Electrical Machines I

Week 1: Overview, Construction and EMF equation

Course Contents
Definition of the magnetic terms, magnetic materials and the
B-H curve.
Study
Magnetic circuits principles.
Electromechanical Energy Conversion Principles.
Force and torque equations in magnetic circuits.
Read Understand

Construction of a DC machine.
EMF and torque equations in dc machines.
Electrical
Armature windings and commutator design. Machines Lab
Armature reaction and compensation techniques. Ask I work
Self excitation of dc generators.
External characteristics of dc generators.
Kinds of losses and efficiency of dc machines.
Torque and speed characteristics of dc motors. Examples Reports
Speed control of dc motors.
Starting of dc motors.
DC Motor electrical braking techniques.
Course Work:

Course work:
1- Every week assignment (solve questions related to the lecture): to behanded in every week
for points
2- points are transformed to marks if you are consistent in delivering your reports
3- NO late submission are allowed

Lab reports:
1- Contribute to almost 10 marks – related to your physical presence in lab

Quizes:
Its not about marks
1- 7th, 12th, ….etc. in tests.. Its about
continuously working

Final
hard all semester!
Introduction
Faraday's Law
Motor
DC machines
Generator
Electrical Machines

Transformers
AC Machines

Induction motor

Synchronous
Special Machines
generator

Machines are called

AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is AC.

DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is DC.
 Direct Current (DC) Machines Fundamentals
Lets formulate this in a more “scientific way”

Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it
moves through a magnetic field.

Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field.

Any DC machine can act either as a generator or

as a motor. Not all machines have this feature
except for the DC machine
Applications of DC Motors:
1. D.C Shunt Motors:
It is a constant speed motor. Where the speed is required to remain almost constant
from no-load to full load. Where the load has to be driven at a number of speeds and any
one of which is nearly constant.
• Lathes
• Drills
• Boring mills
• Shapers
• Spinning and Weaving machines.

2. D.C Series motor:

It is a variable speed motor. The speed is low at high torque. At light or no load ,the
motor speed attains dangerously high speed.
• Electric traction
• Cranes
• Elevators
• Air compressor
• Vacuum cleaner
• Hair drier
• Sewing machine
 LETS BRAIN STORM!!!!

WHAT DO YOU THINK IS

INSIDE THE MACHINE????

Construction of DC machine Two electrical circuits present in
the dc machine:
1- Field circuit
2- Armature circuit

Rotor: rotating part of the

machine

Stator: Stationary part of the machine

 Inter Poles: located
1- Stator: between poles and
Poles: projects
inwards and
used to overcome provides a
armature reaction path for the
magnetic flux
Air gap
THE STATOR COULD BE
LAMINATED OR MADE OF
SINGLE CAST PIECE OF
METAL
Air gap Air gap
Poles: the end of the poles
that are close to rotor
“spread out” over the rotor
surface to distribute flux
evenly over the rotor
surface. We call the end as
Frame: provides physical support “pole shoe”. Due to their
spread out they are often
called Salient Poles.

Field windings: windings responsible for

magnetic flux production Stator
2- Rotor: Rotating part of machine
Rotor of dc machine is often called “armature” as it holds the armature windings

Armature winding: carries current crossing the

field, thus creating shaft torque in a rotating
machine or force in a linear machine as well as
generate an electromotive force (EMF). Some
call it “The power-producing component” of an
alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.

Commutator: built on the shaft of the rotor at one end of

the core. Made of copper bars insulated by mica (‫) ورﻧﯿﺶ‬.
Mica is very hard and is harder than the commutator
material itself for good sticking. Serves as a “mechanical
rectifier”.

Brushes: made of carbon, graphite or a mixture

of both. They have high CONDUCTIVITY and low
friction coefficient to reduce the wear but they
are softer than commutator to avoid
commutator wear. It is very much affected by
the current flowing in them and how they are Armature
adjusted.
THE ROTOR IS COMPOSED OF MANY LAMINATIONS
STAMPED FROM A STEEL PLATE.
 Faraday Laws HOW CAN MAGNETIC FIELD AFFECT THE
SURROUNDING
1- If a flux passes through a turn of coil of a wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turn of wire that is directly proportional to the rate of
change in flux with respect to time.
e= average emf (V)
N= number of turns
I ∆Φ ф = flux passing through the turn
e = −N
+ ∆t t= time
Opposing flux
e
-ve sign is an expression of Lenz’s law: The direction of
- FLUX CREATED BY
the voltage buildup in a coil is such that if the coil end
EMF
ф were short cct, it would produce current that would
cause a flux opposing the original flux change
FLUX ALREADY
PRESENT

