FLUE GAS DRYING OF BAGASSE

C. M. Kinoshita

ABSTRACT and construction stage in the continental U.S. at the time.

Technical data on commercial systems using boiler flue
gas to dry bagasse, the fibrous byproduct of milled
sugarcane that fuels sugar factory boilers, will be presented
in this article. The results of this study are based primarily
on four systems installed in Hawaii during the late 1970s
and early 1980s. Even though the temperatures of the flue
gases available for bagasse drying in Hawaiian sugar
factories are generally much lower than in factories
elsewhere, the improvements in boiler efficiencies in
Hawaii due to flue gas bagasse drying were found to be
roughly 5 percentage points which is substantial. The heat
loss from the dryer system and the related ducting was
generally found to be minimal, < 0.5% of the heating value
of the bagasse fuel. Carbon monoxide concentration (and
the associated loss) was significantly lower and boiler
stack emissions and opacity usually improved substantially
when the bagasse was dried prior to being burned in the
boiler.
This article discusses bagasse drying compared with
other methods of heat recovery; factors that can be used to
gauge the effectiveness of heat recovery; and identifies
practices that can reduce the effectiveness of bagasse
drying. KEYWORDS. Dryers, Bagasse, Heat recovery.
INTRODUCTION
Hence, experience with that practice was lacking. Those in
Hawaii considering installing bagasse dryers were
concerned not only with a wide array of potential problems
but with increased dust and stack emissions; rather limited
improvement in boiler efficiency achievable with bagasse
drying, given the relatively low flue gas temperatures
which prevailed in the Hawaiian sugar industry; possibly
large parasitic energy requirements of the equipment
(motors for drive conveyors, fans, etc.) supporting the
drying system; and accelerated corrosion in the dryer
system, especially when fuel oil is fired concurrently in the
boiler. In spite of these concerns, the first bagasse dryer
system in Hawaii was installed in 1978; three other
installations followed shortly thereafter.
Three of the four installations - at the Hamakua Sugar
Company (on the island of Hawaii), HCPC (island of
Hawaii), and Waialua Sugar Company (island of Oahu) -
have rotary bagasse dryers (Table 1) with materials-
handling cyclones to remove the bagasse fines that are
entrained in the dryer drum from the moisture laden gas
exiting the dryers. One installation - at the Paia factory of
HC&S Company (on the island of Maui) - has a "flash"
(cyclonic) dryer. Design and operational information for
each cogeneration/dryer system can be found elsewhere
(Kinoshita, 1989). This article describes the technical
aspects of flue gas bagasse drying systems in the Hawaiian

F or decades, hot flue gas was viewed as a readily sugar industry and discusses the experiences of factories
available source of thermal energy to dry bagasse, that practice bagasse drying.
the fibrous byproduct of milled sugarcane, to make it
more suitable for various possible commercial uses.
However, it was not until 1975 that the worldwide sugar
BAGASSE DRYING VERSUS OTHER
community, spurred by the need to conserve energy, METHODS OF HEAT RECOVERY
installed its first commercial dryer system using flue gas Bagasse boiler efficiency varies widely throughout the
from bagasse boilers to dry bagasse prior to combustion Hawaiian sugar industry, from 55% to nearly 70%
(Furines, 1976). Since then, the number of reported
commercial bagasse dryer systems installed throughout the
TABLE 1. Type of dryer, dryer operating pressure, percentage of
world has grown to at least ten (Arrascaeta and Friedman, gas and bagasse bypassing the dryer, and change in excess air across
1987) (several installations not reported in the literature the dryer/cyclone system at four Hawaiian sugar factories
have also been seen by this author); of these, four were
Dryer Type/ Gas Bagasse Change in
installed in Hawaii. Operating Bypass Bypass Excess Air
In the mid 1970s, when the Hawaiian sugar industry Factory Pressure (%) (%) (%age Points)
first seriously contemplated using flue gas to dry bagasse, Hamakua rotary/
there were no commercial systems operating in the world, Sugar Co. vacuum 25 40 50
although two bagasse drying systems were in the planning
HCPC rotary/
vacuum 40 0 30
Article was submitted for publication in April 1991; reviewed and HC&S Co.- flash/
approved for publication by the Food and Process Engineering Inst, of Paua Factory atmospheric 40 65 0
ASAE in August 1991.
The author is Charles M. Kinoshita, Hawaii Natural Energy Inst., Waialua rotary/
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Sugar Co. vacuum 10 15 30

