!l llCC('NNHl"!I [tn: the hnrmoniou« coexistence of the

illdil';tlllnl irith the whole, Lioy, Philosophy of Hight (trnns. by Hastie), I, 121.

Fundnmentul principles of justice ;

1. The first. and highest Iundnmon tul principle of justice provide's that every one hold every good which he has unhindered by the :u:t~ of any other.

2. That for every value t rnnsferred, one rr-ceive in return an equal value.

3. l·:\"er)· newly produced YU lue belongs to t he producer.

4. Every cll':-;t rny('d J!:OO( 1 is 1 n he dost royed tot he dest royer, , und if t he (h,:-;t )"oy('c 1 I!ood is a Hot her's, the destroyer suff l'I'S a

, subt ruction from his own ~oud unt il the injured person i~ (~()1l1-

l)l\n~atpd for his injury b~· nn equivalent value. Lasson, System

der Hochtsphilosophic, § 2·1.

Hight. . • • [i~l t he correspondence or h:11'111011)· of the will of the individual wit h t he universal will. - Ilorkloss. I .. oct ures on Juris-

-

prudence, on.

The 11101":11 principle which prot (let s (he rhdlt is the inviolnhili ty of the human person, . . • This is 1 he fundument ul axiom upon which C\~(1r:.~ doctrine of 1:1,,· mny he and ought 10 be (~S, tahlished. · Boisu-l, Cours de philosophic du droit, 1, 72.

(ii) J':np;li~h Ut ilituriuus,

Horolzheimer, System c h-r Rechts- unci "~irt hsrhn ftsphilosophie, ir. § 28 (\'?orld':-) 1.e~:,1 Philosophies, 1:3·1-} .. 11); Mnrkhy, Elements of Law, §~ 51-fiB; Mil], On Liberty, chap. ·1; Bentham, Theory of Logislut ion, Principles of the Civil Corle, chaps. 1, i; Dicey, Law find Public Opinion in Englund, Lect .. 6. ~

Bentham, Principles or Morals :11111 L(\~i:'"lut ion (1 7S0. reprint ed by the Clarendon Pross, 1 ~;!t); Br-nthnm, 'I'rait e de 1('~i~13 t ion (i'. l. hy ) Jumont , 1802, trunsl. us Benthnm's 'Theory of Legislution by Hildreth, 10 ed., l!)Ot)i

50

Bentham, Principles of the Civil Code, "rorks, I, 2Q5-364; llill, On Liberty (1859).

Sec Albee, History of English Ut ilitarianism; Stephen, The English Utilitarians; Solari, l .. 'Idea individuuic e I'idea sociale nel diritto privata,

§§ 31-36.' .

•

The ideas which underlie the Benthamite or individualistic scheme of reform may conveniently be summarized under three leading principles and two corollaries,

1. Legislation is a science. . . .

2. The right aim of legislation is the carrying out of the principle of utility, or, in other words, the proper end of every law is the: promotion of the greatest happiness of the greatest number ....

3. Every person is in the main and as a general rule the best judge of his O'Vl1 happiness. Hence legislation should aim at a removal of all those restrictions 011 the free action of fin individual which are not necessary for securing the like freedom on the part of his neigh horse . • .

From these three guiding principles of legislative utilitarian-

•

ism, - - the scientific charaeter of sound lcgislution, the principle

of utility, faith in laissez [eire, - · English individualists have in practice deduced the two corollaries, that the Inw ought to extend the sphere and enforce the ohligut ion of contract, nnd thnt, as regards the possession of political power, evory man ought to count for one )11311 find no man ought to count for more than one, -Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England 2 cd., 13~-14U.

(iii) 'I'he Historieal School.

111 virt ue of freedom man is t he subject of right. and 1:1. w. His freedom is the foundation of right nnd ull real relations of right emanate from it. . . .

In thus founding right upon 1 he possibility of nn net. of will, the essential principle of right is indicated 3S that of equnlity. Ilj~ht implies the recognition of freedom as belonging equally to nil men 3S subjects of the power of will. It receives its materinl and contents from the impulse of man to refer to himself what exists out. of himself. 'I'he function of right, as manifested ill 1:1\V, is to apply the principle of equality to the relations which

arise from the operation of this impulse. Puchta, Cursus del'

Instltutioncn, I, § 4 (Hastie's trnnsl.).

51

Law exists for the sake of liberty; it bas its basis in this, that men are beings endowed with a disposition to free exertion of will, It exists to protect liberty in that it limits caprice, Arndts,

Juristische Encyklopadic, § 12. '

•

Justice is thus the condition of social equilibrium, both with

reference to the domain of the rule of the will of persons, that is with regard to the harmony' of Iaw and [individual] right, and with reference to the maintenance of t.IIC limits of action of different persons, or, in other words, to the mutual accommodation to each other of the several nnd distinct existing rights. Pulszky, Theory' of I ... nw and Civil Society, § 173.

There is a guide which, when kept clearly and constantly in view, sufficiently informs us what we should aim to do by legisJntiop and what should be left to other agcnclos. This is what I have so 'often insisted upon as the sole function both of law and legislation, namely to secure to each individual the utmost llberty which he can enjoy consistently with the preservation of the 1ike liberty' to ull others. Liberty, the first of blessings, the aspiration of every human soul, is the supreme object, Every abridgment of it demands an excuse, and the only good excuse

, is the necessity' of preserving it. Whatever tends to preserve ; this is right" nll else is wrong. To leave each 1l1Un to work i out in freed 0 111 his O'VIl happiness or misery, to stand or fall

I

~ hy the consequences of his 0,,'11 eond uct, is the true method

(of human discipline. Curter, 1 .. aw: Its Origin, Growth, find

Function, 33i. •

~

! (il') 'I'he Positivists.

Hence that. which '\9(~ 11:1'·(\ to t.~XPl'(lRS in a precise wnv is the Jibprt:r of each limited only hY' the like liberties of all. 'I'his we do by Ra)~ing: - .. Every man is free to do that which he wills provided he infringes not the equal freedom of fillY' other mnn . ..._.._,.

Spencer, .J ustice, ~ 27. ·

Our theory .reeoneiles the idea of ]ihel't.~,. with those of superior power and superior interest: right, concrete and complete, at the same time ideal find reul, becomes the maximum of liberty, equal for nll individuals, which is compatible with the maximum of liberty, of force and of interest for the social organism. - - Fouillee, L'Idee moderne <Ill droit 6 ed., 39·1.

•

52

Coureelle-Seneuil's parallel:

.. 4 ucicnt J deal

1. Property founded 011 conquest,

N'inctccnil: ... Centum Ideal

1. Property Ioundod 011 labor and

2 • Absolute po,,·cr founded on military forec.

3. Clussifleution I)~" privilege founded 011 trndition and the will of tho govcrnment.

4. A stationnry society, corrected f.·")11 t imu to time by rcvcrslon to the ali cicn t t:'t~I)C.

5. J\ society ruled IJl" lnws, under the supervision of :1 public uuthoritj .. j 11 vest cd with com; )'11 so l·)f" IJ()\\ttC)·t3.

...

saving.

2. Empire of Inws freely assontcd to 1)~· all.

3. Classifleatlon founded on personal merit, tested by competition.

·1. 4i\ progressive soeiety, constantly improvhu; itself hy labor and

l1li ..

J 1\ vcn t Ion.

5 .. A society Iiving h~· the free initiutivo or its cit izens, regulated hl' I

I

t)IC ohservanee of the morul law, :

See Courcello-Scncuil, Prepuration it l'ctude <In droit, un, 39(;. ,

(u) Economic Realists.

Berolzheirncr, System del' Reelrts- und '\Tirthsch:lfts)lhilosophi~J II, §§ 37-10 (World's J.Jcgul Philosophies, 200-307); ]31"0\"11, 'I'he Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, Prologue (The Challenge of Anarchy).

(a) Axxncmsr I:SDIVlI)UALlH~t

Prourlhon, Qu'est-ce que In }ll'opric1e? (1840); Proudhon, Id(tc p;(.n(~r:lle de In l'evolllt ion uu dix-neuvierne ~icc)c (1851); Proudhon, De Itt j ust icc duns In nivolut loti of. clans l'f!g1i~c (1858); St irner, 1)(1" Eiuzige uml sein l~i~ent hum (184;;, transl. fL~ ')"he Ego and His Own); Grave, I~fL 1-'oeietc rut ure, '; .eel., I ~~'5.

See Busch, L'Individuulismc unarchiste: Mux Stirner (IHO I).

Free nssocint.ion, liberty, which is confined to the mnintnining of equalit y in the menus of product ion and of equivalence in exchanges, is the only possible ju~t nnrl true form of society. Politics is the science of liberty; under whntever IHUUC it, Hitty be disguised, 1 he government of man by man is oppression, The highest. form of society is found in the union of order and nnurchy, Proudhon, Qu'est ... ce que In. proprictej?, a~u\'rcs Completes, 1873 ed., I, 22·1.

(h) SOCIAI .. IST IXJ>IYIDUA1 .. 1Sll (See S II pra, PI>. 10-11.)

Socinlism in :111 its forms leaves int net the individualist ic ends, but resorts to collect ive net ion fl."; a new met hod or nt tnining them. That socinlism i:-: through and t hrough individualistic in tendency, \\·it h emotional frat ernalism supernddod, j~ t IIC point 1 would cspecinlly emphu-ize, Adler, II The Concept ion of Social \"clfurc," Proceedings of the Conference on Legal nml Social Philosophy, 15)1:1, o.

It is the function of the stnto to further the development of the human race

..

53

to a state or freedom. • .. . It 1:; the education and evolution of the human race to a state or freedom. Lassalle, Arbeiterprogmm (1863), ,\\rcrkc (ed. by Blunl), I, 156.

9. THE SOCIL\L-PliIJ40S0PlfIC.\L ~\ND ItECE:+\T SOCIOLOG IC.l\L SCIIOOLS

Berolzheimer, S:\'StCID der Rechts .. und "Tirthschafts}lhilosophie, II, §§ .J3-18, 52 ("Torld's Legal Philosophies, 336-131, 466-47i); St~nnlnlcr, "r escn des Reents und del' Rcehtswissenschuf't (in Systcmatischc Rcchts\vissellschaft, i-Iix): Kohler, Lehrbueh rler I{ccht.sphilosophic; 38--13; Kohler, Rechtsphilosophie und Univer-

+

salrechtsgeschichte (in Holtzendorff, Encyklopitdie der Rechtswis-

scnschaft, 7 ed., v 01. I), § § 13-16, 33-34, 51; Ehrlich, Grundlinien dcr Soziologie des Rcchts, chaps. B, ]0.

..

1':11~~ .. =.ll]Y ~1~1l?~~~~,. however slight, ~\~~li~I~_ ';~~~Yh~~I'~~~~r~1~.h9\Vever -"Yeali:, 11Ul'" make. Ouglit it-iiot"lor its own sole .. sake.to be

.., - -- ~ ,. .... -

....... --.- .. ~ ....... _ ......... ...,...---- _ ....... -- ...... _ , ... _---_._ ..... - ---- ~ ...... - ... - . .. .

~fitlsfic~IJ If not, prove why not. The only possible kind of

proof you could :ifldil-cc',y'ouhf 1)c"t he exhibition of another erout nrc

who should make n demand tli:lt -'l'nn' the other wnv Auv

.............. _ ............. ... ........... .

desire is imperative to the extent. of its umount ; it makes itself

valid by the fact thnt it exists ut :l11. Some dt-siros, truly enough, arc small desires; they are put forward by insignifieunt persons, and "·0 customarily' make light oi the obligations which they

bring, But the fuct that such personal demands us these impose small obligations does not keep the Inrgest »hligntions from being personal demands. . . . .l\ ft ('I" all, in seeking for a universal principle, we inevitably nrc curried onward to the most universal principle -, that the C8.'5CllCC _!!1. OQqrl:_. is s;,u]Jly to sat i!ify tlenunul.: " ... Since cverythitlg;\;hT~h is demanded is h~r that fact U good, 1111lSt nob" tli§ ~~g~1!lli~g.~.- principle for ethical philosophy (since till demands conjointly cnnnot ho satisfied in this poor world) bl' simply to satisfy nt, all times _ as nuun; demand» {1.~ 1fC can? That :lct;-nlust be the -hes't' u(;i.; uccordingly, which makos for t he ._iJl?sl

u'holc, in the sense of uwukening the lenst sum of dissnt isfuctions. In the casuistic scale,"] 1i(!i1~foi:'c;' ~1.11ose ideals' must · be writ tPJJ

highest which prevail at the least cost, or by \\'IIO~C reulizn t ion t he least number of other ideals arc destroverl. . . . 'file course of I

.1 ~

history is nothing hut. the story of 111ran'H strug:g:le from uonr-iution:

to generation to find the more inclusive 01"<1('1". Invent SOIlIC'

... • .

III

•

54

manner of realizing J,'OUl' own ideals which will also satisfy the alien demands, that and that only is the path of pence! .•. l Though some one's ideals are unquestionably the worse off for each improvement, yet a vastly greater total number of them find shelter in our civrlized society than in the older savage wavs ....

I ~

As our present laws and customs have fought and conquered other

past ollcs; SO'· t]~~~~iJ_l. _ i,~='~!jMf~fu'l~~i ~ b·~_~¥~Y~!~!ifo'\~~·.9y'~~~ _~!~""ly discQv-ered order which will hush up .the complaints that they' still

give rise - towithout producing others louder ·~till. -.'-:. J:ltnes~l"hc

... -,---- - --7"Till to Believe, 195_:_200. · . ~ - ·

Justice to the individual, then, must according to these prinl' ciples consist in the rendering to him, so far as possible, nll those

,.

~ services, find surrounding him with nll those conditions, which

(he requires for his highest self, for the satisfaction of those f desires which his truest judgment tells him nrc good. Con-

· versely, opportunity for fulfilment of highest aims is all that mny be justly claimed 38 n right. · Willoughby, Social Justice, 20--21.

The satisfaction of ever)' one's wants :50 far as they nre not outweighed by others' wants. - - Adapted from '" ard, Applied

., ~ Sociology', 22-24. - .. · .. _ -._--

']"he old justice in the economic field consisted chiefly in seeuring to each individual his rights in property or contrnets. The

i new [ustice must consider how it can secure for each individual a 1 standard of living, :uHI such a share in t he values of civiliza t ion

• •

j us shall muke possible n full 11101"al life. -- D( __ ~'Y.9.Y_ JlJld Tufts,

,~ ..

