Gabriel Harp

Design Ecologist | Service Designer

CSTEP
16 Nov 2010

Looking Back, Looking Forward

 Introduction

Proposition 1: Platforms for Engagement

Proposition 2: Design for Decision Making + Action

Proposition 3: Imagining the Future, Seeing the Consequences

Infrastructure includes built, ad hoc, designed,
and “natural” environments.

Infrastructures
=
pervasive enabling resources
(Bowker et al., 2009).

The social includes people

and a whole lot more

Bowker, G. C., Baker, K. S., Millerand, F. and Ribes,  D. (2009) ‘Towards Informa-
tion Infrastructure Studies: Ways of Knowing in a Networked Environment’,
in J.D. Hunsinger, M. Allen and L. Klastrup (eds), International Handbook of
Internet Research: Springer.
 g Oil Fruit Veg
Fishing egetable Oils

Garrments Cereals
Paper & Wood
Coff
ffee
Metals Mining
&
Cocoaa Textiles Machinery
Chemicals
Cattle Electronics

Image: http://www.chidalgo.com/productspace/

Image: Hidalgo CA. Klinger B, Barabasi A-L, Hausmann.R, Science 317, 482-487 (2007) http://www.chidalgo.com/productspace/
 China

Garments
Electric Motor
and Machine Parts
Textiles

Electronics

Revealed Comparative Advantage

 UNITED
Forest Products STATES

Machinery Vehicles
Chemicals

Electronics
 GERMANY

Medicine
Iron/Steel

Machinery Vehicles
Chemicals
Fishing Fruits

Chile
Forest Products

Mining
 INDIA
Garments
Iron/Steel

Textiles
Chemicals
What are the processes through which we find as yet
unexplored combinations of capabilities we already have?

How do we accumulate new capabilities and

combine them with other previously available
capabilities to develop better services?
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford University Press.
 Network Entrepreneurs
Help individuals in different groups become aware of the
other perspectives

Transfer practices that can create value

Draw analogies

Synthesize new behaviors and beliefs that combine the

concerns of multiple groups

Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford University Press.
 Public responses to the question:
“Humans, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals.”

60.00 1985,
40.00 1988
True
False
Mean of the Response

Modal Age
60.00 Switch Point
1990,
40.00 1992

60.00 1995,
40.00 1997 “A new scientific truth
does not triumph by
convincing its opponents
60.00 1999,
2001
and making them see the
40.00
light, but rather because
its opponents eventually
60.00 2004, die, and a new generation
40.00 2006 grows up that is familiar
with it.”
18- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65+
19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 -Max Planck, 1948*
Age of Respondant
Data: NSF Science and Engineering Indicators * Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie. Mit einem Bildnis und der von Max von Laue
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ gehaltenen Traueransprache., Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, (Leipzig 1948), p. 22, as
General Social Survey 1979-2004, 2006 translated in Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, trans. F. Gaynor (New York,
1949), pp.33-34 (as cited in T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions).
 Drawing from Evolutionary Genetics:
The Shifting Balance of Design Practice
Phase 1, the exploratory phase,
The action of small groups explores new
combinations.

Most stay on the suboptimal fitness peak

(reasonably successful), but some get caught
in adaptive valleys (unsuccessful).

Wright., S. Evolution and the Genet-

ics of Populations. Vol. 3: Experimental
Results and Evolutionary Deductions
(Chicago, University of Chicago
Press, 1977)
 The Shifting Balance of
Design Practice
In Phase 2, selection causes the
groups that are in the adaptive valleys to
move toward new, higher-fitness peaks.
 The Shifting Balance of
Design Practice
Finally, in phase 3, groups at higher
fitness peaks send off migrants
helping other groups move to higher
fitness peaks.
 “Natural Selection”
Darwin appropriated ‘selection’
to reach across the disciplines.
(breeding + religion)

but: a problem of teleology, individual will,

and anthropomorphism
Natural Attachment
connecting networks and landscapes
-or- society and infrastructure
 Quantitative Variation in Aspirational Capacity
a simple model of attachment using network graphs

poverty: few attachments wealth: many attachment alternatives

limited variation in quality and quantity aspirational capability in number and breadth

choices leave room

for experimentation
among alternatives

fewer alternatives
among social, material,
and conceptual links

thick links thin links

social

material
social , Based in part on:
conceptual
< > economic,
technological
> < social , economic,
technological pressure Appadurai, A., 2004, ‘The Capacity
agency to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of
Recognition’, in Rao,V. and Walton,
alternative breadth in consumption practices constrained quality of attachments M., (eds.) Culture and Public Action,
networks and/or limited use practices Stanford University Press, Palo Alto,
California, pp 59-84.

