Ramo, Rapunzel (BS Bio Student), Serrano, Sarsoza, Tiro, Yboa

1. Define and differentiate the ethical theories ( Deontology, Teleology, Utilitarianism). Site
examples and scenarios.
 Deontology- is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be
based on whether the action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than
based on the consequences of the action.
Examples and Scenario:
- Shooting the intruder to protect your family.

 Teleology- is the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather
than of the cause of which they arise.
Examples and Scenario:
- A teleological explanation of why forks have prongs is that this design helps
human eat certain foods, stabbing food to help humans eat is what forks are for.
A purpose that is imposed by human use, such as that.

 Utilitarianism- the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of
majority. The doctrine that an action is right in so far as it promotes happiness, and that
the greatest number should be guiding principle of conduct.
Examples and Scenario:
- An example is when a pharmaceutical (company releasing a drug that has
governmentally approved with known side effects because the drug is able to
help more people than are bothered by the minor side effects.
Act utilitarianism often shows “the end justifies the means” mentality.

2. Define and discuss HEALTH CARE PROFESSION, HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER &
CLIENT.
 Healthcare Profession-focuses on the care of the individual and help them recover from
illness and maintain optimal health and quality life.
 Healthcare Practitioner – qualified health care professional as anyone suited by
education, training and the necessary licensing to perform a medical service. Anyone who
provides patient health care.
 Healthcare Clients – patients or individuals who receives health care in an ambulatory
care setting, especially when health maintenance rather than illness care is the primary
service provided.

3. What are the basic qualities of a health care practitioner and how should those qualities be
applied?
 Passion for the job
- passionate about what you do.
- Its about having the right attitude and getting up each day, excited for what lies
ahead, knowing you will be making a difference—however big or small.
 Good communication skills
 - You need to be able to listen and consult with your patients and their families,
understand their needs and be able to explain their care plan in a way that makes
sense to them so they feel valued and supported.
 Ability to multitask
- It can be a very busy environment, there are so many things going on at the one
time, so the ability to multitask is a must have.
 Fit and active
- You will be on your feet for most of the day. So you need to have a moderate
level of fitness so you can keep up with the fast-paced nature of the job –
particularly if you’re working in a hospital, going from room to room checking in
on your patients.
 Good problem solving skills
- A good healthcare worker will be able to work through a problem calmly and
rationally and come up with a solution that every is happy with.

4. Define and discuss a Health Care Professional Relationship.

- Professional relationship bond of trust between the patient and the medical
professional who is performing treatment.
- Relationship established between patient and Health care practitioner is based on
trust. The professional, trusts the patient or client to disclose all the information
that may be relevant to his or her condition or illness and to be truthful while
disclosing it. In return, the patient trust the healthcare professional to maintain
high standards of competence and confidentiality.
5. Discuss and describe the major components of the Health Care Practitioner- client relationship
Five key components of health care practitioner- client relationship
 Professional Intimacy
- Is inherent in the type of care and services that health care provider or health care
practitioners provide and may involve psychological, spiritual and social
elements.
 Power
- The healthcare practitioner – client relationship is one of unequal power.
Although health care practitioner may not immediately perceive it. The
healthcare practitioner has more power that the client does. This power
imbalance arises from the health care practitioner having more authority and
influence in the health care system, specialized knowledge , assess to privilege
information and the ability to advocate for the client and the client’s significant
other but if the health care practitioner misuses the power in the relationship it is
considered abuse.
 Empathy
- Refers to expressing an understanding of what the health care experience means
from the client’s perspective. It includes validating and resonating with the
meaning of that experience. In nursing, empathy includes maintaining an
appropriate emotional distance from the client to ensure objectivity.
 Respect
- The recognition of inherent dignity, worth and uniqueness of every individual,
regardless of the clients socio economic status and personal attributes and the
nature of the client’s health problem.
  Trust
- A critical in the nurse-client relationship because the client is in vulnerable
position. At the beginning of a relationship, trust is fragile so it’s specially
important to keep promises to clients. It’s difficult to re establish trust once it ha
been breached.

6. What are the essential ways by which health care practitioner- client relationship can be promoted
or built?
Communication
 Communication with your health care provider begins the moment she enters the exam room.
Appropriate diagnosis and treatment depend on the clients ability to share their symptoms
and concerns, along with the physicians ability to listen.
Empathy
 Empathy is the ability to mentally stand in the shoes of the clients and see the world from
their perspective or point of view. Health care providers must always take time to listen and
understand not just the physical ailment that the client is suffering from, but their emotional
state as well which serves as the most effective way to gain the trust of a client.
Trust
 Another must-have in a healthy relationship is the ability of the clients to put their trust to
their health care provider to deliver ethical guidance best suited to their particular health
needs. At the same time, physicians need to present patients and family members with an
honest assessment including recommended treatments or therapy.
Professional Boundaries
 Health Care Providers must walk a fine line between trusted confidant and friend, always
keeping within professional boundaries. To be an effective health care provider, physicians
need to communicate with patients honestly and without the fear of generating hurt feelings
that might sever a typical friendship.

7. How essential is ethics to both the patient and the health care practitioner?
- The study of ethics prepares medical professionals to recognize difficult
situations and to deal with them in a rational and principled manner. The purpose
of ethics is to protect and defend human dignity and patient’s right. Medical
ethics is not about avoiding harm, rather it is a set of norms, values and
principles. The norms, values and principles are intended to govern medical
ethical conduct.

8. What is expected of a Health Care Practitioner in the moral practice of his profession? Expound
base on your own understanding.
All of these principles play a key role in ensuring optimal patient safety and care:
  Autonomy - refers to the right of the patient to retain control over his or her body. A
health care professional can suggest or advise, but any actions that attempt to persuade or
coerce the patient into making a choice are violations of this principle.
 Beneficence - This principle states that health care providers must do all they can to
benefit the patient in each situation.
 Non-Maleficence - It means, “to do no harm.” This principle is intended to be the end
goal for all of a practitioner’s decisions, and means that medical providers must consider
whether other people or society could be harmed by a decision made, even if it is made
for the benefit of an individual patient.
 Justice - The principle of justice states that there should be an element of fairness in all
medical decisions: fairness in decisions that burden and benefit, as well as equal
distribution of scarce resources and new treatments, and for medical practitioners to
uphold applicable laws and legislation when making choices.
9-10. CASE SCENARIO: Mr. Wang is a 75- year old with emphysema who has smoked two packs a
day for 40 years. He takes great enjoyment and satisfaction in smoking and does not want to quit. In that
his illness is exacerbated by smoking, his physician is demanding that he quit. Each time he quit smoking,
he becomes irritable and unhappy. His wife and family hate it when he is not smoking because he
becomes difficult to live with. Consider this case from the position of UTILITARIANISM and create a
pleasure-gained and pain-avoided list to see if you can determine whether Mr Wang continue or quit
smoking.

 Pain avoided
a. Although smoking contributes to Mr. Wang’s deteriorating health, he become
nasty when he isn’t smoking, subjecting his family to nastiness and irritability.
The pain being avoided by the family by allowing his to smoke is the pain of his
misbehavior.
b. Avoiding the need to stop smoking, Mr. Wang is possibly avoiding the physical
suffering he may have when he quits smoking
c. This is a good opportunity to ask students about how difficult it is to stop
smoking
 Pleasure gained
a. Family gets approval and appreciation from physician in helping Mr. Wang to
stop smoking
b. Family gets satisfaction that they are, in the long run, helping Mr. Wang improve
his health
c. Family also is no longer exposed to second hand smoke, a health risk for the
family.