iberiul-

iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba

XXXVII 2009

jilber lazari

qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu

ergatiuli? anti-impersonaluri zmnebis tipologia*

mTargmnelis winasitKvaoba

jilber lazari gamoCenili frangi iranistia. misi Sromebi upirveles

Kovlisa eZGvneba sparsuls, am enis formirebisa da struqturis sakiTxebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT aGsaniSnavia ori monografia:
Grammaire du persan contemporain, Paris, Klincksieck, 1957,1 da La langue des plus
anciens monuments de la prose persane, Paris, Klincksieck, 1963.
j. lazaris, rogorc farTo diapazonis filologis, kvlevis sfe-
ro Tanabrad moicavs sxva iranul-ariuli enebis rogorc istoriuli
gramatikisa da sintaqsis, aseve leqsikologiisa da leqsikografiis,
prosodiisa da dialeqtologiis sakiTxebs.2 aranakleb mniSvnelovania mi-
si naSromebi klasikuri sparsuli literaturisa da Tanamedrove spar-
suli mwerlobis Sesaxeb. metad Girebulia misi mxatvruli Targmanebic.
e. benvenistis lingvisturi skolis brwKinvale warmomadgenels,
j. lazars, ekuTvnis mTeli rigi zogadlingvisturi da tipologiuri
xasiaTis Sromebi. maTgan metad mniSvnelovania indoevropuli da sxva
enebis masalis mixedviT, sxvadasxva krebulebsa da periodul gamocemeb-
Si gamoqveKnebuli statiebi aqtantebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli
zmnuri universaliebis Sesaxeb (rogoricaa, gardamavloba, kilo, aspeq-
ti, dro da sxv.).
aqtantebis Teorias j. lazarma calke gamokvleva miuZGvna, xolo
misi statiebi gaerTianda erT krebulad.3

*
Le géorgien : actance duale («active») ou ergative? Typologie des verbes anti-impersonnels, Études
de linguistique générale. Typologie grammaticale, Leuven-Paris, 2001, p.243-263.
1
am naSromis axali gamocema ganxorcielda 2006 wels, TeiranSi, iranuli
kvlevebis franguli institutis mier, ix. G.Lazard, Grammaire du persan contemporain. Nouvelle
édition avec la collaboration de Y. Richard, R. Hechmati et P. Samvelian, IFRI, Téhéran, 2006.
2
ix. j. lazaris ZiriTadi Sromebis sia: Études irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard,
réunies par C.-H. de Fouchécour et Ph.Gignoux, Studia Iranica, cahier 7, Paris, 1989, p.XI-XVII.
3
G. Lazard, L’actance, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1994; ix. aseve G. Lazard, Études
de linguistique générale. Typologie grammaticale. Collection linguistique publié par la Société de
Linguistique de Paris, LXXXII, Leuven-Paris, 2001.
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 293

winamdebare statia, romlis qarTuli Targmania warmodgenili,

exeba qarTuli zmnis tipologiis sakvanZo sakiTxebs, romlebsac j. la-
zari axleburad svams da saTanadod wKvets.
aGsaniSnavia, rom am problematikas Tavidanve Jerovani KuradGeba
eqceoda qarTul saenaTmecniero tradiciaSi.1
dasasrul unda iTqvas, rom didi mecnieris interesi qarTuli
zmnisadmi da zogadad, qarTuli enisadmi ar aris SemTxveviTi: mas xan-
grZlivi samecniero kontaqtebi akavSirebs saqarTvelosTan, qarTvel
aGmosavleTmcodne-iranistebTan da lingvistebTan.2
vfiqrobT, j. lazaris am naSromis qarTuli Targmani saintereso
da mniSvnelovani iqneba rogorc Tanamedrove, ise momavali qarTvelo-
logiuri da tipologiuri kvlevebisaTvis.

elene giunaSvili

1
am sakiTxebs mieZGvna a. Ciqobavas, xolo Semdeg _ q. lomTaTiZis, g. Tofurias,
g. rogavas, i. meliqiSvilis, r. asaTianis, m. suxiSvilis, m. saxokias da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi.
2
am mxriv aGsaniSnavia, magaliTad, misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani publikacia, gamo-
qveKnebuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis SromaTa seriaSi, romelic mieZGvna
d. kobiZes, Sdr. G. Lazard, La source en "Farsi" de "Vis-o Ramin", Tsu Sromebi, 241,
aGmosavleTmcodneoba,1983, gv.34-39.
294 j. lazari

rezi
reziu
ziume

egreT wodebuli `medialuri~ zmnebi qarTulSi sakamaTo sakiTxi

gaxda am enis aqtantebis struqturis bunebis gansazGvrisas; isini `aq-
tiuria~ (ukeTesia ewodos `dualuri~) Hariss-is TvalsazrisiT, xolo
ergatiulia Hewitt-is mixedviT. winamdebare statia am sakiTxs sxvagva-
rad svams da aCvenebs, rom aGniSnul formebs igive funqcia aqvT, ro-
gorc sxva garkveuli tipis zmnebs ergatiulsa da naxevrad-ergatiul
enebSi _ indo-iranul, (Crdilo) kavkasiursa da baskurSi. isini gamoxa-
taven erTi participantis qmedebas da am mxriv emsgavsebian gardauval
zmnebs. magram maTi morfosintaqsi oraqtantiania: anu Sedgeba agensisa-
gan, romelic erTaderT participants gamoxatavs da misi nominaluri
(fiqtiuri) obieqtisgan.
radganac isini anareklia obieqtisa da nominaluri agensis mqone
`upiro~ (`impersonaluri~) zmnebis*, maT SeiZleba ewodos `anti-imper-
sonaluri~. procesebi, romlebsac isini gadmoscemen qarTulsa da sxva
enebSi, imave sferos miekuTvneba, romelic daaxloebiT ganisazGvreba,
rogorc qcevaTa gamomxatveli. anti-impersonalur formas aqvs (struq-
turul-tipologiuri) msgavseba dualurTan da aseve `araakuzatiur
hipoTezasTan~ dakavSirebul faqtebTan, magram igi maT unda gaemiJnos.

1. Sesa
Sesava
savali
vali

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze aqtiuri diskusia mimdinare-

obs aqtantebis bunebis Sesaxeb qarTulSi, da ufro zogadad, qarTve-
lurSi. amisi safuZveli gaxda Harris-is wigni (1981) da masze gamo-
qveKnebuli Hewitt-is recenzia (1983). wignis ZiriTadi debulebebi, rom-
lebic aseve Semdgom daibeyda (1982), xelaxla iKo ganxiluli Hewitt-is
mier (1987a), da romlebic Hariss-ma saTanado argumentaciiT daicva
(1990). Harris-is meore wigni (1985), sadac avtori avrcelebda Tavis
mtkicebas qarTvelur enaTa struqturuli erTianobis Sesaxeb, misi di-
aqronuli analizis CvenebiT, aseve iqca Hewitt-is kritikuli ganxilvis
sagnad (1987 b, gamoica 1989), rasac, Tavis mxriv mohKva Harris-is sapasu-
xo nota (1989, gamoqveKnda 1991).
Harris-is idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qarTuli da sxva Tanamed-
rove qarTveluri enebi `aqtiuri~ struqturis enaTa nimuSia, romel-
sac me vuwodeb `dualurs~ (ix. Lazard 1986); es struqtura, Tavis
mxriv, momdinareobs ufro Zveli, ergatiuli formidan. es debuleba
CamoKalibda `relaciuri (relativisturi) gramatikis~ farglebSi. mag-
ram TviTon Hewitt-i momxrea imisi, rom es formebi tradiciulad ganxi-
luli iKos, rogorc `ergatiuli~.

*
Sdr. ingl. "impersonal verbs" (e. g).
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 295

imedi maqvs, rom lingvists, romelic qarTvelologi ar aris, epa-

tieba am samecniero kamaTSi Cabma. vfiqrob, namdvilad SevZleb am saki-
Txebis orgvarad axsnas zogadi lingvistikis Semdegi TvalTxedvis mi-
xedviT: erTi mxriv am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul cnebaTa dazustebiT, xo-
lo meore mxriv _ qarTul enaSi damowmebuli faqtebis sxva enaTa mona-
cemebTan mimarTebebisa da SedarebaTa safuZvelze. Tavi rom davizGvio
Secdomisagan, Cemi arakompetenturobis gamo, ar Seviyrebi arc diaqroni-
asa da arc dialeqtologiaSi: Cveni SeniSvnebi Seexeba mxolod sasaubro
qarTul enaSi dadasturebul konstruqciebs, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
aris es warmodgenili Hariss-isa da Hewitt-is zemoaGniSnul SromebSi.
amrigad, daviwKeb ($ 2) `ergatiuli~ da `dualuri~ struqture-
bis definiciiT. es cnebebi kargad aris cnobili, magram aSkaraa, rom
Kvela avtorTan erTsa da imave gagebiT ar gamoiKeneba.
zogad-tipologiuri kvlevebi, rogorc Kvela sxva sistemuri
struqtura Tavisi arsiT mimzidvelia masSi warmodgenil ganxilvaTa
raodenobiT, romelsac is met-naklebad kargad iTavsebs, magram ise,
rom isini xSirad tendenciurad gadadis arasworad gansazGvrul da
bundovan debulebebSi. amitomac, me sayirod vTvli, rom es sakiTxi Ta-
vidan daisvas, elementaruli yeSmaritebis mxilebis riskiT. Semdeg
($ 3) me ganvsazGvrav Tu rogor da ra odenobiT Seesabameba qarTuli
formebi aGniSnuli konstruqciebidan erTs an romelime sxvas. aqac
zusti definiciis dadgenis mizniT, me valdebuli var gavixseno qarTu-
li zmnis morfologiis cnobili komponentebi. isini Sedarebuli iqne-
ba sxva enaTa monacemebTan, riTac saSualeba meqneba sxvagvarad davsva
qarTuli enis es sakamaTo sakiTxebi. wina ganxilvaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
romlebic umTavresad Semoifargleboda morfosintaqsuri analiziT,
me Sevexebi ($ 4) gramatikulad aGniSnul kategoriebs, morfosintaq-
sur mimarTebaTa gansxvavebebis semantikuri korelatebis gamiJvnis uSu-
alo cdis mizniT. me vaCveneb, rom qarTulis monacemebi igive tipis
aris, rac dasturdeba sxva enebSi, mezobelsa da aramezoblebSi, da
rom Kvelas igive ganpirobebuloba aqvs. me davasruleb ($ 5) ufro zo-
gadi xasiaTis mokle SefasebiT, romelic Seexeba qarTul zmnaTa klasi-
fikaciasa da maTi formebis cvalebadobebs tipologiuri Sedarebebis
Suqze.
296 j. lazari

