MATEMÀTIQUES. Derivades vectorials.

d l=dx x^ + dy ^y + dz ^z d τ =dx dy dz 2 ∂2 t ∂2 t ∂2 t
∇ t= + +
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂ vx ∂ v y ∂ vz
∇ t= x^ + y^ + ^z ∇⋅v= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂ x ∂ y ∂z

| |(
x^ ^y ^z
∇∧v= ∂ x ∂ y ∂z =
v x vi vz
∂ vz ∂ v y
−
∂ y ∂z
^x +
∂vx ∂ vz
−
∂z ∂ x ) (
^y +
∂v y ∂ v x
−
∂x ∂y
^z) ( )
d l =dr ^r +r d θ θ^ +r sin θ d ϕ ϕ^ d τ =r 2 sin θ dr d θ d ϕ

∇ t=
∂t
r^ +
1 ∂t ^
θ+
1 ∂t ^
ϕ ∇⋅v=
1 ∂ 2
(r v r )+
1 ∂ (sin θ v )+ 1 ∂ v ϕ
∂r r ∂ θ r sin θ ∂ ϕ r ∂r
2
r sin θ θ
∂ θ
r sinθ ∂ ϕ

| |
r^ r θ^ r sin(θ ) ϕ^
1
∇∧v= 2 ∂ r ∂θ ∂ϕ
r sin(θ ) v r v
r θ r sin(θ )vϕ

∇∧v=
1
[
r sinθ ∂θ ϕ
∂ϕ ] [
r sin θ ∂ ϕ ∂ r ϕ
r ∂r ] [
∂ (sin θ v )− ∂ vθ r^ + 1 1 ∂v r − ∂ ( r v ) θ^ + 1 ∂ (r v )− ∂ v r ϕ^
θ
∂θ ]
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂t 1 ∂ ∂t 1 ∂2 t
∇ t= 2 (r )+ (sin θ ∂ θ )+ 2 2
r ∂r ∂ r r 2 sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ ϕ 2
d l =dr ^r +r d ϕ ϕ^ + dz ^z d τ =r dr d ϕ d z
∂t 1 ∂ t ^ ∂t 1 ∂ 1 ∂ vϕ ∂ v z
∇ t= r^ + ϕ + ^z ∇⋅v= (r v r )+ ∂ϕ +
∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z r ∂r r ∂z

| |
r^ r ϕ^ ^z
1 1 ∂ v z ∂ vϕ ∂v ∂v 1 ∂v
∇∧v= ∂ r ∂ ϕ ∂ z =( − ) r^ +( r − z ) ϕ^ + [ ∂ (r v ϕ )− r ] ^z
r r ∂ϕ ∂ z ∂z ∂r r ∂r ∂ϕ
vr r vϕ v z

1 ∂ ∂ t 1 ∂2 t ∂2 t
∇ 2 t= (r )+ 2 +
r ∂r ∂ r r ∂ ϕ 2 ∂ z 2

MATEMÀTIQUES. Identitats vectorials i teoremes

A⋅(B∧C)=B⋅(C∧ A)=C⋅( A∧B) A∧(B∧C )=B(A⋅C)−C ( A⋅B)
∇ ( fg)=f (∇ g)+ g ( ∇ f ) ∇ ( A⋅B)= A∧(∇ ∧B)+ B∧(∇ ∧A)+(A⋅∇ ) B+(B⋅∇ ) A
∇⋅(f A)=f (∇⋅A)+ A⋅(∇ f ) ∇ ( A∧B)=B⋅(∇∧ A)−A⋅( ∇∧B)
∇∧(f A)=∇ f ∧ A+ f ∇∧ A ∇∧( A∧B)=( B⋅∇ ) A−( A⋅∇ )B+ A(∇⋅B)−B(∇⋅A)
∇⋅(∇ ∧ A)=0 ∇∧( ∇∧ A)=∇ ( ∇⋅A)−∇ A
2
∇⋅(∇ ∧ A)=0
b
∫a ( ∇ f )⋅d l =f (b)−f ( a) ∫volum ( ∇⋅A) d τ =∮superficie A⋅d a ∫superficie (∇∧ A)⋅d a=∮línea A⋅d l
FÓRMULES TRIGONOMÈTRIQUES
sin( α + β )=sin α cos β +sin β cos α sin( α − β )=sin α cos β −sin β cos α
cos( α + β )=cos α cos β −sin α sin β cos( α −β )=cos α cos β +sin α sin β
α +β α −β α +β α −β
cos α +cos β =2 cos ( )cos( ) sin α + sin β =2sin ( )cos( )
2 2 2 2
α +β α −β α +β α −β
cos α −cos β =−2 sin( )sin( ) sin α −sin β =2 sin( )cos ( )
2 2 2 2
sin 2 α =2 sin α cos α cos 2 α =2 cos2 α −1