VOL. 7(6): NOVEMBER 1991 © 1991 American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0883-8542 / 91 / 0706-0729 729
(Kinoshita, 1990), as does the type of heat recovery
equipment used - air preheaters, economizers, and flue gas
bagasse dryers. Considering heat recovery as part of the
steam generation system, for a given set of conditions -
fuel moisture content, flue gas temperature, and excess air
entering the heat recovery device - the effectiveness of
heat recovery can be gauged completely by 1) the flue gas
temperature exiting the heat recovery device, 2) the excess
air in the flue gas exiting the device, 3) the combustion
losses (unburned fuel as char and incomplete products of
combustion, such as carbon monoxide) which result from
the use of the device, and 4) the heat loss from the device.
These factors are discussed individually below.
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE
Flue gas temperatures (after the last heat recovery
device) vary widely throughout the Hawaiian sugar
industry - from below 100° C to over 300° C (200° F to
600° F) (fig. 1). Based on simple energy balances, it can
be shown (Kinoshita, 1988) that boiler efficiency increases
linearly as stack temperature decreases, by roughly one
percentage point for each 15° C (27° F) drop in
temperature under typical industry conditions (bagasse
moisture content -45-50% and excess air ~50-100%).
When bagasse is dried with flue gas, both heat and mass
transfer takes place, as opposed to heat transfer alone with
air heaters and economizers. The temperature of the cold
stream (i.e., the moist bagasse) remains nearly constant and
relatively low throughout the heat recovery device (at or
below the wet bulb temperature, unlike economizers and
air heaters, for which the temperature of the cold stream
continuously increases). Hence, thermal energy in the flue
gas can be recovered more readily with waste heat bagasse
dryers than with other conventional heat recovery devices.
This is illustrated quite dramatically in figure 1, which
shows that flue gas temperatures in boiler systems with
bagasse dryers are much lower, on average, than in boiler
Wai Hai HCP Pio Lih Pai Oah Kek Puu Kau McB Olo
Factory
Notes
Characters above bars signify installation of following heat recovery devices
D: Bagasse dryer
E: Economizer
A: Air heater
N: No heat recovery device installed
Similar shading denotes comparable heat recovery devices
Figure 1-Flue gas heat recovery devices installed and gas
temperature after heat recovery in Hawaiian bagasse boiler systems.
(Note: For systems with bagasse dryers, flue gas temperature is
weighted average of temperature of gas at dryer cyclone exit and gas
bypassing dryer.)
730
systems without dryers but with other heat recovery
devices.*
EPA Method-5 tests (USEPA, 1977) conducted on the
four bagasse drying systems in the industry indicate an
average gas temperature at the exit of the dryer cyclone of
90° C (200° F), with three of the four systems averaging
75° C (170° F); however, all systems allow a portion of the
hot flue gas to pass around the dryer. This brings the
effective flue gas temperature - the weighted mean of the
cold gas exiting the dryer cyclone and the hot gas
bypassing the dryer - to 100-150° C (210-300° F),
averaging 115° C (240° F) for the four Hawaiian systems
(the average effective flue gas temperature for the three
rotary dryer systems is 105° C (220° F). By comparison,
the three boiler systems equipped with both economizers
and air heaters, but without dryers, have an average stack
temperature of about 155° C (310° F).
The moisture content of the dried bagasse depends
primarily on the moisture content of the undried bagasse,
the excess air in the flue gas, and the flue gas temperature
drop across the dryer. The calculated moisture content of
dried bagasse, as a function of flue gas temperature drop
across the dryer for various undried bagasse moisture
content and excess air, assuming that all of the bagasse
burned is dried by all of the flue gas in an adiabatic dryer
system with no entrained tramp air, is shown in figure 2.
(Here, the relative rates of bagasse and flue gas, which
affect drying, are implicitly in the excess air.) Although
data for only a single dryer inlet temperature, 260° C
(500° F), are presented in figure 2, the data are valid (to