.»:' ]~thiC~t ·J96. --

II usliec . . . ]11:1'\- be described as t he effort to eliminate from

~

our social condit-ions the effects of t he inequalities of nature

upon the huppiness nnd ndvnncement of nmn, and particularly to create fin nrtificinl onvironrnenf which shall serve the individual as well UR the rnce and tend to perpetuate noble types rather than those which nrc base. ](('11)", Government or Human Evolution: .lust ice, 300.

0., __ Fundamentnl J~~~.~.(~!I~I~~_9.r. j~~~ lu w:

1. One will must not he subject to the nrbitrary will of

nnothei ..

2. EVCI)Y lognl demand ran exist. only in the sense that the

person obliged can also exist as a fellow creature.

..

•

•

55

3. No one is to be excluded from the common interest urbitrarily ·

4. Ever)' power of control conferred by law can be justified

only ill the sense that the individual subject thereto can yet exist as n fellow creature. Stummler, Lehre '·011 dem richtigcn Itcchtc, 208-211.

•

•

•

..

3

1"'I-IE NATURE 0 F LA "T

I\T 'I1·IEOltII~S or J~:\ ,V'

Pound, Theories of Law, 22 Yule J .. uw Journ. 114;

The two ideas of 1:1"·, illustrated by' t\\ .. o sets of words:

Latin • lex
• • .. .. .. .. • ill ... .. ~U .. t)
+
Germnn I' III • • • • • .. • Recht (,' csct:
Fre ne 11 .. .. .. • • .. • • • droit lui
11 nliun .. ... • ...... .. • • -. I- diriito /(I!l!JC
..
Spanish dcrccho -
III- • .. .. • • .. • i ley ..

I

"

1. G !lEEK ])]~FI~ITIOXS

"T)Ult the ruling part of the stute enacts after considering whnt

ought to be done, is culled luw. Xenophon (n.c, c. 420-c. 356),

Memorubifin, I, 2, § 43.

TAt'" is u definite stntemcnt according 10 a ('0111111011 agreement of the state ~i\'ing warning how every thing ought 10 he done. - .... \naxinlcllrs (H.C. c. 5UO-c. 500), quoted h:,r Arist otle Rhct orie to .. Alexander, i.

Law seeks to be the finding out of reality. [?] Plato (n.c, 427- 34 7), l\fillOS, 315A.

The common law, going through all things, which is the S3111C

with Zeus ,,,110 ndministers the whole universe. Chrysippus

(n.c. 287-209), quoted by' Diogcnes Lacrtius, vii, 88.

"fhis is lnw, which all men ought to obey for many reasons, and chiefly because every law is both n discovery and a gift of God and :1 teaching of wise men and a setting right of wrongs, intended and not intended, but also a common agreement of the state, according to which CVClJr one in the state ought to live, ~vr Demosthcnes (n.c. 384-322), ... Against Aristogeiton, 774.

•

57

2. ROllAN DEFIXITIOXS

Law (lc.:r) is the highest reason, implanted in nature,' which cOlnnlunds what ought to be done and prohibits the contrary'. - Cicero (n.c, 10(43), De Legibus, I, 6.

Law (lex) is the right reason of commanding find prohibiting.

- Id., I, 5.

For In w (le.r) is nothing else than n ri~ht renson derived from

the gods commanding whut is honorable and forbidding the contrary. Id., Philippic, XI, 12.

Compare: .A lex is :l J!:cncrnl command of the people or of the I'lt'l".~ upon

quest ion by n mugistrate. Capito (ob. A.D. !!:!), quoted hy Aulus Gelius,

,... ·'0 ')

.'\.,.. , ....

)Iorco\'cr the laws (iura) or the Romun people consist of statutes (leges),

cn:ll~hllellts of the plebeians (plt.'biscita), resolves of the senate (:;('lIfliIiS (011" suit,,), enactments of the emperor, edicts of those ,,'110 1.:1\'0 authority to i-sue then}, nnd the answers of those learned in the 1:1\\'" (rc\&:jJOllsa pnulcntium), ·

C....· 1 § 01)

.!lllJ:-:, , .....

•

'V'hen about to Rtud)p 1:\,,· ""C ought first to know whence COnl(~S the word I:l\V (ius). Moreover it is caned 1:\,,· (illS) Irom justice (illsfilia), for, us Celsus ]u jurist of the end of the first. or beginning of the second century, A.D.] '\"("111 defines it, law (i1l8) is t he art of what is right. anti equitable. Ulpinn (third century, A.D.) in ]) j gf' S t, I, 1, r, § 1.

3. Tn» Eam.nen l\11»()I~l'~ _'\GEH

.AR to the use of lex to mean law in ~cnp.rul in this period, see Snvigny, Ge-rhiehte des romischen Rechts im :\1 ittvlnlter, I, § :37 (Cutheart's trunsl., 1 Ui-i21).

Pas is divine law (lex), ius is human law (lea;) •••• Lex is a written enactment. ).1[08 is usage approved by time or unwritten law Ilcx). .•• Moreover usage is n certain law (ius) instituted hy observance which is held for enactment (le.t) when enacted )3 w (lex) is want ing. J sidore of Seville (ob, (j30), Bruns, Fontes Juris Romani Antiqui (6 ed.), H, s:~.

11~s is the art of what is right find equitable. Lex is ius enacted by wise princes. Petri Exceptiones Legum Romnnorum, I\PP. J; Fitting, Juristische Schriftcn des fruheren Mittelalters, 1 (}4 (1] th century).

I us is the general term, f:O culled because just; lex moreover

•

58

•

is :1 species of ius and is so culled from leqere (to read) because it is

written. N O\V all ius consists of leges and customs, Lex is an onactmcnt of princes written down for the common good; custom is ancient usage derived from conduct (moribus), or unwritten lex. - Libellus de Uerbis Legalibus, 1, appended to the foregoing; Fitting, 1~~1. 1

•

4. DJ'~VJ~LOP~[J~NT OP TIII~ COXCJ~PTJOX AXD DEFI~ITJDN OF J...,A w rnoxi TIlE Il)~VIYAI" O~.. l~EGAL STUDY ... -\. T 130LOGXA. ('r\\"J~LP1'I[ CBNTUJtY) '1'0 'rIlI~ rl'IllJ~ 01" GnOTIUS (Sr~Vl~X .. T]~E!\TH CBXTUIIY)

Corpu« iuris ciuilis believed to be billeting ~t:tt ute lnw, and hence lex, Law ninde up of t he corpus iuris as interpret ed by jurists and contemporary ennet mont, on t he one hand, and of customary law of various peoples on the ul her.

I us is the genus nnd Ie» the species. Al! ius consists of enuctmcnts and customs. Lex is u written enactment, ellston} is long usage. Usage is a certain kind of luw (le.l:), instituted by observance, which is held for ennetment (fc:c) when enacted lnw (Ie:c) is ,vunting.· - Gnu ian, ec. 2-5, dist, I (about 1150).

For t he English )U \\"8 (lcyes), 31 though not written, may ns it should seem, nnd that without any absurdity, be t crmed . :l\V8 (since this itself'. is n luw - that, which pleases the prince has the fore r } of law). . . . For if from the mere want of writing

only they : .iould not he considered as 1:1\"'8, then unqucstionnbly writing would seem to~ confer iIllorc aut horit v upon 1:1\\·8

.. ~ .,...

themselves than eit her t he l'q\lit.)~ of the persons constituting

or the reason of t hose framing them. - Glanville, De Lcgibus ct Consuet udinibus Regni Angline, Preface, Bonmes' trnnsl., xi

(about I1S0).

'rhrory of St. 'rh(Jln:l.~ Aquinas (1~25 or ]227-1274): . ~ I· J 1 col ( 1 i "r~i 11 (1111 r (J I e (1 i v j ( J c( I j 11 t 0

lex aetcrnn (etcrnul lnw), t he It reason of t he divine wisdom, governing t 11 e w J) ole un i verse.'

lex naturulis (nnt.tlrni law) , the 1:1\\" of human nature proceeding ult imately from God, hut j~Jl~Hedi:ttcly fro III humun reason, nnd governing t he net ions or men only.

Positive Inw n. lucre recognition of the lex naluralis, which is above all hlUIHUl nuthority.

,.

•

"

5U

J\. luw is all ordinance of reason for the common good, pro-

nlulga.tecl by' him who has charge of the community. 1"ho111:1S

J\quina:;, Summa Thcologiae, 1, 2, S, 90, art. 1.

Law (lex) is 11 holy sanction, commanding what is right and

11rohibit ing the contrary, Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum

.Allgliae, cup. 3 (bet. 1 .. 16:}-lo171).

.:\8 nn i.ural 1:\\\· wus rliseoveruhle by ron-on, 1 he obvious effect was to require all rules of 110~it ive 1:1\\" to he testerl by reason. Ilcnee: "The first is the law et clonal. Tho second is the law of Hat nrc of rcusonuhle creutures, the which, ns 1 h:1YC hcnrd :':tY, is culled by them 1 hat he learned in the 1:\\\· of Engl:lIHlt the 1:1\\" of reason.' -- Doctor und Student (Temp. Henry Vl l l ),

1111 JI. ~

:\ law (lc:c) of nat ure is a rule of reason: wherefore a human 1:1 w ([c:c) partakes of the reason of lnw (le.l~) in so far as it is derived from a lnw of nature. And if th(IS' (li:.;np;1"r(~ ill anything; there is no ]:1\\' but a corruption of law. J~. Suarez, Rcpctitionos, 2i2-2i3 (1558).

The proper signification of ius is one, namely, when ius is used to menu un enact mont directiJl~ 011 behalf of t he ~o",e)'nnl(\llt those things which are right .... From this ~j~Jli(j<:uti()Jl other less Pl"011Cr meanings have sprung, Donellus, De iure eivili, I, 3, § 2 (158B).

Ius from iussum . Aml hence the \\"01"<1 ius. For J agree with those who consider that we =':1\" ius Irom iubcrc :-:0 t hat ius is us if

Ii-

you should ~a)· iussum, . . . For all 1:1,,· (ius) commnuds as is

expressed in the definit ion of iu». " . ,

Some [he cites Alcintus] hold that iue is said by metathesis, BO tha t ius is, ns it. wore, II i.~ wi t 11 t Ill' let t ors reversed. This docs Hot

agree with the fuet. Id., J, .. 1, ** 1--2.

...

5. ])E\'EI .. OP:\IEXT or Till·; (;OXCEPTIOX .\X() I)EF'IXITIO~ FHO~[ GnOTIUS TO ]"\:AXT (SI~\'EXTgEXTII AX[) l~lGIlTg]':XT][ CJ':Xrumss)

(;1'ot ius put s nat UI':l11:1\\· on n 1'1It iouul ju:o:ttl:lcl of n t huolouicul basis. Conring (1(;·1:3) overturns the mediuevul not ion of the stut utory uuthoriry of the ror pu» iuris.

Thus nat ural 1:1,,· hceame once more i U.>; 11111 u r"lt" t he .liet:11 es of reason in view of the cxij!l'neip,:, of humnn (,OI1~t il ut ion nnd humnn suciet y, no IOll~l'r ICJ: naturalis, the ennet mouts of :1 ~UJll·l'Jl:J1 ural Ip~il'Jat or .

. And posit ive luw became the upplication of reason tn the civil rclntions of

•

60

.,

•

men, of which the corpu ... ~ iuris was an exponent only because and to the extea of its inherent reasonableness.

[After defining ius in the ethical sense, that which is right, and ius in the sense of a right]. There is also a third signification in which it. means the same as lex when thaf word is used in iu broadest sense, so' that it is n rule of moral actions obliging to that which is right. Grotius, Dc iure belli et 1)3Cis, I, 1, 9, § 1 (1625).

Law (la. Ioi) in general is human reason. - Montesquieu L'csprit des lois, I, 3 (1748) .

.J\. rule to which men nrc obliged to make their mornl aetiors conformable. Rutherforth, Institutes of Nntural Law, I, 1, § 1 (1754).

..

I n England following the period of logislat ive energy during the Common, wealth, Hobbes snw chiefly the imperutive clement.

Civil lnw is to every' subject those rules which the commonwealth hath commanded him • . . to make usc of for the distinction of right and wrong; that is to say of what is contrary find

not, contrary to 1 he rule. Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 20 (1651).

With the rise of :1 nut ionul lnw on the Continent, [(IX hegins to stnnd Ior 1 lie rules ()f t he civ il lnw ill euch ~t nt c.

J\ 1:1"·- (lex) is an enactment 1)~: which n superior obliges one subicct 10 [rim to direct his actions according to the commuml of 1 he forJner." Pufcndorf', Elemcnta iurlsprudentinc univcrsnlis def. 13 (1 (ji2).

In t he ('i~h t oen t h cen t ury t he "iT cet of n n age of :th50111 t c governments in reviving t he concept ion of law :1...-'; cnnctment becomes marked.

A rule prescribed h~" the sovereign of n soeloty to his subjects. - Burlamnqui, Principcs de droit naturol, I, S, 2 (1 i4i).

Law is the expression of the goneral will, }{OU88('3U, Contrat

Soria1, II, G (li62).

Hlnckst one ut «',ur,t (It! t n romhi no flu.' t \\·0 ideas.

A rule of civil conduct, proscribed IJ:V the supreme power in s stn tc, commanding wha t is right and prohibiting what is wrong.eBlackstone, Commentnrios, I, 4-4 (1765).

j

I

~('C Blackstone, It ·11, 4:J, 4i, 123, lGO-lut; I" inch, Law, hk. I, chnp. 6!

(1613). I

•

. ,

•

(;1

•

6. FURTIIER DEVELOPllENT FROll IUNT TO JIIERING (1) Jlf etaphysical

The sum of the circumstances according to which the will of one mal' be reconciled with the will of another according to 3. common rule of freedom. Kant, Metaphysische Aufangsgrunde

•

der Rechtslehre, 2i (1797).

· Man stands in the midst of the external world, and the most ·

important element in his environment i~ contact with those who

are like him in their nature and dest iny, If free beings arc to co ...

exist in such 3· condition of contact, furthering rather than hinder-

ing each other in their development, invisible boundaries must

be recognized within which the existence and activity of each in .. dividual gains u secure free opportunity. The rules whereby such boundaries arc determined and through them this free opportunity

is secured nrc the law. · Savigny, System des heutigon romisehen

Ilcchts, I, § 52 (1840).

The organic whole of the external conditions of life 1l1P3SUrecl by reason. - Krause, Abriss des Systcmes dor Philusophie cl('~ Hechtcs, 209 (1828).

The recognition of the just Freedom which mnnifcsts itself in persons, in their exert ions 0C will and in their influence U pon

objects. Puchta, Cursus der Inst itutionen, I, § (j (1841) .