ELECTROSTÀTICA
q r^ F=Q⋅E Qinterior ρ
∇⋅E= ε
E( r )=
4 π ε 0 r2 ∫S E⋅d a= ε0 0

∮ E⋅d l=0 ∇∧E=0 En 2−E n1= σ

ε E2 t −E1 t=0
0
C
r
E=−∇ V ρ p=q Δ r
∇ 2 V =− ε
V (r )=−∫ E⋅d l 0 N= p∧E
r ref
U=− p⋅E
p⋅^r 2 p cos θ p sin θ ^ p=α E
V dipol ( r)= Edipol= r^ + θ
4 π ε 0r2 3
4 π ε 0r 4 π ε 0 r3
∑p
P= Δ τ
σ P =P⋅^n ρ P=−∇⋅P ∇⋅D= ρ lliure

∇∧D=∇ ∧P D=ε 0 E+ P P=ε 0 χ e E D=ε E=ε 0⋅ε r E

ε r=1+ χ e Q
C=

[ ][ ][ ]
V Q1 C 11 C12 C 13 V 1
1 ε Q2 = C 21 C22 C 23 V 2
U= 0 ∫volmen E2 d τ
2∑ i i
U= q ⋅V 2 ∞
Q3 C 31 C32 C 33 V 3
1 1 1 1
2 ∫volum
ρ V d τ + ∫superfície σ V da+ ∫línia λ V dl
2 ∫volmen
U= U= E⋅D d τ
2 2 ∞

F=−(∇ U )Q F=(∇ U )V dF σ2
Pressió= =
d a 2ε 0
ε 0=8,8542⋅10−12 C2 N−1 m−2
MAGNETOSTÀTICA
J= ρ v K=σ v I =λ v I =∫superfícia J⋅d a
∂ρ J 2 n−J 1 n=− ∂ σ μ 0 I d l ∧r^ F=q (E+ v∧B)
∂t
+ ∇⋅J =0 ∂t B= ∮
4 π C r2
F=I ∮ d l ∧B μ0 J∧^r μ0 K∧^r F=∫ J∧B d τ
C
B=
4π ∫ r2
B=
4π ∫ r2
da
v
v S

F=∫ K ∧Bda B=∇∧ A μ0 J I d l ' μ0 K

A= ∫
4π v r
d τ ' = μ0
4π ∫ r
=
4π ∫ r d a'
l S

∇⋅B=0 B ⊥2−B ⊥ 1=0 ∇∧B= μ 0 J B∥2−B ∥1=μ 0 ( K∧ n^ )

∇ 2 A=−μ 0 J μ 0 m∧^r ∂ A2 ∂ A1 m=I S
A= − =− μ 0 K
4π r 2
∂n ∂n
μ 0 m sinθ μ 0 mcos θ μ 1 U=−m⋅B
Bθ = B r= Bdip = 0 3 [3( m⋅^r )^r −m]
2π r 3
2π r 3
4π r
N=m∧B F=∇ (m⋅B) d m=M d τ B
H= μ −M
0

M =χ m H χ m= μ r −1 J M =∇ ∧M K M =M ∧^n
J lliure =0 ⇒ H=−∇ W ⇒ ∇ 2 W =∇⋅M ρ M =−∇⋅M σ M =^n⋅M
∇∧H=J lliure H ∥2 −H ∥1=K lliure ∧ n^
∇⋅H=−∇⋅M H ⊥2 −H ⊥1=−(M ⊥2−M ⊥ 1) μ 0=4 π ⋅10−7 N A−2