2. erga
ergati
gatiu
tiuli,
li, dua
dualuri
luri struqtu
struqtura
tura

aqtantebis struqtura, `akuzatiuri~,`ergatiuli~ da sxv. Kovel-

Tvis gansazGvrulia biaqtanturi konstruqciis erTaqtantian formas-
Tan Sedarebis safuZvelze.1 tradiciulad iTvleba, rom akuzatiuri
struqtura aris is, romelSic `gardauvali subieqti~, anu erTaqtan-
turi struqturis (e. i. erTaderTi aqtantis mqone) aqtanti funqcio-
nirebs, rogorc `gardamavali subieqti~, anu rogorc biaqtanturi
formis `subieqti~, maSin rodesac `ergatiuli~ konstruqcia is aris,
sadac `gardauvali subieqti~ figurirebs, rogorc biaqtanturi kon-
struqciis `obieqti~. es definiciebi, romlebic praqtikulad mi-
saGebia, amave dros svams mniSvnelovan Teoriul problemebs. `subieq-
tis~ cneba ase TavisTavad ar igulisxmeba. meore mxriv, Kovel enaSi
albaT bevria erTi mxriv erTaqtantiani, xolo meore mxriv _ oraqtan-
tiani struqturebi: romeli maTgani unda ganvixiloT?
es definiciebi Tu praqtikulad gamosadegia, imis gamo, rom
emKareba zogad, magram iSviaTad zustad gansazGvrul faqts: Kvelgan,
garda dualuri enebisa, arsebobs Kvelaze mTavari erTaqtantiani
struqtura, anu is, romelsac Seesabameba erTaqtantian zmnaTa umrav-
lesoba da, meore mxriv, Kvelgan dasturdeba mTavari oraqtantiani
forma, romelSic KovelTvis moqmedebis amsaxveli zmnebia, da romlis
aqtantebi umTavresad agensisa da pacienis gamomxatvelia; bevr enaSi es
konstruqcia aseve sxva, metnaklebad mravalricxovan zmnaTa momcvelia,
romlebic moqmedebas ar gamoxatavs. aqtantebis struqturebi gani-
sazGvreba am ori mTavari konstruqciis Sedarebis safuZvelze. imas
rasac Cven ubralod vuwodebT `subieqts~, aris is, rac mTavar biaq-
tantur struqturaSi, anu oraqtantianSi, warmoadgens agenss an is,
rac moqmedebis gamomxatveli zmnebis garda arsebul sxva zmnebTanac
ganixileba rogorc agensi.
erTaderTi aqtantis da biaqtantur winadadebaTa aqtantebis Se-
darebisas gansazGvruli gramatikuli maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba sxvad-
sxvagvari iKos: brunviTi kodifikacia, aqtanturi maCveneblebi, romle-
bic integrirebulia zmnur formaSi (da romelTac xSirad arasworad
ewodeba `nacvalsaxelebi~), sintagmaturi wKoba. aqtantebis struqtura
mocemul enaSi gansazGvrulia am enisaTvis relevantur aqtantTa maxa-
siaTeblebis kompleqsiT. akuzatiuri struqturaa is, sadac erTaderT

1
me aq Segnebulad vifarglebi imiT, rasac ewodeba morfologiuri ergatiuloba
(morphological ergativity, metad uiGblo saxelwodeba, vinaidan is aseve exeba sitaqss) da
romelsac me upiratesad vuwodeb aqtantebis struqturis `pirvelad faqtorebs~ (Lazard
1994, Tavi 2). es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom `meoreuli faqtorebi~
(sintaqsuri ergatiuloba _ syntactic ergativity) umniSvnelo da arasainterso iqneba, ubra-
lod amJerad ar Sedis am statiis gansaxilvel sakiTxebSi.
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 297

aqtantsa da imas, romelic biaqtantur formaSi gamoxatavs agenss (an

misi msgavsia) aqvT erTi da igive maxasiaTeblebi; ergatiulia is
struqtura, romelSic erTaderTi aqtantia paciensis (an msgavsi kate-
goriis) gamomxatveli. Tu, rogorc me amas Cveulebisamebr vakeTeb
(Lazard 1978, 1994), simbolurad gamovxatavT agenss (an masTan axlos
mdgom kategorias) X-iT, Y-iT pacienss (an msgavss cnebas) da Z-iT mTa-
vari konstruqciis erTaderT aqtants, aqtantebis es ori struqtura
SeiZleba warmodgenili iKos Semdegi sqemis saxiT:

akuzatiuri struqtura X=Z

ergatiuli struqtura Y=Z

qvemoT motanili winadadebebi (1 ab) Cerqezul enaSi (Paris 1991:37) er-

gatiuli struqturis maCvenebelia:
(1) a. λ’e-m sɺ°eze-r ø-ye-λeγ°e -γ
kacma-ir. br. qali-pird.br. mas (qals)-is-xedavs-warsuli dr.
X Y y x
`kacma qali naxa~

b. λ’e-r ø-sɺa-ge
kaci-pird.br. is-rbena-warsuli dr.
Z z
`kacma (ga)irbina~
erTaderTi aqtanti (Z) (1 b)-Si pirdapir brunvaSia da korefe-
rentulia aqtantis markerisa _ ø zmnaSi, iseve rogorc aqtanti, rome-
lic pacienss (Y) gamoxatavs (1 a)-Si, xolo agensis gamomxatveli aqtan-
ti (X) irib brunvaSia da koreferentulia aqtantis marker _ ye-si. es
struqtura ergatiulia: Y = Z. frangul TargmanSi piriqiT, kaci (Z)
(1ab)-Si win uswrebs zmnas da marTavs SeTanxmebas, rogorc kaci (X) 1 a-Si.
es struqtura akuzatiuria: X = Z.
rogorc es aGniSnuli aqvs Hariss-s, dualuri struqtura Tavda-
pirvelad TvalnaTliv naCvenebi iKo amerikel indielTa enebSi Sapir-is
mier (1917). am enebSi, rogorc es Cans, dasturdeba ara mxolod erTaq-
tantiani mTavari konstruqcia, aramed ori, rac kvlav imaze miuTiTebs,
rom erTaqtantiani zmnebi or Jgufad iKofa, romlebic Sedarebis
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania, radgan gansxvavebuli konstruqciebis Se-
mcvelia. erTSi erTaderTi aqtanti ise funqcionirebs, rogorc agensis
gamomxatveli aqtanti biaqtantur konstruqciaSi (Z = X) ; xolo meore-
Si _ rogorc paciensis gamomxatveli aqtanti (Z = Y). sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, ori struqtura _ akuzativi da ergativi Tanabrad gamoiKene-
ba. ai, erTi nimuSi Cikasavuri enidan (Munro /Gordon 1982:81, 83).
298 j. lazari

(2) a. chi-sso-li
Sen-dartKma-me
y x
`me Sen gartKam~

b. is-sa-thaana
Sen-me-cnoba
x y
`Sen me micnob~

g. malili-li
gaqceva-me
z
`me gaviqeci~

d. sa-hotolhko
me-daxveleba
z
`me davaxvele~

aqtantebi aq gamoxatulia mxolod aqtanturi markerebis saSua-

lebiT. (2g)-Si erTaderT aqtants (Z) iseTive forma aqvs, rogorc agen-
sis gamomxatvel aqtant (X)-s nimuSSi _ (2 a): Z = X. magram, (2d)-Si mas
igive forma aqvs, rogorc paciensis gamomxatvel aqtant (Y)-s (nimuSSi
_ 2b): Z = Y. amgvarad, winadadebaTa wKvilSi (2 a_2g), (sintaqsuri) mi-
marTeba akuzatiuria, xolo wKvilSi (2b _ 2d) ergatiuli.
am enaSi sintaqsuri kavSiri gamoxatulia mxolod aqtanturi mar-
kerebiT, xolo sxvebSi brunvaTa formebiT, an erTdroulad brunvebi-
Ta da aqtanturi maCveneblebiT. es aris, magaliTad, bacburis (anu wo-
va-TuSuris) magaliTi, Sdr. winadadeba (3) (Holisky 1987:105).

(3) a. (as) dah” japx-jailn-as

me (erg.) prev. gaxda-aoristi-me (erg.)
Z z
`me gavixade~

b. (so) xe-n-mak qac’-u-so

me-nominat. xe-dat.-ze dakideba-awmKo dr.-me (nominat.)
Z z
`me miveKude xes~
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 299

nimuSSi (3a) erTaderTi aqtanti warmodgenilia ergatiul brunva-

Si mKofi nacvalsaxelis saxiT da aqtanturi markeriT, romelic biaqtan-
tur konstruqciaSi asrulebs agensis funqcias (Z = Y) ; nimuSSi _ (3b)
is absolutivis brunvis formaSi mdgari nacvalsaxeliT gamoixateba da
aqtanturi markeriT, romelic biaqtantur formaSi paciensia (Z = Y). Ci-
kasavuri da bacburi dualuri aqtanturi struqturis mqone enebia.2
am tipis enebSi erTaqtantian zmnaTa ori Jgufi gamorCeulia
imiT, rom erTaderTi aqtanti zogTan gamoxatavs (mag. (2 g), (3 a)), `aq-
tiv~ moqmeds (`participants~, anu monawiles, Sdr. ingl. participant), xo-
lo sxvebTan (mag. (2 d), (3 b)), `araaqtiv~-s. es terminologia, rogorc
Cans, Uhlenbeck-is mier iKo Semotanili (ix. Sapir 1917: 84). igi miGebuli
da generalizirebulia Klimov-is mier (1977), romelmac es aqtanturi
struqtura gansazGvra, rogorc `aqtiuri/araaqtiuri~, an ubralod
`aqtiuri~. aGniSnuli saxelwodeba warumatebelia, vinaidan SeiZleba
areuli iKos termin `aqtivis~ tradiciul mniSvnelobasTan, romelic
`pasivis~ (`vnebiTi gvaris~) sapirispiro diatezis saxelwodebaa.3 ami-
tomac varCie termini `dualuri~ (Lazard 1986), romelic gulisxmobs aq-
tantebis daKofas or mTavar tipad- erTaqtantur da biaqtanturad.

es terminologia ara mxolod ar iwvevs orazrovnebas, aramed is

upiratesobac aqvs, rom winaswar arasodes Sefasdes semantikuri mimar-
Tebebi. tradiciulad aGiarebuli opozicia `aqtivi~ da `araaqtivi~ na-
mdvilad moiTxovs seriozul dazustebas (anu, unda iKos ufro gamo-
kveTili): am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qvemoT meqneba saubari.

