GNALS AND SPECTRA DUCTION is chapter we review the basics of signals in the frequency domain, The frequency domain sealed the spectrum, The spectral analysis of signals using Fourier sees and Fourier is one of the Fundamental methods of eorsmunication engineerin JER SERIES AND DISCRETE SPECTRA xponeatial Fourier Serie: ) bea perio signal with fundamental period Tp. Then we define the comple exponential os of nO) as 1p cma a anf seme os sy ane called the Fourier cveficonts of (7). Thee are, in general, complex numbers essed an ‘amplitude and (isthe phase angle ofc, versus th angular frequency «= 2's called the amplitude speciram ofthe periodic lot off eras oe called the phase spectrum of (0). These are referred toa frequency Since the index assumes only intger,the Fequency spectra ofa prio signal exit2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA, [cnar ‘only atthe discrete fequenciesmoy. These are therefore referred tows divert frequency spectra o line spectra. the perio signal x() sa eal funeton of time, then c= Nel us) ‘This means that, fora real periodic signal, the postive and negative coefficients are conjugate thats, lel 0 15) ‘Hence, the amplitude spectrum isan even function of and the phase spectrum san od function of. Power Content of a Periodic Sigual and Parseval's Theorem: ‘The power content ofa perio signal x) s defined asthe mean square value over a prio! po oka « Parseval'stheotem forthe Fourier series states that if (0) 8a periodic signal with period, Tp then $i bora «sy 13 FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRA ‘To generalize the Fourier svios representation (J.J) 10 4 representation valid for nonperiodic signals in frequency domain, we intoduce the Fourier transform, AL Defisito Let x(9 be x nonperioi signal Then the Fourier transform of x), symbolized by ¥, i defined » xo) =s0001= [worm s) ‘The inverse Fourier transform of X(o, symbolized by Fis defined by 1 x= "Ne Nord (110) ix) Equations (1.9) and (10) are often called the Rowrer transform pair denoted by x)= Xo) BL Frequency Spectra: In general, the Fourier transform (0) is «complex function of angular frequency «so that We smay expres it inthe form Ao) = [Mele aay here [X(0) is called the continous amplitude spectra of x), and 0 (0) i called the continuous hase spectrum of (0). Here, the spectrum is referred 10 8s & continuous spectrum because both the Amplitude and phase of Xe) are Functions of continuous frequency I'x() isa rea function of time, we have 2a) = F@) = [oem anyHar. SIGNALS AND SPECTRA, 3 or [xo = 1M@) 60) = 00) 3) “Thus, just as forthe complex Fourier series, the amplitude spectrum |M(o)| i an even funtion of and the phase spectnan te) is an odd Tanction of C_Energy Content ofa Signal and Parseval's Theorem: “The normalized energy conten! Eof a signal s(x defined as ef IC Bis finite (4 < eo), then we cll x0) as an emery signal IC average power P by wy then we dene the normalized sof ota us) UE Pie bi (<0 then) reared wa oe ln Noe a prio alia yoer signal iits energy per period efit ‘Parsval’s totem forthe Fousir transform sates that if () i a energy signal, then J poore 14 PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM. 1. Linearity Superposition): LP tes Eft ta dus al + apna) = 0X0 + wn 2. Time Shifting: xt W) He” (ns) [Equation (118) shows thatthe effet ofa shift in the time domain is simply to ada linear erm oy to the orignal phase spectrum Ho Frequency Shifting ste = Hom) i) 4 sae xan) a Equation (1.20) implies tha sme compression ofa signal (a > 1) results in its spostral expansion and {hat ime expansion ofthe signal (a <1) sll in its spectral compression S. Timo Rerersa xD Neo) an4 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA, [car 6 Duality: X= deem) (122) 7. Digerentiation: Time diferentiation: nad IX 2s YO= 5x09 = foXlo) H Equation (1.23) shows that the effect of diferensation inthe tne domain isthe mukiplcation of Xo) by jin the Fequeney domain. Frequeney aifreniton ol Conn Xe) = 2x10) “2 a 1 J soa Ere 25) Be ie Equation (1.2) shows thatthe effect o integration in the time domain isthe division of X(o) by join the frequency domain, assuming that X() = 0. Note that by definition (19) x0= [x04 ux) The more general case pertsining 10 X(0) is considered in Se. 1.5 [Eg,(142)} 9 Convolution ‘The convolution of to signals (0) and x40), denoted by x0)» 0), is «new signal (defined by xomaioene= f° aont-oe wn Then xi) 20) XoXo) (28) Equation (1.28) is refered to as the time comolution sheen, andi states that the convolution in the time domain becomes multiplication inthe frequency domain Prob. 1-18). NNote thatthe operation of convolution is commutative, that Msi: Oro Ke) «4 am Equation (129) i often referred to as the feguency convolution theorem. Thus, the multiplication in the time domain becomes convolution inthe frequency domainCHAP. 1 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 5 5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS OF POWER SIGNALS swe need to introduce the uit ‘Tofind the Fourier transform ofa periodic signal ora power sig impulse function. Ac Inpolse Funeton: “Th wnt mpuefanclon, aso known as the Dirae del fancton, (is not an ordinary funtion and is defined in terms ofthe Following proces: [noses ‘where (is any regula function continuous at = 0, Equation (30) and al subsequent expressions will als apply to the frequency-domain impulse (0) by replacing 1 by 0. Note that Eg 1-30} isa symbolic expression and should not be considered an ordinary Riemann integral n this ens, 4() soften called a genera fwction and) is known asa esting fiero [A different class of testing function wil define diferent generalized function, Similarly, the delayed dela function 5 ~ 4) is defined by 40) 030) J e0o8e— in a= de wan ‘where g(t) i any regula fonction continuous at r= Some addtional properties of 6) are OE) = XENE= 1) a2) if.) 8 continuous at «ons 33) if (9 continuous at aan 3s) 136) x FMD= A) 37) [ote that Eq. (J.35} can be obtained by setting «= ~1 in Ea, (J34) Equations (1.33) and (1.37) are the special eases of Eqs, (132) and (7.26), respectively, for ta = 0. ‘An alternative definition of (is provided by the flowing two conditions: [Partotat rence ua KI-W=0 1H 39) CContitions (128) and (139) correspond to the intuitive notion of a unit impulse asthe Hint of a suitably chosea conventional function having unity area in an ifiaitely small width. For convenience, ‘(9 x shown schematically in Fig. 1-1) 'B.Fourer Transforms of (ft) and a Constant Signal: ‘Using Bq, (1.9) and Eq; (120), the Fourier transform of (0 is given by anf ane6 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA cnar. We thus have the Fourice transform pair fr 30) ye (140) This cetaton states thatthe spectrum of 3) extends uniformly over the entre frequency interval, as showa in Fig. 1-10), ra Pl 1 Unicimputefeton and its spectra By applying the duality property (E9.(. )] to Eq. (1.40) and noting that the delta funtion is an even funtion (Eq, (1-25)}, we obtain 1+ rao aay Equation (F.47) states thatthe spectrum of 2 constant signal (ot de signal) (Fig. 1-20) is & delta Function 226(0) oecurring at zero frequency, a shown in Fig, 1-20, ro om 28(w) 12 Constant signal and i spectrum ©. ntegration Property: 1X0) #0, then 42)