An aggregate of rules which determine the mutual relations of

01('1) living in n community. Arndts, Juristisehe Eneyklopitdie,

§ 1 (1850). ·

The rule or stnndurd go\"erlling us a whole t ho conditions for the orderly attainment of whatever i:-; good, or assures good for the individual or society, 80 far us those conditions depend on voluntary action. -- Ahrens, Philosophischc Einleit ling, in Holtzendorff, Encyklop.ldie tier Rechtswlsseusclmft (1 ed., 1871). Transl. 1)~{ Pollock .

..

'I'he expression of t he idea of right involved in t l)(~ rel a t ion of

two or 1110re human beings, - Miller, Philosophy of Law, 9 (18~1).

The aggregate of the rules which provide for the employment of the force of society to restrain those who infringe the liberty of others. - · Acollas, Introduction it l'etudo du droit, 2 (1885). · The sum of the conditions of social coexistence with regard

to t he activity of the community and of individuals. Pulszky,

Theory of Law and Civil Society, 312 (1888).

l

I

I

,

'L

+

". ....

..

62

The sum of 1110r31 rules which grant to persons living in a community 11 certain power oyer the outside world. (Ledlie's transl) ~ Sohm, Institutes of Roman Luw (1 ed., ISS!), § i.

(2). Eiqhtccnlh century and j\T co-Housscauist,

Those rules of intercourse between 111('11 which nrc deduced from their rights and mornl claims: the expression of the jural and mornl re 13 t ions of InCH to one another. ",. oolsey , I 11t ere nutional Law, § a (1871).

The recognition of the 1:1\\· of "~:tturc hJ' special enactmenu and its vindication in special circumstances nnd rclntions.>I .. orimer, Institutes of 1.,:1"., n (1880).

The ng:gr('~at p of n-coivcr 1 prju(lj plos of just ieee Smit h, Ele-

ments of ]~igh t. und of the La \Y, § 231 (188;).

The will of t 1lf.' state concerning the eivie conduct of those under its uuthority.> , \'Tootlro,," "·iJ~on, 'I'he State, § 1 .. 115 (lSHS) .

.z\ rule ~\~recd upon by the people )"(·J!ulnt ing the rights und dut ies of )(_\rSOJ1H. • Andrews • Americnn Law, § 72 (a 0(0).

Law is u hodv of rules for human conduct wit hin :L commuuitv

.. .

which hv common consent of t his ('OI11111unit.y shall be enforced bv

~ ..

external })O\\"PI\.. Oppenheim, Intvrnutionul ],,:1\\", 1, § 5 (1!l05).

· (a) Later II istorical,

(4) .. 11la1llti'cai.

The ~UJn of the rules which fix t he )'('I:1t ions of 111£111 living in :.;oeil't~" OJ" nt I(,:l~t. of the rules which :lI'C~ sanvt ioncd by the ~()eit·t~·, , jnl1)o~p(1 upon 1 he individual h~" u sociul constraintv= 13 r issaud, :\I~UHl{'1 d'histoire rlu droit Fruncnis, a (lSHS).

The rule of conduct to which u society f.!:ive:; effect in respect tot hn behu vior of its subjects to\\·:1I",1 ot hers und t ownrd itsell and in respect to the forms of ib.; activity. l'}P1'1\('1 in Holtzendorff', Encykloplidic der Hochtswissenschnft (5 ed .. , lSHO), 5.

A rule oxpressiiu; t ht, r olnt ions of 11\11)):111 rourluct conceived us ~llhjpet t () rcalizut ion h)" st ut e force. - '\·i~lnorp, Cases on Torts, II, .. \pp. ~:\, § :3 (lUI).

(i) French, J Ujlllt'/H·C of llu: French ('ode

The civil law is, therefore, u rule of conduct upon n subject oi common interest prescribed to all citizens h)~ their lawful sovereign. I t is the solemn declurntion of the legislative power, h~r which it

..

..

I ·

. _. - .

~ lIE'

.. ""

~ ~

4 •

.. _ II-

, ..

commands, under certain penalties or subject to certain rewards, what each citizen ought to do or not. to do or to permit for the

common good of society. Toullier, Droit civil Francais, I, § 14

(1808).

J\ In,Y (loi) is a rule established 1))· the authority which, accord-

ing to the political constitution, has the 110,,"er of commanding, or prohibiting, or of permitting throughout. the state. A Inw truly find properly so-called, therefore, . . . is a rule sanet ioned by 1 he public power, n rule civilly and [uridically obligntory. Law (droit) iR the result, or better, the nggrcgnte or totulitv of these rule's" Domolomho, COUTS de Code Napoleon, I, § 2 (18·15).

Law (10;) • • • is n rule established h~· a superior will in order to direct )1\1111:111 net ions. • • . 'I'hc law (droit) • . • sometimes the rules of law (lois) seen in their 3ggrep;3.t(_~, or more often the general result of their dispositions, Demunte, Cours nnalytique de code civil, I, §§ 1-2 usan,

"That is law (dro;t)? It is the :l1t1-!1"('l!nt(\, or rut her the resultant, of the dispositions of the 13\\"s (lois) to which Juan is subjected, with the power of following or of violating them, • . . N O\V those 1:1""8 (luis) nrc rules of conduct estn blished h)1 H competent. authority. )'Inrcndc, Explication du Code Napoleon (5 ed., 185 n), I, § 1.

One may say with Portnlis that law tIa loi) is a solemn dcelnration of t he ,vBI of t he sovereign upon an object of common interest , - Laurent, Principcs tlu droit civil Francuis, 1, § 2 (1878).

Obligatory rules of conduct, general find permanent, established for men 1)~· the temporal sovereign .... '" \Tnrcillc8-SoI11Inicres, Prineipos fondumontaux de droit, 12 (188ft).

l ... aw ((/roit) is the nggregnte of 11r('Ct~11ts or laws (loft;) governing the conduct of mall toward his follows, t he observance of which it. is possible, and fit the same time just and useful, to assure 1»)' way of external coercion. 13audry-Lncantineric, Precis de droit civil (lOed., IUDS), I, § 1.

The ensemble of the rules to which the external conduct. of man in his relations with his fellows is subjected, and which, under the inspiration of the natural idea of justice, in n given staff! of the collective consciousness of humanity, appearing susceptible of a social sanction where coercion is required, nrc or tend to be provided with such a sanction and thenceforth take the form of cate-

..

...

,

64

gorical injunctions governing particular wills for the purpose of

,

assuring order in socict:.y'.· _. Geny, Science et technique en droit

prive positif, I, 51 (1914).

The eneemble of precepts, rules, or laws which govern hU1113n activity' in society, the observance whereof is sanctioned in case of need by social ·const.raint, otherwise culled public fotce. ' Colin ct Capitant, Droit civil Francnis, I, 1 (1914).

: (ii) Anglo-A7Ilcrican

First .5tage. The impcrativo theory perfected; eighteenth-

century ideas eliminntod.

'II.

or the lnws or rules set by men to men, some are ostablishcd

by political superiors, sovereign and subject: hj· persons exercising supreme und subordinate qorernmcnt in independent nations or independent political societies, The aggregate of the rules thus established, or some uggregnte forming u portion of that np;grcgnte, is t he appropriate mutter of jurisprudence, goueral or particular. To the nggrcgnte of the rules thus established, or to some nggrognte !

forming a portion of that nggrognto, t he tern) laic, 3S used simply , und st rict ly·, is exclusively applied. -- Aust in, The Province of Jurisprudence Detr-nnincd, 2 (1832).

A commund proceeding from the supreme political authority of n st at e :lIHI addressed to the persons who are the subjects of

t hnt authority. .I\1110S, Science of Law, ·18 (187~).

'1'IIt~ ~('n('rul body of rules which nrc uddressed by' the rulers of t he polit it'll 1 soeicty t 0 t he mem hers of t hat society, find \\' hieh nrc gpllel"alIy obeyed. - - Mnrkby, Elements of J ... :1"", § H (lS71).

J\ lnw i~ :1 commnml: that i~ to ~uy it is the significntion by a In \\·~i ver 1 o n person obnoxious to evil of t he 1:1 wgi '.('1"' S wish 1 hat such person should do ()II Iorlx-ar to do some net, with un inl imution uf,:tll evil that will hp inflicted ill cuse the wish he

(lisr('~a nlod I Post (', Gu j U~, 2 (I 871 ) .

Sccand ,"ta!lf. - Influonce of t hp 1 Iis! orieul ~(' hoot: Enforrv-

tJ1PIlt. substitutvd fOI" onuctment , ·

J\ gC'lleral1"ule of ext ernul human net ion cnf orcod 1)~· n sovereign

politicnl nuthority. Holland, Jurisprudence, «hnp. :3 (1880).

Rules of conduct. defined hv t he Rt at (' as t hose which it \\";11

•

enforce, for the enforcement of which it employs 3 uniform con-

Oil

straint. Anson, Law and Custom of the Constitution, I,. 8

(1886).

'I'he sum of the rules of justice administered in n state and by

its authority'. Pollock, First Book of Jurisprudence, 17 (1896).

The aggregate of rules administered mediately or immediately by the state's supreme authority, or regulating the constitution and functions of that supreme authority itself; the ultimate sanction being in both cases disapproval by' the bulk of the members of that state. Clark, Practical Jurisprudence, 172 (1883).

Third Siage. .. Enforcement 11Y tribunals substituted for enforcement by' the sovereign.

'I'he Law of eyers' country . . . consists of nll the principles, rules, or maxims enforced by' the courts of that. country us bping supported by the authority' of the state. . M Dicey', Private Inter.nationul Luw as 3 Branch of the Law of Englund, G Law Quart.

l{c,~. 3 (lS!)O). I

Tho law or laws of n society nrc the. rules in accorduncc with

4-

which the courts of that society' determine cast's, nnd hy' which,

therefore, the members of that society nrc to govern themselves: , and the circumstance whieh distinguishes these rules f r OI11 other rules for conduct, and which makes 1 hem the law, is the fact that courts do act upon thClll.· Gray, Definitions and Questions in , Jurisprudence, U Harvard Law Rev. 24 (1892).

I

i 'rite SUIl} of the rules ndmiuistercd h)' courts 11f justice. 1>01-

,

l lock find Maitland, History of English Law, Introduction (1895).

I The rules recognized and acted on in courts of justice, ..-

[ Salmond, Jurisprudence, § 5 (1002).

The rules nnrl principles recognized und applied h~· 1 he stnte's

nuthorities, [udicutive nnd executive. Clark, Roman Private

Law: Jurisprudence, I, 75 (l{)l~J).

7. GEU,.rAx DEI"I~ITIO~S SJXC)~ Jnmuxc. IXI~LUI~:\CE OF G}~H~[A~ I .. EGJSLA·rIo~

The sum of the rules of eonstrnint which obtain in n state. - Jhoring, Der Z\\"'crk im Recht, 1, :120 (187i).

The rule armed with force first gives us the conception of law, That which does not possess the guuruntee lying in force

•

•

f

...

GO

cannot be called law. Lasson, System der Rcchtsphilosophie,

207 (1882).

Lnw is n peaceable ordering (Fricdcl1S0rdllllll0) of the external relations of men and their communities to ench other. It is an ordering inorma agcnLii), a regulating through the setting up of commands and prohibitions. Gareis, Encyklopadic der Rechts-

wissenschuf't, § 5 (18Si),

The )lUrpOSC of all law is n determinate external behavior of }11(,11 toward men. The means of attuining this purpose, wherein alone the law consists, arc norms or imperatives. Bierling, Jurist ische Prinsipicnlchre, I, § 3 (189.J).

The legal order is an adjustment through coercion of 1 he relations of human life arising in n socin 1 manner from the socinl nature of I11Ull. j\:0111e1', Einfuhrung in die Rcehtswissensehaft, § 1 (1902.) Lnw is the ordering of the relations of life guaranteed 1)~" the

general will, Dernburg, Das blirgerliehes Recht des dcutschcn

Heiehs und Preussens, I, § 16 (l{l03).

Law is the ordering (Ort/nullU) based upon autonomous gOYernment ill n state of civilization. - · Bcrolzheimcr, System dor Reclus- und "·irths(ahnftsphilosophic, III, § 17 (1906).

"

· 'rIlE N ~\'1"Ultl~ or L.A.";

Austin, Jurisprudence, Analvsis of Lects. 1-6 (4 ed., 81-87), J4CCt. 1; IIobhps, Leviathan, pt. II, chap. 26, to G; lIol1nnu, .J urisprudence, chaps, 2, :3; Markby, Elements of 1.J3"r, §§ 1-2u; Pollock, First Book of Jurisprudence, chap. 1; Salmond, Jurisprudence, §§ 5, 16, 17; ]31'0\\'11, The Austinian ThcOT)' of 1 .. 3\\9,

§§ 552-6:30; Clark Roman Private Luw: II) urisprudence, I, § 2.

Clark, Practicul ~Jurisprucllluee, pt. I, chaps. 7, 11-16; Clark, Roman Private I.Ju,\·: Jurisprudence, I, § 5; Maino, Early' History of Inst.itutions, Lect, 13; Curter, Law: Its Origin, Growth, and Function, I ... ects. 1-8.

JcnkR, Law nnd Politics in the Middle Ages, 1-6; Rattlgan, Science of J urisprudenco , § § 8-110.

Miller, Data of Jurisprudence, chaps. 4, 5; Miller, Lectures OIl the Philosophy of Law, Appendix A; Lorimer, Institutes of

+

" 67

Law, 255-259; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (transl. by Hastings), 40-105.

Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ 191-2·17; Gareis, Science of law (transl. by Kocourek), § 5; Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, 2 ed., 483-194.

Binding, Die Normcn und ihrc Uebertretung, 2 ed., §§ 5-20; 'I'hon, Rccbtsnorln und subjektives Recht, 1-11; Bierling, Juristische Principicn .. lehre, I, § 3; Jcllinck, Allgclllcinc Staatslehre, 3 ed., 332-337; Gcny, Science et technique en droit priv6 positil, I, § 22; LCvy ... Ullman, ] .. :1 definition du

droit. ·

'II

1. Analytical.

Austin's Analysis:

...

(1) Commands set by n sovereign to subjects. (2) Rules set by a determinate authority,

(3) Rules of general application.

(4) Rules dealing with external human action. (5) Sanction.

Modificatlon 1»)~ later analytical jurists:

J .. aw is that which is (,ll/orrcci by the stute or by its judicinl organs, not what is set by the state.

Recent German analysis.

1 .. U\\9 i~ n hotly of norms established or recognized by the slut e in the administrut.ion of justice.

(a) Rules

(b) Principles (i.e. premises ~ from

which to deduce rules and measure the application of standards

(c) Standards

of Decision Conduct

Characteristics of law in a developed system: (I) Generality,

(2) Universality,

(3) Predicability.