within about three percentage points) for dryer inlet
temperatures between 150° and 400° C (300° and 750° F),
since the temperature drop across the dryer system
influences the amount of drying that occurs more than the
* For boiler systems with bagasse dryers, the flue gas temperature
data presented in figure 1 are weighted averages of the gas temperature at
the dryer exit and the temperature of the gas bypassing the dryer.
^s °1 Undried bagasse moisture content (%)
Exit (
6 0 - 460)
•yer
50- >^L
IExcess A r (%)
40- ^ 0 ) ^
""""^ 0
Bagasse Mo sture
30-
\ „ 50
20-
10- Xs °
\100
100 50 100 0 50
. 0- r I
0 100 200 300
Temperature Drop Across Dryer (°C)
Figure 2-Bagasse moisture content at dryer exit vs. temperature drop
across dryer for various dryer inlet moisture content (numbers in
parentheses), and excess air; gas temperature at dryer inlet is
assumed to be 260° C (500° F). Arrows denote dew point temperature
(beyond which the curves are extrapolated in the vapor phase) for the
particular conditions assumed.
APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE
dryer inlet temperature or dryer outlet temperature alone.
(For fixed flue gas temperature drop across the dryer, the
moisture content of the dried bagasse would be slightly
higher at high dryer inlet temperatures than at low dryer
inlet temperatures, i.e., less moisture would be evaporated
at high temperatures as more of the heat transferred from
the flue gas would be expended in the sensible-heating of
the water vapor to the higher dryer outlet temperature.) The
computational results presented in figure 2 are extrapolated
in the vapor phase (disregarding condensation) to dryer exit
temperatures below the dew point (which are designated by
arrows), so that the data may be applied to dryer inlet
temperatures above 260° C (500° F) as long as the exit
temperature remains above the wet bulb. In cases in which
part of the flue gas or bagasse bypasses the dryer system,
the data presented in figure 2 may still be used by adjusting
the flue gas temperature or bagasse moisture content to its
effective value (i.e., the weighted mean of the streams
passing through and bypassing the dryer). The
computations may also be adjusted to account for heat loss
from the dryer system by reducing the temperature drop
across the dryer to its effective value since the amount of
heat transferred between the flue gas and the bagasse is
proportional to the change in flue gas temperature across
the dryer. In general, the measured bagasse moisture
contents have agreed with predicted values to within
~3 percentage points. Details and assumptions of the
analysis and a discussion of the effect of tramp air entering
the dryer system are given elsewhere (Kinoshita, 1988).
Table 1 suggests that in every system in the industry at
least 10% of the total flue gas available is not being used to
dry the bagasse (i.e., it bypasses the dryer system). The
fraction of flue gas bypassing the dryer appears to be
increasing at some factories. This is due, in part, to a loss
in dryer system fan capacity over time aggravated by
greater infiltration of tramp air into the dryer system which
increases the power required by the fan. In addition to
using only part of the gas to dry the bagasse, only a portion
of the milled bagasse is dried at most factories (Table 1).
This may have economic justification. Some feel that for a
given amount of flue gas it is less costly to dry only a
portion of the bagasse to a lower moisture content and then
mix the dried and undried bagasse to produce a blend with
intermediate moisture content, than to dry all of the
bagasse (Miller, 1981). This may be true under certain
circumstances as some drying costs tend to scale with the
amount of bagasse dried. In general though, maximizing
the flue gas and bagasse rates through the dryer results in
maximum heat recovery.
EXCESS AIR
In general, bagasse with lower moisture content requires
less excess air for complete combustion; however, most of
the boiler systems with dryers investigated showed fairly
high levels of excess air exiting the stack. This appeared to
be primarily due to the entrainment of substantial amounts
of tramp air in and around the bagasse dryers which usually
operate under vacuum. Orsat measurements made in this
study have indicated that the amount of tramp air leaking