Beinhocker, E. D. (2006). The origin

of wealth: evolution, complexity, and
the radical remaking of economics.
Harvard Business Press.
 Introduction

Proposition 1: Platforms for Engagement

Proposition 2: Design for Decision Making + Action

Proposition 3: Imagining the Future, Seeing the Consequences

 Paticipation

migratory + influential

ownership

goal settng

enable implementation

feedback of information

information extraction

Adapted from : Conde, C., Lonsdale, K., Nyong, A., & Aguilar, I. (2004). Engaging stakeholders in the adaptation process.
Adaptation policy frameworks for climate change: Developing strategies, policies and measures, 47–66.
 high

Post-Normal
Science
Decision Stakes Professional
(Values) Consultancy
Applied
Science

Core
Science

low high
Systems Uncertainties
(Knowledge)

Funtowicz, S., & Ravetz, J. (1995). Science for the post-

normal age. Perspectives on Ecological Integrity, 34-48.
Integrated assessment
multiple scales, stakeholders, disciplines,
and bottom lines

Futuring
open discussion on contested and uncer-
tain topics about long-term temporal issues
using exploratory techniques and framings
of multiple realities for irresolvable trade-
offs

Dialogic accountings
open and transparent decision-making
articulating costs and benefits at multiples
levels, engaging the motivations of different
stakeholders to prevents premature clo-
sure on issues through debate and dialogue
for a genuine and informed citizenry with
participation in decision-making processes

Other multi-actor heuristics

bridging organisations
convergence and divergence

Frame, B., & Brown, J. (2008). Ecological Economics, 65(2), 225-241.

three types of public witnessing of science:

direct performance: observation

imagine if the laboratory were a church, temple, bus stand, or public square

reporting experimental methods: replication

primary journal articles that recount the plot

virtual witnessing: cognition

a story in someone’s mind constructed from the plot

Shapin, S., & Schaffer, S. (1989).

Leviathan and the Air-Pump.
Princeton University Press.
 Pure suspense Impure Suspense
Locations I move unrestricted between vantage points and I stay highly local and subjective.
locations.
Points of view My perspective is omniscient and wide-ranging. I get different sources of information through the
eyes of the others.
I tell everyone what is happening everywhere.
I keep some people informed and others in the
dark.
Time My day is prolonged by tension and arbitrary Deadlines are set early in the day and acceleration
delay. commonly heightens my emotional state.
Emotional states I have anxious uncertainty and an increased ex- I am alertly attentive, experiencing empathy for
pectation of a bad outcome as a deadline looms. others.
Knowledge Production The person in charge chooses and focuses at- I cooperate with the information provided to learn
tention on the priorities. what to do next.
Expectations I can explicitly identify a threat. I sense an outcome before others.

I am frequently Surprised I fill in blanks with sources of meaning that haven’t

been provided.
Moral outcome? I favor the best outcome – like what happens in The best outcome is less certain and often unreal-
popular media. ized.

Based on Allen, R. (2007). Hitchcock’s Romantic Irony. Columbia University Press.

deploying participatory Web 2.0 technologies (such as social
networks, wikis, and microblogs) to create networked organi-
zations that foster innovative collaboration among employ-
ees, customers, and business partners...

...is highly correlated with market share gains

“How companies are benefiting from Web 2.0: McKinsey Global Survey Results,” mckinseyquarterly.com, September 2009.

Distributed cocreation moves into the mainstream

Making the network the organization

Collaboration at scale
TRENDS!
Experimentation and big data

Imagining anything as a service

The age of the multisided business model

Producing public good on the grid

 “Somebody said that the skies use to be-
long to everyone equally, but now that sci-
ence, scientists and scientific instruments
have discovered so much more, when we
look at the skies we are ignorant.We know
that what science knows is way beyond us.
The cities too have taken away the stars
that we could know.”
-heard by Satellite Investigator
photos/work: Joanna Griffin
physical platform
no feedback

photos/work: Joanna Griffin

Connect with Society Here
 Introduction

Proposition 1: Platforms for Engagement

Proposition 2: Design for Decision Making + Action

Proposition 3: Imagining the Future, Seeing the Consequences

 Culture
allows the uptake of processes, procedures,
information, beliefs, and values

culture ≠ nouns
culture = the verbs to acquire new nouns

from “what” to “how + where”

Atran, S., Medin, D. & Ross, N. The cultural mind: Environmental decision making and cultural
modeling within and across populations. Psychological Review 112:744-776, 2005.
 Culture is Consumption
acquisition

scripting

appropriation

assemby

normalization

practice

Ingram, J., Shove, E., & Watson, M. (2007). Products and Practices: Selected Concepts from
Science and Technology Studies and from Social Theories of Consumption and Practice.
Design Issues, 23(2), 3-16.
Natural Attachment
connecting networks and landscapes
-or- society and infrastructure
What is a cognitive bias?
Cognitive biases are psychological tendencies
that cause the human brain to draw incorrect
conclusions.