3. aqtan
aqtante
tantebis
tebis struqtu
struqtura
tura qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi:
Si: morfo
morfosin
rfosintaq
sintaqsu
taqsuri
suri anali
analizi
lizi

davubrundeT qarTuls. aqtantebis mimarTebebi iq erTdroulad

markirebulia brunviTi maxasiaTeblebiT da zmnuri aqtantebis maCveneb-
lebiT. nominaluri terminebi SeiZleba iKos i-ze dasrulebul nomina-
tivSi, braldebiT-micemiTSi (tradiciulad micemiTSi), romelic bo-
lovdeba -s-ze an ergatiul (aseve moTxrobiT (narratif)) brunvaSi, rom-
lis aGmniSvnelia -ma
ma/-mm. zmnuri aqtanturi maCveneblebi, romlebic sam
ma
seriad iKofa, Harris-is aGniSvnis mixedviT Semdegia:

2
magram, bacburSi gansxvavebebia mxolod 1 da 2 piris aqtantebSi. amiT es ena
scildeba dualuri enis idealur tips.
3
kanonzomieria bazobrivi (aramarkirebuli) konstruqciis aGniSvna terminiT
`aqtiuri~, misi opoziciuri mimarTebiT pasivTan, antipasivTan, an orivesTan. igi
akuzatiuria egreT wodebul akuzatiuri wKobis enebTan, magram ar Cans imis mizezi, rom
ar vuwodoT aqtiuri aramarkirebul ergatiul formas, romelic egreT wodebuli
ergatiuli enebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
300 j. lazari

cxrili 1
{A} {B} {C}

mx. 1 v_ m_ m_
2 ø g_ g_
3 _s/a/o ø s/h/ø_

mr.1 v_T gv_ gv_

2 _T g_T g_T
3 _en/es/nen.... ø s/h/ø_T

A seriis kombinireba B-sTan, morfonologiuri wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT

gvaZlevs Semdeg formebs:

cxrili II
B seria mx. 1 2 3 mr. 1 2 3

A seria
mx. 1 g_ v_ g_T v_
2 m_ ø gv_ ø
3 m_s/... g_s/.... _s/... gv_s/.... g_T _s/...

mr. 1 g_T v_T g_T v_T

2 m_T _T gv_T _T
3 m_en/... g_en/... _en/... gv_en/.... g-en/.... _en/....

meore mxriv, es konstruqcia dro/aspeqtis mixedviT cvalebadia.

am TvalsazrisiT, droisa da kilos paradigmebi, romelTac Harris-i da
Hewitt-i qarTveli gramatikosebis mixedviT, uwodeben mwkrivebs (scree-
ves) da romelsac me sxvadasxva frangi gramatikosebis terminologiiT,
vuwodeb e.w. `uJrebs~ ("tiroirs"), Jgufdeba sam `seriebad~: I seria, rome-
lic awmKos uJris Semcvelia, II seria, romelSic aoristia da III seria,
romelSic Sedis evidenciuri mniSvnelobis mqone perfeqti (Sdr.
frang. "médiatif"; ingl. evidential ). da bolos, gamoirCeva zmnaTa oTxi kla-
si, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva saxis konstruqciebi.4

4
es klasebi gansazGvrulia morfologiurad, magram erTi da imave klasis zmnebis
sintaqsi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, igivea. aqedan gamomdinare, am gamonaklisebs ar
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 301

3.1. gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi

daviwKoT 1 klasis `gardamavali~ zmnebiT, romlebic oraqtantia-

nia, da me-2 klasis, egreT wodebuli `gardauvali~ zmnebiT, romlebic,
bunebrivia erTaqtanturia. maT sailustraciod (4_6) me movitan
Hewitt-is (1987a: 322) mier SerCeul magaliTebs:

(4) a. kac-i qal-s ø-klavs (I)

nominat. dat. mas-mokvla-is
X Y y x

b. kaci kvdeb-a
nominat. kvdoma-is
Z z

(5) a. kac-ma qal-i mo- ø-kl-a

erg. nominat. prev-is (anu qali)-mokvla-man (II)
X Y y x

b. kac-i mo-kvd-a
nominat. prev-kvdoma-is
Z z

(6) a. kac-s qal-i mo- -ø u-klav-s (III)

dat. nominat. prev-mas-pref-mokvla-is
X Y x y

Sdr. franguli Targmani : "L’homme a, paraît-il, tué la femme"

b. kac-i mo- m- kvdar-a

nominat. prev-pref-kvdoma-is
Z z
Sdr. franguli Targmani: "L’homme, paraît-il, est mort"

(a) nimuSebi biaqtanturi winadadebebia (1 klasis zmna), xolo (b)

nimuSebi _ erTaqtantiuri winadadebebi (2 klasis zmna). [4ab] aCvenebs
I seriis mwkrivTa (anu uJraTa) formas, [5 ab] II seriisas, [6 ab] III seri-
isas. rogorc vxedavT [4 ab]-Si mimarTeba akuzatiuria: X da Z orive
dasturdeba saxeladi terminis saxiT, romelic saxelobiT brunvaSia
da koreferentia A seriis (X = Z)-is aqtanturi maCveneblis; Y saxelia
micemiTSi, B-seriis aqtanturi maCvenebliT.

mivaqcevT KuradGebas da am klasebs sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT erTgvarovnad.

302 j. lazari

[5 ab]-Si X da Z gamoxatulia A seriis imave aqtanturi maCveneb-

liT, magram saxeladi sitKvebi sxvadaxva brunvaSia: X ergatiulSia,
xolo Z-nominativSi. Tavis mxriv Y gamoxatulia B seriis aqtanturi
maCvenebliiT (mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ ø), romelic gansxvavdeba Z-isagan,
magram, samagierod igi nominativSia, rogorc Z. amrigad, Tuki ganvixilavT
aqtantur maCveneblebs, (sintaqsuri) mimarTeba akuzatiuria (X = Z); magram,
Tuki ganvixilavT nominalur terminebs, is ergatiulia (Y = Z).
winadadebaTa ganxilvisas saerTo JamSi, SeiZleba imis konstata-
cia, rom X da Y-sTvis nawilobriv orivea dasaSvebi, magram gansxvavebu-
lad, rogorc es xdeba Z-Si, rac SeiZleba simbolurad gamoixatos
Semdegi formuliT: X ≈ Z da Y ≈ Z. es mimarTebebi qmnian iseT aqtantur
struqturas, romelsac me `Sereuli~ vuwode (Lazard 1978:79; 1994:31-33).
axla ganvixiloT [6 ab]. amJerad X micemiTSia da koreferentulia
C seriis aqtanturi maCveneblis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi-ø), maSin rodesac
Y da Z orive nominativSia da A seriis aqtanturi maCveneblis korefe-
rentia: amrigad, mimarTeba ergatiulia (Y = Z). es konstruqcia tradi-
ciuli definiciiT, `inversiulia~: igi marTlac, I seriis formebTan Se-
darebiT TiTqmis inversiulia.5 [6a] SeiZleba iKos Semdegnairad gadmo-
cemuli kalkirebuli TargmaniT: `kacisTvis qali moklulia (mokluli
iKo) Sdr. "à l’homme la femme est/ a été tuée".
Tuki formebi, romlebSic 1 da 2 klasis zmnebi Sedis, mTavari
konstruqciebia da Sesabamisad biaqtanturi an erTaqtanturia, qarTu-
li SeiZleba iKos aGwerili, rogorc `ganStoebuli~ aqtantebis~ ("frac-
ture d’actance") mqone ("split ergativuty") da aseve ormagad ganStoebuli aq-
tantebis ("double fracture d’actance") mqone ena, vinaidan maTma Sedarebam
gamoavlina akuzatiuri struqtura I seriis `uJrebSi~, Sereuli
struqtura II seriaSi da ergatiuli struqtura III seriaSi.

3.2. afeqturi zmnebi

me-4 klasis zmnebi ar moiTxovs grZel komentarebs. isini iqmneba

Kvela seriaSi, rogorc 1 klasis zmnaTa III seria, anu, mxolod `inver-
siuli~ konstruqciis mqonea, mag.awmKoSi, (7) (Harris 1981 :127).
(7) gela-s ø-uKvar-s nino
dat. mas-Kvareba-is
am winadadebis kalkirebuli Targmania frangulad: "à Gela Nino est
chère" _ `gelasTvis nino Zvirfasia~. me cota qveviT ($ 5) vimsJeleb am kon-
truqciis semantikur korelatze. amJerad avGniSnoT mxolod, rom me-4 kla-
sis zmnaTa Soris aris impersonaluri zmnebic, Sdr. mag. (8) (Harris 1981:136).

5
`TiTqmis~ vinaidan is ar iqneboda zustad inversirebuli, Tuki X koreferire-
buli iqneboda B seriis aqtanturi maCveneblis saSualebiT.
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 303

(8) bavSv-s ø-Si-a

dat. mas-qona.SimSili(s)-?

[8] magaliTis kalkirebuli franguli Targmania: "à l’enfant il est

faim" _ `bavSvisTvis SimSilia~, anu `bavSvs aqvs SimSili~).
erTaderTi moqmedi piri gamoxatulia micemiT brunvaSi mdgomi
arsebiTi saxeliT; zmnaSi aGniSnulia A seriis aqtanturi maCvenebeli,
romelic verc erTi leqsemiT zustad ver gamoixateba.

3.3. medialuri zmnebi

axla vnaxoT me-3 klasis zmnebi, anu `medialurebi~, romlebic sa-

mecniero kamaTis centrSia. es zmnebi zogadad erTaqtanturia, magram
iuGlebian 1 klasis biaqtantur zmnaTa msgavsad: iseTive aqtanturi
ganStoeba aqvT.
(9 abg)-Si aris erTi magaliTi, romelic aGebulia Hewitt (1987a:
323-4)-idan :
(9) a. kac-i tiri-s (I)
nominat. tirili-is
Z z

b. kac-ma i- tir-a (II)

erg. pref-tirili-man
Z z

g. kac-s ø-u-tir(n)i-a (III)

dat. mas-pref-tirili-?
Z z ?

