EC115 Analog Communication

L-T-P: 3-1-0; Total 42

Lectures
Prerequisites: i) Integral and Differential Calculus, ii) Signals and Systems.
Objective: The objective of this course is to introduce undergraduate students to the fundamentals of
communication systems. After a brief review of signals and systems (mainly Fourier analysis), techniques
of transmitting and receiving information signals using analog carrier modulation techniques (AM, FM,
PM) are studied. The course also aims to introduce students the performance of these systems in the
presence of channel noise.
Course Outcome: Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
Determine the spectral content of periodic and non-periodic signals by applying Fourier analysis.
Describe and analyse the mathematical techniques of generation, transmission and reception of
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) signals.

Evaluate the performance levels (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of AM, FM and PM systems in the presence of
additive white noise.
Describe and analyse the generation and reception of analog pulse modulation and evaluate their
performance in presence of noise
Topics Covered:
Unit: 1- Signal Analysis: Lectures-10
Introduction to Communication Engineering; Block Diagram Representation of a Communication
System; Time Domain and Frequency Domain Representation of Signals; Types of Signals; Fourier series
& Transform and their Properties; Energy and power spectral density spectrum; Distortion less
transmission; Causality and Physical realizability; Linear Time-invariant System; Hilbert transform; Pre-
envelope and canonical representation of band pass signals.
Unit: 2- Amplitude Modulation: Lectures-10
Basics of Amplitude Modulation (AM); Double–Sideband–Suppressed–Carrier; Conventional Amplitude
Modulation; Single Sideband AM and Vestigial Sideband AM; Implementation of Modulators and
Demodulators (AM, DSB-SC, SSB) – Square-law modulator, Switching Modulator, Balanced and Ring
Modulators, Frequency Discrimination and Phase Discrimination Modulators; Square law demodulator,
Envelope Detector, Coherent Detection of AM, DSB-SC, and SSB-SC Signals; Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation; Signal Multiplexing (TDM and FDM); Super-heterodyne Receiver and its Characteristics.
Unit: 3- Angle Modulation: Lectures-9
Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM); Narrowband and Wideband FM; Spectral
Analysis of Single-Tone FM Signals, NBFM and WBFM; Indirect and direct methods of FM generation,
Narrowband-to-Wideband Conversion; Average Power and Bandwidth; NBFM Demodulation by
Envelope Detector, Frequency Discriminator, Phase Locked Loop Demodulator, Super-heterodyne F.M.
Receiver.
Unit: 4- Digital Baseband Transmission for Analog Signal: Lectures-6
Sampling Theorem, Sampling of Low Pass Signals; Reconstruction of Sampled Signals, Interpolation;
Aliasing Effects, Aperture Effect; PAM, PWM, PPM, Modulation and Demodulation; Their Spectral
Analysis and Effects of Noise.

Unit: 5- Noise in Communication System: Lectures-7

Introduction To Noise, Thermal Noise, Shot Noise, Low Frequency or Flicker Noise; Noise Evaluation –
Overview, Thermal Noise, Noise Voltage Spectral Density, Resistors in Series, Resistors in Parallel, Noise
Figure, Noise Temperature, Noise Equivalent Bandwidth, Cascaded Networks, System Noise Figure,
System Noise Temperature; Algebraic Representation of Noise; Additive White Gaussian Noise; Filtered
Noise. Effect of Noise on Analog Communication System; Effect of Noise on Linear Modulation System –
Effect of Noise on Baseband System, Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, DSB-SC AM and SSB-SC AM;
SNR for Coherent Detection of DSB-SC, SNR for Coherent Reception with SSB modulation, SNR for AM
Receiver using Envelope Detection; Effect of White Noise on Carrier-Phase Estimation with a PLL; Effect
of Noise on Angle Modulation – Signal to Noise Ratio; Threshold Effect; Pre emphasis & De-emphasis in
FM; Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication System – Characterization of
Thermal Noise Sources, Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, Transmission Losses, Repeaters
for Signal Transmission.
Text Books:
1. B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, ‘Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2009.
2. S. Haykin, ‘Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

References:
1. J G Proakis & M Salehi, ‘Communications Systems Engineering’, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 2005.
2. G. Kennedy and B. Davis, ‘Electronic Communication System’, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw- Hill Education,
1999.