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LESSON 4: SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeleton can be divided into two parts:


• Axial skeleton
• Bones of the head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular skeleton
• Bones of the arms and legs
• Bones of the girdles: attach arms and legs to trunk

AXIAL SKELETON
Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton contains the following bones:
• Cranial bones: frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal,
ethmoid and sphenoid
• Facial bones: nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, inferior nasal
concha, maxilla, palatine, mandible, vomer
• Spinal column: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic
vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

❖ CRANIAL BONES
• Frontal bone - Anterior part of cranium
• Parietal bones - Sides and roof of cranium
• Occipital bones - Posterior portion and floor of cranium
• Temporal bones - Inferior to parietal bones on each side
of the cranium, Temporomandibular joint

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Bones can be classified by shape:
• Long bones are longer than they are wide and have
clubby ends. Example: tibia.
• Short bones are cube-like. Example: carpal bones.
• Flat bones look like they are a sheet of clay that has
been molded. Example: parietal bone.
• Irregular bones have many projections and spines.
Example: vertebrae.
• Sesamoid bones grow in tendons where there is a lot
of friction. Example: patella.

Long Bones of the Hand and Flat Bones—Sternum and Ribs


Short Bones of the Wrist
❖ FACIAL BONES
• Zygomatic bones - Cheek bones, also form floor and
lateral wall of each eye orbit
• Lacrimal bones - Medial surfaces of eye orbits
• Nasal bones - Form bridge of nose
• Vomer - In midline of nasal cavity, forms nasal septum
with the ethmoid bone
• Inferior nasal conchae - attached to lateral walls of
nasal cavity
• Mandible - Lower jawbone, only movable skull bone

Irregular Bone—A Typical Vertebra Sesamoid Bone—The Patella

BONE MARKINGS
• Foramen: hole Ex. Foramen magnum
• Fossa: depression Ex. Glenoid fossa
• Process: projection Ex. Mastoid process
• Condyle: smooth, rounded end Ex. Occipital condyle
• Meatus: canal-like passageway Ex. Ext. auditory meatus
• Tubercle: lump of bone Ex. Greater tubercle
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❖ SPINAL COLUMN
• Extends from skull to pelvis
• Flexible and sturdy
longitudinal support for
trunk
• Formed by 24 movable
vertebrae, a sacrum, and
a coccyx
• Possess intervertebral
disks (Shock absorbers)
• Possess four distinct
curvatures

The Skull (Superior View)

➢ Abnormal spinal curvatures


• Scoliosis: lateral curvature
• Kyphosis: hunchback
• Lordosis: swayback

Ethmoid Bone

Structure of a Vertebra
• All vertebrae have common
features
• Vertebral foramen
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Body

A Vertebra
Sphenoid Bone

Herniated Disk
➢ Some skull bones contain sinuses:
• Sphenoid sinus
• Frontal sinus
• Ethmoid sinus
• Maxillary sinus
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o Cervical Vertebrae o Sacrum
• Support neck • Five fused sacral bones
• Possess unique transverse foramen • Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle
• Atlas: cervical vertebra 1 o Coccyx
• Articulates occipital condyles of occipital bone • Tailbone
• Supports head • Three to five fused rudimentary vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

• Axis: cervical vertebra 2


• Possesses the odontoid process (dens)
• Serves as a pivot point for atlas

❖ STERNUM and RIBS


The axial skeleton contains the following bones:
o Sternum: flat bone forming the anterior rib cage
o Ribs: 12 pairs
• 7 pairs are true ribs
• 5 pairs are false ribs (2 pairs are floating)
Cervical Vertebra
o Hyoid bone: U-shaped, between the mandible and the larynx

• Ribs
• Attached to thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs (#1-7)
- Attached to sternum directly by costal cartilages
• False ribs (#8-12)
- Attach to costal cartilage of superior ribs
• Floating ribs (#11-12)
- Do not attach anteriorly, no costal cartilages

Sternum and Ribs

o Thoracic Vertebrae
• Larger vertebra with longer spinous process then cervical
vertebrae
• Ribs articulate on the facets of the transverse processes
and bodies

Rib 6 Attachment to T5 and T6

o Lumbar Vertebrae
• Heavy, thick bodies to support greater stress and weight
• Larger processes for attachment of back muscles

• Hyoid Bone
- Found in anterior portion of neck, inferior to mandible
- Does not articulate with any other bones
- Used as attachment site for tongue muscles

Hyoid Bone
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON Elbow

Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of
the limbs and the bones of the girdles that connect the
limbs to the axial skeleton.
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
• Bones of the upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna,
carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
• Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis
• Bones of the lower limb: femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
❖ Pectoral Girdle
→ Composed of:
- Two clavicles
- Two scapula • Radius
- Lateral bone in the forearm
• Clavicle - Articulates with sternum and scapula - Bone that rotates when the hand is rotated
- Bony markings include the head and styloid process
Right Clavicle • Ulna
- Medial bone in forearm
- Bone does not move with hand rotation
- Bony markings include the olecranon, trochlear notch,
and styloid process

Radius and Ulna

• Scapula
- Located on each side of vertebral column
- Held in place by muscles to allow free shoulder movement