I seriaSi erTaderTi aqtanti nominativSia da koreferentulia

A seriis aqtanturi maCveneblis, rac araviTar problemas ar qmnis, vi-
naidan zmna tirili iseve funqcionirebs, rogorc kvdoma (4b)-Si.magram,
II da III seriebSi es erTaderTi aqtanti ar funqcionirebs msgavsad
zmnisa _ kvdoma, aramed rogorc agensi (an msgavsi kategoria) zmnisa _
xedva, Sdr. nimuSi (5a) da (6a).
me-3 klasis garkveul zmnebs aseve SeuZliaT meore aqtantis qona,
magram mniSvnelovania, rom is SeiZleba akldes konstruqcias misi
cvlilebis gareSe, mag. (10 abg) (Hewitt 1987a:324).

(10) a. kac-i (burT-s) ø-TamaSob-s (I)

nominat. dat. mas-TamaSi-is
X Y y x
b. kac-ma (burT-i) ø- i- TamaS-a (II)
304 j. lazari

ergat. nominat. man-pref-TamaSi-is

X Y y x
g. kac-s (burT-i) ø-u-TamaS(n)i-a (III)
dat. nominat. mas-pref-TamaSi-is
X Y x y

es konstruqcia zustad igive rCeba da gulisxmobs burTis Ta-

maSs (Sdr. frang. jouer au ballon) an mxolod TamaSs.
es aris is faqtebi, romelic mohKavs Harris-s qarTulis, rogorc
dualuri aqtantis mqone struqturis, gansazGvrisTvis.
sinamdvileSi qarTulSi aris erTaqtantian zmnaTa ori katego-
ria: erTi mxriv me-2 klasis zmnebi, rogoricaa kvdoma da isini, romel-
Tac erTi da igive konstruqcia aqvT uJraTa (mwkrivTa) samive seriaSi;
meore mxriv_me-3 klasis zmnebi, romelTac rogorc zmnas tirili,
konstruqciaTa iseTive nairsaxeobebi aqvT, rogorc biaqtantur zmnebs,
anu romelTa erTaderTi aqtanti iseve funqcionirebs, rogorc oraq-
tantian winadadebaSi agensi. amrigad, arsebobs erTaderT aqtantian
formaTa ori kategoria: me-2 klasis zmnebis, romlebic KovelTvis no-
minativSia da savaraudid `araaqtiuria~ da me-3 klasis zmebis, romleb-
Sic gamoiKeneba ergativi II seriis zmnaTa uJrebTan (mwkrivebTan) da mi-
cemiTis III seriis zmnur formebTan da romlebic, saalbaTod `aqtiu-
ria~. am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli rogorc Cans, (tipologiurad) Sesa-
darebelia dualuri tipis enebTan.
amave dros, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia qarTulsa da iseT enebs
Soris rogoricaa, magaliTad, Cikasavuri an bacburi. Cven axla da-
veKrdnobiT morfosintaqsur monacemebs. qarTulSi erTaqtanturi ori
tipis zmnaTa Soris gansxvaveba upirveles Kovlisa, vlindeba mxolod
zmnuri sistemis erT nawilSi, kerZod, II da III seriis uJrebSi (mwkri-
vebSi). meore mxriv, II seriaSi es ganssxvaveba exeba mxolod nominaluri
wevris brunviTi aGvniSvnis sistemas da ara zmnur morfologias.
magram, mesame mxriv zmnur aqtantur maCveneblebis distribucias
araviTari msgavseba ara aqvT zemoT xsenebul dualur zmnebTan.
ganvixiloT es ufro detalurad. CikasavurSi dasturdeba aqtan-
turi maCveneblebis ori seria, romlebic erTad gamoiKeneba biaqtan-
tur winadadebaSi da umTavresad gamoxatavs agenssa da paciens; erTic
da meorec aseve gamoiKeneba damatebiTi distribuciisas, erTaqtantian
zmnebTan, pirveli erTaderTi `aqtivi~ participantis gamosaxatavad,
xolo meore erTaderTi `araaqtiuri~ participantis aGsaniSnavad (mag.
(2g) da (2d), (3a) da (3b), ix. zeviT). qarTulSi msgavsi araferia. erTa-
derTi participanti, romelic savaraudoT `araaqtiuria~, da Sesabami-
sad me-2 klasis zmnasTan gamoxatulia A seriis aqtanturi maCvenebliT
(Sdr. mag. (4b), (5b) (6b) ix. zeviT), anu rogorc biaqtantur winadadeba-
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 305

Ta agensi! rac Seexeba me-3 klasis zmnur formebs, maTSi asevea A seri-
is aqtanturi maCvenebeli, magram sakiTxavia Seicaven Tu ara isini aseve
B seriisas, anu xom ar arian isini morfologiurad biaqtanturi.
sinamdvileSi, B seriaSi me-3 piris aqtanturi maCvenebelia _ ø,
ise, rom Sexameba A-s maCveneblisa B-s me-3 piris maCvenebelTan, identu-
ria mxolod A maCveneblis (ix. I da II cxrili zeviT). zmnuri formebi
(9a) da (9b) SeiZleba interpretirebuli iKos orgvarad, rogorc:
tiri-s i-tir-a
zmn-z pref-zmn-z
an rogorc:
ø-tiri-s ø-i-tir-a
y-zmn-x y-pref-zmn-x
anu, rogorc erTaqtantiani an biaqtanturi. meore interpreta-
ciis Tanaxmad, isini me-3 piris meore araeqsplicituri aqtantis Se-
mcvelia. misi franguli Targmani_kalki Semdegia: ("l’homme le pleure/pleu-
ra" _ `kaci tiris, an kaci itirebs~), sadac le- arafris gamomxatvelia.
magram, es meore interpretacia erTaderTi SesaZlo variantia,
III seriis formaTa SemTxvevaSi. zmnuri forma (9g)-Si Seicavs A seriis
III piris aqtantur maCvenebels (gansazGvruls, rogorc ` ?~), romelsac
SeuZlia mxolod araeqsplicituri aqtantis aGniSvna. Sesabamisad, is
unda iKos Semdegnairad ganxiluli:
Ø-u-tir(n)i-a
x-pref-zmn-y
`carieli~ aqtantiT Y. vinaidan es interpretacia III seriis Se-
mTxvevaSi savaldebuloa, marTebulia misi datoveba I da II seriebSi.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es winadadebebi semantikurad erTi participan-
tis mqonea, xolo morfosintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT ar Camouvardebian
biaqtanturebs.
es biaqtanturi winadadebebi carieli aqtantiT, garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT Sesadarebelia egreT wodebul `impersonalur~ winadadebeb-
Tan rogorc es magaliTad, laTinurSia (11).
(11) me pude-t
me-akuzat. gakeTeba-sircxvili-(m)is
Y x
`me mrcxvenia~
me-(11) winadadebaSi erTaderTi participanti gamoxatulia akuza-
tivis formis nacvalsaxeliT, xolo zmnuri forma agensis aqtanturi
maCveneblis Semcvelia, romelic ar SeiZleba eqsplicituri iKos. wina-
dadebebi, romelic aGniSnulia (11)-iT, X cariel aqtants Seicavs.
306 j. lazari

aseve, da inversiulad, (9abg)-is msgavsi winadadebebi carieli Y aqtan-

tis Semcvelia. isini sarkeSi areklili gamosaxulebis msgavsia: amito-
mac vuwode me maT `anti-impersonaluri~ zmnebi (Lazard 1985a).
3.4. anti-impersonaluri zmnebi
aseTi konstruqciebi qarTulis garda sxva enebSic iSviaTi ar
aris. isini dasturdeba mTel rig irano-ariulsa (anu iranul) da indo-
ariul enebSi, sadac aqtantebi iKofa, anu iq sadac konstruqcia akuza-
tiuria awmKo drois (an imperfetivis) zmnebTan, xolo ergatiulia
namKo drois (an perfeqtiul) zmnebTan. arsebobs semantikurad erTaq-
tantiani zmnebi, romlebic warsul droSi (an perfeqtivSi) gadadis er-
gatiul konstruqciaSi, rogorc es biaqtantur zmnebSia. paStos (12-13)
nimuSebis mixedviT, vlindeba aqtantebis gaKofa biaqtantur winadadeba-
Si,xolo nimuSi (14 ab) gamoxatavs `anti-impersonalur~ zmnur formas.

(12) a. sar>ay š>edza win-i

kaci: pird.br. qali-pird.br. naxva-is
X Y x
`kaci xedavs qals~
b. sar>ay gerz-i
kaci: pird.br. seirnoba (TavisTvis)-is
Z z
`kaci TavisTvis seirnobs~

(13) a. sar>i šʖedza lid-ela

kaci-ir.br. qali: pird.br. naxva-warsuli dr.:mas (anu qals)
X Y y
`kaci xedavda qals~
b. sar>ay gerz-ed-ø
kaci: pird.br. seirnoba (TavisTvis)-warsuli dr.-is
Z z
`kaci TavisTvis seirnobda~

(14) a. sar>ay xānd-i

kaci: pird.br. sicili-is
Z z
`kaci icinis~
b. sar>i xand-el
kaci: ir.br. sicili-warsuli dr.:maT
X y
`kaci icinoda~
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 307

(12a)-Si X aqtanti pirdapir brunvaSia da koreferentulia

zmnur aqtantur maCvenebelTan, rogorc es aris Z nimuSSi _ (12b) (X =
Z: akuzatiuri konstruqcia); (13a)-Si, X irib brunvaSia da aqtantis
maCvenebeli Y aqtants ganekuTvneba, rogorc is ganekuTvneba Z-s (13b)-Si
(Y = Z: ergatiuli konstruqcia). amrigad, gvaqvs akuzatiuri konstruq-
cia awmKoSi, xolo ergatiuli _ warsulSi. axla ganvixiloT nimuSi
(14), sadac mxolod erTi participantia. (14a)-Si amJerad konstruqcia
erTaqtanturia, rogorc (12b)-Si.
(14b)-Si is biaqtanturia, erTi carieli Y aqtantiT, romelic
gamoxatulia me-3 piris mr. ricxvis aqtanturi niSniT; franguli kal-
kirebuli Targmania: "l’homme les riait". (9ab)-Si motanili qarTuli awmKo
da aoristis formaTagan gansxvavebiT, paStos zmnuri forma (14b) ar
aris orazrovani: (carieli) aqtanti Y iq mSvenivrad figurirebs eq-
splicituri aqtanturi maCveneblis saxiT.
igive konstruqcia gvxvdeba sxvadasxva enebSi, sadac zogadad Y
carieli aqtanti dasturdeba me-3 piris mxolobiTis maCveneblis for-
miT (paStosagan gansxvavebiT, sadac am funqciiT gamoiKeneba me-3 piris
mravlobiTi). (16 ab) amis maCvenebelia qurTulSi (soranis dialeqti),
biaqtantur winadadebasTan mimarTebiT (15 ab)].
(15) a. pyaweke segeke e-kuž-ê
kaci ZaGli awmKo dr.-mokvla-is
X Y x
`kaci klavs ZaGls~

b. pyaweke segeke-y kušt- ø

kaci ZaGli-man* mokvla-is
X x y
`kacma ZaGli mokla~.