INDUCCIÓ ELECTROMAGNÈTICA
dΦ ∂B ∂A j
e=−
dt
∇∧E=−
∂t
E=−
∂t Φi =∑ M ij I j
j=1

M ii=Li μ0 d l i⋅d l j Fm =(∇ U )I

M ij=
4π
∮c
∮c j ri

1 1 1 Fm =−( ∇ U )Φ
U m= ∑I Φ
2 j j j
U m= ∫ A⋅J d τ
2v
U m= ∫ B⋅H d τ
2v ∞
EQUACIONS DE MAXWELL
ρ ^ E2 −E1 )= εσ
n⋅( ∂B ^ E2−E1 )=0
n∧(
∇⋅E= ε 0 ∇∧E=−
0
∂t
∇⋅B=0 ^ B2−Bi )=0
n⋅( ∂E
∇∧B= μ 0 J + μ 0 ε 0 ^ B2−B 1)= μ 0 K
n∧(
∂t
∇⋅D= ρ lliure ^ 2−D1)=σ lliure
n⋅(D ∂D n^ ∧(H 2−H 1 )=K
∇∧H =J +
∂t
∫ D⋅d S=Qinterior ∂B
∮ E⋅d l=−∫ ∂ t ⋅d a ∮ B⋅d a=0 ∮ H⋅d l=∫ (J + ∂ t )d a
∂D
S s
C S C S
~ ~
E= E0⋅e j(k⋅r−ω t) B= B 0⋅e j (k⋅r −ω t )
2 2
2 ∂ E 2 ∂ B
∇ E−ε o μ 0 =0 ∇ B−ε o μ 0 =0
∂t 2 ∂t2
dU S=( E∧H) 1 2 B
2
S
=−∫ (E∧H)⋅d a uem = (ϵ 0 E + μ 0 ) pem =
dt S 2 c2

PROPAGACIÓ LLIURE D’ONES ELECTROMAGNÈTIQUES

~ ~
E(r ,t)= ~
E0 ei (k⋅r −ω t ) n^ B ~ ^
n=cos θ x^ + sinθ ^y
~ ^ k∧ E
B(r ,t )= 0⋅e i(k⋅r−ω t ) ( k∧n)=
c c
2π 1 ω =2 π f c= ω
λ= f= k
k T
iβz
u=ε 0 E 20 cos 2 (kz−ω t+ δ ) ^
n=[e x^ +e i( β z+δ ) ^y ]
~ ~* 1 1 ~*
1 E∧ B 1
⟨ S⟩= ℜ( μ 0 )= c ε 0 E 0 ^z
2
⟨u ⟩= ℜ[ ε 0 ~
E⋅~
E* + μ ~B⋅B ]
2 2 2 0

εμ
1
I =|⟨ S⟩|= c ε 0 E20
2
v=
c
n √
n= ε μ ≃√ε r
0 0
1
I = ε v E20
2
~ i(kz −ω t) ~ i (kz− ω t + π / 2)
d sin(θ max )=m λ 1
E e o +E e
o =0 d sin(θ min )=(m+ ) λ
2
(k 1 +k 2 ) (ω +ω ) (k −k ) (ω −ω 2 )
E0 cos( k 1 z−ω 1 t )+ E 0 cos(k 2 z−ω 2 t)=2 E 0 cos [ z− 1 2 t ] cos [ 1 2 z− 1 t]
2 2 2 2
v f=ω dω c=2,998⋅10 8 m s−1
k v g=
dk
INCIDÈNCIA D’ONES ELECTROMAGNÈTIQUES SOBRE UN MEDI MATERIAL
~
EI = E~0 I⋅ei (k ⋅r−ω t) ~ = 1 ( k^ ∧ E
~) ~ = E~ ⋅ei (k ⋅r−ω t) ~ = 1 ( k^ ∧ E ~)
I

B E T 0T B
T

I I I T
v1 v2 T T

~ = E~ ⋅e i(k ⋅r−ω t ) ~ = 1 ( k^ ∧ E~) k I sin(θ I )=k R sin (θ R )=k T sin (θ T )

E R 0R
R

B R R R
v1 sin(θ T ) n 1
=
sin (θ I ) n 2
~ ~ cos θ T μ v μ n
~ E 0 R (α − β ) ~ E0T 2
r= ~ = t= ~ = α= β = 1 1= 1 2
E0 I ( α + β ) E 0 I (α +β ) cos θ I μ 2 v 2 μ 2 n1

2 (1−β 2) n2 R=~ r~ r * T =~ t~
t*
sin θ B= sin θ L = R+T =1
( n /n )2− β 2
1 2
n1
2
2 ∂ E ∂E 2 ∂2 B ∂B
∇ E= μ ε +μ γ ∇ B= μ ε +μ γ
∂t 2
∂t ∂t 2
∂t
~ ~ i ( k z−ω t) ^
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ k k =k +i κ K=| k| k =K ei ϕ
B= ω ~
~
E= E 0 e x E0 ei ( k z −ω t ) ^y

