EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

ACCORDING TO STANDARDS
AND APPLICABLE CODES

2
 APPLICABLE CODES AND STANDARDS

• ASME
( American Society of Mechanical Engineering )

• BS
( British Standards )

• JIS
( Japanese Industrial Standards )

• Others
( AWS, API )
What is the different between discontinuity
and defect?

Defect is part of discontinuity

Defect is a rejectable discontinuity

Based on code and standard

 TERMINOLOGY
ACCORDING TO ASME CODE SECTION V BOILERS AND
PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 1998
Area of Interest
The specific portion of the object that is to be evaluated as
defined by the referencing code section

Defect
A flaw (imperfection or unintentional discontinuity) of such
size, shape, orientation, location or properties as to be
rejectable.

Discontinuity
A lack of continuity or cohesion, an interruption in the normal
physical structure of material or a product.
 WELDING DISCONTINUITY

Cavities and porosity

Non-metallic and metallic inclusions
Undercut
Lack of penetration
Lack of fusion
Crack
Heat Affected
Burn - through Zone
 Radiograph Interpretation - Welds

In addition to producing high quality radiographs, the

radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic
interpretation

Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps

which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation

The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in

radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the
place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing
various features in the image
 GENERAL WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)

It occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint

It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities

Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may
propagate

The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight

edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.
 GENERAL WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
Incomplete fusion
Incomplete fusion is a condition where the weld filler metal does not
properly fuse with the base metal

Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines

oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or
joining area.
 GENERAL WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
Cracking

Cracking can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in

a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray
beam

Cracks will appears jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can
sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity
GENERAL WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
Slag Inclusions

Slag inclusions are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in

weld metal or between weld and base metal

In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within

the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag
inclusions.
 Cavities and Porosities

Aligned Piping Scattered

Isolated Clustered
The rejection criteria is base on;
• Size of discontinuity
• Linearity
 INCLUSION

Types of Inclusion
 Slag Inclusion (non-metallic)
 Flux Inclusion (non-metallic)
 Electrode Inclusion (metallic)

More critical then porosity,

WHY?
Sharp edge

The rejection criteria is based on:

 Size of discontinuity
 Space between discontinuity
 Volume
 Crack
Lack of Penetration
Lack of Fusion

More critical than inclusion

and porosity
WHY?

These discontinuities;
can lead to sudden failure
elongated and linear in shape
are always rejectable
 Crack

Longitudinal Transverse

Lack of Penetration

Lack of Fusion
Undercut Toe Crack

Lack of Fusion
Lack of Penetration
 SUMMARY
Crack
Lack of Fusion
Lack of Penetration
Inclusion
Aligned Slag Inclusion
Metallic Inclusion
Non-Metallic Inclusion

Pores / Cavities
Worm Hole
Piping
Cluster
SEVERITY
Blow Hole
Gas Pocket
 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION CRITERIA

ASME CODE
SECTION 1

FABRICATED BY WELDING

A QRT1 B

RADIOGRAPH
ANY OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF
DISCONTINUITIES

ARE UNACCEPTABLE AND

SHALL
BE REPAIRED AND
REEXAMINED
 CRACK - of any type or length

 INCOMPLETE FUSION - of any type or length

 INCOMPLETE PENETRATION - of any type or

length
 SLAG INCLUSION

1. Elongated Slag Inclusion

Any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than:

 1/
4 in. (6mm) for T up to 3/4 in. (19mm)

 1/
3T for T from 3/4 in. to 21/4 in. (19 to 57 mm)

 3/
4 in. (19 mm) for T over 21/4 in. (57mm)

Where T is the thickness of the weld.

 SLAG INCLUSION

2. Group of Slag Inclusions

Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an

aggregate length greater than T in a length of 12T,
EXCEPT when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the
largest imperfection in the group.
 EXAMPLE
(SLAG INCLUSION)

12T

A B
5mm 3mm 6mm

3mm 8mm 2mm 6mm

QRT2 T = 20mm
SOLUTION
Aggregate Length =  L
 L = 3mm + 8mm + 2mm + 6mm
= 19mm
19mm < T = 20mm.
ACCEPT
 Acceptance Standard for Radiographically
determined Rounded Indications
in Welds

TERMINOLOGY

Rounded Indications

 Circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails,

 The indication may be from any source in the weld, such as porosity,
slag, or tungsten,

 With a maximum length of three times the width or less on the

radiograph.
 Acceptance Standard for Radiographically
Determined Rounded Indications in Welds

TERMINOLOGY

1. Aligned Indications
A sequence of four or more rounded indications touching
a line parallel to the length of weld drawn through center
of two outer rounded indications.