•

The body of rules, principles, and standards in accordance with which justice is administered by the authority of the state .

• I

I I

,

! f

I

I

I

...

08

2. ~ Historical.

Results of philological investigation. Resul ts of legal history.

Primitive law (1) has no imperative clement.

(2) is not set by a determinate authority. (3) has no sanction, or at least sanction is feebly developed,

( .. 1) is recognized rather than enforced.

Historical view of sanction:

The habit of obedience (Maine, Internationn 1 I. .. aw, 50-52).

1]H~ displeasure of one's fellow men (Clark, Practical Jurisprudence, bk, 1, chap. 1 G).

Public sentiment and opinion (sec Lightwood, The Nature of Positive I ... aw, 362, 389).

'I'hc social standard of justice (Carter, The Ideal nnd Actual in I ... n w , 13 Rep. Am. Bur Ass'n, 217, 22~-225).

!3. Philosophical.

Lnw us an expression of ideas of right. Lnw as u securing of interests.

Law as n delimitation of interests, 'I'he "jural postulates" of civilization,

Philosophicul jurists 1'('J!::lrtl the sources 0," law ruther than the t 1 : 111 J r e o r I: L w ~

•

4. Sociological.

'l'ho functional view of luw - luw us n social mech-

•

amsm.

The logul order,

The hody of rules, principles, urul ~t nndurds est nhlished or roeognized hy orguuizr« 1 human ~(Jciety for the delimit nt ion nnd securing ()f interests.

•

5. Bodies or tY]lPS of rules wit h reference to which theories of the nature of law Jl111st he tried.

(1) II Municipal." (civil) private law .

•

•

60

(2) Public law.

(a) Constitutional law . (b) .. Administrative law.

See Dice)" Law and Custom of the Constitution, 8 ed., 1.-34, 324-401, 413-434; Berthelcmy, Truite clcrncntnirc de droit admlnistratil, S ed., 1-8.

(3) Intcrnntional lnw,

Sec A ust in, J urisprudence, 4 cd .• 177; I 10 lln nd, J urisprt uleuce, 12 ed., 133-135; Savigny, System des heutigcn romischen Reclus, I, § 11; Zorn, "iilkerrerht, 2 ed., § 2.

Maine, International Law, 4i-5:J; 1In11, Intcrnutionnl Law, Int roiluet ory chupt car; ,r estlnkc, 1 nt ernationnl 1 .. :1.\\,', I, 5-13.

Liszt "ruikcrrccht,IO cd.tS-IO; l\l~riJ.!nhnc, Droit public internat ionnl, 1, lS-2G; ]~onfih:, l)roit int ernat ionul publie, 7 ed., §§ 20-31.

"That have these in common?

How fur nrc some of 1 hese to he called It law "?

G. Analogous uses of the t (')"])1 "]:1 w, " Laws of nature or of science. Luws of grammar, et c.

Laws of morals, fnshio.i, etc. I .. nws of J!:Ullles.

Analogies to legislnt ion in rules ~oycrning modern gnmcs,

\TI

J_JJ\ w i\Nl) E1'lIICS

Austin, .J urisprudence, Lcct. 5; Bentham, Theory of Legislation, Principles of Logislu tion, chap. 12; Pollock, First ]300k of Jurisprudence, pt. I, chap. 2; Gray, Xnture and Sources of the Law, §§ (j .. 12-65i; Clark, Roman Private 1 .. :1,\·: Jurisprudenco, I, §:3. Carter, JJfi\V: Its Origin, Growth, and Function, Leet. 6; AJllOS, Science of Law, chap. 3; Green, Principles of Political Oh-

ligation, §§ 11-31; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (trUJ181. by Hast ings), § § 5- i; Gareis, Science of 1 .. :1 \V (t runs], h:y Kocourek), ~ (); Lorimer, Institutes of J ... aw , 2 ed., 353-307; Kohler, Philosophy of La w (t ransl. 1>y Albrech t), 58-GO; ])el v ecchio, 'fhe For-

Ina) Bases of Law (transl, by I ... isle), §§ 06-111; Modern French

• L

•

+

70

Legal Philosophy (Modern Legal Philosophy Series, vol. 7), §§ InO, 206-20;.

1\U1CS, Law and Morals, 22 Harvard Lnw Rev, 07; Rattigan, Science of .lurisprudenee, §§ 4-4u; Dillon, Law's and Jurispruuence of England and America, 12-20; 'Voodro\\" \Vilsoll, 1"'hc State, §§ 1449-1450; Lightwood, 'fhe Nat.ure of Positive Law', 362-308; Miruglin, Comparative Legal Philosophy (trnnsl, by Lisle), §§ IH}-127; Hegel, Philosophy of Right. (irunsl. by Dyde),

§§ 105-:114; Miller, Philosophy of Law, Lcct. 13; Hastic, Outlines of Juris ..

prudence, 1 i-20 .

• Ihering, Z,,·cck im Recht, I It 3 ed., ItJ-!)·I, 135-351; St ammler, Theorio d o r Itechtswisscnschnlt, 450-i81; Binder, Hechtsbcgriff uud Rcehtsidce, 21·1-22!).

,

..

..

1. Historical View,

Law and morals have a common origin, hut diverge in their development,

Four stages in the dovelopmcnt of law in this respect may be noted: (1) Tho stage of custom identical with morality,

(2) The stage of strict law codified or crystallized-

custom which in time is outstripped by morality (3) The stage of infusion of morality.

(4) The stage of conscious law-mukiug,

2. Philosophicnl View,

Olde)' views.

N atural law and positive ]:1"'.

• Prncticnl rcsults of this not ion in legal history, The theory can he held with safety only' at. a time when absolute theories of morals obtain.

N ewer views:

'Teleological (Jhering),

The ideals of an epoch (Stammler), Evolutionary (Kohler).

3. Analyticnl view:

Contact of law and morality in (n) judicial law-making .

(b) interpretation and application of law. (e) judicial discretion.

•

So far as n complete separation of judicial and legislative functions is possible, the distinction is ----

I .. aw is for the judge.

Morality is for the law .... maker,

t

t

71

Distinction between law and morals in respect of applica-

tion and subject-matter:

The latter looks to thought and feeling. The former looks to acts.

Ethics nims at perfecting the individual character of men.

I .. aw seeks only to regulate the relat ions of individu ... als with each other and with the state.

Moral principles must he applied with reference to circumstances and individuals,

J .. egal rules nrc typically of general and absolute applicatiou.

)~3\\· Blust net in gross, and so 1110rC or less in the rough.

•

Law dol's not nccossnrily approvo what it dol's not

condemn.

Ilcsistunec to law may he moral, hut cannot he

° legal,

Developed lnw is nnd Blust be scientific.

..

VII

Austin, Jurisprudence, l,ect.. 0; Salmond, .lu'isprudencc, §§ 5UuD; Holland, Jurisprudence, chap .. 1-; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Essay ]0; Xlarkby, Elements of Law, §§ alas; :\J nine, Early History of Inst itutions, Lect, 12; Jenks, I .. nw and Polities in the Middle Ages, f3S-71; Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ 10fl-lS3; Korkunov, General Theory of 1.:1"·

(transl, by' Hastings), §§ ~13--1S; Gareis, Science of Law (trunsl. by Kocourek), § 46; Pollock, First J300k of .J urisprudoncc, .. I eli", 261-2iO; Clark, Roman Private Law: Jurisprudence, I, § -t; Duguit, The Law and the State, 31 Harvard Lnw Rev .. 1.

Clark, Practicnl Jurisprudence, 157-r;0; Carter, Law: Its Origin. Grow .. th , and Funct ion, lSi-I no; ;\11108, Science of Law, 2 cd., 118-12:1; Hegel, Philosophy of Right (transl, by Dyde), §§ 257-360; 1\1 iller, Philosophy of ],,:1.\\", Lcct. 7; Kohler, Hecht unrl St nat, in Handhueh tier Politik, 2 ed., 120.

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1. The Legal Theory of the State.

The purpose is to. set forth the legal theory of the state.

Not political theories of the state,

Not philosophical theories of the state.

The legal theory has reference to the .mmediate practical source of rules :111(1 sanet ions,

Political theories have reference to the ultimate pructicnl source of rules und S:111Ct iOl1S.

Philosophicnl theories have reference to the ultimate moral source

of rules and snnct iOIL'5.

J\ state is a permanent political organization, supreme within and independent of [coni cont 1'01 from without.

'l'he state as :1 person,

II

2. Anglo-American Theory of Sovereignty.

The state is the whole of t he political soeiety in its corpora te aspect,

The sovereign it; that organ or that. complex of organs which exercises its governmental Iunct ions.

"Consent of the goverucd " is n }101it ienl, not n lognl theory. Sovereignty is the aggregate of powers possessed by the ruler or the ruling organs of a political society.

It mnv he: ..

...

(:1) Internal - the sovereign is legally pnrnmount. over :111

action within.

(h) External - the sovereign is independent of nil legal control from without,

Powers of intornnl sovereignty.

The separation of powers .

Aristof lo, Polities, 1\", l·l (Jowett's trnnsl., I, la3; ""'elldofl'~ trunsl., ~!l2); Goodnow, Compurnt ive Administ rut ive Law, I, chap .. :1; ~i.IJt\\'ie1\:, Elements of Polities, 3H3; Bondy, The Sepnrntion of Goverumcntul Powers, Columhin University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, V, X o. 2 (p. 13:J); Fuzier-Il ermanu, La f:ep!lrnt ion des pouvoirs, 181 fT.; Hnuriou, Prineipes de droit, public, ,.1.Jn; Esmoin, EleUlcnt:;; de droit eonst it.ut ionncl, G ell., 451-t()(j; Duguit, '1'r:titc de · droit constitutlonnol, I, § § 0:3-·04 (346-:361); Jellinek, Recht des modcrnen St nates, a ed., 49(;-50·1, 595-024; Sclnu ld t, .A 1J gemeine S tau t slehre, I, 209-21 j •

..

•

The sovereign is incapable of legal limitation, but separate organs may be held to certain spheres or 1110<l('S of nction.

The mandate 1 heory .

Sec Vnttel, bk. I, chap- 3, § 4; Coxo, Judicial Power :u)(l Unconstitutional Logislntlon, 114-121; Brown v. Leyds, 14 Cnpe Lnw Journ. U4.

Legal unci political sovereignty must be distinguished. So\"crcignt,y is n modern development,

3. Recent French Theories of Sovereignty .

v r Duguit, 1 .. es transformntions <Ill droit. puhlie, ehaps. I, 2, nnd conclusion (Laski's t runsl., "Join,,· and the Modern St nte," l-11j. 24:J-24fi); Brown, 'I'he

+

Jurisprudence of :\1. Duguit , :J2 Lnw Qunn erly Rev, 1 ns; Laski, The Problem

of Sovereignty, chup, 1; Jeze, Cours de droit public, Iiv, 2; Guvct , Judi .. vidunlism anti Realism, 2tl 'Yale Law Journ. 52a.

..

'~IJI

tJ US'rICE .t\CCOI~l)IXC; 'fO J.Jl\ '"

Pound, Justice according to Law, 1:3 Columbia I.J!l\\' Rev. (96) 14 Columbia Lnw Rev. 1, 10:3.

Pollock, First 130ol\: of Jurisprudence, pt. I, chap. 2; Salmond, Jurisprudence, §§ 0, i~ 0, 10, 18-20, 2Q-20; Mnrkhy, Elements of Law, ~ 201; Amos, Science of Law, ehup. ]·1; Korkunov, General 'l'hcory of I,:\\\' (truusl. h:: Hastings), ~§ 41, 4!); Domogue, Los principes fondumentules du droit prive, pt. I, chaps. 2·-3.

1. The ndministrnt ion of just ire t he legal order.

Regulative systems for mnintuining right by external control: (:1) Religion.

(b) l>uh1ic opinion,

(c) Administrut ion of justice hy 1 he state.

2. Justice wit hout. lnw,

Law is not thooreticnlly essential to the udministrut ion of justice. Examples of justice without Iaw:

In legal history. In modern stnt es.

Salmond, First Principles of Jurisprudence, S9-90; Grot iU~J De .. Jure Belli et Pacis (Whewell's t runsl.), 11, 26, 1; Ahrens, Cours de droit nat urel, 8 erl., It I7i; Lasson, Reehtsphilosophie, 238-230; Gareis, Science of Law (trunsl,

.... ~.. ..

r .; ~

-,.

74

..

by Kocourek), § 6; Pulszky, Theory of Law and Civil Society, § 174; Stammlcr Thcorie der Rechtswissensehaft, 134-136. See Laws of Kansas, 1913, chap: 170.

..

3. Justice according to law.

Law means uniformity of judicial and magisterial action,generality, equality, and certainty' ill the administration of justice.

Advantages of law:

(1) Law makes it possible to predict the course which the nduiinis. I tration or justice will take.

(2) Lnw secures against errors of individual judgment.

(3) Law secures against improper motives on the part of those who administer justice"

(4) Lnw provides the mngistrntc with standnrds in which the settled ethical ideas of the community nrc formulated.

(5) Law gives the magistrate the benefit of ull the experience of his predecessors,

(6) Law prevents sncriflce of ult imate interests. social find individual, to the more obvious and pressing but less weighty immcdinte int crests.

Disadvantages of ]:1,\':

(1) Rules IUUS(, he made for cased in gross and men in the mass and must operate impersonally and more or less arbitrarily.

(2) Science and system carry with them a tendency to make law an end rat her than 3. means,

(3) Law begets more Iaw, and a developed system tends to attempt rules where rules .ure not I'fllctic:nhle and to invade the legiti- 111:tt.e dflUlUl.irbQi ~t~~'ii{l~ -wiflJout. fur.\\~\

(.1) ... -\s law ()f,:nni1,~~,' ictt.lorl tCthl~t\t :idens" lit .enn not. in periods

of 1 ran;o.;·!~I\'r')IJ, fi.~·rord "'it"- the more wllvanccd conceptions of ~ l\"~cht; there is always nn ()l~lcnt, greater or ]C5R, that dVt!d not \\'110lJy correspond to prc~erJt needs or to present

0IIII ". ~t ..

concept IOn:; :J( ~4J ust lCC.

Sa1ulond, First Principles uf .lurisprurlence, 00-92; Korkunov, General 'Theory of IJ(l"" (trunsl. h~1 J1:lstingi;). 326-327, 3!J..J-3!J5; Pound, Causes ol ]JolfJulur nj~~:.ltj:,fncti(nJ with the Adtuinistrntion of Justice, Rep .. Am, Bar

•

A~'nt ~-XIX, 3!)!i, ~!)7-d02.

4. Legislati ve j ustice,

Sidgwick, Elements of Politics, 355-356, 300, ~182-184.