(16) a. eh>îlên-in
awmK.-xvixvini-isini
z
`isini xvixvineben~

b. h>îlan-ø-yan
xvixvini-mas-isini
y x
`isini axvixvindnen~

*
frangul originalSia lui , xolo qarTulSi Seesabameba `man~ (e. g.).
308 j. lazari

(15a)-Si, awmKo droSi, X aqtanturi maCveneblis koreferentia,

romelsac aqvs zmnis piriani markeris forma (akuzatiuri konstruq-
cia); (15b)-Si konstruqcia ergatiulia: zmnuri piris niSani (am Se-
mTxvevaSi _ ø) ganekuTvneba Y-s da X koreferentulia klitikis, rome-
lic erTvis zmnis win gamoKenebul termins, an misi naklulobis Se-
mTxvevaSi, TviTon zmnas, piris niSnis Semdeg (ergatiuli konstruqcia).
(16b)-Si, sadac participanti ar aris, es konstruqcia mainc ergatiu-
lia: me-3 piris mravlobiTis bolokiduri klitikuri niSani, romelic
ganekuTvneba X-s, gulisxmobs mis win niSan ø-s, romelic gamoxatavs ca-
riel Y-s; ai, franguli kalkirebuli Targmani: "ils le hennirent" _ `isini
mas axvixvindnen~.
es konstruqcia aseve arsebobs sxvadasxva indo-ariul enebSi,
romlebSic aqtanturi ganStoeba aris, kerZod, hindiSi, maraThiSi, ne-
palurSi (Montaut 1991:107). is aseve dasturdeba Crdilo-aGmosavlur
kavkasiur, ergatiuli tipis enebSi: magaliTad, bejiturSi, iseTi zmne-
bi, rogoricaa kikini, zmuili, Kvirili, dacemineba, sicili, da sxv.
KovelTvis Sedgeba ergativSi mdgomi erTi aqtantisagan, romelsac ara-
eqsplicituri aqtanturi obieqtis niSani aqvs (Kibrik-Testelets 1993). xi-
nalugur enaSi igive tips ganekuTvneba zmnebi `dacemineba, Sardva~
(Kibrik 1994:399). avarulSi aseve dasturdeba ramdenime anti-impersona-
luri zmna, romelSic dasaSvebia erTze meti, irib brunvaSi mdgomi aq-
tanti, mag. (17) (Charachidzé 1981: 158).

(17) bac'-icca weħ-assda ø-ančč'-ana

mgelma-erg. wKemsi man-kbena-aorist.
X y

`mgelma mwKemsi dakbina~ (Sdr.lit. `man [impers.] ukbina mwKemss/

mas ukbenia mwKemsisTvis~ (anu mwKemsi dakbenilia, (e. g)).

es konstruqcia gvxvdeba baskurSic: egreT wodebuli `deponen-

tur~ zmnebSi ("déponents"), `romelTac aqvT gardamaval zmnaTa maxasia-
Teblebi, magram Tavisi arsiT gardauvalia~ (Lafitte 1962:189). (20), anti-
impersonaluri winadadeba, Seicavs mxolod erT participants, rogorc
es aris (18)-Si, magram mas aqvs morfologiurad biaqtanturi zmna da
ergativSi mdgomi aqtanti (19).

(18) Yon etorri d-a

sak.sax. (absolut.) mosuli is-damx.zmn.
Z z
`ioni movida~
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 309

(19) ama-k Yon bialdu d-u-ø

deda-erg.br. sak.sax. (absolut.) gagzavnili is-damx.zmn.-man*
X Y y x
`dedam gagzavna ioni~

(20) ura-k irakitsen d-u -ø

wKali-erg.br. mduGare is-damx.zmn.-is (wKali)
X y x
`wKali duGs~ (lit. is duGs, Sdr.frangulad "le bout")

Kvela am enaSi anti-impersonaluri konstruqciis aqtanti, rome-

lic gamoxatavs erTaderT participants, warmodgenilia rogorc agensi
da es konstruqcia Seicavs cariel aqtants, romelic ganixileba ro-
gorc paciensi.
cxadia, rom me-3 klasis zmnaTa konstruqcia imave tipis aris, da
am konstruqciasTan Sedarebis mixedviT, (romelic sakamaTo gaxda qar-
Tveli gramatikosebisTvis da romelsac mohKva Harris-is debulebebi da
Hewitt-is kritikuli SeniSvnebi), qarTuli ganekuTvneba am ganxilul
enaTa kategorias.
es dasturdeba am konstruqciis semantikuri korelatebis gamo-
kvlevis safuZvelze.

4. seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri kore
korela
relate
latebi
tebi

4.1. opozicia dualur enebSi

dualur enebSi ori saxis gardauval winadadebaTa Soris gansxva-

veba tradiciulad gaazrebulia, rogorc `aqtiur~ da `araqtiur~
zmnebs an monawileTa Soris arsebuli. es gansazGvra uzusto da miax-
loebiTia da gansxvavebulia konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviT. sakuTriv
bacburisTvis Holisky-m (1987:113) daadgina, rom or konstruqciaTagan
erT-erTis SerCeva damokidebulia `Tavdapirveladi miaxloebiT~ imaze,
aris Tu ara `subieqtis referenti participanti, romelsac Segnebu-
lad miniyebuli aqvs zmniT aGniSnuli situaciis marTvis (controlling)
neba~. magram, man maSinve Zalian moxdenilad aCvena, rom es principi ar
aris mkacrad gramatikalizebuli da misi gamoKeneba, romelic meqani-
kurad ar xdeba, sxvadasxva semantikuri da pragmatuli faqtorebiT
aris ganpirobebuli.
Mithun-i (1991) Tavis mxriv, amerikel indielTa mravali enebis
ganxilvisa da kvlevis Sedegad mivida msgavss daskvnamde. guraniSi opo-
zicia arsebiTad exeba dinamikur processa da statikur situaciebs

*
frangul originalSia elle _ `is~,magram qarTulad iqneba `man~ (e. g.)
310 j. lazari

Soris dapirispirebas. laxoTaSi exeba im procesebs, romlebSic erTa-

derTi participanti agensia da imaT, sadac is paciensia. garda amisa,
agensurobis cneba TavisTavad kompleqsuria: van Valin-is mixedviT, unda
ganvasxvaoT moqmedebis iniciativa (instigation), Sesruleba (egzekucia)
(frang. l’exécution, ingl. performance), realizacia (effect) da marTva
(frang. la commande, ingl. control). es gansxvavebuli komponentebi Kovel-
Tvis ar SeiZleba iKos erTad TavmoKrili da konkretuli SemTxvevis
Sesabamisad dominirebs an erTi an meore. albaT gadamwKvetia marTva;
magram is faqti, rom paciensi ase Tu ise gansazGvrulia, aseve qmedi-
Ti faqtoria. igivea kadour da mohavkur enebSi; am ukanasknelSi (anu
mohavkurSi) angariSgasawevia aspeqti: perfeqtis formebs KovelTvis
Tan axlavs paciensis gamomxatveli niSani (rac TavisTavad igulisxmeba,
vinaidan perfeqti statikuria). garda amisa, Kvelgan SesamCnevi gamo-
naklisebic dasturdeba, romlebic aixsneba gramatikuli datvirTviT,
wina viTarebaTa markeriT.
amrigad, ori tipis konstruqciaTa distribucia arsad ar aris
arbitraruli: "they form fairly well-defined semantic groups whose makeup is not
arbitrary" (Holisky 1987: 113); "the active and agentive case systems described here
are grammaticized, but they are certainly not arbitrary" (Mithun 1991:537).* es dis-
tribucia KovelTvis eqvemdebareba opozicia _ `aqtiuri/araaqtiuris~
erT, an meore saxeobas.
magram, arc erTi am nairsaxeobaTagani saTanadod ver xsnis qar-
Tuli medialuri zmnebis semantikur distribucias. Harris-ma (1982:299-
304) gamoricxa, rom opozicia dinamikuri/statikuri relevanturi faq-
toria, iseve rogorc opozicia sulieri/usulo. magram is agensurobas
gadamwKvet faqtorad miiCnevs, sintaqsuri wesebis safuZvelze, rasac
relativisturi gramatikuli terminologiiT Semdegnairad gamoxatavs:
"the active case (-ma) is assigned to those nominals which are initial and final subjects"
da "initial subjects in Georgian include agents, cognizers, experiencers, and posse-
sors"** maSin rodesac, "initial direct objects include patients, stimuli and possessed
nominals".*** amrigad, me-3 da me-2 klasis zmnaTa Soris arsebuli opozi-
cia emKareba agensebis (an msgavsi kategoriebis: Semmecneblebis, ganmcde-
lebisa da mflobelebis) da aseve paciensebis (an msgavsi kategoriebis:
percepciisa da flobiTi obieqtebis gamomxatveli stimulatorebis)
opozicias. sintaqsuri normebis SuamdgomlobiTi funqcia mdgomareobs

