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La Derivada
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La Derivada
Sea f una función real
1) La derivada de f en a :
' f (a h) f (a )
f ( a ) lim ( si existe )
h 0 h
2 ) La derivada de f ( x ) :
' f ( x h) f ( x)
f ( x ) lim ( si existe )
h 0 h
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Nota
'
Si f (a) existe :
' f ( a h) f ( a ) f ( x) f ( a)
f (a) lim lim
h0 h x a xa
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Recta Tangente
Si f ’(a) existe:
La pendiente de la recta tangente a y = f(x)
en el punto (a,f(a)) es mT = f ’(a).
La recta tangente a y = f(x)
en el punto (a,f(a)) es y = f ’(a).(x-a)+f(a).
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Nota
f (a h) f (a )
Si lim es
h0 h
f (a h) f (a)
y lim es
h0 h
La recta tangente a y = f(x)
en el punto (a,f(a)) es x = a.
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Recta Normal
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Velocidad
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Función Derivable
Sea f una función real
1) f es derivable en a,
si existe f ’(a).
2) f es derivable en el intervalo abierto I,
si existe f ’(x) para todo x I.
3) f es derivable,
si existe f ’(x) para todo x Dom(f).
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Teorema
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Corolario
Si f(x) = c f ’(x) = 0.
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Notación
1) La derivada de f ( x) :
' df ( x)
f ( x) D x [ f ( x)]
dx
2) La derivada de f en a :
' df ( x )
f ( a ) D x [ f ( x)] | x a | xa
dx
3) Si y f ( x ) :
dy
y ' Dx y
dx
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Derivadas Laterales
1) La derivada por la derecha de f en a:
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Teorema
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Teorema
Si f es derivable en a f es continua en a
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Teorema
n
Si f ( x) x (n Z )
' n 1
f ( x) nx
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Teorema
Si f ( x) x , x 0
' 1
f ( x) , x0
2 x
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Teorema
'
1) f ( x) sen( x) f ( x) cos( x)
'
2) f ( x) cos( x) f ( x) sen( x)
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Teorema
Si f es derivable en x
(c.f)’(x) = c.f ’(x)
( Dx[c.f(x)] = c.Dx[f(x)] )
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Teorema
Si f y g son derivables en x
(f+g)’(x) = f ’(x)+g’(x)
( Dx[f(x)+g(x)] = Dx[f(x)]+Dx[g(x)] )
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Corolario
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Teorema
Si f y g son derivables en x
(f.g)’(x) = f ’(x).g(x)+f(x).g’(x)
( Dx[f(x).g(x)] = Dx[f(x)].g(x)+f(x).Dx[g(x)] )
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Teorema
Si f y g son derivables en x g(x) 0
' '
f ' f ( x ). g ( x ) f ( x ). g ( x )
( ) ( x) 2
g ( g ( x ))
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Teorema
n
Si f ( x) x (n Z )
' n 1
f ( x) nx ( si existe)
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Teorema
1) Dx[tan(x)] = sec2(x)
2) Dx[cot(x)] = -csc2(x)
4) Dx[csc(x)] = -csc(x).cot(x)
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Teorema
(Derivada de la función compuesta)
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Nota (Regla de la cadena)
dy dy du
.
dx du dx
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Teorema
n
Si f ( x) x (n Q)
' n 1
f ( x) nx ( si existe)
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Teorema
x ' x
1) f ( x) e f ( x) e
1 '
2) f ( x) ln( x) f ( x)
x
x ' x
3) f ( x) a f ( x) ln(a).a
1 1 '
4) f ( x) log a ( x) f ( x) .
ln(a) x
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Teorema
n
Si f (x) x (n IR)
' n1
f (x) nx (si existe)
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Teorema
(Derivada de la función inversa)
Sea f una función montona y derivable en I =[a,b],
f ’(x) 0, x I.
1 1 '
Si y f ( x) ( f ) ( y ) '
f ( x)
1 ' 1
( ( f ) ( x) ' 1 )
f ( f ( x))
dx 1
( )
dy dy
( )
dx
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Teorema
1 1
1) Dx [sen ( x)]
2
1 x
1 1
2) Dx [cos ( x)]
2
1 x
1 1
3) Dx [tan ( x)] 2
1 x
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1 1
4) Dx [cot ( x)] 2
1 x
1 1
5) Dx [sec ( x)]
2
| x | x 1
1 1
6) Dx [csc ( x)]
2
| x | x 1
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Derivación Implícita
Si F ( x, y ) 0
D x [ F ( x, y )] 0 ( y f ( x))
dy
G ( x, y )
dx
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Derivada Paramétrica
x f (t )
Si
y g (t )
dy
( )
dy dt
dx dx
( )
dt
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Derivadas de orden superior
(1) '
f (x) f (x)
(n1) (n) '
f (x) ( f (x)) , (n 1)
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Nota
(1) '
f ( x) f ( x)
( 2) (1) ' ' ' ''
f ( x) ( f ( x)) ( f ( x)) f ( x)
(3) ( 2) ' '' ' '''
f ( x) ( f ( x)) ( f ( x)) f ( x)
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Notación
n
(n) d f ( x) n
1) f ( x) D [ f ( x)] n x
dx
n
( n) n d f ( x)
2) f (a) Dx [ f ( x)] | x a n
| xa
dx
n
(n) n d y
3) Si y f ( x) : y Dx [ y] n
dx
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Nota
(n) ( n 1 ) '
1) f ( x) ( f ( x ))
n n 1
2 ) D [ f ( x )] D x [ D
x x [ f ( x )]]
n 1
d f ( x)
n
d
n 1
d f ( x) dx
3) n
dx dx
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Nota
x f (t )
Si
y g (t )
d n 1 y
d ( n 1 )
dx
n 1
d y dt
n d ( n 1 )
d y dx
n
dx dx dx
dt
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La diferencial
Sea y = f(x).
La diferencial de x: dx = x.
La diferencial de y: dy = f ’(x).dx
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Aproximación por diferenciales
Si y f ( x ) :
y f ( x x ) f ( x ).
y
y ' lim
x 0 x
Si x 0 :
y
y ' y y '. x y dy
x
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Aproximación lineal
' f ( x) f (a)
f ( a ) lim
x a xa
Si x a :
f ( x) f (a ) '
f (a )
xa
'
f ( x ) f ( a ).( x a ) f ( a )
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