If a flux is increasing in strength, then the voltage ‫ﺳﯿﻼﺣﻆ وﺟﻮد‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﻲ‬
built up in the coil will tend to establish a flux that ‫ﻓﺮق ﺟﮫﺪ ﺣﺜﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اطﺮاف اﻟﻤﻠﻒ و ھﺬا اﻟﺠﮫﺪ ﺳﯿﺆدي‬
will oppose the increase ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺠﺎل اﺧﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
Faraday Laws HOW CAN MAGNETIC FIELD AFFECT THE
SURROUNDING
2- Magnetic field induces a force on a current carrying wire within the
field. 
B= magnetic flux density
(wb/m2) + ‫ ﺗﯿﺎر‬:‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﺪه‬
X X X X i= current (A) ‫ﻣﺠﺎل = ﻗﻮة ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
Field into F= force induced (N) ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
the page X X i X X L= length of conductor (m)
L
X X X X MOTOR
 ACTION
X X X X
    X B)

  B sin Θ Θ = angle between the Force direction is

wire and the flux density given by the left-
vector hand rule

The induction of a force in a wire by a current in the presence of a magnetic field is the basis of the
motor action.
 Faraday Laws HOW CAN MAGNETIC FIELD AFFECT THE
SURROUNDING
3- If a wire moves through magnetic field, a voltage is induced in it
+ 
= velocity of wire :‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﺪه‬
GENERATOR + + B= magnetic flux density
ACTION X X + = ‫ ﻣﺠﺎل‬+ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
X X (wb/m2) EMF
L= length of conductor (m)
X X X X
L e= voltage induced
e
X X X X Force direction is given by the right-hand rule

X X X X
- - -  
X B) . L
-

• A potential difference is maintained across the conductor as long as there is motion through
Force direction is
the field
• If motion is reversed, polarity of potential difference is also reversed given by the right-
hand rule
The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a magnetic field is the fundamental aspect of operation
of all types of generators. That’s why it is called generator action
The EMF equation : Assume one
coil only now
Let,
ф= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor One coil = 2 conductor

P = Number of poles
a=P
a = Number of parallel paths: This describes the way the machine's (lap)
armature conductors are connected relative to each other and to the
number of poles. The two basic ways of connecting these conductors are
called 'lap' and 'wave', but it gets more complicated. a=2
(wave)
n =armature speed in rpm
e = emf generated in any on of the parallel path
The EMF equation :
EMF is induced in the conductor according to Faraday's law.
The average value of e.m.f. induced in each armature conductor is,
ф
  −

Consider one revolution of conductor. In one revolution, conductor will cut total
flux produced by all the poles i.e. ф * P. (‫)ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻠﻲ طﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ اﻷﻗﻄﺎب‬
• The time required to complete one revolution is 60/n seconds as speed is n
r.p.m. Hint: rpm (revolutions per minute)

n (rev) 1 min * 60 (sec)

1 rev ????? (sec)
 Numerator= !#
EMF produced by ф 
one conductor    = ф P
 denomenator= !"

!ф
  − !" = 1 * change of flux / time

Now the conductors in one parallel path are always in

series. There are total Z conductor with a parallel paths,
hence Z/a number of conductors are always in series and
e.m.f. remains same across all the parallel paths.

Total EMF produced   P, Z, a: design parameters

by armature   ф P x N, ф: control parameters
conductors
 

MOST IMPORTANT EMF is

EQUATION IN DC  ∝ k ф n proportional to the
GENERATORS field and speed of
rotation
Types of dc motor and generator:

MOTOR GENERATOR
• Separately excited dc • Separately excited dc
motor generator
• Shunt dc motor • Shunt dc generator
• Permanent magnet dc • Series dc generator
motor • Compound dc generator
• Series dc motor
• Compound dc motor

1. Separately Excited: Field and armature windings are either connected separate.

2. Shunt: Field and armature windings are either connected in parallel.

3. Series: Field and armature windings are connected in series.

4. Compound: Has both shunt and series field so it combines features of series and shunt motors.
Questions
• Explain and describe using drawings the construction of dc machine
• What is the function of the following in dc machines:
a- armature winding
b- field winding
• Explain how dc machines can work as generator and motor
• State some applications and types of connections of dc machines
(generator and motor)
• Derive the EMF equation for dc machines