EXUID}»)CS of [ngislative justice:

(1) Greek trj!lts before popular a-scmblies.

(2) Roman eupitul trials before the people and appeals to the peoJll~ ~Jl eriminal causes.

,

,

,

.. . ~

... ..

""" ~ ..

• •

• I

, ;

.. I r'"

..

75

(3) Germanic administrnt ion of justice by assemblies of free IIlCh. (4) Judicial power of the English parliament.

(a) Relief against duress and fraud.

See Rogers, Protests of the Lords, 1,17, tn, 22,30, 3!). (b) Error and appeal ill the House of Lords.

(e) Impeachments.

(d) Bills of attainder and of pains and penalties. (e) Divorce bills.

(5) Jurisdiction of the French senate to upn.~s [udgmcnt upon the President of the'lcpuhlic and the ministers nnd to take coguizance of ut tacks 11}lOn the security of the state."

(6) Judicial pO"·C)'8 of American colonial legislatures :\11(1 state legislatures immediately altor the Hevolutlon.

(:1) Bills of 1\t tainder.

(h) Bills of pnins and penult ios, (c) Appeal and error.

(d) Legislative granting or new' trlnls,

Sec Mcrrlll r. Sherburne, 1 X. II. H)9, 21u. (e) Divorce.

(f) Insolvcnev .

...

(7) Legislative justice ill .. -\nl~ric:\ todny,

(3) Impeachment.

(h) Claims ngainst tho state.

Defects of legislative justice.

(1) In practice Ieglslativc justice hns proved unequal, uncertain, and

•

• •

caIlrIC10US.

'Yooddcsson, I .. ectures, II, Lect, 41; Tucker's Blackstone, I, 292-294; Thompson, Anti-Loyalist Legislation During the American Revolution, 3 Ill. Law Rev. si, 147, 171; Eaton,

.

The Development of the Judicial SystCJll in Rhode Island,

14 'r'ule Law Journ, 148, 15:i.

(2) 'l'he influence of personal solicitation, lobbying, and even corruption has been very marked.

Eaton, The Development or the Judicial System in Rhode Islund, 14 Yule Law Journ, 148, 15:3; Pierce u. State, 13 ~. II. 536, 55i; Debates of Pennsylvnniu Constitutional Convention (1873), 111, 5-20.

(3) Legislative [ustice has always proved highly susceptible to the Influence of passion and prejudice.

Thompson, Anti-Loyalist I .. egislation During the American Revolution, 3 Ill. 1..4:1\\, Rev. 147, 157; 162; 'l'ueker's 131ackstone, It 293; rrrinl of Judge Addison, 7-15; Loyd, Early Courts of Pennsylvania, 143, 1·16; Trial of Andrew Johnson (Officiul ed.), I, 674, 693, GOr,-697, G98-700; Stephen, History of the Criminal Law, 1, 160; Lovnt-Frasor, The Impeach-

ment of Lord Melville, 24 Jurldical Rev. 235 .

•

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76

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(4) Purely partisau or political motives have preponderated as grounds of decision.

Sec the last three citations next above; Atley, Yictorinn Chan.. I cellors, 1, 144-14.5; Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellon I vm, 144-146; Browne, rrhe Xew \·ork Court. of Appeals, 2 i Green Bag, 277-278. '

(5) Legislators who have not heard .u11 the evidence have hahitu, nlly participnted in argument and decision; nul! those who hU\"e not heard all the argumeuts have hahituully t nken part in

I I · 'II •

t re ( eeisron.

Sec the record of attendance find voting in the Impeachment of Cox (Minnesota, 1881).

On the psychology of legislative justice, see Ross, 80ciul P~y. chology, !l7; Lc Bon, 'rhe Crowd, chup. 5; ShIh:, l':.-ychology of SllJ.!I!:C~t ion. 20f)'

5. Executive justice.

Pound, Executive Justice 55 .:\111. Law 11(lg. 1:!7'; Pound, The Revival of Personal Government Proc, N. JI. Bar Ass'n, HU7, 1:); (1oocI now, The Growth or Executive Discretion, Proe, An). 1)01. Sci. Ass'n, 11, 2!l; Powell, Judicial Review of J\ dm in ist rn t ive .A ct ion in I nun igrat ion I 'ro('('c(li ngs, :!2 J I an'. Law llc\'. 3604

..

In legal history,

In the Anglo-American polity.

Law and Administration in nineteenth-century America .

•

'I'he Reaction in America.

Hoards of 1 Iealt h, etc. Public Ut.ilit.y Commissions. Bonnls of Engineers, et e.

I ndustrial Commissions,

I, b · C 'II ..

ro ation onmnssions ..

Pure Food COlnIJlj~~j()11S.

Administ rat ive powers in immigrnt ion. The Trade Commission,

As to the snme movement in England, sec Local Government Bonrd I', Arlklge, [1n15] A. C. 120, (1014] 1 ]\". B. 100; Dicey, Law and Opinion in England, 2 ed., xli-xliv; Dicey, Law and Custom or the Constitution, 8 ed.,

xxxvii-xlvii. -01';

#'

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It

Analogy in English law in the sixteenth century'.

Sec Maitland, English Law and the Renaissance, 21 fT. The balance between law and administration.

... Jt,,· .. T ......

.'*..1"" I

~... .. ... .

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The advantages claimed for executive [usticc nrc those claimed for justice without law,

(1) Directness.

(2) Expedit ion.

(3) Confonnity .. to popular will for the t imn being.

(4) Freedom from the bonds of purely traditional rules .

(5) Freedom from technical rules of evidence nnd power to net upon the every-day inst incts of ordinary men,

..

The defects of executive justice arc those of justice without law ..

•

Forms and rules, hy compelling deliberat ion, guarel ngainst :-:uJ!:gct;1 ion and impulse :U1<1 insure the upplicut jon of reason t o t 11C canso.

In time administrative tribunals have alwavs turned into or-

.J

dinury courts,

G. Judicial justice .

..

Bluntsehli, Theory of the Ht nto, !l Oxford ed., r,2a; Lieber, Civil Libert y antI S(']f -Governmcnt, chaps. 18, 10; Burgess, 1'01 it ira 1 Srjcn~l' unci Const it 11 .. tiunnl Law', II, !J5Cr3Gfl; Baldwin, 'I'he Amcriean Judiciury, I-flS; Hrown, Judicial Independence, 1{('1). Am. liar Ass'n, x 11, 205; H001, .Jll(U(~inl ]Jccisions nnd Public Feeling, Afldrc~~c~ 011 Gnvermnont :11111 Cit izvnship 4·1;); Pound, Social Problems and the Courts, lR Am. Journ. ~udt}1. a:ll.

Setting ofT of the judicial function has been n grndunl process, Objections urged ugainst judicial justice:

(1) That it h; too righl and does not 3110\\" sullieient pluy to the nonlegal eouscionce in the nscert nining or in the npplying of the law .

(2) That. the premises employed in [udiciul justice nrc too narrow and pedantic null the Iundnmentul principles too fixed, 80 that, [udiciul jUR1 icc is too 810\\' in responding to the environment in which it must opernto.

(3) 'I'hnt it i~ charncterlzed hy It tendency t (1 reduce t () rule, nlong with those thing« which demand rule, th08C with respect to which detailed rules nrc not prnct icable.

Sec Lord Shnw in Loeul Government Board ". Arli(lgc, (1915) .A. C. 120, 137-138; Crownhart, Labor l .. nw Enforcement through Administrative Orders, 4 Atuericnn Labor Legislation Rev. 13.

These objections amount to this: Thnt judicial justice realizes justice according to law most completely and so brings out its defects as well as its excellencies.

I

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78

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Advantages of judicial justice:

(1) It combines the possibilities of certainty and of flexibility h(,ttcr than any other form of administering justice.

(2) There arc checks upon the judge which do not obtain or nrc in .. effective in case of legislative and executive officers.

(3) Because or training in nnd habit of seeking and applying prin .. eiples when called 011 to act and because their decisions nre !" ub j eet. to expert crit ieisn I, j m lgos will st and for t he )11 \V agnin-t excitement and clamor.

Rutgers r. Wuddington, 1 Thuyer, Cus, C071~t.. 1.,. 6:J; Bayard r, Singleton, ll'lurtitJ (:\. C.), ·1~; Brown r, Ley tis, 14 (;:1)lc Law .lourn. 71, SJ; J .. ittlcton f'. Fritz, G5 Iu, 48S; :-;'iuls' Cuse, i Cush .. 285; 'The Ca-e of Thomus Sims, 14 Monthly L:H\· Hoportor, 1; The Removal uf .hulp;l' DJoring. IS Xlonthly taw Ilcporter, 1.

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79

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4

TIlE SCOPE AND SUBJECT -l\iA'rTl~R OF LA \V

IX INTERESTS

A

INTERESTS TO DE SECURED

Ritchie, Natural Rights; Spencer, Justice, chaps, 9-18; Paulsen, ]~tllics (l"hilly's transl.), 633-637; Green, Principles of Political Obligation, §§ 30-31; Lorimer, Institutes of J.Jft'V, ehnp, 7; Demogue, Notions fondamentales du droit priyc, 405-143.

Ahrens, Cours de droit. nuturol, S ed., II, ~§ 4:1-88; Hegel, Philosophy of ni~ht, (Dydc's transl.), §§ 3-1-10-1; Fichte, Science of Rights (Kroeger's transl.}, 2HS-:J-1:3, :UH-tG!l; Benussire, l.ICS principes flu droit" bk. 111; 1 .. nsson, S)·~h .. m dcr Iteehtsphilosophie, §§ 4S-!jG~ Boistel, Philosophic du droit, I, §§ 9u-241 ; Kohler, Lehrhueh dor Rechtsphilosophio, 91-142.

l , l ndiridual

.1 rt hro Brown, Tho U mlerlying Prinei Ilh"l:-; of :\1 orlorn Legislation, chaps. 7, 8.

Lioy, Philosophy of Ri~ht. (JlfL~t ie's i ransl.), II, ehap. 1.. ,. 'I'he nublic

good is in nothing more esscnt ially interested than in the protection of every individual's private rights." , 1 Hlnekstono, Conunenturies, 13ft. "Two fumlumeut nl t endencies, whieh nrc churaet erist ic of English thinldllg with re-pect tot he relation of the individual to the state nnd have Iounrl rnore marked expression in English 1:1\\· making thun in any ot her, pui, their stamp upon Locke's philosophy of law and of the stute: unlimited hi~h valuing or indivldunl liberty nnd respect. for individual property." · Bcrolzheimer, Sy~1('nl der Reehts- und \'·irt hschnltsphilosophie, I I, I (jO ('l'hc '\"()rIdt~ Legal Philosophies, 137).

h ::\1 un in abstracto, as assumed by philosophies of 1:\\\", hns never :l('t unlly exist pel nt nny point in t ime or spnee." - Wundt t Et hies (transl. h~' Tit ('''(H)P'' and others), ]11. 100 •

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80

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(i) Personality

Pound, Interests of Personality', 28 Harvard Law Rev. 343, 445. Gareis, Science of Law (Kocourek's transl.), 122-13.1; .. \<iler, Die Perscn ..

Iichkcitsrechte ill} ullgemeincn biirgcrlichcn Gesetzbuch (ill the l~cstschrift zur Juhrhundertsfcicr des allgemeinen burgerlichcn Gcsetshuchcs); Geyer. Geschiehtc und System der Rcehtsphilosophie, 137-1-12; Stahl, Philoscphls des Hcehts, 5 ed., 312-:350.

n. The }'/Iy.-.;icnl Person

Green, Principles of Political Obligation, §§ 148-150.

l\I iller, Lectures on the Philosophy of Luw, l.ect. XI; .\IUO~, Systclnatic ,ric\\" of the Science of .lurisprudcnce, 2Si-297; Post, Ethnologische Jurisprudenz, II, § 102; 1 Blackstone, Commenturles, 129-1:38.

h. Honor- -Rcputation

Dewey anti Tufts, Ethics, 85-89; Westcrmurck, Origin :\111.1 Developmei. of the ;\Iornl Ideas, ehnp, :t~; Post, Ethnologisehe Jurisprudcna, II, §§ ];, 103; Jnstitutcs of .lustininn, 1''', .J; Sohm, Institutes of Roman Law (Ledlie's t ransl.), 2 ed., § :1l;'

c. Belie] and 0 pill ion

Pollock, ]~~~:tY:i in .J u .. isprudence nnd ]~thi..I~, l-t t- J 7[,; :\ I ill, On Libert y, chap, 2; Stephen, Liberty, )~CJuflJit.y, Frateruity, chup, :!.

(ii) Domestic relations

Pound, Individual Interests in the DOII1Pstic Relations, 14 Michigan Law Rev. ]7;.

l\HlIl'J", PhiJo~()I'hy of J4a\\~, Loct , (i; l .. ioy, Philosophy or Hight. (II n~t ic's trnnsl.), IT, chnp. 2; Kohler, Rechtsphilosophic und Ullivcr:mll'ccht~ge~chichte, § § Ii -2·1; l(ohler, Lehrbuch rler Rcchtsphilosophie, co-s I; Post, Zur Ent. wickelungsgcschiehte des Familicnrccht s.

(iii)' Substance . t .~:, ~ • • t

rI'

Bcrolzheimer, System dcr Reclus- und ',,"irt hschnftsphilosophle, \,,0) I'·. J\:nllt, 1\lcf nphysischo .\Jlr:Lng~griindc fill!" Recht slehre, §§ 1-21 (1 Instie's trans!', ()2-1 Oi); Gareis, Science of Law' (Kocourek's t ransl.), § § l!)-2:J; Schuppe C:rllrulziigc der Ethik 1111(1 It('(lht~)lhilosophil·, §§ 87-00; Demogue, Notions Ionrlnmcnt ales du droit. ,)riv(\ ;3S;J-·104.

R. Properly

Green, Principles of Political Obligation, §§ 211-231; l~IYI Property anti Contract in t heir Helntion to the Distribution of "rcalth, 1,51-9:3, ]32-258, 2!l5-t43, II, 475-540.

•

Property, I f ~ Duties n rul It ight~, 11 i~t orienlly, Philosophically, and Reli-

giously Considered, ~ ed., E~s:l:"~. J -:i, 5-8; 1'1 iller, Philosophy of Law,

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81

Lcct. 5; Herkloss, ,JHLri:;})"l'! .. ~ncc, chap. 10; .;\11105, Systematic View of the Science of Ju~1:-::()rlJ(lcnc~. ci\~n(l. l(l/; Grn-scrio, Les principes sociologiques du droit civil, chnp .. 13; l'fJhl(!'r, Lchrbuch dor Hechtsphilosophie, 81-91. (.A.1- broelu' 6 transl., 12~)-11·t) ..