Such biases are thought to be a form of "cognitive

shortcut", often based upon rules of thumb, and
include errors in statistical judgment, social
attribution, and memory.

These biases are a common outcome of human

thought, and often drastically skew the reliability of
anecdotal and legal evidence. The phenomenon is
studied in cognitive science and social psychology.
Quoted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
 conte
nts

social biases memory biases

decision-making biases probability /belief biases

Quoted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
8* memory biases 8* memory biases

Suggestibility Rosy retrospection

A form of misattribution where The tendency to rate past events
ideas suggested by a questioner more positively than they had actually
are mistaken for memory. rated them when the event occurred.

Reminiscence bump Self-serving bias

The effect that people tend to Perceiving oneself responsible for
recall more personal events from desirable outcomes but not
adolescence and early adulthood responsible for undesirable ones.
than from other lifetime periods.

Egocentric bias
Cryptomnesia / Recalling the past in a
False memory self-serving manner, e.g.
A form of misattribution where a remembering one's exam grades
memory is mistaken for imagination, as being better than they were, or
or the confusion of true memories remembering a caught fish as
with false memories. being bigger than it was.

Hindsight bias
Consistency bias Filtering memory of past events
Incorrectly remembering one's past through present knowledge, so that
attitudes and behavior as resembling those events look more predictable
present attitudes and behavior. than they actually were; also known as
the 'I-knew-it-all-along effect'.

*number listed here is not an academic fact, it is simply listed to aid the memorization process.
 ns

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cts

lat
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mm
it

y
s
Uncertainty

gre
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gn

pu
en

ha

tifa

os
nd
Ge

Co
Co

Po
Ph

Be

Ag

Ec
La
Ar
Genetic

Cognition Motivation
Mediation
Coordination
Phenotype

Behavior

Aggregations
Efficiency Robustness

Artifacts

Population x2 for Directed Networks

Operation/
Contingency
Community

Landscape

Ecosystem
Zimbardo, P.G. & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting
time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual
differences metric. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P.G. & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting
time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual
differences metric. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P.G. & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting
time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual
differences metric. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Information, Network Reciprocity & Preferences

7 links 3 links 1 link

Fewer Constraints Increasing Constraints

Greater Costs Fewer Costs

networks form when the

(benefits / costs) is greater
than number of neighbors
 Introduction

Proposition 1: Platforms for Engagement

Proposition 2: Design for Decision Making + Action

Proposition 3: Imagining the Future, Seeing the Consequences

Table 1: State Vari ables an d Scales:
Elem ent What the Eleme nt Represents Ex am ples
Actors or Who and What is c ontri buting to the heal th People, vector, disease
Agents outc om e? agent, pat hw ay (air, water,
food)
Ob jectives What are “W ho and What's” goal s? Reproduce, stay alive, find a
mate, eat, find h abitat
Pro cedures Ho w do they achieve their g oals? For a mosqui to: find a mate,
get b lood meal, lay eggs
Rules What rules or const raints help or hinder Kno wn transmiss ion
them? mechani sms, vect oral
capacity, physical and
bio logi cal laws, soc ial norms
and regulations
Reso urces What resources do they have? Favorable envir onm ental
con dition (e.g. tem p);
habitat, good heal th,
eco no mic agency, seas onality

Conflict What conflicts play out? Access to fo od, access to

mates, access to habitat,
likel ihood of infection
Boundar ies What are the boundar ies of the Geographic boundaries
inte raction s? bas ed on know n factors of
where things occ ur (e.g. fish
in wate r), conc eptual, social
(caste), t iming (seasonality of
vector p resence)
Outc om es Descri be the outc om e (per conflict). Infection/ non-infection,
nutrit ion/malnutriti on,
stress/stroke
How Climate Impacts Human Health

DIRECT IMPACTS

INDIRECT IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTALLY
MEDIATED

INDIRECT IMPACTS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
MEDIATED

Source: McMichael et al, 1998

Climate-Health Game
GOALS
1) Correctly anticipate the interactions between climate and health.
2) Gain accuracy in your responsiveness to the challenges.

Anticipate:
team makes bets with their political capital

Prepare:
team provides messages with social capital

Respond:
team allocates resources with economic capital

Positive Emotion,
Relationships,
Meaning, and
Accomplishment.
Aliya Pabani
To The Source
Hari Shankar
Responder
Hari Shankar
Responder
THE CHALLENGE:
“If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it.” — Lord Kelvin
Pick something good that can be measured.
Make a game to improve it.

Games allow us to:

• set clear goals,
• share rules that forbid the most efficient way of achieving those goals,
and
• introduce players’ cheerful willingness to accept the rules, knowing that
they are what will make the game fun

Saturday, Nov. 20th

10 am - ??? @ CSTEP
Yeah! Food!
Thank
You!