INFLUENCE OF BRANTAS RIVER WATER QUALITY ON THE LIFE OF THE

CITIZENS SURROUNDING MALANG

To Fullfill The Course Assignment

Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Lingkungan (Basics of Environmental Science)
Which is Guided by Mr. Dr. Sueb, M. Kes.

By:

Group 6 Offering G 2017

1. Raden Dzikri Rusyda Faskakautsar : 170342615594

2. Rotama Sarah Larasati Sidauruk : 170342615533

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

MAJOR S1 BIOLOGY

February 2018
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Brantas river is the second longest river in Java island after Bengawan Solo The
downstream of Brantas river branches off to become Surabaya river and Porong river. Surabaya
river branched into Kali Mas and Jagir river, then it flows into the Java Sea. Brantas river has
very important role for east Java’s rice cultivation, it provides water for irrigation and also
domestic water supply for the cities along the stream. Located on the upstream side of Brantas
river is Karangkates reservoir. The ecosystem on the upstream and downstream of Brantas river
is highly effected by anthropogenic pressure. This anthropogenic pressure comes from the
number of residential buildings, agriculture, and industries which build along downstream
Brantas river Surabaya river (Hayati, 2017).

The Brantas River has springs from Sumber Brantas Village, Bumiaji Sub-district, Batu
City, which comes from Mount Arjuno, then flows through Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung,
Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Kabupaten Mojokerto, East Java, the Brantas River
branched into two, the Mas River that flows or leads to Surabaya and the Porong River leading
to Sidoarjo (Yanti, 2017).

Residents living in the Brantas River area reached 15.6 million people in 2004 or 42.8%
of the population of East Java and had an average density of 1,272 persons per square kilometer
or 1.6 times higher than the average of East Java . In 2004, East Java Province contributed
9,002,025 tons of rice or ± 16.6% of the total national rice production. The Brantas River Basin
(DAS) area is trapezium-shaped with 32 sub-watersheds. Morphology of the Brantas River
starts rivers in the mountains, rivers in transition areas, to rivers in the mountains or tidal areas,
has morphological changes. Overall slope slope in Brantas River Basin can be classified into
slope class as follows: ≤ 8%, 8-15%, 16-25%, 26-45% and ≥ 45% (Badan Perencanaan
Pembangunan Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar, 2015).

In one study, the samples were taken called water and fish. Sampling (water and fish)
were three stations: one station on the upstream of the Brantas river (Karangkates reservoir)
and two stations in the downstream of the Brantas river (Surabaya and Jagir river). Sampling
were done in March, June and September 2016. Sampling was repeated twice on each station
(Hayati, 2017)

Data on the research obtained by sampling for air quality, calculating water
transparency, calculating Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), calculating heavy metal
content, calculating diversity index and fish power.
It can be seen that in the upstream and downstream of the Brantas river has been
polluted organic waste, where most of the pollution comes from household and industrial
waste. Based on the water quality parameters, it can be seen that the downstream part of the
Brantas river has contamination levels higher than the upstream part, this is because many
domestic and industrial waste that enters the waters of the downstream of Brantas river, besides
the pressure of pollution from the upstream also increases the pollution load on the lower
reaches of the Brantas River. The data is.

The other method of research is measurement of averge rainfall. The rainy season is
characterized by the amount of rainfall over 50 mm, meanwhile the dry season occurs when
the rainfall is less than 50 mm. Based on these dates, the result obtained from the sampling
during March to September 2016 in three stations (one station of the upstream (Karangkates
reservoir) and two stations at downstream (Surabaya and Jagir river) showed that the water
quality in this location is very low and exceeded the water quality standard (Hayati, 2017).