*
`isini qmnian sakmaod kargad gansazGvrul semantikur Jgufebs, romelTa
Semadgenloba ar aris arbitraruli~ ; `aq aGwerili aqtiuri da agensuri brunvaTa
sistemebi gramatizirebulia, magram rasakvirvelia, ar aris arbitraruli~ (e. g.).
**
`aqtiuri brunva (-ma) ganekuTvneba im nominalur formebs, romlebic sawKissa da
bolokidur poziciaSi mdgomi subieqtebia~, `sawKisi subieqtebi qarTulSi moicavs
agensebs, Semmecneblebs, ganmcdelebsa da mflobelebs~ (e. g.).
***
`sawKisi pirdapiri obieqtebi moicavs paciensebs, stimulatorebs (anu
gamomwvelebs) da kuTvnilebiTi Girebulebis mqone nominalur terminebs~ (e. g.).
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 311

imaSi, rom `sawKisi pirdapiri obieqtebi~ gadadis `araakuzatiurobis~

wesebis Tanaxmad nominativSi mdgar `finalur subieqtebSi~, da es aris
me-2 klasis zmnaTa konstruqcia (aoristSi), maSin rodesac `sawKisi su-
bieqtebi~ `finaluri subieqtebia~, ergatiul brunvaSi, da es aris me-
3 klasis zmnaTa konstruqcia.
am Teorias rigi sirTuleebi axlavs. Hewitt-ma mis sawinaaGmdegod
mravali debuleba wamoaKena. maT Soris mTavari argumenti is aris (me
ganze vtoveb faqtebs, romlebic Zvel qarTulsa da mis dialeqtebs
exeba), rom me-2 klasis, anu savaraudod `araaqtiuri~ zmnebis katego-
ria, iseT formebs Seicavs, romlebSic participantis agensuroba ara-
viTar eyvs ar iwvevs, magaliTad, adgoma, daJdoma, wasvla, dapireba, ga-
svla, devna, brZola, brZolis dawKeba, ieriSis mitana, dayera, vedreba,
daxmareba, dalodeba, da sxv. (Hewitt 1987a:327-328). inceptiuri zmnebi,
romelTagan Kvela me-2 klass ganekuTvneba, da saalbaTod `araaqtiu-
ria~, SeiZleba Sexamebuli iKos zmnizedasTan, romlis mniSvnelobaa
`gadawKvetilad, Segnebulad~, rac bunebrivia nebaKoflobiT agenss gu-
lisxmobs (ibid. 334). ueyvelia, Kvela saxis generalizacias SeiZleba ax-
ldes Tavisi gamonaklisebic, misi mTlianobis darGvevis gareSe. ueyve-
lia aseve, rom aseTi tipis zmnas SeiZleba hqondes nuansi, romelic am
klasifikacias amarTlebs, magram Cven gvrCeba mxedvelobidan: Mithun-i
(1991:535) iZleva amis karg magaliTs zmna `muSaobis~ mixedviT, rome-
lic mohavkur enaSi `araaqtiuria~. magram iq gamonaklisebi imdenad
mravalricxovania, rom SesaZloa safrTxeSi CavagdoT mTeli sistema.
Harris-i uaxlovdeba Tavisi TvalsazrisiT Hewitt-s imiT, rom aGar
Tvlis misaGebad axal ideebs, romlebic warmodgenili iKo mis 1985
wels gamoqveKnebul naSromSi, sadac is aGniSnavs: "I made clear my revi-
sed view that it is not semantics, but morphological class, that determines case mar-
king"*. magram, Tu TviTon morfologiuri klasia, rogorc Cans, semanti-
kurad gansazGvruli, Hewitt-s sruli ufleba aqvs ganacxados ze-
moaGniSnuli msJelobis `cirkularoba~ da Tu morfologiuri klasi-
fikacia arbitrarulia (rac, naklebad marTebulia), maSin ar unda
hqondes adgili `aqtiuri~ da `araaqtiuri~ zmnebis opoziciasa da `aq-
tiur~ struqturaze msJelobas; aseve ar Cans sayiroeba Kvela `sawKisi
subieqtebis~ da `sawKisi obieqtebis~ da sxva kategoriebis mqone kon-
struqciebis. sakmarisia faqtebis dadgena da ama Tu im klasSi Semaval
zmnaTa siis Seqmna.
am sakiTxis gadawKveta unda veZioT sxvagan.

*
`me ufro metad gamovkveTe Cemi gadamowmebuli Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom
ara semantikuri, aramed morfologiuri klasia brunviTi aGniSvnis maCvenebeli~ (e. g.).
312 j. lazari

4.2. anti-impersonalur zmnaTa sfero

me vfiqrob SevZeli imis Cveneba (Lazard 1985 a), rom miaxloebiT

mainc SesaZlebelia ergatiulsa da naxevrad-ergatiul enebSi dadas-
turebuli `anti-impersonaluri~ zmnebis semantikuri velis gansazGvra.
Cems mier gamoKenebulma SezGudulma dokumentirebulma masala-
mac ki gamoavlina, rom isini TiTqmis igivea, rac dasturdeba sxvadasxva
enebSi. indo-iranulSi aseTi zmnebi aGniSnavs:
_ cxovelTa Kvirils: Kefa, KroKini, Griali, xvixvini, da sxv;
_ naxevrad-nebaKoflobiTi fiziologiuri gamovlinebebs: sicili,
tirili, (da)cemineba, (da)xveleba, da sxv;
_ moZraobebs: xtoma, cekva, xoxva, da sxv;
_ mizanmimarTulebas: Kureba, dartKma, cema;
_ banaoba (abazanis miGeba) (paStosa da hindiSi).
igive cnebebi nawilobriv dasturdeba baskurSic: Kefa, Kureba,
rbena, da sxv.zogierTi maTgani aklia, kerZod, xvela, da sxv. radgan, am
enaSi isini gamoixateba Txzuli formiT, rogoricaa `xvelebis gakeTe-
ba~, romlebic bunebrivia, Sedis biaqtantur struqturaSi. samagierod,
anti-impersonalur zmnaTa Soris iseTebia, rogoric `sadiloba~ (sitKv.
`sadilis miGeba~ _ prendre un repas) (Sdr. abazanis miGeba indo-evropul-
Si), daxmareba (miznis aGmniSvneli zmna), da usulo participantis mqone
zmnebi, rogoricaa, brwKinva, duGeba, aGmoceneba, da aseve xangrZlivoba.
aris Tu ara es Sesabamisoba istoriulad ganpirobebuli? dasaS-
vebia indo-ariul enebsa da aseve maTi da paStos Soris arsebuli kon-
taqtebi, magram CvenTvis misawvdomi warsulidan Tu vimsJelebT, mimar-
Teba ar iKo paStosa da qurTuls Soris, da ufro naklebad savarau-
doa baskursa da sxva enebs Sorisac. am dros, korelacia mKardeba da-
moukideblad sxvadasxva enebSi, erT gamonaklisis saxiT arsebul kon-
struqciasa da garkveul semantikur velebs Soris, romlebic met na-
klebad moicavs enidan enas da es ar unda iKos SemTxveviTi. amrigad,
dasaSvebia, rom anti-impersonaluri konstruqcia semantikurad ganpi-
robebulia.
ra aris saerTo aGniSnul semantikur velebs Soris? aGniSnuli
procesebidan did nawils albaT Sedegad aqvT maxasiaTeblebi, romle-
bic aGiqmeba mgrZnobelobiT doneze, gansakuTrebiT xSiria mxedvelobi-
Ti da smeniTi aGqmebi (Kefa, xveleba, cekva, brwKinva, da sxv.); sxvebi
gamoiKeneba sakuTriv participantis sxeulTan mimarTebaSi (abazanis
miGeba, sadili(s miGeba), anu banaoba, yama), an misi sxeulis romelime
nawilis an instrumentis (moZraobebis) aGsaniSnavad; sxvebi aseve gu-
lisxmobs garkveuli drois msvlelobas. isini Kvela spontanuria, im ga-
gebiT, rom ar gulisxmobs araviTar gareSe agenss, garda erTaderTi
participantisa, romelic an iqneba an ara nebaKoflobiTi aqtis gamaaz-
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 313

rebeli anda misi ganxorcielebis unaris mqone piri. am Kvelas, ro-

gorc me mimaCnia, aqvT implicituri obieqti, romelic an maTi (aGqmis)
uSualo gamovlenaa, an sxeulis nawilia, an instrumenti, anda xan-
grZlivobis gamomxatveli: ZaGli Kefs saKefs, axveleben xvelebas, da-
rbian sirbili(T), cekvaven cekvas _ SesaZloa, misi fexebi, an misi sxeu-
li, banen TavianT sxeuls, artKamen (sitKv. dartKmas aKeneben) an ia-
raGiT, an muStiT, uKureben (mzeras apKroben), wKali duGs duGiliT,
sanaTuri anaTebs bzinviT, mcenare izrdeba zrdaSi, procesi grZeldeba
xangZlivobaSi. SeiZleba erTi sitKviT SevaJamoT Kvela am zmnis saerTo
maxasiaTeblebi, imis aGvniSniT, rom isini asaxaven adamianebisTvis, an
ara adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevebs.
anti-impersonaluri zmnebiT gamoxatuli procesis arsis gamo-
vleniT, gasagebi xdeba maTi Semcveli konstruqciebic. Tu Kvela es
zmna biaqtanturi morfosintaqsis mqonea, es imas niSnavs, rom maTSi
ori aqtantia: erTi implicituri, romelic obieqtia da xSirad Sida
obieqti; xolo meore eqsplicituri, romelic pirvelis sapirispiroa,
da ganixileba, rogorc agensi.

4.3. medialuri zmnebis semantika

qarTuli enis medialuri zmnebi Zalian kargad Tavsdeba amgvarad

gansazGvruli anti-impersonalur zmnebis kategoriaSi.
Tavisi wignis (1981) bolos Harris-i iZleva nimuSebis saxiT oTxi
klasis zmnaTa siebs. is azustebs (Harris 1981:261), rom "the verbs selected
are typical: they illustrate the generalizations made in the text above. At the same time,
the lists contain examples of every kind of exception to the generalizations".* (kursi-
viT aGniSvna avtoriseulia).
amrigad, es aris sruli sia me-3 klasis `tipiuri~ nimuSebisa
(ibid. 265-266); me isini xelaxla davaxarisxe, rom maTi Sedareba gamarti-
vebuliKo:
_ (Zireuli zmnebi): zuili, zuzuni, Cxavili, jGurtuli; _ sun-
Tqva, tirili, xarxari, Kvirili, Kmuili, Grutuni, stvena, sicili, ox-
vra, Civili, xrinva, CasunTqva; _ cekva, simGera, TamaSi, varJiSi, sria-
li, curva, rbena, gorva,xoxva, dasrialeba, motrialeba,adgilze moZrao-
ba; _ Cxubi, dartKma, cema; _ laparaki, saubari, laKboba, pasuxis gace-
ma; _ dafiqreba.
_ (denominativebi): mefoba, muSaoba, swavla, dacva, Senaxva, mo-
vla, bavSvurad moqceva, bebiaqalis xelobis ganxorcieleba, Tamamad mo-
qceva, zeimis mowKoba, mogzauroba, kariskacis (daraJis) Tanamdebobaze

*
`SerCeuli zmnebi tipiuria : isini aCvenebs im generalizaciebs, romlebic mota-
nilia zemoT aGniSnul teqstSi. amave dros, es sia am generalizaciebisagan arsebuli
Kvela saxis gamonaklisebis Semcvelia~ (e. g.).
314 j. lazari

Kofna, pirferoba, farisevloba, qarTulad Tavis dayera, (moqceva);

_ (adamianis araaGmniSvneli participantis mqone zmnebi): brwKin-
va, bzinva, elvareba, duGili, wveTeba, Sxefeba, rekva.