• Carpals - Wrist bones


• Metacarpals - Bones of the palm of the hand
• Phalanges - Bones of the fingers
Bones of the Upper Limb
• Humerus: Articulates with scapula at the shoulder and ulna Right Wrist and Hand
and radius at the elbow
• Bony markings include:
→ Head
→ Greater and lesser tubercles
→ Deltoid tuberosity
→ Capitulum
→ Trochlea
→ Medial and lateral epicondyles
→ Olecranon fossa
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Bones of the Lower Limb

• Femur - Thigh bone, largest and strongest bone in the body


• Patella – Kneecap, Sesamoid bone in tendon that extends
anterior to knee

Femur and Patella

❖ Pelvic Girdle
- Consists of two coxal bones (ossa coxae)
→ Ilium
→ Ischium
→ Pubis
- Forms a rigid, bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx
• Tibia
- Coxal bones attached to one another at the pubic
- Shinbone
symphysis
- Larger of the lower leg bones
Pelvic Girdle (lateral view)
- Bears body weight
• Fibula
- Slender, lateral bone in lower leg

Right Tibia and Fibula

Pelvic Girdle (Medial View)

Pelvis

• Tarsals - Ankle bones


• Metatarsals - Bones of the instep
• Phalanges - Toe bones

The Foot

- There are distinct differences between the male and


female pelvis.
• Female pelvis is/has:
→ Wider and shallower
→ More rounded pelvic brim
→ Larger pelvic inlet/opening

Female and Male Pelvises


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• The tarsal and metatarsals form arches Anatomy of a Long Bone
→ Longitudinal arch • Epiphyses are the clubby ends of the bone.
→ Transverse arch → They are composed of cancellous bone.
• The diaphysis is the shaft of the bone.
Arches of the Foot → It is composed of compact bone.
• The periosteum covers the diaphysis of the bone.
• The endosteum lines the marrow (medullary) cavity.

Long Bone Structures


• Diaphysis:
• shaft
• compact bone tissue (on outside)
• Epiphysis:
• ends
• spongy bone tissue
• Articular cartilage:
- covers epiphyses
• Based on shape: long, short, flat, irregular - reduces friction
• Type of bone tissue: compact and spongy (cancellous) - Epiphyseal plate:
- site of growth
Bone Connective Tissue - between diaphysis and epiphysis
• Osteoblasts build bone tissue by making matrix with - Medullary cavity:
collagen fibers and allowing hydroxyapatite (calcium - center of diaphysis Periosteum
phosphate crystals) to deposit. - red or yellow marrow
• Collagen fibers give bone some flexibility. - Periosteum: membrane around bone’s outer surface
• Calcium phosphate crystals make bone hard. - Endosteum: membrane that lines medullary cavity
• Osteoclasts destroy bone.
• Compact bone is well organized into osteons (Haversian
systems).
→ Osteons
→ Osteonic canals
→ Lamellae
→ Canaliculi

Compact Bone Tissue


• Location: outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner
surfaces of other bones
• Osteon:
- structural unit of compact bone
• Red bone marrow is found in the epiphyses.
- includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal,
- The marrow cavity in the diaphysis is filled with yellow
osteocytes
bone marrow.
• Lamella: rings of bone matrix
• Lacunae: spaces between lamella
• Canaliculus: tiny canals,transport nutrients and remove waste
• Central canal: center of osteon, contains blood vessels

• Cancellous bone is loosely organized as trabeculae.


- Interior of small bones, skull bones, and epiphyses
- Consists of trabeculae and spaces filled with red
An Osteon
bone marrow
- Reduces bone weight without reducing strength

Spongy Bone Tissue


• Cancellous bone
• Location: epiphyses of long bones and center of other
bones
• Trabeculae: interconnecting rods, spaces contain
marrow
• No osteons

Articulations
• What are they?

- where 2 bones come together (joint)

• Synarthrosis: Non-movable joint Ex. skull


• Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable Ex. Between vertebrae
• Diarthrosis: freely movable joint Ex. knee, elbow, wrist
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The Knee

→ There are six types of synovial joints: hinge, ball and


socket, saddle, gliding, ellipsoid, pivot

Joints • Hinge Joints


- Joints can be classified based on their anatomy. - Allow movement in one direction only
- Example: knee and elbow joints
• Fibrous joints have fibrous tissue between bones.
→ Suture. This is formed by the membranes of • Ball-and-Socket Joints
intramembranous ossification. - rounded head of 1 bone fits into a concavity on another bone
→ Gomphoses. This is formed by ligaments holding the - Movement may be rotational or in any plane
tooth in its socket. - Example: hip and shoulder joint
→ Syndesmoses. This is formed by an interosseous
membrane. • Saddle Joints
- Ends of each bone are saddle shaped
• Cartilaginous joints have cartilage between the bones. - Movement is side to side and back and forth
There are 2 types: - Example: joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
→ Symphyses. This is formed by fibrocartilage between
the pubic bones. • Gliding Joints
→ Synchondroses. This is formed by hyaline cartilage - Involve sliding of bones across each other
between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of bones in - Example: carpal and tarsal bones
children.
• Ellipsoid Joints
• Synovial joints are lined by a synovial membrane and - Allow movement from side to side and back and forth
have synovial fluid in the joint space. - Example: between carpals and bones of forearm
→ The knee is a relatively unstable joint held together by
five ligaments: • Pivot Joints
• the medial and lateral collateral ligaments - Allow rotational movement
• the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments - Example: atlas on the axis
• the patellar ligament
• It also contains fibrocartilage pads called menisci
that act as shock absorbers.

Synovial Joint

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