The unique method is sampling fish. Results of sampling fish in the river Brantas
(Karangkates reservoir, Surabaya and Jagir river) found various kinds of fish. The diversity of
fish in the river Brantas shown in Table 1.2. The results of the fish sampling upstream and
downstream of the river Brantas shows the average fish most commonly found in the
downstream (Jagir river of 108.67 individu), then followed up the Brantas river (Karangkates
reservoir of 98.67 individu), whereas in other Brantas River downstream (Surabaya river just
95.67 individu). The number of fish species diversity of 25 species, with 13 species of details
in the upstream and downstream (Surabaya river river Jagir 19 species and 17 species). In
Karangkates reservoir fish species most commonly found are Amphilopus labiatus (55
animals), Surabaya river that Barbonymus gonionotus (35.33 individu), and Jagir River species
most commonly found was Hemibragus nemurus.

The other research concentrated on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish Barbodes

sp. Tissues in Brantas River. The result is shown by concentration of heavy metal, Pb and Cr
in gonad, liver, and gill. All the tissues of fish containedhight heavy metals (Pb and Cr). The
highest concentration of the heavy metal was in the gills, but the lowest concentration was in
the liver. The heavy metals in the gonads and liver of fish caused damage and cell necrosis.
But in the gills was causedfusion, proliferation of filamentous epithelium, and edema (Hayati,
2017).

Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation was established to solve managerial, personnel, and financial
problems that loom over the completed water resource infrastructure in the Brantas River
Basin. This task was achieved, not in a perfect sense, but as a role model for other river
basins in Indonesia. This corporate body is an example of what proper management can do to
extend the development benefits to its benificiaries (Valiant, 2013).. The purpose of water
management is to create a better water-resource of Brantas River, so people who live near
Brantas River can get proper water quality for their life needs.

The reality that happens in Brantas River doesn’t always be the same as we all hope.
Increase of population at Brantas River Basin and various economic activities, has direct
impact to water quality in basin, and could be foreseen in the following facts:
 Domestic bulk water supply for Surabaya city is provided mainly from Brantas surface
water. As a matter of pollution accumulation, the river’s water has a low dissolved
 oxygen (DO) level, thus creating water purification difficulties and raises the cost of
water treatment.
 Increased water pollution are frequently worsen by shocks loadings, especially in the
dry season when natural flows in the river are at the minimum.
 The occurrence of increased turbidity during the rainy season inflicts the increase of
sediments contents caused by degradation of the upstream catchments area.
 Eutrophication symptoms at the Sutami Reservoir caused by the accumulation of
nitrates (N) and phosphates (P) elements. This symptoms creates significant problems,
like: algae blooming, deterioration of freshwater fauna and organic depravation.

The description of the Brantas River research focuses on Brantas River water used by
the Regional Water Company (PDAM) as a raw material, the problems surrounding the Brantas
River banks, which are waste disposal, heavy metals contained therein, incomes through the
Brantas river such as farming.
Brantas River should be noticed its condition based on its quality, relation with rainfall
around Brantas River, and sampling fish that taken in the research. Brantas River is the longest
river in East Java that gives us life, and probably the people’s living is depend on Brantas River
in daily routines. That the reason why Brantas River is choosen as research.

2.2. Problem Formulation

Based on the background, the problems that discussed can be formulated as follows.
1. What are water uses of people around the Brantas River in daily routine?
2. Is there any relationship between Brantas River water use and a negative impact on the
life of river banks?
3. What are the potentials of Brantas River used by people in Malang?
4. How is prevention the dangers that occur at any time on the banks of Brantas iver?