TvalSi sacemia sxva enaTa anti-impersonalur zmnebTan msgavseba.

Tu zogierTi zmna, rogoricaa dafiqreba, pasuxis gacema SeiZleba sakama-
To Candes da moiTxovdes ufro Grma ganxilvas, rom Tanmxlebi (semanti-
kuri) niuansis dadgena SegveZlos, am zmnaTa didi nawili semantikis im
sferoebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic zemoT iKo aGniSnuli, Sdr. $ 4.2.
aqve SeiZleba daematos dadasturebis mizniT ramdenime zmna, ro-
melTa morfologia ganekuTvneba 1 klass, magram romelTac igive sin-
taqsi aqvT, rogorc medialurebs: mTqnareba, xveleba (Harris 1981:262),
dabanva (Hariss 1990:218), Sardva (Hewitt 1987b:1191). maTgan Kvela qce-
vis gamomxatvelia.
Holisky-s (1981) deskripciuli analizi da komentarebi, romelic
mocemulia mis naSromSi, sadac medialuri zmnebia detalurad Seswav-
lili, am interpretacias naTlad adasturebs.* niSandoblivia, rom ma-
galiTad, me-3 klasis zmebs Soris ar figurirebs iseTi zmnebi, rogo-
ricaa wasvla, mosvla, romlebic ubralod gadaadgilebis aGmniSnelia.
moZraobis aGmniSvneli medialuri zmnebi _ rbena, curva,xoxva,dacure-
ba, da sxv. "all characterize the manner of motion".** Tu isini gulisxmobs gada-
adgilebas, isini aGweren maneras, romliTac xorcieldeba es gadaadgi-
leba, da ara TavisTavad gadaadgilebas. aseve denominativebis didi rao-
denoba gamoxatavs qceviT moqmedebas. N saxelis medialuri derivati ar
niSnavs `N-ad Kofas~, aramed `moqcevas N-ad~ (Sdr. zemoT `bavSvad, Tama-
mad, qarTulad~), anu, xSirad `N-is saqmianobis ganxorcieleba~ (Sdr. ze-
moT `bebia-qalis saqmianoba~ da agreTve `gamefeba~), da kidev, Tu N obieqts
aGniSnavs, `im qcevisaTvis, rogorsac Cveulebriv akeTeben N-is SemTxvevaSi~.
eqspresiuli zmnebi, rogoricaa brwKinva, duGili, dazarineba da
sxv., romlebic Harris-ma (1985:354-355) ganixila, rogorc me-3 klasSi
arsebuli gamonaklisebi, iq SesaniSnavad Tavsdeba. Merlan, romlis na-
Sromidan citata aqvs motanili Hewitt-s (1987a:331), wers: "All the ex-
pressive verbs taking inanimate subjects denote events with perceptible consequences
such as displays of light, noise, or motion. The occurrence of these events is not prom-
pted by any outside agency, but emanates from the entities themselves".***

*
am naSromis Sesaxeb recenzia ekuTvnis W. Boeder-s, ix. Kratylos, Jahrgang 30, 1985,
s.162-167; mogvianebiT masze aseve gamoqveKnda recenzia qarTulad, ix. T. vaSakiZe, ike,
t. XXIX, 1990, gv. 260-268 (e. g.).
**
`Kvela moZraobis maneras axasiaTebs~ (e. g.).
***
`Kvela eqspresiuli zmna, romelTac usulo subieqti aqvT, gamoxatavs
percepciuli Sedegis amsaxvel movlenebs, rogoricaa sinaTlis, xmauris an moZraobis
aGniSvna. am movlenaTa gadmocema ar aris ganpirobebuli gareSe agensiT, aramed TviT
maT arsSi mdgomareobs~ (e. g.).
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 315

percepciuli Sedegebi da ara gareSe agensi, swored esenia is

Taviseburebebi, romlebic me Sevicani (ix. $ 4.2), rogorc anti-imperso-
naluri zmnebis maxasiaTeblebi.6
rac Seexeba grZnobaTa gamomxatvel zmnebs, aris iseTebi, romle-
bic me-3 klasSi dasturdeba da pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba iKos gan-
macvifrebeli, vinaidan afeqturi zmnebi mosalodnelia mxolod me-4
klasSi. magram, sakiTxavia, xom ar gamoxatavs me-3 klasis zmnebi sakuT-
riv grZnobebze ufro metad, maT percepciul gamovlenas?
es SekiTxva dasmulia specialistebisaTvis.
amrigad, qarTuli medialuri zmnebi Tavsdeba anti-impersonalur
zmnaTa gverdiT zemoT aGniSnul enebSi: maT igive sintaqsi aqvT da
igive semantikuri velebi. maT, iseve, rogorc am kategoriis zmebs, im-
plicituri obieqti aqvT. es daskvna, romliskenac Cven mivKavarT tipo-
logiur Sedarebas, uerTdeba zogierTi qarTveli specialistis Tval-
sazriss: "Nebieridze [….] proposes that all Class 3 verbs have a deep structure direct
object. If the direct object and the verb have `the same referential meaning", as […..]"he
prayed a prayer", the direct object is deleted in Modern Georgian" (Harris 1985:352).*
Boeder-i (1979:463 da Semdeg) aseve Tvlis, rom medialur zmnebs aqvT Si-
da implicituri obieqti. "Medials are, underlyingly at least, transitive, whether or
not they can ever appear with a surface direct object" (1987b:182).** is Tvlis, rom
eqsplicituri obieqtis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba implicituri
obieqtis funqciiT gamoKenebuli iKos refleqsivi.Sida obieqti, ref-
leqsivi, orive hipoTeza dasaSvebia: orive albaT marTebulia, konkre-
tuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare.
rogorc unda iKos, Kovlad SeuZlebelia qarTuli enis am zmnaTa
kvleva sxva enebSi dadasturebul erTgvari zmnebisagan damoukideb-
lad. isini imave problematikas wamoyrian, rac maT aseve mniSvnelovnad
gaamdidrebs.

6
Dominique Gauthier-Eligoulashvil-ma SematKobina, rom mTis qarTul dialeqtebSi aseve
dasturdeba aoristis forma: iTova, Tovli iTova, Tovlma iTova; analogiuri formebia
zmnisa `wvima~. amrigad, am dialeqtebSi meteorologiuri zmnebi SeiZleba iKos impersona-
luri, erTi (an ori) carieli aqtantiT, impersonaluri carieli agensiT da anti-
impersonaluri carieli obieqtiT. bunebrivi fenomenebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iKos
indiferentulad, rogorc garkveuli SedegobiTi efeqti, an rogorc qmediTi Zalebi.
*
`nebieriZis [...] hipoTezis TvalsazrisiT, me-3 klasis Kvela zmnas aqvs siGrmiseu-
li struqturis pirdapiri obieqti. Tu pirdapir obieqtsa da zmnas aqvT igive referen-
ciuli mniSvneloba, rogoric aris[...] magaliTad, `man iloca locva~, maSin pirdapiri
obieqti Tanamedrove qarTulSi amoGebulia~. (e. g.).
**
`medialuri zmnebi ZiriTadad mainc gardamavalia, ganurCevlad imisa, dastur-
debian Tu ara isini zedapiruli pirdapiri obieqtiT~ (e. g.).
316 j. lazari

4.4. anti-impersonaluri, `aqtiuri~ da `araergatiuli~ zmnebi

amrigad, qarTulSi, iseve rogorc am sxva enebSi, dasturdeba ori

kategoriis zmnebi, erTi participantiT, rac, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs
dualur enebs da aseve im gansxvavebas, romelic aGniSnulia gansakuT-
rebiT akuzatiur enebSi, `araakuzatiursa~ da `araergatiul~ zmnaTa
Soris. aris, ra Tqma unda, msgavsebebic: anti-impersonaluri zmnebiT
gamoxatuli cnebebi zogadad dualur enebSi aGniSnulia `aqtiuri~,
xolo akuzatiur enebSi _ `araergatiuli~ zmnebiT; Kvela es zmna, ro-
gorc Cans, ateluria (Sdr. ing. atelic, frang. atélique, germ. atelisch (e.
g.)) (es aris is mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romelsac Holisky gamoKofs qarTuli
medialuri zmnebisaTvis).* amgvarad, SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom zmnur fun-
qcionirebaTa sami tipi emKareba erTsa da imave wina-lingvistur safuZvels.
magram, Tavi unda davizGvioT maTi arevisagan. isini gansxvavdeba
gramatikuli formiT da awmKo drois zmnuri klasebis SedarebiT uf-
ro farTo sistemiT. dualuri enebis gramatikaSi radikaluri gansxva-
veba mKardeba zmnaTa or klass Soris. `araergatiulsa~ da `araakuza-
tiur~ zmnaTa Soris gansxvaveba ufro moqnili da daxvewilia. rac See-
xeba ergatiul (an naxevrad-ergatiul) enebs, romlebSic dasturdeba
anti-impersonaluri zmnebi, iq arsebuli gansxvaveba naTlad gamokveTi-
lia, magram dualur enebTan SedarebiT, naklebad simetriulia, vinai-
dan es zmnebi, msgavsad gardamavali zmnebia, morfologiurad biaqtan-
turia. garda amisa, es gansxvaveba calke gamoKofilia mxolod im
gardauval zmnebTan, romlebic garkveul semantikur vels ganekuTvneba
da romlebic, rogorc Cans, dualuri enebis `aqtiuri~ zmnebis nawilia.
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom arsebobs enebis mier gamoxatuli konceptu-
aluri veli da es aris cnebaTa Tanamimdevruli wKeba, sadac xdeba erTa-
derTi participantis mqone procesebis distribucia Semdegi kategorie-
bis mixedviT: dinamiuroba/statikuroba, aqtivoba/araaqtivoba, da sxv. ene-
bi an asaxavs an ara am konceptualur gansxvavebebs, da maTSi, romlebSic
isini aisaxeba, es xdeba sxvadasxvanairad: sami tipis zmnuri morfosintaqsi
warmoadgens erTsa da imave cnebiTi sivrcis sxvadasxva fragmentebs.
zogad sintaqsuri kvlevis erT-erTi sakiTxs Seadgens maT Soris
arsebuli mimarTebebis zusti dadgena, rac windawin gulisxmobs, rom
Koveli maTgani ganxiluli iKos detalurad, Kvela nairsaxeobaTa ga-
TvaliswinebiT. SeiZleba me erT dGes vcado amis ganxorcieleba.