/ LetourneauI' 1'(1)1)ert?t", 1).H Origin and Development; Coulanges, Ancient City, hk. 2, chap, G; Xlnine, Ancient, Luw, Americnn ed., 237-29-1; Maine, Early History 03 ly~·.t.itllt'io~y"l, American ed., US-11S; Maine, Early Law and Custom, Americus ~d .. , ~:~'~.:l-~lal; Jenks, I..:1\\" and Politics in the Middle .:\Jrc~, ]-IS-1S4, iss-su.

Hefcrcnee may ht~ mndu'[o r~~h:, l!!ut\\'irkcIllng~~e~chichtc des Eigenthums, 3 vols., 188:1-1890.

'The literature "Ji "11,5:; ~nhjcelt ~')l; or ~~!)OrnlOUS extent. For discussions from

· .. t .. ' .. c

various porn :.; rJi '.'/~\!r, ~CC'~,

Proudhon, '\\T1Ltt ~,. Prn;)'''R'ty (t r:1.1·1I'l. hy Tucker, 1876); George, Progress nrul Poverty, ~ ~S 1; (IJ(~:\r~C" ,\ \1 )Q~plc~"\: d Ph llosophor, 1 Sf)2; Cat hrei n, Ch ampions of Agrarlun ~o~:1!lli~Ul ;:"1rH~tl.4. J,~(\tX' od. hy Ileinzle, 1889); Beer, History of British Soeinlism, \'01. I, l~J~ ••

Simcox, Primit lve Civiliza! i~lIJ,\: 1f3" ()l)~-,i nes of the ) li~t orr of Ownership in Archaic Conununit ies, IS97; ':"')1.~"·Y~J 1~ltriJnit ivc Property (1 rnns. by Marriot t f 18iS; the ori uinal, ~, 1)0' 1:1. Illrnl ,~,ict C et de S(I:; f urmes 1 irimi t ives, " is ina later edition -1 ed., IS!)!).

Cosentini, La rc2ftt:rllu~ de Itt 11~l!k.!l\tinn .i~ivilc (H)13). 371-422; Acollus, 1 .. 1\ pfopriett!, lSSG; ]Jllt~.;~)l .. L,t\ Jl[~a!~rt(·~,~ p.fi'~t!C {IT le droit. fi~l'a\t lOO;;; Dugn .. ..;t, Lu I)roprict C de\"nnt. ~~ ... '~roit It!~lt \l~~;t# l~}(i.t; I~~llillt!c, La l)roJlri~tc social ct. In clCIIIO('rat io, 18S·1; r[:~::':!'rn, ]~~~itlL~ u~ Ie dl1t.\t, (1C' proprict C (It 8CS Iimit C~, 1910; I .. andry, L'utilit C sOl~;t'lh~: ~Ie In. V;)1'oprl'H~ illt~i:viducllc. 1901; Marguery, Le droit tic propriu16 ct le r'~f(hro4-\~ ,i'~il1: .. Q·t.t~\ti~I\1t', lO()i.;l; Meyer, L'utilite publique et In Jlropri~te priveo, lS!;,'·J i l'artllc1Jlh\, .t~ droit. j ... octal SUi Il'S ehoses: l~~fo':li sur In nat urc des JlroJ)rict~", ;:'0 II eel ~,,~):;. U)(j~; Pet rucci, Les origines nat urclles (Ic In pro(lrict~, 1 !lOr; i Tn;t1;.~uJ'il'k. l~~:.~i sur l",,\ ~"1"OI)rit~h\ 1 H(~ 1; '''h(Iznrtl, ]~:l propric1 C ind ividuelle: l~h~. Ie ti.v ~,.-.h iY,(li . ..:o:~;~~rd'l k)"::1.ori'lu(~ d u droit, 1872; 'I'homns,

I, "I· #' I 1· "I · · If I",-....t.. ·1

~ till ltC JlU ) 1f}\1t;; ~ri a In'~~~'':'~~'if:~::' H?~'···~tl ~~. \\~} s., lHO·I.

Ik-rnstcin, Gfi~:~itscl1;tt{\"liclit~ .t:'i.~,;, .Pi·h7.t~t(!iJtenthu'n, 18!)1; Borolzheimer, Syst em tier Rech t R- 1111£1 ·~~·jtl h~w!j-~~f~':!l!"'~do:-;ophie, 1\', § 1-1:1; Knrner t Die sociale Funktion der R(\,tr~·.h~n~iitnh\ ~r.~~J:t(le.rR des Eigenthurns, l{lQ.t.

Conti, L:\ propriet a fO!1;:lii~!·!r:\ n{1f passnto C .ne! presonte, lUOa; Cosent ini, FiloRofin del dirit to (19i !'?J ·~~~'O··!~T~; Itllt;ddn, Teorin della I)rol.rictu, 1907 i Labrioln, SuI f 0111 lamont 0 ~JfU(.. jl.ro))ric~ ,t(. privn tn, 1000; Loria, Lu proprieta Iondinrin e la questione fiOC~~·it\~t 1~t97'; '~~(~J(rioJle, COIlCCt.tO positive del diritto di proprieta, ISBO; Velarditn, f~:l"t:.r(1.rJ1··;\~!!~ sccondo 10. soeiologia, lSnS; Zini. Proprieta individuale 0 eollett iva, ~~.R;t·h.

Perreau, Cours de l'cconoillio ~ohtiqne, II, §§ 62:J-fj!}5 (HUG); Wngner, Volkswirthschaft und Recht, hesond ..... rs ,r('uli)g<'llo.;rccht, IStl-t,

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82

...

Succession and Ttsla,ncntary Disposition

Kohler, Rechtsphilosophie und Uni\'crsalrcchtsgcschichtc, §§ 25-2ii Kohler, l .. ehrbuch der Rechtsphilosophie, 132-142 (Albrecht's trans I. , 192 ... 206); Grasscrie, Les prineipes sociologiques du droit civil, chaps. 11, 12.

Coulanges, Ancient City. bk. 2, chap. ij Maine, Early Law and Custom, American ed., 78-121; l\Iainc, Ancient Law, Americsn ed., 166-208, 209-236; Galus, III, § 1 and i§ 9-2li; Snlic Law (transl. in Henderson, Historical Doeu. menta or the Middle Ages), tit. 59; Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, hk. II, chap. OJ §§ 1, 3.

On inheritance by illegitimate children, sec Castberg, Children's Rights Laws and Maternity Insurance in .Not\,onr, Journ. Soc, Compar, Lcg., N. a, X\TJ, 283, 285 fT.; L:1\\"8 of N. Dak. Inli, chap, iO; Freund, Illegitimacy Laws of the United States, 1919.

b. Freedom of ill~lustry Q7U/ contract

Green, Principles of Political Obligation, § 2]0; Pound, Liberty of Con .. t raet I IS \" ale L:L\\· Journ, "J54.

!!. Promised advantages I~Jl·, Property and Contract, II, 5iG-i5l .

Amos, Sy:;. emnt ic View of the Science of Jurisprudence, chup. 11; Hcrkless, Jurisprudence, chnp, 12; Kohler, Lehrbuch tier Rcchtsphilosophie, 01- ]:tl (Albrecht's t rn 0:-; I. 1 134-191); Grusserie, Los prineipcs sociologiques du droit. civil, chap, (j.

•

d. Adnantaocous rclulion« uitl: othcr«

( Cont r:l("~t unl, ~neitl),

B nsi nt.':oi~J om ei :\1, Domost ic.

..

The H I.'ight oj Aesocictiot: "

Dicey, Law nnd Opinion in Englund. nil-IO:?, 100-200, !?tJG-2i2, 405--175:

Duguit, Le droit soeiul et le droit. individucl, IOi-l·t:!.

2. Public

Jellinek, S~·~t(lnl <let suhjekt iven ofT('nt1iehen Rechtc, 2 ed.; J l'llinck, .l\llgeJl1Pinl1 St nn t slelur-, :3 ('( L, 160-1 i:J; Salmond, J urisprudence, § 11 n: Gnrt.·i~,~ Science of Lnw (t ransl, b.y Kocourek), § -Ii; Duguit J :\IaJlu(\1 de droit. eonstit UtiOIlI1P), 3 ed., § 15.

.. personality

Interests Of t he stat H ns a [urist ic person substance.

or the state as guardian of social interests

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83

Fleischmann, The Dishonesty of Sovereignties, 33 Rell. N. Y.

State Bar Ass'n (1910), 229; Singewald, The Doctrine of Nonsuability of the State in the United States (Johns Hopkins Uni ... versity Studies, sere X,.XVIII, no. 3); Laski, The Responsibilit.y of the State in England, 32 Harvard Law Rev. 447; Maguire, State' Liability for Tort, 30 Harvard Law Rev, 20; Moffatt v. United States, 112 U. S. 24; Borchard, State Indemnity for Errors of Crimina! Justice (62d Congress, 3d Session, Senate Document, no. 974).

· 3. Social

Pound, Legislation as a Social Function, Publications of the American Sociological Society, VII, 148; Starr, Individualist and Social Conceptions of the Public, 12 Illinois Law Rev. 1; Green, Principles of Political Obligation, §§ 207-209, 233-240; Jhcring, Dor Zweck im Hecht, 3 cd., I, 452-406 (Law as Means to nn End, 332-347).

(i) General security Safety, lIcaltb,

Peace and order, Security of t runsnctions, Security of ucqulsitions.

Grotius, III, 20, 7; Montesquieu, L'esprlt des lois, liv, 2li, eh, 2:1; Stnt, 'r(~stnl. I, preamble; Coke, Second Institute, ]58; Xoy, Maxims, no. 20; 1 Hulo, Pleas of the Crown, 53-55; Governor ft. Meredith, 4: T. II. 794-707; 4 Blackstone, Commentaries, 1136-168; Corn. tt. J\lger, 7 Cush. r,a, 8·1; Thorpe v. Rutland n, Co., 27 v., 140, t·t!}; Slaughter House C:L.":C$, In 'Vall. 36, (n; 1 Blackstone, Commentaries, 340-:J54; 4 Bluckstouc, Comment nrics, 142-

1;;3; Rogers f'. Goodwin, 2 l'lass . .Ji5 •. 177;' Harrow f'. :\l)"cr~, 2!l Ind., 400; Rothschild l'. Grix, 31 Mich. 1.10, 1.12; Kneeland I'. Milwaukee, 15 ""i8. GUI J Ci92; Lozon v. Pryse, .. :\Iy. l~ Cr .. GOO, 61i; Halston r. Humilton, 4 :\fncquccn, :l!Ji, 405; Illnek, Judicial Precedents, §§ 7G-SO; lit rc J\ircYJ~l18!)711 Ch .. 164-,

In!)j 11nnk ". Dandridge, 12 '\~hcnt. 64, GO-70.

Gnius, I It § 4·1; Pufendorf, Dc I nrc nut urao et gen1 hun, 1\', 12, 1-3; Colin ctJ Capitunt., Droit civil Irancais, J, 875-8iO; nell r. l\Iorri~on, 1 Pet. :351, aGo.

Institutes, II, 7, § 2; French Civil Code, § gal; German Civil Code, § 5IS; Mocneclaoy, De In. renuissnnce du Iormalisme d:LIlS les contruts cn droit civil ct commercial frnneuis; Stut.. 29 Cur. II, ell. :l.

Case of Market Overt, 5 Co. 83 11; French Civil Code, §§ 227!l-2280; Gormnn Civil Code, § O!J1.

Torrens, ESR:ty on t he 'l'runsfvr of Land by Registrntion; Dumas, Regist ering 'I'i tlo to I .and, 94-1 02; \7 erger r. \ .. oung, !) Y erg. (Tenn.) 3 i, 42.

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84

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English Bills of Exchange Act, '§ :38 (2); Negotiable Instruments I.Ju\\", § 57; l'hnllcr, 1"rait6 clCIDcntairc de droit commercial, 5 ed., §§ 900-917; Cosuck, J ... ehrbuch des Handelsrechts, 7 ed., § 28 (II).

Huston, Enforcement of Decrees in Equity, 124-1314

(ii) Security oj social institutions Domestic,

Religious,

Political,

1 Story, Equity Jurisprudence, §§ 274-291; 2 Story, Equity Jurisprudence, §§ 1427-1428; 2 Bishop, New' Commentaries of Murriage, Divorce, and Separation, §§ 249-206; Muirhead, Historical Introduction to the Private Lnw of Rome, 3 ed., 274-270; Rudorff, Itolnischc Rechtsgcschiehte, I, § 2i ..

ill

Institutes, I, 10, §§ 12-1:3; Code, v, 2i, 11, § 3; Colin ct Capitant, Droit

civil frnncuis, I, 253-:104; Germnn Civil Code, § lunD; Schuster, German Civil Luw, §§ 425-42i; 1 Blackstone, Comm., 4JG, 454-458; Stimson, Amer .. cnn Stat ute Law, §§ 0f331-6632; In rc 1)0 Lavcngn's Estate, 142 Cut. 158; Pederson v. Christofferson, 97 Mhm .. 491; ''''aU.s 11. Owens, 62 'Vis. 512.

Mnine, Early History of Institutions, Lect. 11; Dicey, Lnw and Public Opinion in England, 2 ed., ail-3US; Colin ct Cnpitnnt, Droit civil Irnncais, 1, 001-630; Barbey, French Family 1.:\\\"', :14 Reports American Bur Ass'n, .J:31; Schuster, Germnn Civil Law, §§ 413-41!J.

Hegel, Philosophy of Right. (trunsl. by Dydc), §§ 158-181; Ahrens, COUfd de droit nnturel, 8 ed., II, §§ UO-I02, 127; Kohler, Philosophy of IAu,· (transl. by Albrecht), U8-1.19; Miller, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, 150-175.

Devine, Pensions for Mothers, American Labor Legislation Review, 111,:101. Hegel, Philosophy of Right (transl. by Dyde), § 2iO; Kohler, Philosophy of Lnw (transl. by Albrecht), 221, 223; l\lillcr, Lectures 011 the Philosophy of J~:J.\\~, :365-371; Lioy, Philosophy of Right (t ransl, by Hastie), I, 151- H)S; .: Ahrens, Cours de droit. naturcl, 8 ed., II, §§ 1aO-131; Haring, Grundzuge des

._ katholisehen Kirchenrcchts, 2 ed .• §§ 24-25; Gareis und Zorn, Shutt und Kirche in tier Sehweis, I, §§ 2-3; Duguit, Traite de droit eonstitut ionncl, 11, §§ 110-112; Desdevises du Desert, Ilcgli8c ct l'C!f,:lt en France (1907-1908);

11

Guerlac, The Sepnrnfion of Church unci Stute in France, Political Science

Quarterly, XXIII, 258; Stnmmler, Recht lind Kirehe (191i); 4 Blaekstonc, Comm., -12-64; Vidal ,t. Girard, 2 110\\·. 127, lO§; Bloom t'. Richards, 2 Ohio St. :187, 3!lO-a92; Zcis\\'ci~s 1' ... Iumes, 03 Pn. St., 465, 470; Howmnn t'. Secular Socict.y, (lOti] 1\. C. 400 (sec comment in 31 Harvard Law Hev. 280).