2.3. Purpose of The Paper

Based on the problems, the goals that discussed can be formulated as follows.
1. Knowing the the Brantas River water utilized by river bank in their daily routine.
2. Knowing the relationship between Brantas River water use and a negative impact on the
life of river banks.
3. Knowing the potential of Brantas River used by people in Malang.
4. Knowing the prevention the dangers that occur at any time on the banks of Brantas iver.
THEORITICAL REVIEW

The Uses of Water River

Rivers are the most important freshwater resource for human. Social, economic and
political development has, in the past, been largely related to the availability and distribution
of fresh waters contained in riverine systems. Major river water uses can be summarised as
follows (Chapman, 1992):
 sources of drinking water supply,
 irrigation of agricultural lands,
 industrial and municipal water supplies,
 industrial and municipal waste disposal,
 navigation,
 fishing, boating and body-contact recreation
 aesthetic values
A large share of the water withdrawn by households, services, and industry—up to 90%
in areas where total use is high—is returned as wastewater, but often in such a degraded state
that major cleanups are required before it can be reused. The amounts for personal use
(drinking, cooking, bathing) are relatively small compared with other uses. And in developed
countries the water fit to drink is mostly used to flush toilets, water lawns, and wash dishes,
clothes, and cars (Chapman, 1992).

Negative Impacts of the Use of River Water

According to Sueca (2004) in Janetasari (2013) the existence of slum areas, is an
indication of failure in providing a decent home for all population groups. The emergence of
slum settlements on the banks of the Brantas River in the city of Malang certainly can’t be
separated from the decline in river water quality due to the activity of the surrounding
population. Residents around Brantas River tend to utilize the river to meet their daily needs
such as bathing, washing and latrines without going through the sanitation of regular household
waste disposal. The negative impacts those can be occured are
1. River water pollution. River water pollution due to garbage disposal has a negative
impact on human health, especially with the increase of diarrheal diseases and the
cost of processing raw water for drinking water continues to increase. Even often,
especially in the dry season, the quality of raw water has been heavily polluted as a
result difficult to be processed into drinkable water, so that raw drinking water must
be taken from other sources.
2. Human behavior. That is the greatest cause of environmental damage. Indifference
Most of population didn’t care about disaster that will came because of their
behaviour. These behaviors are likely to be influenced by several factors that
facilitate: education, income, knowledge, awareness, and social factors, as well as
supporting factors: distance, availability of TPS facilities, the availability of waste
transport services, the cost of waste transportation services, and the culture of the
community. (Soekidjo, 2003 in Putra, 2016).
 3. Polluted river water. It can also vary various types of insects to breed in the river.
Finally, the river water becomes a live insect disease spreaders like mosquitoes and
its kind. People who do not want to take a headache then choose to buy clean water.
However, other problems will arise when the number of those in need is greater
than the available air volume. If so, some circles would not be enough with the air.
Because of this, self-cleaning habits such as bathing or otherwise can not be done.
Automatically, the illness consequences unlike itching will pop up.
4. Contamination. River water contaminated by feces, factory waste, hospital waste,
etc. are not suitable for use as self-cleaning let alone consumed. The river water
itself is categorized as polluted to have discoloration, smell, and taste.
5. The aesthetic function of the river. Currently many rivers are used as a tourist
destination for aerial rafting, cliffs, and so forth. It will certainly be fine open the
river looks clear and clean. No one wants to play in the dirty, polluted river water
(Geost, 2017).

Potentials of River Water Used by People

Present water use in the Brantas River basin is primarily for: (i) irrigation, (ii) domestic water
supply, (iii) industrial water supply, (iv) hydropower generation, (v) brackish water fish
ponds, (vi) recreation and tourism, and (vii) river maintenance flow. The total average annual
water utilization for the above uses is estimated to be 2,934 million m3 and varies from 20%
to 25% of the total available water. However, seasonal variations of the availability of water
cause water supply shortages in some locations. (Ramu, 2004). The potentials of river water
those used are as follows