*
ateluri kategoriis zmnebis gansazGvra da maTi dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva
Holisky-s naSromis mixedviT, mocemulia W. Boeder-is recenziaSi, gv.163-164 (e. g.).
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 317

5. qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli zmnebi
zmnebi da tipo
tipolo
pologia
logia

me davasruleb ramdenime SeniSvniT, romlebic exeba qarTul zmna-

Ta klasifikaciis principebsa da maT konstruqciaTa mdidar nairsaxeo-
bebs. es nairsaxeobebi SeiZleba ucnauri da saucxood rTuli Candes.
sinamdvileSi, isini zogad enaTmecnierebaSi arsebuli invariantuli
tendenciebis Sesabamisia.
uadgilo iqneboda me-3 klasis zmnebs rom mivubrundeT, romelTa
Sesaxebac bevri vimsJeleT zemoT. zmnaTa me-2 klasi Seicavs sxva, erTa-
derTi participantis mqone zmnebs, impersonalur zmnaTa gamoklebiT,
romlebic me-4 klass ganekuTvneba, im tipis, romlebic motanilia [8]
magaliTSi. me-2 klasis zmnebi isinia, romlebsac marTebulad SeiZleba
ewodos gardauvali.
1 klasi aris gardamavali zmnebis. aqtantTagan erT-erTi tipiu-
rad agensia, xolo meore _ paciensi. aqtantebis ganStoeba, anu I seri-
is uJraTa (mwkrivTa) konstruqciis gadasvla II seriis formebSi da Se-
mdgom _ III seriaSi, ar unda iKos Zalze sakvirveli. I da II seriaTa
Soris arsebuli cvalebadoba im kategoriis aris, romelic sxva enebi-
danac cnobilia.
Kvela enebSi, sadac ki aqtanturi konstruqcia icvleba drois/as-
peqtis mixedviT, es xdeba erTsa da imave mniSvnelobiT: awmKosa da im-
perfeqtSi konstruqcia akuzatiuria, xolo warsulsa da perfeqtSi _
ergatiuli. qarTulis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom II seriaSi
konstruqcia sakuTriv ara ergatiulia, aramed `Sereuli~: (sintaqsu-
ri) mimarTeba ergatiulia saxelad terminSi, xolo zmnur formaSi _
akuzatiuri. magram, TviT es Tavisebureba erTi regularuli mniSvne-
lobis mqonea: is aseve dasturdeba sxva, kerZod avstraliul enebSi, da
masSi KovelTvis (arsebiTi) saxeli aCvenebs ergatiul mimarTebas, xolo
zmna _ akuzatiurs.
rac Seexeba III serias, romelSic perfeqtia, Hewitt-ma (1987b:193)
aCvena Zalian kargad, Tu rogor miiGeba is statikuri vnebiTisagan.
igive process hqonda adgili indo-iranul enebSi, sadac Tanamedrove
preteriti (martivi warsuli dro (e. g.)) momdinareobs vnebiTi gvaris
mimGeobidan, romelic miGebulia Zveli perfeqtisagan da paciensis
mdgomareobis amsaxvelia; rac Seexeba agenss, misi mimarTeba mdgomareo-
bisadmi gamoxatulia rogorc misi mflobelis (possesseur), rogorc es
kargad aCvena Benveniste-ma (1952, xelaxla gamoqveKnda 1966:176-186;
Sdr. Lazard 1984:240-244). igivea qarTulSic: Sdr. franguli Targma-
ni_kalki [6a] winadadebis: "à l’homme la femme est tuée" (`kacisTvis qali
moklulia~) da vinaidan `qona, Kola~ aris inversia `Kofnis~ (être-à),
amitomac es winadadeba ekvivalentia frazis _ `kacs qali hKavs moklu-
li~, saidanac miGebulia _ `kacma qali mokla~. rac Seexeba am formis
evidenciur Girebulebas, (`rogorc Cans, Turme~) is ganviTarda sakuT-
318 j. lazari

riv perfeqtis mniSvnelobidan, rogorc es bulgarulSi, sparsulSi

(Lazard 1985b), da aseve sxva enebSic gvxvdeba (Guentchéva, ibeydeba). (ix.
bibliografia).
me-4 klasis zmnaTa semantikuri velis gamiJvna ar aris Zneli. isi-
ni gamoxataven fizikur an mentalur mdgomareobebs an im situaciebs,
romlebic aucileblobiT ganpirobebulia participantisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Harris-is (1981:267) mier mocemuli `tipiuri~ siidan gamoiKofa
zmnebi, romlebic aGmniSvnelia:
_ SegrZnebis: SimSili, wKurvili, Zili, cekvis, simGeris survi-
lis qona, grZnoba (sunis, gemosi, da sxv.);
_ fizikuri mdgomareobebis: afeqturis an inteleqtualuris:
siKvaruli, siZulvili, SiSi, sayiroeba, survili, sinanuli,-mogoneba,
daviwKeba, gageba:
_ obieqturi situaciebis: SeZleba, aucileblad, Znelad, Sesar-
cxvenad miCneva.

Kvela am procesebis an ufro metad mdgomareobaTa saerTo niSa-

nia is, rom participants, romelic rogorc wesi, adamiania, ara aqvs
maTze Zalaufleba, is maT eqvemdebareba. konstruqcia aGiqmeba aqedan
momdinare. participanti, romelic paciensia da aqtanti, romelic mas
asaxavs, ar SeiZleba iKod ganxiluli gramatikulad rogorc agensis
gamomxatveli. magram sxva aqtanti, Tu iq aseTi romelimea, aseve ver iq-
neba. ase rom, gardamavali konstruqcia (romelic 1 klass ganekuTvne-
ba) gamoiricxeba. `inversiul~ konstruqciaSi adamianis aGmniSvneli
participanti ubralod ganixileba, rogorc dainteresebuli piri; sxva
aqtanti iq ise figurirebs, rogorc gardauval zmnaSi da Tuki sxva aq-
tanti ar aris, konstruqcia impersonaluria, rogorc es me-[8] nimuS-
Sia mocemuli. aseTi tipis konstruqciebi kargad aris cnobili sxva-
dasxva enebSi, romlebSic zmnebi ganekuTvneba semantikis am sferoebs.
amrigad, me-3 da me-4 klasis zmnaTa konstruqciebi ramdenadme
Sualeduri formebia 1 klasis biaqtantur konstruqciasa da me-2 kla-
sis erTaqtantian konstruqcias Soris. sakuTriv medialuri zmnebi gu-
lisxmobs or aqtants, magram maTgan erTi carielia; is `inversiuli~
oraqtantiani zmnebi, romelTagan erTi SeiZleba carieli iKos, Kvela
SemTxvevaSi ar ganixileba rogorc es xdeba kanonikur biaqtantur kon-
struqciaSi. konstruqciaTa es ierarqia korelaciaSia semantikur ie-
rarqiasTan: 1 klasis zmnebi tipobrivad erT agensiani da erT paciensi-
ania; medialuri zmnebi erTi agensis mqonea, magram ara paciensisa, xo-
lo inversiul zmnebs aqvT paciensi, magram ara agensi. gardamavlobis
koncepciis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba Skalis saxiT warmovsaxoT,
zmnaTa 1 klasi Tavsdeba mis erT boloSi, me-2 klasi _ meore boloSi,
xolo me-3 da me-4 klasi_SuaSi (maT intervalSi). mTeli es sistema xa-
siaTdeba mwKobri regularobiT.
 qarTuli ena: dualuri (`aqtiuri~) aqtanti Tu ergatiuli?... 319

abre
abrevi
revia
viature
turebi
rebi

absolut. absolutivi
akuzat. akuzativi
awmKo dr. awmKo dro
damx. zmn. damxmare zmna
dat. dativi
erg. ergativi
zmn. zmna
ir. br. iribi brunva
nominat. nominativi
pird. br. pirdapiri brunva
prev. preverbi
pref. prefiqsi
warsuli dr. warsuli dro
X agensi an msgavsi kategoria
x agensis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
Y paciensi an msgavsi kategoria
y paciensis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
Z erTaderTi aqtanti
z erTaderTi aqtantis aqtanturi maCvenebeli
320 j. lazari

lite
litera
teratu
ratura
tura

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de la Société de Linguistique 48. 1.52-62. [xelaxla daibeyda krebulSi _ Ben-
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Linguistique 55/1, 113-134. [xelaxla daibeyda krebulSi _ Benveniste 1966,
187-207].
_ (1966): Problèmes de linguistique générale. Paris : Gallimard.
Boeder, Winfried (1979) : Ergative syntax and morphology in language change: the
South Caucasian languages, in: Plank, Frans (ed.). Ergativity. Towards a theory of
grammatical relations, 435-480. London/New York: Academic Press.
Charachidzé, Georges (1981): Grammaire de la langue avar. Saint-Sulpice de Faviè-
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Guentchéva, Zlatka (éd.): La catégorie grammaticale du médiatif (ix. Guentchéva,
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li/J. Bouscaren ; J. J. Franckel; S. Robert (eds.), Paris, PUF, 1995, p. 301-315 (e. g.).
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_ (1982): Georgian and the unaccusative hypothesis, in : Lingua 58, 290-306.
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_ (1989): Reply to B. George Hewitt, in: Revue des études géorgiennes et caucasien-
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giennes et caucasiennes 3, 173-213.
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_ (1987): The case of the intransitive subject in Tsova-Tush (Batsbi), in: Lingua 71,
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322 j. lazari

G. LAZARD

Georgian: Dual ("active") Actancy or Ergative?

Typology of Anti-Impersonal Verbs

Summary

The so-called `medial~ verbs in Georgian have aroused a controversy about the
nature of the actancy structure of this language, `active~ (better called `dual~) accor-
ding to HARRIS, ergative according to HEWITT. This article puts the question on other
terms. It shows that these verbs behave like certain verbs in other, ergative or semi-erga-
tive, languages, Indo-Iranian and Caucasian languages and Basque. They represent one-
participant processes, and, in this respect, they are similar to intransitive verbs. But their
morphosyntax implies two actants: an agent, which represents the only participant, and
a dummy object. As they are the mirror image of the `impersonal~ verbs, which have a
object and a dummy agent, they may be called `anti-impersonal~. The processes they
express, in Georgian and other languages as well, belong to the same sphere, which may
be approximately defined as indicating behaviours. The anti-impersonal construction
has affinities with the dual actancy structure and also with the fact concerned by the
`Unaccusative Hypothesis~, but it must be distinguished from them.