2. Thickness T
Thickness of the weld or the thinner section, whichever
is least.
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

IMAGE DENSITY

Density within the image of indication may vary - is not

a criterion for acceptance or rejection
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

1. RELEVANT INDICATIONS

Only those rounded indications which exceed the following

dimensions shall be considered relevant:
1/ T for T less than 1/8 in. (3.2mm)
10

1/ in. (0.4mm) for T 1/8 in. to 1/4 in. (3.2 to 6mm)

64

1/ in. (0.8mm) for T 1/4 in. to 2 in. (6 to 51mm)

32

1/ in. (1.6mm) for T greater than 2 in. (51mm)

16
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

2. MAXIMUM SIZE OF ROUNDED INDICATION

For T less than 1/8 in. the maximum permissible size of any
indication shall be 1/4T, or 5/32 in. (4mm), whichever is
smaller; except that an isolated indication separated from
an adjacent indication by 1 in. (25mm) or more may be
1/ T, or 1/ in. (6mm), whichever less.
3 4

For T greater than 2 in. (51mm) the maximum permissible

size of an isolated indication shall be increased to 3/8 in.
(10mm).
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)
TABLE 1
Maximum Permissible Size of Rounded Indication (Examples Only)

Thickness Maximum Size of Maximum

T, in. Acceptable Rounded Size of
Indication, in. Nonrelevant
Indication,
in.
Randum Isolated

Less than 1/4T 1/3T 1/10T

1/8 0.031 0.042 0.015
1/8 0.047 0.063 0.015
3/16 0.063 0.083 0.015
1/4 0.078 0.104 0.031
5/16 0.091 0.125 0.031
3/8 0.109 0.146 0.031
7/16 0.125 0.168 0.031
1/2 0.142 0.188 0.031
9/16 0.156 0.210 0.031
5/8 0.156 0.230 0.031
11/16 0.156 0.250 0.031
3/4 to 2 0.156 0.375 0.063
Over 2
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

ALIGNED ROUNDED INDICATIONS

Aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the

summation of the diameters of the indications is less than T
in a length of 12T

L1 L2 L3 L4
Sum of L1 to L4 shall be less than T in a length of 12T
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

ALIGNED ROUNDED INDICATIONS

The length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the spacing
between the groups shall meet the following requirements;

3L2 3L3 3L4

L1 L2 L3 L4
The sum of the group lengths shall be less than T in a length of 12T.

Maximum group length Minimum group spacing

L = 1/4 in. for T less than 3/4 in.
L = 1/3 T for T 3/4in. to 2 1/4 in.
L = 3/4 in. for T greater than 2 1/4 in.
3L where L is the length of the
longest adjacent group being
evaluated.
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

Clustered Indications

The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as many

indications in a local area, as that shown in the illustration for random
indications.
The length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 in. (25mm)
or 2T. Where more than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the
clusters shall not exceed 1 in. (25mm) in a 6 in. (152mm) length of weld

Clustered Indication
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

Spacing

The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not

a factor in determining acceptance or rejection, except as
required for isolated indications or groups of aligned
indications.
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

Rounded Indication Charts

The rounded indication as determined from the radiographic
film shall not exceed that shown in charts. These charts
represent the maximum acceptable concentration limits for
rounded indications (for weld thickness greater than 1/8 in.
(3.2mm).
 ROUNDED INDICATIONS
(ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

Weld thickness T less than 1/8 in.

For T less than 1/8 in. (3.2mm) the maximum number of

rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in.
(152mm) length of weld. A proportionally fewer number
of indications shall be permitted in welds less than 6 in.
(152mm) in length.
INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION OF RADIOGRAPH

Film A Film B
ASME
1. For elongated slag inclusion – any group of slag inclusions in line that have
an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except when the
distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the
length of the largest imperfection in the group.

Film A Film B
 AN INTERPRETER’S CHECKLIST
1. Verify that the radiograph corresponds to the part being
examined.

2. Verify that radiographic coverage is complete for the

particular part.

3. Verify that the image quality indicators are correct and

properly used, and that the proper image quality level
was reached.

4. Verify that the film densities meet requirements.

5. Indicate on the radiograph that the indication was judge

to be a particular artifact.
 AN INTERPRETER’S CHECKLIST
6. Circle any indications of discontinuities or artifacts on
both sides of the radiograph.

7. Check the circled areas using reflected light for evidence

of emulsion damage or differences in surface reflectance
that correspond in size and shape with the indications
found using transmitted light.

8. Retake any indications that cannot be resolved as an

artifact or discontinuity. If the indication is repeated in
size, shape and location in the part, it’s a discontinuity. If
the indication reappears but has changed location
slightly in the part, it’s an artifact generated by the same
set of screens or by something external to the part
between the source of radiation and the film.
 AN INTERPRETER’S CHECKLIST

9. Check the surface of the part for surface discontinuities or contours

that matched the appearance of the discontinuity on the radiograph.

10. Indicate on the radiograph that the discontinuity was found on the
surface and evaluated as such.

11. Evaluate the internal discontinuities against the applicable standards

and accept, reject or hold the part for future review.

12. Mark the locations on the part of any sub-surface discontinuities

requiring rework.

13. Prepare a test report indicating the nature, extent and disposition of all
significant indications found on the radiographs.
OUR PROJECT PT DFN TEKNOLOGI INDONESIA

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