1. Irrigation. Irrigated agriculture is the largest water consumer in the Brantas basin.
The main crops in the irrigated areas are paddy, sugar cane, maize, soybeans and
peanuts, the later three crops grown primarily in the dry season are known as the
polowijo crop. The primary impact of development in the basin as it relates to
agriculture is in the transformation from low-intensity agriculture to high-intensity
agriculture.
2. Water supply. In the Brantas basin, raw water for domestic purposes is provided for
fourteen regional water supply enterprises known as Perusahaan Daerah Air
Minimum (PDAMs) that provide treated drinking water to urban areas. The
domestic water supply demand is rapidly increasing in Surabaya, and this may result
in higher diversion from the Surabaya River, thus encroaching on the minimum
river flows required during the dry season. Currently the Surabaya River’s water
quality (due to urban pollution) has been a limiting factor. (Ramu, 2004)
3. Flood protection. An extensive flood protection scheme has been implemented in
the Brantas basin. Flood protection has been one of the main components in all the
three Master Plans (1961, 1973 and 1985) that have been implemented. The three
reservoirs—Lahor, Karangkates (Sutami), Wlingi—and the two retarding basins—
Ngrowo (45 mcm capacity) and Widas (28 mcm capacity)—along with the
Lengkong flood gates to divert water into the Porong River to reduce flood flows
in Surabaya River and protect the town of Surabaya coupled with the dike system
 have prevented flooding in the mainstream of the Brantas River since 1990. (Ramu,
2004).
4. Making Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH)
The electric power generated, will be supplied to electric load control until it can be
utilized to supply electrical energy in every campus building. To regulate the
operation of the MHPP, it is specifically employed technicians in charge of
controlling and keeping the electricity supply stable (Putra, 2014).

The Brantas basin is Indonesia’s most developed river basin in terms of water sector
investment and water resource utilizoation, next to the Citarum River basin in West Java. It is
also Indonesia’s best-managed river basin for water resources, and over the past ten (10) years
a holistic approach to basin water resource management has been adopted. Investment in flood
control and water infrastructure has helped develop the industrial belt in the downstream
Surabaya-Gresik area and has increased agricultural output of the basin. In the past three
decades, rice production has doubled while there has been a ten-fold increase in non-rice crops.
Hydropower generation capacity has increased from 4.5 mw in 1972 to 240.2 mw in 2002, and
energy generated has increased 33 fold.

Prevention of the Danger of Water River Used by People

According to Ramu (2004), several ways to eliminate the dangers of river water utilization are
as follows
1. Water management. One of the ways to prevent the danger of water river used by
people is through water management. Abating urban pollution and improving water
quality in the major drainage systems and urban reaches of rivers continues to be a
problem.
2. Sanitation. Under the Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Programs
(IUIDP) efforts have continued for the last 15 years to improve urban sanitation
drainage and solid waste disposal. However, investment in sewage treatment is
minimal. The regulatory laws are weak, and there is a lack of political will to invest
in sewage and sanitation improvement. Cost recovery has been a major issue.
3. Water act. As part of the water sector reform the government has issued a new
regulation (No. 82/2001) on water quality management that for the first time
harmonizes the water resources and environmental (water quality) management and
brings under its purview urban and municipal water pollution. Water quality
management at the basin level is being strengthened through a more effective,
enforceable, and sustainable regulatory and financial framework. The river basin
management agencies are being strengthened to improve water quality monitoring
and, in cooperation with other regional agencies, gradually improve basin level
water quality management.
Profile of Brantas River

Source : Ramu, 2004

The Brantas River basin is located in East Java province on the island of Java, Indonesia
and lies between 110°30’ and 112°55’ east longitude and 7°01’ and 8°15’ south latitude. The
basin is bounded by Mt. Bromo (2,393 m) and Mt. Semeru (3,676 m) in the east, a series of
low kidul ridges (elevation 300 to 500 m) in the south, Mt. Wilis (2,169 m) and its ridges in
the west and Kedung low ridges with the Madura Strait in the north. In the middle of the basin
is the Arjuno mountain complex consisting of Mt. Arjuno (3,339 m), Mt. Butak (2,868 m) and
Mt. Kelud (1,731 m). The basin covers nine regencies or districts: Sidoarjo, Mojokerto,
Malang, Blitar, Kediri, Nganjuk, Jombang, Tulungagung, Trenggalek and five urban centers
or municipalities; Surabaya (capital of East Java), Mojokerto, Malang, Kediri, Blitar. rantas
River has a watershed area of about 11,800 km2 and stretches 320 km from its spring at Mt.
Arjuno to the point where it branches into two rivers, the Surabaya River and the Porong River,
both of which drain into the Madura Strait.
METHOD