Knnt, Philosophy of Luw (transl, by Hastie), 174-182; ]4'jggis, Divine ni~ht of Kings, 2 ed., 2U)-20G.

Strnchun-Davidson, Problems of the Iioman Criminal Law, I, 11-19; Liszt, I .. ehrhueh tier deutschon Strafreehts, 20 ed., §9 10-1-105; Garrnud, Droit I,enal frnncais, 3 ed., III, § 215; Donogh, History nnd Law of Sedition and Cognate OtTCll(,CS (1017); Liberty of Speech, Papers and Proceedings of American Sociologicnl Society, '''01. {) (1914); Chnfee, Freedom of Speech in "Tar Time, 32 Harvard Law Rev. U32i Chafee, Freedom of Speech (1920); Nelles,

I J

..

85

Espionage Act Cases (1918); 4 Blackstone, COIUIU., 74-93, 103-118, 119, 126; State v. HafTer, 94 "r:L~h. 136 [" Libel" on George Washington],

(iii) Generol morols

1 Bishop, Nc,\~ Criminal Law, §§ 500-506; Liszt, Lchrbuch des deutsehen Strafrcchts, 20 ed., § ioa, Garraud, Droit penal francais, 2 ed., \T, §§ 1795- 1800; Stockdale o, Onwhyn, 7 Dowl. t.(: Ry. 625; Grcenhood, Public Policy,

l .. JI!-!....... 201 '>10 »» .. ) ')3..... ')O~~ ~O(j I)O{" 4)1'" 3 ......... 'JO- elf J tt ...

'JU- II , -.." ,." .... -._ " .", _.-... ,t.l )-.,. o, t. ;JI-.~ )1 ; O( co. tL~ InJnn,

VIII, 3S, 4; Digest, XL\T, 1, 26; French Civil Code, arts. 11:3:J, 1965; German Ci\~il Code, § 138 (1); Phelps, .Iuridicnl Equity, §§ 25(j-25!); Snvigny, System des heutigen romischen Rechts, I, 40i-110 (Holloway's transl., 332-334); Sulkowski, Roman Private Lnw (1 ransl. hy ""hitficld), § 57.

(iv) Conservation. uf social resources

Usc nnd consorvntion 01' natural rC5011rcc~,

Protection and education or dependents and defectives, Reformnt ion of delinquents,

Protect ion of the economically dependent.

Digest, XLIII, 12, 1, §§ 3-1; Digest, XLIII, 14, 1, PI". nnd §~ 1-6; Digest, XLIII, 20, 1, pr, and §§ 1-12; French Civil Code, urts. 5:~S, 642-6·15; Plnniol, 'l'rnite vlclJJcntnirc de droit, civil, 6 ed., 1, § 2·128; 'Y'uUT und Herold, ".- assergesctz vorn 7 Aprll, I!H:J.

l~lnhrcy I'. 0\\"(111, G Ex, 3;)3; l .. ux 1'. Ilnggin, Gn CuI. 2.);;; Const. Ariz., art. ir, §§ 1-2; Const. Col., art. 10, §§ 5-H; <:011:5 t .• Idaho, art .. 15, § 3; Con."t. :\IonL, art. a, § 15; Const., N. I)., § 210; COIL..,t.. x, ~I., urt, IO, §§ 1-2; Const, lhuh, art, 17; Const. '\":t.~h., art. 1, § IG~ nrt , 21 t § 1; Const. ',,"yo., art. 8, §§ 1-3. Sec Swain,' Conservntiou of Water by Storage, chaps. 3-n, and re-

view ill 28 Harvard Law Rev. 824.

Ohio Oil Co. fJ. Indiana, Iii U. S. ioo. Manufact ure rs Ga:; Co. tt. Indiana Natural Gus Co., 155 Ind. 461, 46S-~17 4.

C:t8C of Mines, Plowd. 310; 1 Lindley, :\lincs, 3 ed., §§ 200-200c.

Geer fl. Connecticut" 161 U. S. 510; American Express Co. ']. People, 1:J3 Ill. G4D; Haggerty tt, Storage Co., 243 1\[0. 238; State v. })O\\·, iO X. 11. 286, 1 Blackstone, Commentaries, ·lGO-tGi; Spence, History of the Equitable Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery, I, 61 1-615; Institutes, I, 1:3, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, pre und § 1; French Civil Code, arts. 38S-48i.

Sec Jones and Belial, Law or Children and Young Persons, 1009; Hurt, Juvenile Court Laws in the United Stutes, 1910; Hrcokinridge HIHl Abbott. 'l'he Deliquent Child anti the] Ierne, 1912; Flexner aml Buldwin, .l uvenile Courts 31)(1 Probation, 101·1; Eliot, 'I'he Juvenile Court nml the Community, lUI·I; United States Department of .T ust icc, Supplement to Annual Report for 1914 First Report of Committee to Study the Need for Legislution J\fIecting Children in the District of Columbia, I!H5j Fertig and Hennestnd,

Compilaf.ion of Laws Rclnting to Juvenile Courts and Dependent .• Neglected. and Delinquent Children, 1916; London Committee for Investigating Juvenile Delinquency, Report of Committee for Investigating the Causes of the

•

..

..

so

Alarming Increase or Juvenile Delinquency in the Metropolis, 1916; Missouri Code Commission, Complete Revision of the Laws for the "'clCare of z\lis .. souri Children, 2 cd., 1917; Annual Reports of the Society for the Reforl"u .. tion or Juvenile Delinquents; Baernreither, JugcndIiirsorgc und Strn.frccht in den Vereinigten Staat en, 1905; Stammer, Strafvollzug und Jugcndschutz in Arncrika, 1911.

See Goldmark, Child Lnbor Legislation, Handbook (in Annals of the American Academy or Political and Sociul Science, vol. 31, 1008); Scot t, Child Labor (Sunlmnry of Laws in Force, 1910), American Association for Labor Legislation, Legislative Review, no. a (1910); l\fcyer and Thompson, List of References on. Child Labor (United States Children's Bureau, 1910).

Aristotle, Politics, VIII, 1-2 (Jowett's transl. I, 24.4-245); Lioy, Philosophy of Right (Hastie's transl.), I, 224-226; Lorimer, Institutes or Law, 2 ed., 225-226; l\lilJer,; Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, 182-184; Ahrens, Cours de droit nuturel, 8 cd., II, § 133; Spencer, Social Statics, 153-184; Spencer, Principles or Ethic~, 1, §§ 236-2:Ji; \'''ilson, The State, § 1534; Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, 2 ed., 2i6-2i9.

1 Blackstone, Commonturies, 302-300; Silence, History or the Equitahle Jurlsdiction of the Court of Chancery, It 618-620; Institutes, I, 23, §§ :)--1; Colin et. Cupit ant, Droit civil fr:uu;ai:.;, I, 559-600; Schuster, German Civil 1..:\\\", §§ 28-:11; Henderson, Dependents, Defectives, nnd Delinquents, 109-209.

Sec Barrows, Iudeterminnte Sentence nnd the Parole Lnw, 1899; Barrows, Reformatory f-lyt;{('JIl in the United States, 1000; Miner, Probation Work in the Mngistrntes' Courts of Xew York City, lOO!); Henderson, Penal and l~CrorJlultory Institutions, 1010; Brockwny, Fiity Years of Prison Service,

19] 2; ] ves, ] lift" lry of 1 )('11:11 1\ let hods, 1 U l·t; Leeson I 'l'ho Probs tion Sy:;t CI n t 1 !l14; Lewis, The Offender, 19 I 7; I Ierr, IJuq morlerne amoriknnische Bessorung~~Yf't em, 1907.

~ec Frankfurter niul Goldmnrk, Brief ill Oregon :\liniJllUrU ""nge Cn-r« 1 fll ';; 1 Jrcn\9n , ::\lillinnuJl "" :1~('J wit h Part icular Reference tot he Legislative ~Jjnhllurll ,rugc under the ;\Iin!l~:::ota Statute of lOla (1013); J\ rulrews,

:\linilJlurn '''' np;c Legislat ion, 1914; 'Tawney, ]~:4 nhllshmem. of 1\1 inimurn ]1:1t ('I~ in 111(' Chn inmaking Indust ry, 1 H14; 'I'nwney, ]~sf uhlishmcnt of :\tinimum l{:ltc~ in the Tuiloring Industry, 1911); Bulkley, Estnblishment of Legul l'1ininunn Jlnft'~ in the Boxmnking I ndustry, 1015; J\ndrC\VR and ·IJohh:-:, Economie l':fT(,(~ts of the ""ur UJ)OIl '" omen nnd Children in Great Brit nin, JOtS; Cnliforniu Industrial "1'clrurc Commission, Report 011 'Vngc Board ill f he Fruit and Cunning I ndustry, I!lt G; Connect icut H. ate Bureau of Labor, llrJlort. on Condit inns of 'Y'u~c ]~:lrning \Vornell anti Girl-, 1!H6; lI:u::I'a<,husett s l t inimum ,V ngl' Conunission, Hepor: ~ and B ullet ins; !\I innesot a. II inimum ''''ngc Commlssion, Biennial Report for Hll:J-l!)J·t

Stettler t·~ O'Hara, (.0 Or .. !itO; Stute r. Crowe, laO Ark. 272; ""il1it\n)~ , .. Evans, 1(;5 ~Ijnll ... ina.

Dicey, 1",:1"· fl1111 Public Opinion in England, 2 ed., 220-24U; Ruegg, (~h:lt1~(':; in the 14:1\\- or Englund ~\ treet iug Labour, in ,.-\ Cent ury of Law Ileform, l!JOt; Commons nnd ,Ant1rc\,":o:, Principles of Labor Logislution, IfUO; Annual Reviews of Labor I.oIl'J!;h:lnt ion in American Luhor Lpgi:.:l:lt ion II<" .. lew,

•

•

87

1911 • Sec also Bulletins of the International Labour Office; llnssuchusetts State Board of Labor and Industries, Reports and Bulletins; N'C\\" York State Department of Labor, Reports nnd Bulletins; Pennsylvunia Departmont of Lnbor and Industry, Reports.

Rehabilitation legislation "Act. to create n Commission for the Rehubili ... tntion of Physically Handicapped Persons," 1.3.\\"8 of Xew JCl"~(,Y, 1919, chat). 74, p. 138.

(y) Gcncrol proqress Economic progress, Polit ical progress, Cult ural progress.

Economic ]JrO(JrCS8:

Freedom of property from restrict ions 011 sale or use, Free trade,

Free industry,

Encouragement of invent ion.

Scrutton, Land in Fetters, ISSG; 2 Blackstone, Commentaries, 209- ... 27·lj Digost vin, I, 8, pr.; Digest, \TI11, 1, 15, § Ii Imywood r. Building Society, S (~I )1. D. 403; International 1'cn, Stores Co. tl, 1 lobhos, lI00:1) 2 Chi 165, 1 ;2; Brown I'. Burdett, ~l ChI I). GO;; Dawkins t'. Penrhyn, 4 AJlJl. Cns. 51 j (:ray. Rest ruints on Alienut ion, 2 ed., § 4; 1)1'. :\1 iles Modieul Co. ,f. Park, 220 U. S. 3iaj Park f' .. Hurtmun, 1;;3 Fed. 24, :l9i Ilogg, Tulk r, Moxhay and Chattel», 28 Law Quarterly Rev. 73.

Coke, Second In-titute, 4i; Darcy tl, J\llcn.lloorc, 0;1; llitchcll r. Reynolds, 1 I). 'rln~. IBI; ,Act July 2, lSUO, 26 U. R. Ht. L. 209.

Jacobs v. Cohen, 183 X. v. 20i, 219; I~rle, Law Hclntiug to Traue Unions (lSli9), chap. 1, § 3.

Story, Commcntnries on the Coustitution, II, §§ 11.jl-1152; Bauer v. 0' Donnell, 229 u, S. 1.

])ulilical progress: '

Free criticism,

Free opinion.

Cooley, Const itut ional Limitut ions, chap. 12; Liberty of Speech, Papers and Proceedings, American Soeiologienl Soe., vol. 9 (1914); Chafeo, Freedom

• I •

of 8p('('ch in ""ur Time, '32 Hurvard Law ){C\". 932; Chafee, Freedom of

:':P('{lI(lh (1920) i w ason v. ,,' alker, L. It 4 Q. 11. 7a, "!.'t:J-!l 1.

Cultural progress:

Free science, Free let t ers,

l Eneoumgement of art s and left f'r~.

Encourngement of higher educat ion. '

Bury, History of Freedom of Thought, 1913; 2 Blackstone, Comment aries, 40ti-.J07i COIl-;t. Mass., chap. 5. ~ 1, art. 1 (17S0).

•

..

r

..

88

(vi) The i'1ldividuaZlijc Sec JII, A, 5, supra.

SC)II!:~IES ov I~TEUESTS TO DE SECURED BY LA "w· IIIJlPODAllUS of Miletus (n. c. c. 408)

I-Ie [Hippodumus] also divided his luws into three classes :UlC] no more, for he maintuined that there arc three subjects of lnwsuits, insult, injury, unrl hOlniciuc... , Aristotle, Politics, II, 8 (JO\\Tctt'8 transl., I, 4-i).

E;ACON (1620)

The usc of the law consisteth principally in these three things:

•

1. 1"0 secure men's persons from death und violence. 2. '1'0 dis-

pose of the 1))·o]>prt.:," of their goods and lauds. 3. For preservntion of their good names from shame and infumy.> -- Usc of the Law, 1 [As to the authorship of this hook and its date, sec Spedding, BnCOll~S "., orks, 'TIl, 453-4571.

J3I~Nl"lIAl\1 (1802)

In the distribution of rights and obligations the Iegislntor . . . should have for his end t.he happiness of soeiety. 1 nvest i.: ga1 ing more distinctly in what that happiness consists, we shall find four subordinate ends:

•

Subsistence,

Abundance, Equality , Security .

The more perfect enjoyment is in nll these J'C8})CCtS, the greater is the sum of social happiness: und especially of that happiness that depends upon the laws,

"!'e may hence conclude that all the functions of law may be referred to these four heads: To provide subsistence; to produce abundance; to favor equality: to maintain security' ...... Theory of Legislation, Principles of the Civil Code, chap. 2 (Hildreth's transl.).