√ [√ ] √ [√ ] √ √
1/ 2 1/ 2
εμ γ 2 εμ γ 2 γ 2
k =ω 1+ ( ε ω ) +1 κ =ω 1+ ( ε ω ) −1 K=ω ε μ 1+ ( ε ω )
2 2
~ ~ =E ei δ ~
B =B ei δ B
E E
B0 ~ k B0 K
0 0 0 0
~ =ω =
E0 E0 ω
δ B −δ E=ϕ E( z , t)=E 0 e−κ z cos (k z−ω t+ δ E) x^
B(z , t)=B0 e−κ z cos(k z −ω t+ δ E + ϕ ) ^y
~
~ ~ = 1 E~ e i(k
EI = E~0 I ei (k ~ = E~ ei (~k z−ω t ) x^ ~ k ~ i (~k z−ω t )
z− ω t) z −ω t)
1
x^ B 1
^y E B= ω2 E ^y
0e
2 2
I
v1 0 I T 0T

~ = E~ e i(−k z−ω t ) x^
E 1
~ μ1 v1 ~
R 0R
β= μ ω k 2
~ =− 1 E~ ei (−k z−ω t ) ^y 2
B R
1

v1 0 R
~ ~ ~ μω
~ E 0 R (1−~ β) ~ E0T 2 ~ E
r= ~ = ~ t= ~ = ~ η=~= ~
E0 I (1+ β ) E 0 I (1+ β ) H k
~ ~
E ( z , t)=~ ~
E ei (−k z−ω t) E ( z , t)=~
E e i(k z−ω t ) E ( z)
← 0← → 0→ ´
r ( z)= ~←
E→ ( z)
~ ~ ~
~ E ~ E ~ E( z)
H← ( z , t)= η0 ← ei (−k z−ω t) H→ ( z , t)=− η0→ ei (k z−ω t) Z (z)= ~
H (z)
~ ~
Z−η 1+~
r (z) ~
r (z)=~
r (0)e−i 2 k z E μ
~
r (z)= ~
Z +η
~
Z (z)=η ~
1− r (z )
η = ~ =μ v= ε
H √
RADIACIÓ I ANTENES
ρ ∇⋅A=0
∇ 2 V =− ε
0
2 ∂2 A
∇ A− μ 0 ε 0 2 =−μ 0 J + μ 0 ε 0 ∇
∂t
∂V
∂t ( ) Gauge de Coulomb

( ) ( )
2
ρ 2 ∂V Gauge de Lorenz
∇ 2− μ 0 ε 0 ∂ 2 V =− ε ∇ 2− μ 0 ε 0 ∂ 2 A=− μ 0 J∇⋅A=−μ 0 ε 0
∂t 0
∂t ∂t

1 ρ (r ' , t−r /c) μ0 J (r ' , t−r /c)

V (r , t)=
4π ε0
∫ r
dτ ' A(r ,t )=
4π
∫ r
dτ '

p0 ω cos θ μ 0 p0 ω
V (r , θ , t)=− ( ) 4π ε0c r
sin[ ω t −r /c ] A(r , θ ,t )=−
4π r
sin[ω t−r /c ] ^z

2
μ 0 p0 ω 2 sin θ
4π ( r ) ( )
μ p ω sin θ
cos[ ω (t−r /c)] θ^ cos [ ω (t−r /c )] ϕ^
0 0
E=− B=−
4π c r

[ ] ( )( )
2
μ 0 p0 ω 2 sin θ μ 0 p20 ω 4 sin 2 θ
S=
c 4π r ( )
cos [ω (t−r /c )] r^ ⟨ S⟩=
32 π 2 c r2
r^

μ 0 p20 ω 4 p(t)=p 0 cos ( ω t) ^z m (t)=m0 cos (ω t) ^z

⟨ P rad ⟩=∫ ⟨ S⟩⋅d a= p0=q d
12 π c m0=I π b2
μ 0 m0 ω sin θ
A(r , θ ,t )=−
4π c ( )r
sin [ω t−r /c ] ϕ^

μ 0 m0 ω 2 sin θ μ 0 m0 ω 2 sinθ
E=
4π c r ( )
cos[ω (t−r /c)] ϕ^ B=−
4 π c2 r ( )
cos[ ω (t−r /c)]θ^

[ ] ( )( )
2
μ 0 m0 ω 2 sin θ μ 0 m20 ω 4 sin 2 θ
S=
c 4π c r ( )
cos [ ω (t−r /c )] ^r ⟨ S⟩=
32 π c
2 3
r
2
r^

μ 0 m20 ω 4
( )( )
m0 2 ω b 2
P mag
⟨ P rad ⟩=∫ ⟨ S⟩⋅d a= = =
12 π c 3 P elec p0 c c