1. Research Design
The methods undertaken in the study of the influence of Brantas River water quality on
the life of the citizens surrounding in malang are qualitative research approaches with
qualitative design causal relationships because of the cause and effect relationship, why
the Brantas River conditions are like this and whether the lives of the surrounding
population are affected.
2. Location and Time
The research location is in RT 06/RW 02 Jodipan Subdistrict, Klojen District,
Municipality of Malang , East Java Province.
3. Population
Population was residents around Brantas River bank (RT 08/RW 02) and the sample
was 30 people. The sampling teaching or sampling method by using non-probability
sampling that was diversity sampling.
4. Instrument
The research instrument is interview in the form of closed questionnaires twenty people
and special interview with RT head. Choices of option are Always (Selalu), Often
(Sering), Rarely (Jarang), Sometime (Kadang-kadang), Never (tidak pernah) with score
for positive response Always = 5 Often = 4, Rarely = 3, Sometime = 2, and Never = 1.
Score of negative response Never = 5, Sometime = 4, Rarely = 3, Often = 2, and Always
= 1.
5. How to Get the Data
The data was collected by going around or visiting the residents’ house. The first house
visited was RT head by interview, giving questionnaire, and then observing Brantas
River. During observing, we visit residents’ house to give a questionnaire and
interview. We visit 29 residents.
6. Data Analysis

1. Knowing the the Brantas River water utilized by river bank in their daily routine
will be analysed by categorized average.
2. Knowing the relationship between Brantas River water use and a negative impact
on the life of river banks by categorized average.
3. Knowing the potential of Brantas River used by people in Malang by categorized
average.
4. Knowing the prevention the dangers that occur at any time on the banks of
Brantas iver by categorized average.

The categorized average is for positive response Always = 5, Often = 4, Rarely = 3,

Sometime = 2, and Never = 1. Score of negative response Never = 5, Sometime = 4,
Rarely = 3, Often = 2, and Always = 1.
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 Table of Variable Description

Scale of
Variable and Ways of
No Variable Sub-variable Indicator
Choice of Measuring Data
Option

 Sources of
drinking water
supply,
 Irrigation of
agricultural Interval
lands,
 Industrial and (Selalu = 5,
 Drinking Sering = 4,
municipal water
Water  Cooking Jarang = 3, Questionnaire and
1. supplies
Utilization   Bathing interview
Industrial and Kadang-
municipal waste  Washing
kadang = 2,
disposal Tidak Pernah
 Navigation = 1)
 Fishing, boating
and body-
contact
recreation
 Aesthetic values
 Garbage
 Income Interval
 Pollution  Knowledge
 Disease  Awareness (Selalu = 5,
Negative from insect Sering = 4,
 Social
impact of  Contaminate factors Jarang = 3, Questionnaire and
2.
water d water interview
 Insect Kadang-
utilization  Aesthetic
 Smell kadang = 2,
function
 Water Tidak Pernah
colour = 1)
 Tourist
destination
Interval

 Irrigated (Selalu = 5,
Potential  Irrigation Sering = 4,
agriculture
of river  Drinking
3.  Water Jarang = 3, Checklist
used by  Reservoir for
supply Kadang-
people flood protection
 River water kadang = 2,
 Electric power
flow Tidak Pernah
= 1)
 Interval

 Improving (Selalu = 5,
Prevention water Sering = 4,
of Danger  Water quality Jarang = 3,
4. that occur management  Sanitation Kadang- Checklist
in the  Sanitation improveme kadang = 2,
river bank  Regulation nt Tidak Pernah
 Water = 1)
regulation