•

89

X

TIlE SECUIlI}ra OF IN1'ERESTS

..

BALANCIXG OF IXTEUESTS

Korkunov, General Theory of Law (Hastings' transl.), § 2.5; Kantorowicz, Hcchtswisscusehuf't und Soziologie, 1 i-23; De- 1l10gUC, N otions fondumeutulos du droit prive, 170-200; Charmont , 'I'he Conflict of Interests 1~eg311:y Protected in FI'(\11c:l1 La " .. , 1:3 lllinois Law Rev. 401.

Gony, :\1 ct hode d'int erpJ'ct at ion, ~ od., 1 I, § 22(). .

n

:\Il~A~S OF SECUHl:\G J XTl;;UERTS

Salmond, Jurisprudence, eha J1S •• J., 1 0, 11; Snleilles, Tho In ... dividualization of Punishment (Mrs. Just row ~8 transl.), chaps. 2-7; Bryce, Studies in II istory nnd .l urisprudenee, Essay n; Stammler, "Tirthschuft und Hecht, §§ U2-US.

Bent ham, Theory of Legislation (1 Iiklreth's t rnnsl.), Principles of Legislution, eliups. i-It, Principles of the penal Corle, pt. :1; 1\ ust in, Jurisprudence, 4 ('( L t 1, 91 fT.; Po Hock, l:jr::;t ]300 k of J urisprude nee, -1 ed., 21-27; Sulmo I1<J J

J urisprudence, § 32. ~

(1) Legal personality (see 1Jos1, XX.I). (2) Legul rights (see 1}o8i, X"lI).

(:3) Powers (sec post, x,rIII).

(4) Privileges (see 1)081, XIX).

(5) Punishment,

(6) Redress (sec 1JO.r;i, XXIX). (i) Specific

(ii) Substltutionnl

(7) Prevention (sec 1)08i, XXIX).

•

00

LJ)IITfl OF EFFECTIVE I~1~GAL ACTION 1. Limits ill respect n)~ application and subject-matter 13c!)i.l13.111, Theory of Legislation, Prlnciplos 01 Legislation, chap. 12; Pollock, First Book of tJ urisprudeneo, ;lIt.. 1 J cbnp~.2 j "'\1110~, Science cf l .. :1'Y, chap. :j; Green, Principles of Political d.llhligntiiJJu. ~j l't~;jl; Kurkunov, General Theory 'of Luw (Hustings' t ransl.), §§ ~-7; Gnrels, Sei<.,n.cn of L:tW' (Kocourek's transl.j, § u. Sec \'1, supra.

...

•

2. l.,ociul-]Jsychoiogicallillliialio!lLs 'Upon cnjorccmcnt oj I( g,ol rulee

Spinoza, 'l'ractntus Politicms, chap, 10, § 5 (E]\\9CH' transl., p. :381); ncn, Spinoza's I)o1iti~a1 itLllcl ]~tlIical Philosophy, chap, 22; Markby, Elements of La''''J §§ ~1S·-5!l; Salmond, Jurisprudence, § 3n; J ellinck, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 2,ed., 89 fT., :>2·1 ff.: Pound, The Limits of Efleccive ulgl!Jl Action, ll,ep. Pn. Bur Ass'n, :XXI J, 221, American Bar ASS'1l Jouennl, 111,55" Iutcrnationnl .lourn, of Et hies, XX\'II, It,O •

•

ill

II

•

fit

5

SOURCES, FORl\IS, :\'IODES OF cnowrn XI

SOURCES .l\ND }"OI1:\IS OF L.-\ w

Austin, Jurisprudence, Lect, 28; Holland, Jurisprudence, chap. 5 to I; Sa lmond, J u rispru rlence, § § 31-30; Amos, Science of La w, 2 C( 1., table facing pa go 70; Pollock, First 1300k of J urisprudence, 4: cd., 231-2·16; GJ':lY', Nature und SOUI'CPS of the Law, §* :i22-5Ui; Gareis, Science of 1":1'\" (transl. by' Kocourek), §~ 8- J 2; Korkunov, General Theory of Ln " .. (transl. b)" Hastings), § § 51-5·'.

Carter, Tho Ideal und OlC Actual h. the! Law, !l-11; Carter, Lnw: Its Ori~in, Growth, and Function, Leer, 0; ~lh':l~1in, Comparative Legal Philo-oph y (1 rausl, h y L isle ), § § 152-1 (j5 •

. Austin, .J urisprudencc, Lect. 30; ]1011:111<1, .J urisprudcnee, chap. 5, subdiv, I; Clark, Practical ,J urisprudence, 1 Ht.i-20 1 , 3Z-1-33·1; Salmond, Jurisprudence, § § 42, .J:~, -16-1S; Pollock, J4'irst Book of Jurisprudence, ·1 ed., 2S0-'2{)t,); Gray, N nture null Sources of the J4a\V, §§ 5U8-G~11.

]l:lt egan, Seicncc of .T urisprudcnco, § § 72-7"'; Junks, 1",:1\\' and Polit ics in the :\Iiddlc Ages, 56-03; ] Iust ie, Outlines of 4J uricprudencc, ~7-a9.

1. Sources and forms of ]:1,\' in ~eneral.

Ambiguity of "sourees of law " as used in the books.

Tho source of nuthority of legal rules.

'I'he methods und ngeneios hy which rules nrc formuluted.

Th« nut horitut ive SlUl]lPS which legal rules assume: the forms in which tl1(-'~· nrc expressed and tv which courts ure referred in the decision of controversies .

•

•

2. Sources of 13 w,

A. Custom as u source of law -- customarv law ....

....

Geny, :,16thode d'interprdtutiou, 2 cad., I, §~ l09-1:J7; Ehrlich, Orundlegung der Soziologle tics Reclus, :352-380 .

•

•

oil

..

r .,

(1) Historical.

The judge precedes the 1:1\\9; jUdglllCllts precede customary law.

Historical development of customary law, Relation of customary law to the development of the state.

Bryce, Sf udies in History :11)(1 Jurj~ln'ud{l(lCl't 2SO-!!S-t; Murkby, Elements of Law', §§ 79-85.

(2) Philosophicnl.

The philosophical basis of customary Jaw.

Lorimer, Institutes of Lnw, 2 ed., filli-alGj Pollock J Essays j n J uri-prudence :1.1 HI l~t ;1 ir~, [,:3-59; Kohler, Einttlhrung in die Hechtswissensehaft, § 5; Sf annuler, Thcorie der Rechtswisscnsehnft J 1] ·J-13(j.

(3)

•

•

Annlytical.

•

Nature of "customurv 1:1\\"."

•

Customary course of popular action.

Customary course of mugisterinl net ion. Customary course of advice to litigants

. ~~

h)' those Ienrncd in t he In \\Y.

Customary course of judicial net iOB • Reaction of JU\V und custom .

•

Thcoriesof the formula t ion of 1:1 w by cust om.

Relation of custom to legislation .

Relation of custom to [udicinl decision. Customary ]:1\\' and demoerncy,

~\J)JO~, Science of Law, 2 ed., :300.

(4) Customary lnw in the several legal systems. (n) In Romnn In w.

(b) In the common ]3.,'\

Brown, The Aus: inian Theory of taw, ~§ 5G!l-{i()Jj; llnrl{)lY, Elements of Law, §§ no!H j l~larkJ Practical Jurisprudence, 316-323.

(c) Custom in internutionnl law.

Oppenheim, Intcrnntional 1..:1\\",1, §§ 16-17t

..

93

•

B. Sources in general.

Sources in archaic law. Sources in the Roman law .

Sources in the law of Continental Europe. Sources in Anglo-American 1:1,,·.

Enacted law, ·

N at enacted.

Judicial.

N on-J udicial.

1300ks of nuthoritv .

..

•

"Triting8 110t of authority.

3. FO),JllS of law,

1. Lcgisla t.ion.

2. Case 13\\".

3. Text-book Ill\\ ..

..

Forms in the Roman law. leges. 1J/ebisciia •

I .. ogisln t ion scnatus consulta.

constitutions of 1.1H~ emperors (pri ncipum l}lar:ila).

Edicts of t he Mngistrntos.

]fCSpO/UUI of the jurisconsults. Treatises of the jurisconsult t-}.

Forms in the lnw of Continental Europe.

Legislation.

J urispnulcncc (Gcricht.r~gcbl'a lie").

Doctrine.

Forms in Anglo-American law,

· Legislation - with U8, constitut ions, treat iCR, statutes . . Iudieial decisions.

Authoritative hooks,

•

f

...

..

..

04

XII

1'IIE 'I'RJ\.DITION AL EI~E:\IEN1'

A

•

1 .. .:\ w AS JL PRIESTLY TRADITIO:-i

Maine, Ancient Law, chap, 1, and Sir Frederick Pollock's notes 11 nnd C; Maine, Early Law' :11)(1 Custom (American cd.), 45-1!l; Coulanges, .:\ncicJlt City, 1>1<. 3, ChUJl. 11; Mnyne, Hindu Law, §§ 14-10; Kent, Israel's 1..:1\\.:5 and l .. egnl Precedents, 8-15; Hirzel, Thernis, Dike und Vcrwandtes,

13

I.JA w AS .4.. 110l'ULAlt 'l;nA))l1'IO~

Brunner, Deutsche Iiechtsgcsehichte, §§ 13, 37; Siegel, Deutsche Reclus. geschichte, § 2.

C

I.JA " .. AS A .JUIUSTIC TnADITIo~

Clark, Pruct ictal .1 uri-prudence, 273-:l31l; 1\1 uirhem I, J list oricnl I nt roc 1 uction to the Privnte L:1\\· of ltOJIlC, §§ 50, 01-{;-I; Muitlnnd, J~nglit.h Law nnd t he Renaissance, 2-t-35; J ) 01 dsworth, History of Engli .. -h Luw, I It 405-t:n:

Grueher, lnt reduct ion t f) Ledlie's Translcdon of Solun, lust it utes of Romun J,Il\\' (1 ed.): Dernhurg, Pandcktcn, 1, §§ 16-17; \,rindschciJ, Pandekten, 1, §§ i-l0; Hrissnud, Mauuel d'histoire tin droit civil Fmncnis, 348-3(;1, ;)S~- 400j At jntzjn~, (j( ... -rhiehte c!t\r deutsrhen Ilcehtswissen-chnft.

. ~

])

l\IO))I~8 01,· C; no \Y'T 11

1. Fictions

Mnino, Ancient. 1,:1\\', chap. 2, find Sir Frederick Pollock's note:

Austin, Jurisprudence, 3 ed., 629-631; Gray, Nature and Sources

"

of the I_Ju\\', §§ 7 .. 1-89; Phelps, Juridical Equity, § 150 •

• 1I1(11·in~t C:ej~t tI('s romischen Reclus, § !is; 13cl"nhuft, Zur Lehre von den ]iikt ionen; Dcruogue, X nt ions fondnment nics flu droit priv .. \ 2:.JS-251 ; St arumIer, Thcorlc tier J~('(lht swi-scnschaft, 328-333; Lecocq, Fict ion ronune proc(t,Je [uridique.

Gnius, 1\', §§ 32-:J8; 3 Blackstone, Commentaries, ·J3, 44-45, 152-1;j:l, 1 !i!)-] ()5, 200-200, 274-2i!i, 28:3, 2S·1-~Si; Guius, I, §§ 111, 114-1 !S, 11!l-12:~, 1:~2, ]:34, 11, §§ 24, lO;j-lOa; Ulpinn, Rll1c:i\, 1, §§ 7, S; 2 Blackstone, COinmenturies, !348-30:1, )tart irulurly ano, ;Ui:1; Curtis, .1 urisdict ion of the I' nitr- 1 St nt es Courts, 12; -la:t

..

95

2. I nterprctaiion .

Clark, Practical Jurisprudence, 235-2.t4; Austin, Jurisprudence, 3 ed., 1023-)03u; Pound, Spurious Interpretation, 7 Columbln Law Rev. 379; Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law, §§ 370-

. ...

3D!); Geny, ~Icthode d'intorprdtation, 2 ed., I, §§ 92-108, II,

§§ 177-1Si; Stammler, Theorie der Reehtswisscnschuft, 558-652.

Sulkowski, Romnu Private Law (Whitfield's trnnsl.), § 5; Walton, Introduet ion to Roman 1..:1"., 2 ed., 110-111; 2 Blnekstone, Comment uries, 333-337.

I

..

3. Equity

Mnine, Ancient Law, chap. 3, and Sir Frederick Pollock's note I~; Clark, Practical Jurisprudence, 340-3i9.

:\U8ti11, Jurisprudence, Lcct. 36; Salmond, Jurlsprudcnce, § 15; Sohm, lust it utes of Roman Law (Lcdlie's t ransl., 2 ed.), § ~ 15-17; !\I arkhy, Elements of 1 .. 3."·, §§ 120-122; Pound, The Decadence of ECJ\1it~, t n Columbia Law Rev, 20.

Buckland, Equity in Roman Law,

4. ]{ aturol lmo

Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Essay 11; Maine, Ancient Law, chaps. 3, ~l, and Sir Frederick Pollock's notes F, G, and H; Pollock, The Expansion of the Common Law, 107-138; Holland, Jurisprudence, chap. 3, subdiv. 1; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (transl. by Hustings), §§ i4-1i.

Pollock, History of the 1 .. :1\\· of Xnture, 1 Columbia Law Rev, 11; Salmond, The IJR\v of Nature, 11 Law Quart. Rev. 121; Gruebcr, Einfiihrung in die Ilechtswissenschaft (in Birkmeyer, Encyklopiidie der Rechtswissenschalt), § 2; Grotius (''''11C\\''cll's transl.), 1, 1, §§ 10-11; l\larkhy, Elements of Law,

§§ 116-117; Rattigan, Science o( Jurisprudence, §§ 13, 20b. '

-II

5. J uristic science

Austin, Jurisprudonce.B ed., 653-659; Gray', The Nature and Sources of the L~,\', §§ 551-597a; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (Hastings' transl.), § 04-; Bierling, Juristische Prinzipienlehre, 1'7, §§ 53-58; Stammler, 'I'heorie der Rechtswissenschaft, 262-363; Demogue, .Notions fondamentnlea tlu droit prive, 225- 238.

Gareis, Science of 1 .. 3.\\· (Koeourek's trnnsl.), § 12c; Sohm, Institutes of Roman Law (Ledlie's transl., 2 od.), §§ 18-20; BCRe]<!r, Volksrecht und Juristenrecht, 290-364; Windseheid, Pandekten, I, §§ 23-24; Dernburg, Pandek-

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.,