into just the dryer/cyclone portion of steam generation
systems equipped with rotary dryers is equivalent to at
least 30% excess air (Table 1). Such high levels of tramp
air can have several negative consequences: air which
VOL. 7(6): NOVEMBER 1991
enters upstream of or within the dryer/cyclone system
reduces the potential for heat transfer thus increasing the
size of dryer required for equivalent drying; and the tramp
air increases the fan power required to convey the flue gas,
the wear rate of system components, and the amount of
bagasse fines that pass through the cyclone system.
LOSSES DUE TO INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
Losses due to incomplete combustion should decrease
as bagasse moisture content decreases, but the degree to
which this occurs has not been studied extensively. The
only commercial-scale test known to the author comparing
carbon monoxide (CO) losses with and without a dryer,
was the Waialua Sugar Company bagasse dryer test
conducted in 1981 (Kinoshita, 1989). In that test, with an
average reduction in bagasse moisture content due to
drying of five percentage points, Orsat measured CO
concentration decreased by an average of 0.14 percentage
point when the bagasse dryer was operating. Under the
conditions of the test, based on comparative CO versus
CO2 heats of combustion, this translates to a 0.7 percentage
point increase in boiler efficiency with the use of the
bagasse dryer.
Other related changes accompanying bagasse drying,
such as reduced unburned-carbon (char) loss and increased
physical loss of fuel, especially bagasse fines, due to
increased handling of the bagasse, have not been
quantified, however, they are believed to be quite small.
HEAT LOSS
In three of the four systems examined in this study, the
heat loss, as determined from infrared pyrometer
measurements on the outer surfaces of the major dryer
system components or computed on the basis of mass and
energy balances from changes in flue gas temperature and
composition across the dryer system while no bagasse was
being dried, was found to be <0.5% of the higher heating
value (HHV) of the bagasse fuel. Such losses are minor -
on the order of one-tenth of the typical gains in boiler
efficiency attributable to bagasse drying. The relatively low
level of heat loss was due to the ducting and dryer casing
being well-insulated and the flue gas temperatures in the
vicinity of the dryer being fairly low. In only one of the
four systems studied (the flash dryer system) was the heat
loss determined to be substantial (-1.0% of the HHV of the
bagasse burned and 2-3% of the HHV of the bagasse
actually dried). In this particular case, the unit was not well
insulated and the ratio, exposed surface arearbagasse
throughput rate, was much higher than the others.
PARASITIC ENERGY REQUIREMENT
Bagasse drying requires much auxiliary equipment
(conveyors, fans, etc.) to handle the loose bagasse and flue
gas in and around the dryer system. This results in a much
larger parasitic energy demand than the more conventional
methods of heat recovery. Based on designs and equipment
installed, the average parasitic power requirement for the
four dryer systems installed in Hawaii is estimated to be
about 12 kWh per tonne (15 hph per ton) of bagasse dried,
the largest component being the incremental fan power
load. Calculations made during this study indicate that for
the average Hawaiian cogeneration system with a bagasse
dryer, an increase in boiler efficiency of ~2 percentage
731
 TABLE 2. Change in particulate emissions
for various bagasse bi
Change (%) in
Factory
(Test Date) Emissions Opacity*
Hamakua Sugar -26 NA
Co. (1981)
Hamakua Sugar -30 -18
Co.(1981)
Waialua Sugar -42 -26
Co. (1981)
HCPC(1981) +22 NA
HCPC(1983) -75 NA
HCPCQ985) -24 NA
* NA indicates not measured.
points would be required just to recover such a parasitic
load. In terms of recovery of flue gas energy, this is
equivalent to a reduction in gas temperature of ~30° C
(~50° F). Given that factories with bagasse dryers have
effective stack temperatures of about 100° C (-200° F) or
higher, it does not seem practical from a net energy
standpoint to adopt bagasse drying unless the temperature
of the flue gas to be used for drying is, say, 200° C
(400° F) or higher.
Some studies on bagasse drying (e.g., Keenliside, 1983)
