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LESSON 4: SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton contains the following bones:
• Cranial bones: frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal,
ethmoid and sphenoid
• Facial bones: nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, inferior nasal
concha, maxilla, palatine, mandible, vomer
• Spinal column: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic
vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
❖ CRANIAL BONES
• Frontal bone - Anterior part of cranium
• Parietal bones - Sides and roof of cranium
• Occipital bones - Posterior portion and floor of cranium
• Temporal bones - Inferior to parietal bones on each side
of the cranium, Temporomandibular joint
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Bones can be classified by shape:
• Long bones are longer than they are wide and have
clubby ends. Example: tibia.
• Short bones are cube-like. Example: carpal bones.
• Flat bones look like they are a sheet of clay that has
been molded. Example: parietal bone.
• Irregular bones have many projections and spines.
Example: vertebrae.
• Sesamoid bones grow in tendons where there is a lot
of friction. Example: patella.
BONE MARKINGS
• Foramen: hole Ex. Foramen magnum
• Fossa: depression Ex. Glenoid fossa
• Process: projection Ex. Mastoid process
• Condyle: smooth, rounded end Ex. Occipital condyle
• Meatus: canal-like passageway Ex. Ext. auditory meatus
• Tubercle: lump of bone Ex. Greater tubercle
© Michie B. ☆
❖ SPINAL COLUMN
• Extends from skull to pelvis
• Flexible and sturdy
longitudinal support for
trunk
• Formed by 24 movable
vertebrae, a sacrum, and
a coccyx
• Possess intervertebral
disks (Shock absorbers)
• Possess four distinct
curvatures
Ethmoid Bone
Structure of a Vertebra
• All vertebrae have common
features
• Vertebral foramen
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Body
A Vertebra
Sphenoid Bone
Herniated Disk
➢ Some skull bones contain sinuses:
• Sphenoid sinus
• Frontal sinus
• Ethmoid sinus
• Maxillary sinus
© Michie B. ☆
o Cervical Vertebrae o Sacrum
• Support neck • Five fused sacral bones
• Possess unique transverse foramen • Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle
• Atlas: cervical vertebra 1 o Coccyx
• Articulates occipital condyles of occipital bone • Tailbone
• Supports head • Three to five fused rudimentary vertebrae
• Ribs
• Attached to thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs (#1-7)
- Attached to sternum directly by costal cartilages
• False ribs (#8-12)
- Attach to costal cartilage of superior ribs
• Floating ribs (#11-12)
- Do not attach anteriorly, no costal cartilages
o Thoracic Vertebrae
• Larger vertebra with longer spinous process then cervical
vertebrae
• Ribs articulate on the facets of the transverse processes
and bodies
o Lumbar Vertebrae
• Heavy, thick bodies to support greater stress and weight
• Larger processes for attachment of back muscles
• Hyoid Bone
- Found in anterior portion of neck, inferior to mandible
- Does not articulate with any other bones
- Used as attachment site for tongue muscles
Hyoid Bone
© Michie B. ☆
APPENDICULAR SKELETON Elbow
Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of
the limbs and the bones of the girdles that connect the
limbs to the axial skeleton.
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
• Bones of the upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna,
carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
• Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis
• Bones of the lower limb: femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
❖ Pectoral Girdle
→ Composed of:
- Two clavicles
- Two scapula • Radius
- Lateral bone in the forearm
• Clavicle - Articulates with sternum and scapula - Bone that rotates when the hand is rotated
- Bony markings include the head and styloid process
Right Clavicle • Ulna
- Medial bone in forearm
- Bone does not move with hand rotation
- Bony markings include the olecranon, trochlear notch,
and styloid process
• Scapula
- Located on each side of vertebral column
- Held in place by muscles to allow free shoulder movement
❖ Pelvic Girdle
- Consists of two coxal bones (ossa coxae)
→ Ilium
→ Ischium
→ Pubis
- Forms a rigid, bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx
• Tibia
- Coxal bones attached to one another at the pubic
- Shinbone
symphysis
- Larger of the lower leg bones
Pelvic Girdle (lateral view)
- Bears body weight
• Fibula
- Slender, lateral bone in lower leg
Pelvis
The Foot
Articulations
• What are they?
Synovial Joint