have suggested that drying of bagasse with flue gas
provides very little net exportable energy, i.e., the
incremental electrical power that results with bagasse
drying barely covers just the parasitic power requirement
of the dryer system. By contrast, information compiled in
this study suggests that bagasse dryer systems in Hawaii
are, in general, sound from a net energy standpoint. For
example, the three rotary dryer systems have a power
generation:power consumption ratio of 2.7 to 3.7,
averaging 3.1; only the flash dryer system has a ratio below
1.5.
CONTROL OF STACK EMISSIONS
Numerous EPA Method-5 type tests performed by the
Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
Association (HSPA) on sugar factory stack emissions have
indicated that drying bagasse with flue gas can have a
significant positive or negative effect on boiler particulate
emissions and stack opacity. Probably the most
comprehensive test performed in Hawaii was the 1981
HSPA test on the boiler/dryer system at Waialua Sugar
Company (Kinoshita, 1989). Although only one-half of the
gas was used to dry just one-half of the bagasse in that test,
the effect of drying bagasse with flue gas on both
particulate emissions and opacity was dramatic and
favorable. Specific emissions rate (mass of particulate
emissions per unit mass of fiber burned) decreased by 42%
and boiler opacity decreased by 26% when the dryer
system was in use. It is believed that the substantial
reduction in emissions resulted from better combustion,
732
opacity attributable to flue gas bagasse drying
/dryer systems in Hawaii
Comments
Main dryer stack versus dryer-bypass stack
Main dryer stack versus dryer-bypass stack
Dryer-on versus dryer-off
50% bagasse dried with 50% of flue gas
Dryer stack versus dryer-bypass stack
Data collected prior to dryer-cyclone
modification
Dryer stack versus dryer-bypass stack
Data collected after dryer-cyclone modification
Dryer stack versus dryer-bypass stack
from the entrapment of gas particulates in the dryer drum
and in the cyclone with the dryer in operation.
Bagasse boiler emissions tests have been performed on
nearly every Hawaiian bagasse boiler, but usually for
regulatory purposes only. Therefore, except for the
aforementioned Waialua Sugar Company test, the effect of
flue gas bagasse drying on boiler emissions was not studied
explicitly. Nevertheless, in most emission tests involving
boiler systems with bagasse dryers, particulate emissions
and gas composition and flow rate were measured from the
dryer stack and from the dryer-bypass stack. (In these
systems, separate stacks were installed to emit the gas
which passed through the dryer and which bypassed the
dryer.) Those data permit calculation of the particulate
emissions rate per unit of carbon in the gas stream from the
dryer stack and from the dryer-bypass stack. In tests on
boiler systems with bagasse dryers performed by the HSPA
during 1981-1985, the rate of particulate emissions per unit
of carbon in the gas stream from the dryer stack varied
widely from 75% below to 22% above the rate from the
dryer-bypass stack (Table 2). Nevertheless, the particulate
emissions rate was generally much lower for the gas stream
which passed through the bagasse dryer than the stream
which bypassed the dryer, reinforcing the conclusion of the
Waialua Sugar Company test that drying bagasse with flue
gas can reduce boiler stack emissions.
From the standpoint of emissions control, the most
important component in the dryer system is the dryer
cyclone. Changes in the dryer cyclone have led to dramatic
differences in the amount and composition of emissions
from the dryer/cyclone system (figs. 3 and 4, and Table 2).
For example, at one factory, prior to modifying the cyclone
system, the combustible fraction of the particulates exiting
the dryer stack more closely approximated that of the
unburned bagasse than the particulates which passed
through the furnace (in the dryer-bypass stream). After
modifying the cyclones, the combustible fraction more
closely approximated that which passed through the
furnace than the unbumed bagasse. In most instances, the
particulates exiting the dryer system have a significantly
higher fraction of combustibles than the particulates in the
APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE
 ....... r f V* • Dryer-bypass stack
H Dryer stack
100

..£- 80-
o
' ** M »•• E 60 -•
LL

W 40 -•
XI
E
o 20
o

-•if
Before Modification After Modification
Figure 4-CombustibIe fraction in flue gas particulate matter sampled
from the dryer stack and from the dryer-bypass stack prior to and
following modification to the cyclone system at a Hawaiian sugar
factory (corresponds to samples shown in fig. 3).

gas stream which bypass the dryer system. This indicates

that much of the particulates are unburned bagasse fines
ik \ which are entrained into the gas flow in the bagasse dryer
and which pass through the cyclone unit, further
." > underscoring the importance of the cyclone system in
controlling particulate emissions.
Stack opacity almost always improves with bagasse
» .»...'*•
drying. This is partly the result of the usual reduction in
particulate emissions with bagasse drying. Also, the gas
•:V that passes through the dryer/cyclone system often
y>
* ... approaches its dew point and the vapor in the plume
condenses above the dryer stack making the plume appear
to be water scrubbed (fig. 5).
•,,v

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

7^r ^ «-vr &%
Figure 3-Flue gas particulate matter sampled in the gas stream from
the dryer stack (left) and the dryer-bypass stack (right) prior to
modification to the cyclone system (above) vs. after modification to
the cyclone system (below) at a Hawaiian sugar factory.
Although the temperatures of the flue gases available
for bagasse drying are, in general, much lower in Hawaiian
sugar factories than in factories elsewhere, the
improvements in boiler efficiencies in Hawaii due to flue
gas bagasse drying were still found to be roughly 5
percentage points which is substantial. The heat loss from
the dryer system and the related ducting was generally
found to be minimal, <0.5% of the heating value of the
bagasse fuel. Carbon monoxide concentration (and the
associated loss) was significantly lower and boiler stack
emissions and opacity usually improved substantially when
the bagasse was dried prior to being burned in the boiler.
While drying bagasse with flue gas prior to firing has
significant energy, environmental, and economic benefits,
there are some operational and maintenance problems
relating to the practice that are worth noting. Although
drier bagasse should require less excess air for thorough
combustion, most of the boiler systems in Hawaii with
bagasse dryers displayed relatively high and increasing
levels of excess air at the exit of the dryer system, due
primarily to the entrainment of substantial amounts of

VOL. 7(6): NOVEMBER 1991 733


Figure 5-Bagasse boiler/dryer stacks with bagasse dryer operating
(white plume, top) vs. not operating (gray plume, bottom).
tramp air in and around the dryers. This may be reducing
the potential for heat recovery and increasing the fan power
required to convey the flue gas, the boiler wear rate, and
the amount of bagasse fines that pass through the cyclone
system. At all factories studied, substantial and increasing
amounts of the total flue gas produced by the boilers are
bypassing the dryer systems, due in part to loss in dryer
system fan capacity over time, aggravated by greater
infiltration of tramp air into the dryer systems. In addition
734
to using only part of the gas to dry the bagasse, only a
portion of the milled bagasse is dried at most factories.
These practices are probably reducing the potential for
recovering heat with bagasse drying.
Bagasse drying requires much auxiliary equipment,
resulting in a larger parasitic energy demand than with the
more conventional methods of heat recovery. Some studies
on bagasse drying have suggested that the large parasitic
load allows for little net exportable energy with flue gas
bagasse drying. However, data compiled in this study
indicate that bagasse dryer systems are, in general, sound
from a net energy standpoint.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This work was performed under the
sponsorship of the United States Agency for International
Development/Tennessee Valley Authority, through a
subcontract from the HSPA. The author gratefully
acknowledges the significant contribution of the members
of the Sugar Technology and Engineering Department of
the HSPA Experiment Station in the preparation of this
report and the valuable guidance of Mr. John Kadyszewski,
Program Manager of the Bioenergy Systems and
Technology Project, Office of Energy, Agency for
International Development. The author also thanks the
various members of the Hawaiian sugar industry who
provided much of the information contained in this report.
REFERENCES
Arrascaeta, A. and P. Friedman. 1987. Bagasse drying.
International Sugar Journal 89:68-71.
Furines, J.H. 1976. Pre-drying bagasse using flue gases. The
Sugar Journal 39:39-40.
Keenliside, B. 1983. A comparison of air pre-heaters and
bagasse drying systems for energy efficiency.
Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane
Technologists, 1508-1516.
Kinoshita, CM. 1988. A theoretical analysis of predrying of
solid fuels with flue gas. Journal of Energy Resources
Technology 110:119-123.
Kinoshita, CM. 1989. Flue-gas drying of bagasse. Report
HNEI89-1003 by the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
for the Office of Energy of the United States Agency for
International Development/Tennessee Valley Authority
through a subcontract from the Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
Association. Contract No. TV-73595A. Honolulu:
HNEI.
Kinoshita, CM. 1990. Cogeneration in the Hawaiian sugar
industry. Report HNEI 90-1002 by the Hawaii Natural
Energy Institute for the Office of Energy of the United
States Agency for International Development/Tennessee
Valley Authority through a subcontract from the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Contract No. TV-
73595A. Honolulu: HNEI.
Miller, C F . 1981. Economic study of bagasse dehydration.
Proceedings of the American Society of Sugar Cane
Technologists, 1978 Meeting, 148-153.
USEPA. 1977. Standards of performance for new stationary
sources: Revision to reference method 1-8. Federal
Register, August 18, Part 11:41754-41789.
APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE