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Nh ie `ëf df arfe kfhrëf `i df} zir}hef} ridbabh}f} mriie ie df ly}pbgbmfmbýe zhr horf}%
I}pf} zir}hef} mriie vyi @bh} eh i~bai df zirgimmbýe `i }y} mrbfpyrf} vyi fmizpfræ kieh} vyi df
zirgimmbýe `i dh} nhkori}% Ie hprf} zfdforf}$ eh mriie vyi @bh} i~bai vyi }ifkh} }feph}%
Df of}i `i i}pi mhemizph `i }fdwfmbýe zhr horf} i} df b`if `i vyi v yi yeh zyi`i }ir }ygbmbiepi+
kiepi oyieh zfrf —kirimir‛ h —afefr‛ df wb`f ipiref% I}pf b`if i}pæ of}f`f ie ye mhemizph
irrýeih `i @bh}$ i} `imbr$ ye mhemizph `i @bh} mhkh eh pfe }feph eb ly}ph mhkh zfrf i~babr `i
eh}hprh} df zirgimmbýe% I}pi mhemizph irrýeih ie}iöf vyi f @bh} eh di bkzhrpf —kymnh‛ }b dh}
nhkori} eh }he zirgimph}%
Mf`f zir}hef vyi mhegëf ie }y zrhzbf ly}pbmbf .i} `imbr$ ie }y} zrhzbf} horf}" zfrf }ir ly}pb+
gbmf`f fepi @bh}$ }foi vyi eh i} zirgimpf eb dbori `i mydzf fepi df di `bwbef% Iephemi} zfrf }ir
ly}pbgbmf`f zhr }y} horf}$ pbiei vyi fgbrkfr vyi @bh} fmizpfræ kieh} vyi df zirgimmbýe%
zir gimmbýe% Pbiei vyi
mriir ie ye —`bh}‛ f vybie eh di bkzhrpf }b yeh fdmfemi h eh df zirgimmbýe% Ie hprf} zfdforf}$ pbiei
vyi mriir vyi @bh} i} }ikilfepi f ye kfi}prh ie df i}myidf% Id kfi}prh ie df i}myidf fmizpfræ ye
mfdbgbmfmbýe begirbhr fd 6:% ]b ye
y e fdykeh hopbiei ye 1 id kfi}prh
kfi }prh `bmi vyi i}pæ obie% ]b }y mfdbgbmf+
mbýe i} ye > h 2 id kfi}prh di `bmi vyi i}pæ ky obie%
I}pi i} zrimb}fkiepi id mhemizph `i @bh} vyi pbieie ph`h} fvyiddh} vyi }h}pbieie vyi df
}fdwfmbýe i} zhr eyi}prf} horf}% Zfrf mriir
m riir ie df ly}pbgbmfmbýe zhr horf}$ i}
i } eimi}frbh }h}pieir vyi
@bh} pbiei yef ehrkf `i ly}pbmbf begirbhr f df zirg immbýe vyi @bh} fmizpfræ f df} zir}hef}
zir }hef} vyi eh
nfe mykzdb`h mhe ph`f} df} `ikfe`f} `i }y }fepf di% Df} zir}hef} vyi mriie ie df }fdwfmbýe zh r
horf} i}pæe mhewiemb`f} `i vyi }hdfkiepi fvyiddh} zimf`hri} vyi hopbieie yef mfdbgbmfmbýe ky
zhori .zhr ilikzdh ye ? h =" }iræe mf}pbaf`h} zhr @bh} vyi ph`h} dh} `ikæ} }iræe f mizpf`h} zhr
Id$ f zi}fr `i }y} bkzirgimmbhei}% I}pf} zir}hef} i}pæe mhewiemb`f} `i vyi fd gbe fd mfoh @bh}
eh i~babræ vyi ebeayeh hopieaf ye 6:%
Df wir`f` i} vyi @bh} eh fmizpfræ kieh} vyi df }fepb`f` df zirgimmbýe% ]y }fepf di i~bai
vyi hopieafkh} ye 6: eh} mhe`ief fd begbireh }b eh dh dharfkh}% Aædfpf} =<6: fgbrkf df}
i~baiembf} `i df di `bmbie`h< —Zhrvyi ph`h} dh} vyi }i of}fe ie df} horf} `i df di i}pæe oflh kfd`b+
mbýe$ zyi} i}pæ i}mrbph< Kfd`bph ph`h fvyid vyi eh zirkfeimi ie ph`f} df} mh}f} i}mrbpf} ie id dborh `i df
Di zfrf mykzdbrdf}%‛ R df izë}phdf `i ]fepbfah `bmi< —Zhrvyi myfdvybirf vyi ayfr`f ph`f df di zirh
hgie`i ie ye }hdh zyeph }i nf nimnh mydzfodi `i ph`h%‛ .]fepbfah ?<6:"
I} `iob`h f ]y ly}pbmbf }fepb`f` vyi @bh} eh zyi`i fmizpfr f dh} nhkori} ie of}i f }y}
zrhzbf} horf}% I}pi i} id zrhodikf vyi `bh dyafr f df eimi}b`f` `i }ir ly}pbgbmf`h} ie of}i f df horf
ly}pbmbf `i hprh$ i} `imbr$ `i Mrb}ph% Id ]iöhr Li}ymrb}ph i} id üebmh vyi hopywh ye mfdbgbmfmbýe
zirgimpf% ]y wb`f zirgimpf gyi rifdb|f`f ie dyafr `i dh} mriiepi} i} bkzypf`f .fmri`bpf`f" zhr df
gi f df myiepf `i iddh}% Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph .i} `imbr$ }y wb`f zirgimpf" mykzdbý phpfd mhkzdipf+
kiepi mhe ph`f} dh} kfe`fkbieph} df} i~baiembf}
i ~baiembf} `i df }fepf di `i @bh}% Mrb}ph mykzdbý ie }y}
zfdforf}$ ie }y} `i}ih} }y} nimnh} mhe mf`f `ipfddi `i df }fepb`f` df ly}pbmbf `bwbef$ f}ë
zrhzhrmbheý zfrf dh} mriiepi} yef ly}pbmbf .yef mfdbgbmfmbýe zirg impf" vyi di} ly}pbgbmf fepi @bh}%
_hkfeh} ? `imdfrf vyi —eh dh} hb`hri} `i df di }he ly}ph} zfrf mhe @bh}$ kf} dh} nfmi`hri} `i
df di }iræe ly}pbgbmf`h}%‛ ._hkfeh} ?<6=" Ph`h} dh} mriiepi} }he mhe}b`irf`h} prfpf`h} zhr @bh}
mhkh }b nyobirfe mykzdb`h mhe ph`f df di$ zyi}ph vyi Li}ymrb}ph df mykzdbý ie }y dyafr ie Id }he
ly}pbgbmf`h}% Mrb}ph fmizpý eyi}prf mfdbgbmfmbýe .i} `imbr eyi}prf wb`f bkzirgimpf ph`h} eyi}prh} zimf`h}"
}ygrbý df} mhe}imyiembf} rimbobie`h id mf}pbah vyi eh}hprh} kirimëfkh}$ mhkh eyi}prh }y}pbpyph ie df
mry|% I}pf i} df arfe prfe}fmmbýe f prfwâ} `i df myfd dh} mriiepi
mriiepi }he ly}pbgbmf`h} fepi @bh}% Id fzý}phd
fzý}phd
Zfodh ri}ykbý i}pf `hmprbef ie ? Mhr%9<?6
Mhr%9<?6 `bmbie`h< —Fd vyi eh mhehmbý zimf`h$ zhr eh}hprh} @bh} di nb|h
zimf`h$ zfrf vyi eh}hprh} gyârfkh} nimnh} ly}pbmbf `i @bh} ie âd%‛
Df ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} ye fmph —diafd‛ .h —ly`bmbfd‛" `i zfrpi `i @bh} zhr id myfd dh} zimf`hri}
vyi mriie ie Mrb}ph }he —`imdfrf`h} ly}ph}‛$ i} `imbr$ —dbori} `i mydzf‛ fepi df di `bwbef% Iddh}
}he prfpf`h} zhr @bh} mhkh }b eyemf nyobirfe zimf`h mhe}b`irf`h} mhkh }b nyobirfe ayfr`f`h
ph`h dh} kfe`fkbieph} `i di `bwbef% I}pf ly}pbgbmfmbýe mhe}b}pi `i `h} zfrpi}<
Df zfrpi — eiafpbwf‛ `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe mhe}b}pi `i df bkzypfmbýe `i eyi}prh} zimf`h} f df
myiepf `i Mrb}ph% I} ie of}i f i}pi zyeph vyi eyi}prh} zimf`h} }he zir` hef`h}% Zyi}ph vyi â}ph}
gyirhe fmri`bpf`h} f Mrb}ph$ Id zfaý df `iy`f }yg rbý ie }y myirzh fdkf id mf}pbah vyi kirimëf+
kh}% Mrb}ph }ygrbý —id ly}ph zhr dh} bely}ph}‛$ gyi —iepriaf`h zhr eyi}prh} `idbph}‛ 3 —nirb`h zhr eyi}+
prf} rioidbhei}‛ Linhwæ mfraý ie âd$ id zimf`h `i ph`h} dh} mriiepi}% .Wif
.Wif 6 Zi`rh =<6>3 _hk% 0<?9
B}fëf} 9=%" I} ie of}i f i}pf horf `i Mrb}ph vyi @bh} eh bemydzfræ eb mf}pbafræ f dh} mriiepi} zhr }y}
zimf`h}% Zyi}ph vyi Mrb}ph f zfaý df `iy`f$ @bh} eh zyi`i i~babr `hodi zfah$ zyi}ph vyi pfd mh}f brëf ie
mheprf `i }y zrhzbf ly}pbmbf%
ly}pbmbf% I} zhr i}ph vyi df I}mrbpyrf
I}mrbpyrf `bmi< —Obiefwiepyrf`h} fvyiddh} myf} bebvyb`f+
`i} }he zir`hef`f}$ myh} zimf`h} }he myobirph}% Obiefwiepyrf`h id nhkori f vybie id ]iöhr lfkæ} di
phkfræ ie myiepf }y zimf`h%‛ ._hkfeh} 0<1+>"
Id df`h —zh}bpbwh‛ `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe mhe}b}pi `i df bkzypfmbýe `i df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph .}y
wb`f zirgimpf" f df myiepf `i dh} mriiepi}% Ie of}i f }y wb`f zirgimpf fmri`bpf`f f eh}hprh}$
}hkh} —`imdfrf`h} ly}ph}‛ fepi @bh}$ prfpf`h} mhkh }b nyobârfkh} mykzdb`h zirgimpfkiepi mhe
df} i~baiembf} `i ]y }fepf di% I} zhr i}ph vyi df I}mrbpyrf `bmi< —%%%obiefwiepyrf`h id nhkori fd myfd
@bh} fprboyi ly}pbmbf }be horf}$‛ ._hkfeh} 0<7$ _W" —myæeph kæ} ribefræe ie wb`f dh} vyi rimboie df
foye`fembf `i }y arfmbf df `æ`bwf `i df ly}pbmbf ki`bfepi fvyid yeh$ Li}ymrb}ph %%%% Zhrvyi mhkh zhr df
`i}hoi`biembf `i ye }hdh nhkori$ kymnh} gyirhe mhe}pbpyb`h} zimf`hri}$ f}ë pfkobâe$ zhr df hoi`biembf
`i yeh$ kymnh} }iræe mhe}pbpyb`h} ly}ph}%‛ ._hkfeh} 9<61+62"
F}ë i} vyi iemheprfkh} df ri}zyi}pf f df arfe bepirrhafepi< —¸R mýkh }i nf `i ly}pbgbmfr ye
nhkori fepi @bh}8‛ .Lho 2<?" I} eyi}prh `i}ih hrfmbýe f @bh} vyi i}pi zivyiöh dborh }if `i fy`f zfrf
kymnh} f gbe `i vyi iepbie`fe kilhr df arfe `hmprbef `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe zhr df gi%
Dh} I`bphri}
Df Ly}pbgbmfmbýe
Nimnh} 6=<=2
—R `i ph`h dh vyi zhr df di `i Khb}â} eh zy`b}pib} }ir ly}pbgbmf`h}$ ie â}pi i} ly}pbgbmf`h ph`h
fvyid vyi mriiri%‛
BB% Bewi}pbafrikh} fmirmf `id fyphr `i i}pf ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ i} `imbr$ ¸vybâe i} id vyi ly}pbgbmf8
Df ri}zyi}pf `i df Obodbf f i}pf myi}pbýe i} —@bh} i} id vyi ly}pbgbmf‛ ._hk%><=0"% I}ph zy`birf
}hrzrie`ireh} myfe`h mhe}b`irfkh} vyi id arfe @bh} `id mbidh df pbirrf i} id Lyi| }yzrikh `i ph`h%
Pfkobâe i} bkzhrpfepi mhe}b`irfr vyi @bh} nfræ ly}pbmbf$ vyi }y di i} df ehrkf zhr df myfd id }i rbai ie
i}pi f}yeph$ vyi i}pf di nf }b`h vyiorfepf`f zhr id zimf`h `id nhkori% F`ikæ}$ i} bkzhrpfepi mhe}b`i+
rfr vyi id zimf`h nykfeh nf }b`h mhkipb`h i}iembfdkiepi mheprf Id$ i} hgie}bwh f Id i} fohrrimb`h zhr
Id% Id i} ye @bh} ]feph vyi eh fmizpfræ yef ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf bkzirgimpf ie dyafr `i yef
yef zirgimpf% I}pi @bh} pbiei
id zh`ir zfrf mhe`iefr f dh} nhkori} kæ} vyi }ygbmbiepi} rf|hei} zfrf nfmirdh%
nfmirdh% Fd mhe}b`irfr i}pf}
mh}f}$ ri}ydpf f}hkorh}h vyi i}pi
i}pi @bh} zy`birf ly}pbgbmfr f dh} nhkori}% Zfrf bdy}prfr kæ} `ipfddf`fkiepi
`ipfddf`fkiepi
i}pi zyeph$ bepiepfrâ kh}prfr id zfzid vyi df} pri} zir}hef} Zf`ri$ Nblh I}zërbpy ]feph pbieie ie df
ly}pbgbmfmbýe `i dh} idiab`h}%
6% @bh} id Zf`ri i} id fyphr `id zdfe kâph`h `i eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe3 Id —i}pfof ie Mrb}ph rimhe+
mbdbfe`h id kye`h f }ë$ eh bkzypæe`hdi }y} zimf`h}‛ .? Mhr%9<62"%
Mhr%9<62"% Df zriayepf `i ¸mýkh zyi`i id
nhkori }ir ly}pbgbmf`h fepi @bh}8 nforëf zirkfeimb`h }bikzri ie df kiepi `i dh} nhkori} dh} æeaidi} }b
@bh} eh nyobirf iemheprf`h ie }y }fob`yrëf yef ri`iembýe ki`bfepi df myfd dborfrëf f }y zyiodh `i `i}mie+
`ir fd fob}kh% .Wif
.Wif Lho 2<? Lho ==<?0%" I}pf ri`iembýe mhe}b}pi `i df zrhwb}býe `i }y zrhzbh Nblh f vybie
iewbý ie id mykzdbkbieph `id pbikzh
pbikzh zfrf mykzdbr id zdfe vyi Id nfoëf `b}iöf`h ie }y kiepi ipiref% I}ph
dh nb|h pirkbefe`h mhe df prfe}ari}býe$ zhebie`h gbe fd zimf`h$ nfmbie`h i~zbfmbýe zhr df bebvyb`f`
prfie`h `i i}pf kfeirf df ly}pbmbf zir`yrfodi .Wif
.Wif @febid3 2<?0"% I}pf ly}pbmbf rifdb|f`f zhr Mrb}ph farf`ý
kymnh f @bh}$ zhrvyi f prfwâ} `i iddf }y di gyi kfaebgbmf`f
kfaebgbmf`f iearfe`imb`f .wif B}f%0?<?6"% Zyi}ph vyi
@bh} nf fmizpf`h i}pf ly}pbmbf rifdb|f`f zhr Mrb}ph$ fnhrf df bkzypf .fprboyi$ fmri`bpf" f ph`h }y zyiodh$
`imdfræe`hdi} ly}ph} ie of}i f iddf%
?% @bh} id Nblh$
Nblh$ mhkh @bh}$ i} id mh+fyphr mfy}f
mfy}f igbmbiepi mhe id Zf`ri `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Zyi}ph
vyi Id pbiei zh`ir bayfdkiepi mhe id Zf`ri zfrf zir`hefr id zimf`h$ Id pfkobâe pbiei vyi fo}hdwir$ `i}mfr+
afr ly}pbgbmfr fd mriiepi% Mhkh Ki`bf`hr$
Ki`bf`hr$ Id i} df mfoi|f rizri}iepfepi ie vybie ph`f df }bkbiepi
}bkbiepi `i
B}rfid }he ly}pbgbmf`h} .wif B}f%09<?9"%
B}f%09<?9"% Mhkh pfd$ Id nf rifdb|f`h yef ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf df myfd mhrri}zhe`i f df}
`ikfe`f} `i df di$ ly}pb
ly}pbmbf
mbf zhr df myfd iddh} }he ly}pbgbmf`h}% Pfkobâe
Pfkobâe i} id fyphr mhe}ykf`hr `i fvyiddf
gi$ df myfd kbrf nfmbf i}pf ly}pbmbf zfrf ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ mhegbfe`h fgirræe`h}i f iddf%
=% @bh} id I}zërbpy ]feph mhewiemi f dh} nhkori} `i }y `iobdb`f`$ bkzirgimmbýe `i df be}ygbmbiembf
`i }y zrhzbf ly}pbmbf zfrf ly}pbgbmfrdi} fepi
fepi @bh}% @i}zyâ}$ zhei `idfepi `i }y} hlh} df ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph
horf gi ie iddh} zfrf vyi imnie kfehkfeh `i iddf df rimbofe% Id zir}yf`i }y} mhembiembf}
mhembiembf} ri}zimph f df
}iepiembf ly}pbgbmfphrbf `i @bh}% Ie of}i f df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph$ Id `f pi}pbkhebh f }y} i}zërbpy} `i vyi }he
zir}hef} ly}pbgbmf`f}% I} zhr i}ph vyi }i `bmi vyi dh} mriiepi} }he —ly}pbgbmf`h} ie id ehkori `id ]iöhr
Li}ü} zhr id I}zërbpy `i eyi}prh @bh}‛ .6 Mhr%7<66"% Zirh i}pi pi}pbkhebh `id I}zërbpy eh i} ie }ë kb}kh
df horf `i ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ }beh
}beh kæ} obie$ yef rimizmbýe `i iddf mhemi`b`f
mhemi`b`f zhr df gi% Iephemi}$ i}ph} }he dh}dh}
zfzidi} vyi id Zf`ri$ id Nblh id I}zërbpy `i}ikziöfe ie df ly}pbgbmfmbýe<
ly}pbgbmfmbýe< Id Zf`ri df nf zdfeif`h$ id Nblh
df nf zrhmyrf`h id I}zërbpy df fzdbmf%
0% I} f prfwâ} `id zfmph`i df arfmbf vyi zh`ikh} iepie`ir kilhr id zfzid i}zimëgbmh `i mf`f zir}hef
`i df Prbeb`f` ie df ly}pbgbmfmbýe `i zimf`hri}% Id zfmph `i df arfmbf .h `i ri`iembýe" i} ye —zfmph‛ h
—fmyir`h‛ nimnh iepri df} pri} zir}hef} `i df Prbeb`f` fepi} `i df gye`fmbýe `id kye`h% Ie i}pi zfmph mf`f
zir}hef `i df Prbeb`f` `i}ikziöf ye zfzid i}zimbgbmh ie id zdfe `i df ri`iembýe% Zh`ikh} ri}ykbr id
zfzid `i mf`f yeh ie df }baybiepi ghrkf<
f" @bh} id Zf`ri i}mhabý zfrf }fdwfmbýe ye eükirh i}zimëgbmh `i zir}hef}$ di} iepriaý fd Nblh
zfrf vyi gyi}ie ]y —zyiodh‛%
o" @bh} id Nblh }i mhkzrhkipbý f nfmir ph`h dh eimi}frbh zfrf }fdwfr f i}i zyiodh vyi id Zf`ri
nfoëf i}mhab`h iepriaf`h f Id% Iephemi}$ id Nblh }i mhkzrhkipbý mhkh id Ki`bf`hr Gbf`hr
`id zfmph% I}pi mhkzrhkb}h di hodbafof f iemfrefr}i
iemfr efr}i f wiebr f i}pi kye`h mhkh
m hkh id —}birwh‛ `id
Zf`ri$ mhkh id }iaye`h `i F`æe .i} `imbr$ mhkh df mfoi|f id rizri}iepfepi `id zyiodh v yi id
Zf`ri di nfoëf `f`h"% Oflh df} mhe`bmbhei} `i i}pi zfmph Mrb}ph fmizpý df hodbafmbýe `i wbwbr yef
wb`f zirgimpf .i} `imbr$ rifdb|fr yef ly}pbmbf zirgimpf"$ i~zbfr dh} zimf`h} `i dh} i}mhab`h} ky+
rbie`h mhkh ye }y}pbpyph zrhzbmbfphrbh ie dyafr `i iddh}% F`ikæ}$ }i mhkzrhkipbý f bepirmi`ir
zhr iddh} zhr gbe ddiwfrdh} f df adhrbf%
m" @bh}$ id I}zërbpy ]feph }i mhkzrhkipbý f riaieirfr f ddfkfr igbmf|kiepi f dh} i}mhab`h}
mhemi`bâe`hdi} id `he `id frriziepbkbieph `i df gi%g i% F`ikæ}$ id I}zërbpy ]feph }i mhkzrhkipbý
f khrfr zfrf }bikzri ie dh} mriiepi} f}iayrfr }y }fepbgbmfmbýe zri}irwfmbýe ie df gi%
Ie }iayb`f mbpfrâ fdayeh} `i dh} zf}fli} vyi nfmie rigiriembf f i}pi zfmph<
Id }imriph `i Linhwæ i} zfrf dh} vyi di pikie3 R æ iddh} nfræ mhehmir }y zfmph% .]fdkh ?9<60"
I}ph zyi} `bah< Vyi id zfmph zriwbfkiepi rfpbgbmf`h
rfpbgbmf`h zhr @bh} zfrf mhe Mrb}ph$ df di vyi gyâ nimnf myfprhmbieph}
myfprhmbieph}
pribepf föh} `i}zyâ}$ eh dh forhaf$ zfrf bewfdb`fr df zrhki}f% .Aædfpf} =<61"
R id @bh} `i zf| vyi }fmý `i dh} kyirph} æ eyi}prh ]iöhr Li}ymrb}ph$ id arfe zf}phr `i df} hwilf}$ zhr df }feari `id
zfmph ipireh$ .Niorih} 6=<?:"
Mheghrki æ df `ipirkbefmbýe ipiref$ vyi nb|h ie Mrb}ph Li}ü} eyi}prh ]iöhr< .Igi}bh} =<66"
Oie`bph id @bh} Zf`ri `id ]iöhr eyi}prh Li}ymrb}ph$
Li}ymrb}ph$ id myfd eh} oie`blh mhe ph`f oie`bmbýe i}zbrbpyfd ie dyafri}
midi}pbfdi} ie Mrb}ph< ]iaüe eh} i}mhabý ie âd fepi} `i df gye`fmbýe `id kye`h%%%
@i}myorbâe`heh} id kb}pirbh `i }y whdyepf`$ }iaüe }y oieizdæmbph$ vyi }i nfoëf zrhzyi}ph ie }ë
kb}kh%%% Ie âd `bah$ ie vybie f}bkb}kh pywbkh} }yirpi$ nfobie`h }b`h zri`i}pbef`h} mheghrki fd
zrhzý}bph `id vyi nfmi ph`f} df} mh}f} }iaüe id mhe}ilh `i }y whdyepf`$ .Igi}bh} 6<=+03 6<2+66"
Kf} eh}hprh} `ioikh} `fr }bikzri arfmbf} æ @bh} zhr wh}hprh}$ nirkfeh} fkf`h} `id ]iöhr$
]iöhr$ `i vyi @bh} h} nff
i}mhab`h `i}`i id zrbembzbh zfrf }fdy`%%% .? Pi}fdhebmie}i} ?<6="
Vyi eh} }fdwý ddfký mhe whmfmbýe }fepf$ eh mheghrki æ eyi}prf} horf}$ kf} }iaüe id bepieph }yh arfmbf$ df myfd
eh} i} `f`f ie Mrb}ph Li}ü} fepi} `i dh} pbikzh} `i dh} }badh}$ .? Pbkhpih 6<2"
Zfrf df i}zirfe|f `i df wb`f ipiref$ df myfd @bh}$ vyi eh zyi`i kiepbr$
kiepbr$ zrhkipbý fepi} `i dh} pbikzh} `i dh} }badh}$
.Pbph 6<?"
]beh mhe df }feari zrimbh}f `i Mrb}ph$ mhkh `i ye mhr`irh }be kfemnf }be mhepfkbefmbýe< Rf hr`ief`h Szri`i}pb+
zh}prbkirh} pbikzh} zhr fkhr `i wh}hprh}$ .6
ef`h[ `i}`i fepi} `i df gye`fmbýe `id kye`h$ zirh kfebgi}pf`h ie dh} zh}prbkirh}
Zi`rh 6<62+?:"
R ph`h} dh} vyi khrfe ie df pbirrf di f`hrfrhe$ myh} ehkori} eh i}pæe i}mrbph} ie id dborh `i df wb`f `id Mhr`irh$
id myfd gyâ kyirph `i}`i id zrbembzbh `id kye`h% .Fzhmfdbz}b} 6=<>"
Mhkh di nf} `f`h df zhpi}pf` `i ph`f mfrei$ zfrf vyi `â wb`f ipiref æ ph`h} dh} vyi di `b}pi%
Rh pi ni adhrbgbmf`h ie df pbirrf< ni fmfof`h df horf vyi ki `b}pi vyi nbmbi}i%
Ni kfebgi}pf`h py ehkori æ dh} nhkori} vyi `id kye`h ki `b}pi< pyh} irfe$ ki dh} `b}pi%%%
Rh ryiah zhr iddh}< eh ryiah zhr id kye`h$ }beh zhr dh} vyi ki `b}pi3 zhrvyi pyh} }he<
%%%vyi id kye`h mheh|mf vyi pü ki iewbf}pi$ vyi dh} nf} fkf`h$ mhkh pfkobâe æ kë ki nf} fkf`h% .Lyfe 61<?$ 0$
7$ 2$ ?="
Ph`h dh vyi id Zf`ri ki `f$ wie`ræ æ kë3 fd vyi æ kë wbiei$ eh di nimnh gyirf% Zhrvyi ni `i}mie`b`h `id mbidh$ eh
zfrf nfmir kb whdyepf`$ kf} df whdyepf` `id vyi ki iewbý% R i}pf i} df whdyepf` `id vyi ki iewbý$ `id Zf`ri< Vyi
zh}prirh% .Lyfe 7<=1+=2"
ph`h dh vyi ki `biri$ eh zbir`f `i iddh$ }beh vyi dh ri}ymbpi ie id `ëf zh}prirh%
BBB% Kh}prfrâ myæd i} df of}i `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ ie of}i f vyâ }he ly}pbgbmf`h} fdayeh}%
6% Df hoi`biembf `id nhkori f df di `i df} horf} eh i} df of}i `i }y ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ zyi}ph vyi }y
hoi`biembf i} bkzirgimpf zhr dh pfeph eh di zyi`i ly}pbgbmfr%
ly}pbgbmfr% Pfd ly}pbgbmfmbýe }irëf zhr horf} eh zhr
arfmbf$ dh myfd i} mheprfrbh f ph`h id }iepb`h df ie}iöfe|f `i df} I}mrbpyrf}% F`ikæ}$ }b zhr df di i} df
ly}pbmbf$ iephemi} —zhr `ikæ} kyrbý Mrb}ph‛ .Aæd%?<?6"% Iephemi}$ }y ly}pbmbf }irëf beeimi}frbf
beeimi}frbf i beüpbd$ dh
myfd `i}nherfrëf pfeph df arfmbf mhkh df }fob`yrëf `i @bh}%
Dh} }baybiepi pi~ph} fgbrkfe vyi df ly}pbgbmfmbýe eh i} zhr df} horf} }beh zhr df gi ie Mrb}ph<
—Zhrvyi myfdvybirf vyi nyobiri ayfr`f`h ph`f df di$ hgie`biri ie ye }hdh zyeph$ i} nimnh
mydzf`h `i ph`h}%‛ .]fepbfah ?<6:$ _W"%
—Zhrvyi zhr df} horf} `i df di ef`bi }iræ ly}pbgbmf`h `idfepi `i âd3 zyi} zhr ki`bh `i df di wbiei
id rimhehmbkbieph `id zimf`h%‛ ._hkfeh} =<?:$ _WF"%
—Zhrvyi ph`h} dh} vyi }i of}fe ie df} horf} `i df di i}pæe oflh kfd`bmbýe$ zyi} i}pæ i}mrbph<
Kfd`bph ph`h fvyid vyi eh zirkfeimi ie ph`f} df} mh}f} i}mrbpf} ie id dborh `i df Di zfrf myk+
zdbrdf}%‛ .Aædfpf} =<6:$ _WF"%
—]fobie`h vyi ebeaüe nhkori i} ly}pbgbmf`h zhr df} horf} `i df di$ }beh zhr ki`bh `i df gi ie
Li}ymrb}ph$ nikh} mrië`h eh}hprh} pfkobâe ie Mrb}ph Li}ü}$ zfrf vyi }ifkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr df gi
ie Mrb}ph$ eh zhr df} horf} `i df di% Zhrvyi zhr df} horf} `i df di ef`bi }iræ ly}pbgbmf`h%‛
.Aædfpf} ?<67$ _WF"%
—@i}`i dyiah$ i} iwb`iepi vyi zhr df di ef`bi i} ly}pbgbmf`h `idfepi `i @bh}$ zhrvyi id ly}ph
wbwbræ zhr df gi%‛ .Aædfpf} =<66$ _WF"%
—Eh `i}imnh df arfmbf `i @bh}3 zhrvyi }b df ly}pbmbf gyi}i zhr ki`bh `i df di$ iephemi} zhr `ikæ}
kyrbý Mrb}ph%‛ .Aædfpf} ?<?6$ _WF"%
—F}ë vyi$ mhemdyëkh} }ir id nhkori ly}pbgbmf`h zhr gi }be df} horf} `i df di%‛ ._hkfeh} =<?>$
_W"%
—Mhkh pfkobâe @fwb` `bmi }ir obiefwiepyrf`h
obiefwiepyr f`h id nhkori fd myfd @bh} fprboyi ly}pbmbf }be horf}$%%‛
._hkfeh} 0<7$ _W"%
—Zhrvyi df zrhki}f f Forfnfk f }y `i}mie`iembf$ `i vyi }irëf niri`irh `id kye`h$ eh gyi
`f`f zhr ki`bh `i df di$
di$ }beh zhr ki`bh `i df ly}pbmbf `i df gi%‛
gi %‛ ._hkfeh} 0<6=$ _WF"%
—%%% }ir nfddf`h ie âd3 }be zripie`ir yef ly}pbmbf këf$ `irbwf`f `i df di$ }beh df vyi i} zhr df gi ie
Mrb}ph$ df ly}pbmbf vyi zrhwbiei `i @bh} zhr df gi%‛ .Gbdbzie}i} =<2$ _WF"%
—Zhrvyi baehrfe`h df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}$ zrhmyrfe`h i}pfodimir df }yf zrhzbf$ e h }i nfe }ylipf`h
æ df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}% Zhrvyi id gbe `i df di i} Mrb}ph$ zfrf ly}pbmbf æ ph`h fvyid vyi mrii%‛
._hkfeh} 6:<=+0$ _W"%
—@i kfeirf vyi df di eyi}prh fh .kfi}prh" gyâ zfrf ddiwfreh} æ Mrb}ph$ zfrf vyi gyâ}ikh}
ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr df gi%‛ .Aædfpf} =<?0$ _W"%
—]âfh} zyi} ehphrbh$ wfrhei} nirkfeh}$ vyi zhr â}pi h} i} feyembf`f rikb}býe `i zimf`h}$ R `i
ph`h dh vyi zhr df di `i Khb}â} eh zy`b}pib} }ir ly}pbgbmf`h}$ ie â}pi i} ly}pbgbmf`h ph`h fv yid vyi
mriiri%‛ .Nimnh} 6=<=>+=2$ _W"
?% Df hoi`biembf `id nhkori fd iwfeaidbh$ mhkh }b i}pi gyirf yef eyiwf di kieh} }iwirf$ eh i}
df ly}pbmbf vyi di ly}pbgbmf fepi @bh}% I}pi i}vyikf `i }fdwfmbýe i} }h}pieb`h zhr kymnh} ie}iöf
dh }baybiepi< Vyi Li}ymrb}ph nf zrhmyrf`h ye ridflfkbieph `i df fepbayf di$ nf beprh`ymb`h yef
eyiwf$ myh} pârkbeh} }he kymnh kæ} }yfwi} kh`irf`h}% I}pf eyiwf di i} .}yzyi}pfkiepi"
.}yzyi}pfkiepi" id
iwfeaidbh }y} pârkbeh} }he< frriziepbkbieph$ gi yef eyiwf hoi`biembf$ df myfd fyevyi i}
bkzirgimpf$ }be ikofrah$ }bie`h }bemirf }iræ fmizpf`f zhr @bh} ie dyafr `i yef ly}pbmbf zirgimpf%
Zirh i}pi i}vyikf i} mhkzdipfkiepi gfd}h% Df di eh nf }b`h rioflf`f ebeayef `i }y} }iwirb`f+
`i} vybpf`f% ]y zh`ir eh nf }b`h `b}kbeyb`h ph`fwëf pbieipbiei df kb}kf gfmydpf` zfrf i~babr hoi+
`biembf mhe`iefr f fvyiddh} vyi }i }i iemyieprfe oflh `i iddf$ mhkh }bikzri dh nf pieb`h% Id
iwfeaidbh eh i} yef di$ }beh kæ} obie$ yef `imdfrfmbýe zyrf `i arfmbf }fdwfmbýe zhr Mrb}ph%
Id iwfeaidbh pbiei kfe`fkbieph} zrhki}f}$ zirh eh nf e f`f zfrimb`h ie âd f yef eyiwfeyiw f
di% Id frriziepbkbieph df gi vyi }he dh} ki`bh} zfrf rimbobr df ly}pbgbmfmbýe }he pfkobâe
pfkobâe df}
mhe`bmbhei} `id iwfeaidbh$ f`ikæ}$ }he fd kb}kh pbikzh `hei} `i @bh} horf`h} ie id mhrf|ýe
`i dh} nhkori} zhr ]y arfmbf% Df wir`f` i} vyi$ i} pfe `bgëmbd zfrf id nhkori ie }y mhe`bmbýe
mfë`f frriziepbr}i mriir fd iwfeaidbh$ mhkh dh gyi zfrf dh} nhkori} `id Fepbayh Pi}pfkieph
}hkipir}i f df di%
di% Ie hprf} zfdforf}$ }b id iwfeaidbh gyirf yef di rioflf`f$ ri}ydpfrëf pfe bkzh+
bkzh+
}bodi hoi`imirdf ie eyi}prf zrhzbf gyir|f mhkh eh} i} bkzh}bodi hoi`imir dh} kfe`fkbieph}%
Eyi}prf hoi`biembf fd iwfeaidbh eh i} df hoi`biembf f yef eyiwf di$ }beh i} id gryph `i df horf `i
@bh} ie eh}hprh}$ zirh eh i} df mfy}f `i eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% ]hkh} mfzfmbpf`h} zhr @bh} zfrf
frriziepbreh} mriir3 iephemi} }irëf fo}yr`h `imbr vyi eyi}prf hoi`biembf fd iwfeai dbh i} kirbph+
rbf vyi }if df of}i `i eyi}prf ly}pbmbf%
=% Pfkzhmh
Pfkzhmh i} yef —}bemirf‛ zrhgi}býe `i ridbabýe füe ie dh} kilhri} nhkori} df of}i `i eyi}prf
ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Kymnf} zir}hef} pbieie yef ghrkf `i zbi`f`zbi`f` ebiafe
ebiafe id zh`ir `i iddf%
iddf% Pbieie
fzfrbiembf `i wbwbr eh ho}pfepi$ i}pæe kyirph}% Zhr gyirf zfrimie }ir nhkori} ly}ph} }be
ikofrah$ zhr `ieprh i}pæe ddieh} `i ph`f
ph`f bkzyri|f% Kymnh} }i }hkipie f ph`f} df} hr`iefe|f} `i
Mrb}ph$ }i ofypb|fe ie }y ehkori$ }i }biepfe ie }y ki}f$ f}b}pie mhepbeyfkiepi f df zri`bmfmbýe
`i }y zfdforf$ eh ho}pfepi i}pæe ky dilh} `i df ly}pbmbf% ]b }yzheikh} vyi gyirfe }bemirh} ie
ph`h i}ph$ füe f}ë$ eh zhr iddh }irëfe ly}pbgbmf`h} `i i}pf
i}pf kfeirf% Df }bemirb`f` ie myfdvybir
ridbabýe$ füe df kilhr ridbabýe$ eh i} yef ly}pbmbf vyi eh} zyi`f ly}pbgbmfr% Zyi`i nfoir kymnh}
ky}ydkfei} }bemirh}$ zfzb}pf} }bemirh}$ nf}pf zfafeh} }bemirh}$ `i bayfd kfeirf mhkh }bemi+
rh} mriiepi} ie Mrb}ph%
Mrb}ph% Ye nhkori zyi`i }ir ye }bemirh zir}iayb`hr `i df ridbabýe wir`f`irf$
pfe gyirpikiepi mhkh hprh zyi`i }ir ye }bemirh
}bemirh zrhgi}fepi `i iddf% Eyi}prh ]iöhr `blh f }y}
`b}mëzydh} vyi id pbikzh wie`rëf$ myfe`h fdayeh} nhkori} zie}frëfe vyi i}pfofe }brwbie`h f
@bh} fd `frdi} kyirpi .Le%67<?"% R i} mbirph vyi id fzý}phd Zfodh fepi} `i }y mhewir}býe$ —zie}fof
vyi `ioëf nfmir kymnf} mh}f} mheprf id ehkori `i Li}ü} `i Ef|frip‛ .Nimn%?7<2"% Zirh füe }b mhe}b`i+
mhe}b`i+
rfkh} df }bemirb`f` ie id kilhr }iepb`h$ zirpieimi f df }fepbgbmfmbýe eh f df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ i}pf} `h}
mh}f} eh `ioie `i }ir mhegye`b`f}% Df horf `i df }fepbgbmfmbýe$ eh pbiei ebeayef
ebeayef zfrpi ie eyi}prf ly}pbgb+
mfmbýe%
0% Id nimnh `i mriir pfkzhmh eh} i} bkzypf`h zfrf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Lfmhoh Frkbebh }y} }iayb`h+
ri} kh`ireh} nfe fgbrkf`h i}pi irrhr$
irr hr$ nfe prfpf`h `i i}pfodimir i}pf b`if of}æe`h}i ie _h k%0<9
2% Myfe`h Zfodh `bmi vyi —mriý Forfnfk f @bh} di gyi fprboyb`h f ly}pbmbf‛ $ }i rigbiri eh f df gi
h fd nimnh `i mriir$ }beh kæ} obie obie fd holiph `i df gi .vyi i} df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph"%
Mrb}ph"% Ie id wir}ëmydh 7
mdfrfkiepi `bmi vyi @bh}@bh} eh} fprboyi
fprboyi ly}pbmbf }be horf}%
horf}% Kæ} f`idfepi$ ie dh} wir}ëmydh} ?? fd ?0$
?0$ `bmi
vyi i}pf kb}kf ly}pbmbf di} }iræ bkzypf`f f ph`h} fvyiddh} vyi mrife ie Fvyid vyi diwfepý `i dh} kyirph}
f Li}ü}% F`ikæ}$ nf vyi phkfr ie myiepf vyi id fzý}phd eh `bmi vyi df gi di nff }b`h mhepf`f ie dyafr `i
df ly}pbmbf$ }beh zhr ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf .df zfdforf arbiaf i} —ib}‛ vyi vybiri `imbr$
`imbr$ mhe rigiriembf$ mhe ri}zimph"% I}ph
}baebgbmf i~fmpfkiepi dh vyi Zfodh `bmi ie hprh pi~ph fd fgbrkfr vyi —mhe id mhrf|ýe }i mrii zfrf ly}pbmbf‛
._hk%6:<6:"3 i} `imbr$ vyi mhe id mhrf|ýe id nhkori mrii ie Mrb}ph zfrf rimbobr ly}pbmbf$ df myfd ly}pbmbf .
eh df gi"$ di i} bkzypf`f zfrf }y ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
F`ikæ} `i i}ph$ df gi df ly}pbmbf }he mdfrfkiepi `b}pbeayb`f} ie wfrbh} pi~ph}$ zhr ilikzdh<
Ie _hkfeh} 6<61 }i `imdfrf vyi —df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}$ }i riwidf zhr gi zfrf gi ‛ ._WF" pfkobâe ie
_hk%=<?? }i `bmi vyi }i nf kfebgi}pf`h —df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}$ zhr df gi `i Li}ymrb}ph$ zfrf ph`h} dh} vyi
mriie ie Id‛% Eh i} df gi$ }beh fdah
fdah `bgiriepi dh
dh vyi i} df ly}pbmbf vyi eh} ly}pbgbmf%
ly}pbgbmf% Df gi eh i} df }feari
}feari
eb df hoi`biembf `i Mrb}ph$ i}pf} }he df} mh}f} zhr df} myfdi} }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} h `imdfrf`h} ly}ph}
`idfepi `i @bh} .wif _hk%9<2+6: 9<62"% R eh nf `y`f fdayef vyi df I}mrbpyrf `bmi vyi }hkh} —ly}pbgb+
mf`h} zhr df gi‛ $ zirh eh zhr mfy}f `i iddf$ }beh
}beh f prfwâ} `i iddf% Ie yef zfdforf$ i} @bh} vybie ly}pbgbmf$
eh df gi%
Ie hprf} zfdforf}$ eh i} df gi ie }ë dh vyi eh} ly}pbgbmf fepi @bh}$ }beh id holiph `i df gi%
Iephemi}$ zyi}ph vyi id holiph `i df gi i} Mrb}ph$ }y kyirpi$ }y ly}pbmbf$ }y wb`f zirgimpf$ iephemi }
eh i} df gi kb}kf dh vyi ly}pbgbmf$ }beh df horf ie df myfd df gi mrii% Kymnf} zir}hef} mhegëfe ie
}y gi$ ie wi| `i mhegbfr ie Mrb}ph ]y ly}pbmbf$ df myfd i} id üebmh holiph wir`f`irh `i df gi% I} ie
i}pi zyeph vyi pieikh} vyi `b}pbeaybr iepri df }fdwfmbýe f prfwâ} `i df gi df }fdwfmbýe f mfy}f `i
df gi% Kydpbpy`i} `i zir}hef} mriie ie df }fdwfmbýe f mfy}f `i df gi eh zhr ki`bh `i df gi% Pfdi}
zir}hef} pirkbefe zie}fe`h vyi i} }y gi$g i$ id fmph `i mriir$ dh vyi di} ly}pbgbmf$ }be mriir r ifdkiepi
ie df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph mhkh df of}i `i }y ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
9% Df of}i `i eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} df ly}pbmbf `i eyi}prh ]iöhr Li}ymrb}ph%
I}pf ly}pbmbf eh i} }y ly}pbmbf i}iembfd mhkh @bh}$ eb pfkzhmh df} fmmbhei} `i ly}pbmbf rifdb+
|f`f} zhr Id ie id mbidh mhkh Li}ymrb}ph id ly}ph3 }beh }hdfkiepi fvyiddf ly}pbmbf vyi Id rifdb|ý
`yrfepi }y i}pf`h `i nykbddfmbýe fvyë ie df pbirr f% Df ly}pbmbf `i @bh} zyi`i }baebgbmfr pri} mh}f}%
Zrbkirh$ zyi`i }baebgbmfr df ly}pbmbf `i @bh} kb}kh$ }iaye`h$ zyi`i }baebgbmfr df ly}pbmbf vyi df
di `i @bh} rivybiri h pirmirh$ zyi`i }baebgbmfr df ly}pbmbf vyi @bh} nf zrhwb}ph zfrf df ly}pbgbmf+
mbýe `i dh} zimf`hri}% I} i}pf üdpbkf ly}pbmbf df vyi i} zri`bmf`f ie id iwfeaidbh% Df grf}i —df
ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph‛ }i rigbiri f df wb`f zirgimpf vyi id wbwbý mhkh id }iaye`h F`æe$
F`æe$ df mfoi|f rizri}ie+
pfepi `i }y zyiodh%
I}pf ly}pbmbf eh bemdyi ph`f} df} horf} i~prfhr`befrbf} dh} kbdfarh} nimnh} zhr Id `yrfepi
}y kbeb}pirbh pirriefd3 pfdi} horf} kbdfarh} irfe zryiof} `i }y `bwbeb`f` }iöfdi} vyi di b`ie+
pbgbmfofe mhkh id Ki}ëf}% Id f prfwâ} `i i}pf} kfebgi}pfmbhei}$ }i fypiepbgbmý mhkh id üebmh
ki`bf`hr$ zirh eh fmpyfof mhkh ye ki`bf`hr fd nfmirdf}% Id nb|h `bmnf} }iöfdi} zfrf vyi dh}
nhkori} mriirfe ie }y ly}pbmbf$ zirh iddf} eh irfe beari`biepi} ie fvyiddf ly}pbmbf ie df myfd
`ioirëfe mriir%
Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph }i rigbiri f dh vyi mhküekiepi i} ddfkf`h }y hoi`biembf —fmpbwf‛
—zf}bwf‛% ]y —hoi`biembf fmpbwf‛ }baebgbmf df mheghrkb`f` `i }y wb`f f dh} dh} zrimizph} `i df di$
di$
i}pf hoi`biembf i}$ i}prbmpfkiepi nfodfe`h$ fvyiddf zhr df myfd eh}hprh} }hkh} `imdfrf`h} mhkh
ly}ph}% ]y —hoi`biembf zf}bwf‛ }i rigbiri f }y} }ygrbkbieph} kyirpi$ i}pf hoi`biembf i} i~zri+
}f`f grimyiepikiepi ie df I}mrbpyrf ie df grf}i —}y }feari‛%
Eh `ioikh} zie}fr vyi df grf}i —hoi`biembf
—h oi`biembf zf}bwf‛ vybiri `imbr vyi Mrb}ph eh gyirf
g yirf —fmpb+
wh‛ ie }y} }ygrbkbieph}% Mrb}ph gyi fmpbwh ie }y} }ygrbkbieph}%
}ygrbkbieph}% F}ë i} vyi df I}mrbpyrf `bmi
`bmi vyi
Id< —zy}h }y wb`f‛ `i }ë kb}kh .Le6:<6>" $ —`irrfký }y wb`f nf}pf df kyirpi‛ .B}f%9=<6?" —}i iepriaý
f }ë kb}kh zhr eh}hprh}$ hgrie`f }fmrbgbmbh f @bh}‛ .Ig%9<?"% R —zhr id I}zërbpy ipireh$ }i hgrimbý f }ë
kb}kh }be kfemnf f @bh}‛ .Nio%2<60"% Iephemi}$ df kyirpi dh} }ygrbkbieph
}ygrbkbieph `i Mrb}ph
Mrb}ph vyi }he mhküe+
kiepi ddfkf`h} }y hoi`biembf zf}bwf$ }he pfkobâe rivyb}bph} zfrf eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe eh} }he bkzypf+
`f} mhe i}i gbe% F}ë zyi}$ df I}mrbpyrf `bmi vyi —zhr }y ddfaf gybkh}
gybkh} eh}hprh} myrf`h}‛ .B}f%9=<9"
.B}f%9=<9" vyi
—}hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr }y }feari‛ ._hk%9<2+6:" pfkobâe vyi }hkh} —rimhembdbf`h} mhe @bh} zhr df
kyirpi `i }y Nblh‛ %
Zhr hprf zfrpi$ mrih
mri h gbrkikiepi$ vyi eh }hdfkiepi }y} }ygrbkbieph} kyi rpi$ }beh pfkobâe
}y hoi`biembf fmpbwf$ `i bayfd kfeirf mhkh df }fepb`f` `i }y efpyrfdi|f nykfef$ eh} }he bkzy+
pf`f} zfrf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Df di i~bai yef efpyrfdi|f }fepf$ yef hoi`biembf zirgimpf$ ie id mf}h
`i yef `i}hoi`biembf i~bai id mf}pbah% F mfy}f `id zimf`h eyi}prf efpyrfdi|f f eh i} }fepf$
eyi}prf hoi`biembf i} bkzirgimpf zhr dh pfeph }hkh} }yliph} fd mf}pbah%
Mrb}ph nf f}ykb`h yef efpyrfdi|f nykfef }fepf$ ie iddf rifdb|ý yef hoi`biembf zirgimpf
fepi df di%
di% R pfkobâe ie i}pf
i}pf mhe`bmbýe }ygrbý df zief `i df kb}kf di%
di% Ph`h i}ph dh nb|h$ eh zfrf
}ë kb}kh$ }beh zfrf eh}hprh}$ ph`h i}ph eh} i} bkzypf`h zfrf eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Df I}mrbpyrf
`bmi vyi Id eh} —nf }b`h nimnh zhr @bh} .i} `imbr$
`imbr$ zhr bkzypfmbýe" }fob`yrëf$
}fob`yr ëf$ ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ }fepbgbmf+
mbýe$ ri`iembýe‛ .6Mhr%6<=:"%
Df zfdforf }fob`yrëf zy`birf }baebgbmfr ph`h id zdfe `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ zhrvyi ie Id }i
kfebgbi}pf df }fob`yrëf `i @bh}% R df} hprf} mh}f} zyi`ie }ir mhe}b`irf`f} mhkh df} zfrpi} zrbemb+
zfdi} `i i}pf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Zhr ilikzdh< df }fepbgbmfmbýe zy`birf }baebgbmfr df }fepb`f` `i }y efpy+
rfdi|f nykfef$ df ly}pbmbf zy`birf }baebgbmfr }y hoi`biembf fmpbwf zhr df myfd kymnh} }he nimnh}
ly}ph} df ri`iembýe zy`birf i~zri}fr }y} }ygrbkbieph} kyirpi$ zhr dh} myfdi} id zimf`h gyi
mhe`ief`h ie df mfrei% R i} f}ëf}ë vyi ph`f df ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf `i df di gyi mykzdb`f ie gfwhr `i eh}hprh}%
Fnhrf `frâ ie oriwi fdayef} rf|hei} zhr df} myfdi} mrih vyi df hoi`biembf fmpbwf `i Mrb}ph$
eh }hdh }y} }ygrbkbieph} kyirpi$ eh} }he bkzypf`h} zfrf ly}pbgbmfmbýe<
f% Zhrvyi zfrf eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} eimi}frbh vyi }i eh} bkzypi ph`h dh vyi df di rivybiri%
Fnhrf$ i} bkzhrpfepi ho}irwfr vyi fepi} `i vyi id nhkori zimfrf$ df di }hdfkiepi di hodbafof f
hoi`imir% Zirh `i}zyâ} `i df mfë`f$ vyi`f }yliph pfeph f df hoi`biembf mhkh f df zief `i mf}pbah%
mf}pbah%
F kieh} vyi dh} zrimizph} `i df di }ife hoi`imb`h} zirg impfkiepi ph`h }y mf}pbah fzdbmf`h$ df
di eh zyi`i }ir }fpb}gimnf$ f kieh} vyi }if }fpb}gimnf$ ef`bi zyi`i }ir ly}pbgbmf`h fepi iddf%
Zhr dh pfeph$ }b Li}ymrb}ph }i mhkzrhkipi
m hkzrhkipi mhkh ye gbf`hr$
g bf`hr$ zfrf `fr }fpb}gfmmbýe f df di$ ie dyafr
`i }y zyiodh .mhkh ye }y}pbpyph"$ iephemi} `ioi hoi`imir pfeph dh} zrimizph} `i df di$ mhkh
}ygrbr df ziefdb`f` `i iddf% ]b id nbmbirf }hdfkiepi yef zfrpi$ i}ph eh }irëf }ygbmbiepi% Zhr ilik+
zdh< ]b }hdh zfafrf df `iy`f `i eyi}prh mf}pbah$ eh eh} dborfrëf `i df hodbafmbýe `i hoi`imir%
Mrb}ph `bh }fpb}gfmmbýe mykzdbkbieph f fkof} zfrpi} `i df di$ pfeph }y} zrimizph} kfe`f+
kbieph}$ mhkh ie }y} `ikfe`f} `i mf}pbah$ f}ë kfaebgbmý i nb|h nhehrfodi df di% di% Zhr dh pfeph$
}y hoi`biembf fmpbwf }y hoi`biembf zf}bwf `ioie }ireh} bkzypf`f} zfrf eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
o% Zhrvyi eimi}bpfkh} }ir ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr yef ly}pbmbf i}pf ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf i} df `i Mrb}ph%
Mrb}ph% Fnhrf$ df
ly}pbmbf$ i}prbmpfkiepi nfodfe`h$ mhe}b}pi `i yef hoi`biembf rifd$ mhkh dh `bmi @iypirhehkbh
7<?9 —R pie`rikh} ly}pbmbf myfe`h myb`ærikh} `i zheir zhr horf ph`h} i}ph} kfe`fkbieph} `idfepi `i
Linhwæ eyi}prh @bh}$ mhkh âd eh} nf kfe`f`h‛ % Iephemi}$ }b }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h}
ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph
Mrb}ph
bkzypf`f f eh}hprh}$ pbiei vyi }ir zhr }y hoi`biembf fmpbwf eh }bkzdikiepi zhr }y} }ygrbkbieph}
kyirpi% Zhrvyi â}ph}$ fyevyi eh} dborfe `i df kyirpi$ }be ikofrah$ eh eh} nfmie rifdkiepi ly}ph}%
ly}ph}%
m% Zhrvyi }i `bmi i~zri}fkiepi vyi —zhr df hoi`biembf `i ye nhkori$ kymnh} }iræe mhe}pbpyb`h}
ly}ph}‛ ._hk%9<62"% Df hoi`biembf ie i}pi pi~ph }i rigbiri eh }hdh f dh} }ygrbkbieph}
}ygrbkbieph} df kyirpi `i Mrb}ph$
}beh pfkobâe f }y wb`f zirgimpf%
`% Zhrvyi df rimhkzie}f `i wb`f nf }b`h zrhkipb`f eh fd }ygrbkbieph$ }beh }beh fd mykzdbkbieph% Df
di `bmi< —nf| i}ph wbwbræ}‛$ f}ë zrhkipi wb`f$ eh f fvyid vyi }ygri }y ziefdb`f`$ }beh f fvyid
vyi hoi`imi }y} zrimizph}% Eyemf nf i~b}pb`h yef di iepri dh} nhkori} vyi zrhkipf yef rimhk+
zie}f fd mrbkbefd zhr }ygrbr id mf}pbah `i }y}
}y} mrëkiei}% Dh} }ygrbkbieph} df kyirpi `i Mrb}ph
irfe zfrf mykzdbr id f}zimph mhe`iefphrbh ziefd `i df di3 eh} }he bkzypf`h} zfrf ly}pbgbmf+
mbýe f gbe `i vyi }ifkh} dborf`h} `i df kfd`bmbýe$ `id begbireh `i df brf% Zirh i}ph} }ygrbkbieph}
mhkh eh eh} nfmie ly}ph}$ i}prbmpfkiepi nfodfe`h$ eh zyi `ie `freh} id `irimnh f df wb`f w b`f ipiref%
Zfrf i}ph eh} nfmi gfdpf vyi df hoi`biembf fmpbwf df ly}pbmbf zh}bpbwf `i Mrb}ph eh} }ife bkzypf+
`f}$ i}pf i} eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe
ly}pbgbmfmbýe `i wb`f ._hk%9<6>"% I}ph i} dh vyi eh} `f id `irimnh f df wb`f
ipiref%
i% Zhrvyi df hoi`biembf fmpbwf `i Mrb}ph gyi rifdb|f`f f gfwhr `i eh}hprh} ie eyi}prh dyafr$
iephemi}$ pbiei vyi }ir bkzypf`f f eh}hprh} zfrf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% ]b fdaybie `blirf vyi Mrb}ph$ mhkh
ye nhkori gyi nimnh `i df kylir$ nimnh }üo`bph f df di i}pywh hodbaf`h f hoi`imir df di$ zfrf
}fdwfr}i f }ë kb}kh3 h mhepi}pfrëf$ vyi Mrb}ph f}ykbý yef efpyrfdi|f nykfef }i }ylipý f df di$
eh zfrf }ë kb}kh$ }beh zfrf eh}hprh}$ eh zfrf }y oieigbmbh }beh zfrf id eyi}prh% —Zhrvyi ye eböh
eh} i} efmb`h$ nblh eh} i} `f`h‛ .B}f%2<7"% R }b Mrb}ph eh}
eh} i} `f`h }hdfkiepi ie }y} }ygrbkbieph}$
}ygrbkbieph}$ zirh eh
ie }y hoi`biembf$ iephemi}$ eh pie`rëfkh} ye Mrb}ph mhkzdiph$ }beh }hdfkiepi ye Mrb}ph }ygrbiepi$ zirh eh
hoi`biepi%
F`ikæ}$ `ioikh} }iöfdfr vyi df hoi`biembf fmpbwf `i Mrb}ph f df di ie dyafr `i eh}hprh}$
eh eh} i~iepf `i eyi}prf hoi`biembf zir}hefd f iddf3 pfd mhkh }y} }ygrbkbieph} kyirpi$ pfkzhmh
eh} i~iepfe `i df kyirpi gë}bmf `id }ygrbkbieph% I} mbirph$ vyi eh}hprh} eh }ygrbkh} eb khrbkh}
ie id }iepb`h ie vyi Id dh nb|h$ i} `imbr$ zfrf }fpb}gfmir df ly}pbmbf nfmir zrhzbmbfmbýe zhr id
zimf`h% Pfkzhmh$ rie`bkh} hoi`biembf f df di zfrf hopieir wb`f ipiref f prfwâ} `i iddf% I} zhr
df hoi`biembf `i Mrb}ph f gfwhr `i eh}hprh}$ vyi }hkh} i~ieph} h dbori} `i df hoi`biembf f df di ie
i}pi }iepb`h .i} `imbr$
`imbr$ ie id }iepb`h `i hoi`biembf zfrf }fdwfmbýe"% Zirh eh }hkh} dborf`h} `i df
hoi`biembf f df di$ mhkh yef ehrkf `i mhkzhrpfkbieph zhr df myfd zh`ikh} adhrbgbmfr f @bh}
i~zri}frdi eyi}prf arfpbpy`$ zhr }y} foye`fepi} kb}irbmhr`bf}%
Zy`bârfkh} `imbr kymnf} mh}f} zfrf rimhkie`fr i}pf adhrbh}f ly}pbmbf `i eyi}prh Ki`bf+
`hr% Df efpyrfdi|f i~midiembf `i i}pf ly}pbmbf zyi`i }ir wb}pf zhr dh} wfrbh} ehkori} `i}mrbz+
mbhei} vyi iemheprfkh} `i iddf ie df} I}mrbpyrf}<
6% Zrbkirh$ i} ddfkf`f —df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}‛ ._hk%6<61 =<??"% I} ddfkf`f f}ë zhrvyi i}pæ
mheprf}pf`f mhe df ly}pbmbf nykfef$ }beh pfkobâe zhrvyi gyi rifdb|f`f zhr yeh vyi i} pfeph @bh} mhkh
nhkori% Pfkobâe i}pf ly}pbmbf i} arfe`ikiepi
arfe`ikiepi fzrhof`f arfpybpfkiepi fmizpf`f zhr @bh}$ pfkobâe
dborikiepi bkzypf`f zhr Id f ph`h }y zyiodh$ vybiei} }he ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr iddf fepi @bh}%
?% ]iaye`h$ i} ddfkf`f —df ly}pbmbf `i yeh‛ ._hk%9<6>"% I} `imbr$ `i yef yef `i df} zir}hef} `i df
Prbeb`f`% Eh i} df ly}pbmbf `id Zf`ri$ eb `id I}zërbpy$ }beh `id Nblh$ vybie fyevyi zfrpbmbzf `i `h} efpyrf+
di|f} .`bwbef nykfef"$ eh ho}pfepi
ho}pfepi i} yef }hdf zir}hef% I} df ly}pbmbf `i yeh vybie i} df mfoi|f `i ph`f
}y }bkbiepi h zyiodh$ pfd mhkh F`æe gyi df mfoi|f `i df nykfeb`f` zir`b`f .Zhr i}pi zrbembzbh rizri}iepf+
pbwh$ Mrb}ph i} ddfkf`h id }iaye`h F`æe"%
F`æe"% I}pf ly}pbmbf zyi`i }ir ddfkf`f pfkobâe df ly}pbmbf `i —kymnh}‛$
i} `imbr `i ph`h} dh} mriiepi}$ zyi}ph vyi f iddh} di} i} bkzypf`f ph`h} iddh} pbieie bayfdkiepi `irimnh
f iddf% Zirh ie myfeph f }y fyphr$
fyphr$ i}pf ly}pbmbf i} }hdh yef$
yef$ i} `imbr$ df `i Mrb}ph%
Mrb}ph% Zhr dh pfeph$ eh }hkh}
}hkh}
ly}pbgbmf`h} zfrmbfdkiepi zhr eyi}prf ly}pbmbf zfrmbfdkiepi zhr df `i Mrb}ph$ zhrvyi ie pfd mf}h }irëfkh}
ly}pbgbmf`h} zhr df ly}pbmbf `i `h} eh }hdfkiepi zhr df `i yeh%
=% Pirmirh$ i} ddfkf`f —df ly}pbmbf `i df di‛ ._hk%><0"% Zhrvyi fyevyi i}pf ly}pbmbf eh zrhwbiei zrhwbiei
`i eyi}prf hoi`biembf f df di$
di$ }be ikofrah$ zrhwbiei `i df hoi`biembf `i Mrb}ph
Mrb}ph f i}pf di% R fyevyi zhr
df} horf} `i df di mhkh rifdb|f`f} zhr id nhkori$ ebeayef mfrei }iræ ly}pbgbmf`f3 }be ikofrah$ zhr df}
horf} `i df di rifdb|f`f} zhr Mrb}ph$ ph`h} dh} idiab`h}
idiab`h} }he ly}pbgbmf`h}%
ly}pbgbmf`h}% Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph zyi`i }ir
ddfkf`f wir`f`irfkiepi yef ly}pbmbf diafd$ zhrvyi mykzdi mhe dh vyi df di `ikfe`f i~bai$ i bemdyi
yef mheghrkb`f` mhkzdipf
mhkzdipf f ph`h} }y} zrimizph}% Zhr ki`bh `i i}pf ly}pbmbf$ df di i} kfaebgbmf`f
kfaebgbmf`f
iearfe`imb`f% Fyevyi df di dh} zrhgipf} pi}pbgbmfe `i iddf$ i}pf ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf }i kfebgbi}pf }hdh ie id iwfeai+
dbh$ i} kbeb}prf`f }hdh zhr id iwfeaidbh%
0% Myfrph$ i} ddfkf`f pfkobâe —df ly}pbmbf `i df gi‛ ._hk%0<6="% Eh vyi df gi }if }if eyi}prf ly}pbmbf$
eb mhkzdipf$ eb zfrmbfdkiepi% Rf nikh} wb}ph vyi df gi eh i} df mfy}f `i eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ eb pfkzhmh
df gi eh} i} bkzypf`f ie dyafr `i df ly}pbmbf% Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph$ i} ddfkf`f df ly}pbmbf `i df gi$ zhrvyi df
gi i} id ki`bh zfrf rimbobrdf$ df gi i} id ki`bh zfrf wi}pbreh} `i iddf% Df gi }i riahmblf ie i}pf ly}pbmbf
}i lfmpf }hdfkiepi `i iddf%
9% Vybeph$ i} ddfkf`f —id `he `i df ly}pbmbf‛ $ —id `he‛ —id `he `i @bh} zhr df arfmbf‛ ._hk%
9<69+61"% I} ddfkf`f f}ë zhrvyi gyi rifdb|f`f arfpybpfkiepi zhr Mrb}ph$ i} bkzypf`f dborikiepi
dborikiepi zhr @bh}
id Zf`ri$ df gi i} `f`f dborikiepi zfrf imnfr kfeh `i i}pf ly}pbmbf forf|frdf%
7% ]i~ph$ i} ddfkf`f —id zrbembzfd id kilhr wi}pb`h‛ .Dym%69<??"% I} ye kilhr kilhr wi}pb`h vyi fvyid
vyi F`æe pieëf
pieëf ie id I`âe$ h vyi dh} æeaidi} pbieie ie id mbidh% Zhrvyi ie fkoh} mf}h}$ pfeph ie F`æe
mhkh dh} æeaidi}$ iddh} pieëfe df ly}pbmbf `i yef mrbfpyrf$ kbieprf} vyivyi â}pf i} df ly}pbmbf `i @bh}% F`ikæ}$
df ly}pbmbf `i F`æe irf yef ly}pbmbf vyi }i zh`ëf zir`ir vyi `i nimnh gyi zir`b`f ie df mfë`f% R fnhrf$
ebeayef `i df zh}pirb`f` `i F`æe i} ly}pf ie `i }ë kb}kf$ —eb }bvybirf yeh‛ ._hk%=<6:+62"% R mhe
ri}zimph f df ly}pbmbf `i dh} æeaidi}$ i} howbh vyi irf yef ly}pbmbf vyi iddh} zh`ëfe zir`ir$ zyi}ph vyi
kymnh} `i iddh} mfirhe `i }y zrbkir i}pf`h zir`birhe }y ly}pbmbf%
ly}pbmbf% Df üebmf rf|ýe zhr df vyi fdayeh} df
mhe}irwfrhe$ gyi df arfmbf zri}irwf`hrf `i Mrb}ph%
Mrb}ph% Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph zirkfeimi
zirkfeimi zfrf }bikzri$ eh
zyi`i zir`ir}i$ eb lfkæ} }iræ zir`b`f%
Df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph i} yef ie df myfd df di eh zyi`i iemheprfr ebeayef gfdpf% I}pf ly}pbmbf
eh} ly}pbgbmf —`i ph`h dh vyi zhr df di `i Khb}â} eh zy`b}pib} }ir ly}pbgbmf`h}%%%‛ .Nimn%6=<=2"% Eh}
zrhpiai `i df brf df mhe`iefmbýe$ }bdiembfe`h ph`f} df} fmy}fmbhei}$ zhrvyi —¸vybâe fmy}fræ f dh} i}mh+
ab`h} `i @bh}8 @bh} i} id vyi ly}pbgbmf‛ ._hk%><=="% I}pf ly}pbmbf ri}zhe`iræ
ri}zhe`iræ zhr eh}hprh} ie id `ëf `id
lybmbh eh} `fræ ieprf`f fd ribeh `i df adhrbf `i @bh}% Ie fvyid `ëf$ ph`h} fvyiddh} vyi eh pbieie yef
ly}pbmbf kfhr vyi fvyiddf vyi pywbirhe dh} i}mrbof} dh} gfrb}ih}$ eh ieprfræe$ ph`h} fvyiddh} vyi i}pæe
}be i}pi wi}pb`h `i oh`f}$ }iræe imnf`h} f df} pbebiodf} `i fgyirf$ `he`i }iræ id ddfeph id mrylbr `i `biepi}%
BW%
BW% Mhe}b`irfrâ fdah ri}zimph f df ghrkf `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ df myfd i} f prfwâ} `i df bkzypfmbýe `i
df ly}pbmbf%
—Mhkh pfkobâe @fwb` `bmi }ir obiefwiepyrf`h id nhkori fd myfd @bh} fprboyi ly}pbmbf }be horf}%‛
._hkfeh} 0<7" Pfeph df zfdforf niorif mhkh mhkh df arbiaf vyi }he y}f`f} zfrf zfrf i~zri}fr id fmph `i df bkzy+
bkzy+
pfmbýe }baebgbmfe< Fprboybr$
Fprboybr$ fmri`bpfr$ mhe}b`irfr mhkh$ rizypfr$ i}pbkfr$
i}pbkfr$ h zheir f df myiepf `i hprh% Mhkh
zhr ilikzdh id fzý}phd Zfodh `blh f Gbdikýe ri}zimph f Heâ}bkh —R }b ie fdah pi `föý$ ý pi `ioi$ zhedh æ
kb myiepf‛ .Gbdikýe 6<6>"% I} `imbr$
`imbr$ —h f}ykh df ri}zhe}fobdb`f`‛%
ri}zhe}fobdb`f`‛% Iephemi}$ myfe`h }i `bmi vyi @bh}
bkzypf df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph f eh}hprh}$ i}ph }baebgbmf vyi df mhe}b`irf mhkh eyi}prf$ eh} `imdfrf ly}ph} ie
of}i f iddf$ mhkh }b eh}hprh} kb}kh} df nyobârfkh} rifdb|f`h% Fnhrf$ zfrf kh}prfr vyi }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h}
zhr df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph bkzypf`f f eh}hprh}$ i} eimi}frbh ho}irwfr dh} }baybiepi} zyeph}<
6% Vyi eh}hprh} kb}kh} }hkh} zir}hef} bkzëf}$ vyi }he ly}pbgbmf`f} zhr @bh}$ —zhrvyi @bh} ly}pb+
gbmf f dh} bkzëh}‛ ._hk%0<9"% Iephemi}$ }b }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h}
ly}pbgbmf`h} }bie`h bkzëh}$
bkzëh}$ }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} }be ebe+
ebe+
ayef ly}pbmbf zrhzbf% F}ë zyi}$ }b }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h}$
ly}pbgbmf`h}$ pbiei vyi }ir f prfwâ} `i yef ly}pbmbf bkzypf`f f
eh}hprh} h zyi}pf ie eyi}prf myiepf$ df myfd eh zyi`i }ir ebeayef hprf$ }fdwh df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph%
?% Vyi eh}hprh} }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} h zhr yef ly}pbmbf beniriepi$ bepiref zrhzbf h zhr yef ly}pbmbf
bkzypf`f f eh}hprh}%
eh}hprh}% Eh zyi`i }ir yef ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf beniriepi zhrvyi i}f
i}f ly}pbmbf i} bkzirgimpf ebeayef
ly}pbmbf bkzirgimpf eh} zyi`i ly}pbgbmfr%
ly}pbgbmfr% Pfkobâe$ df ly}pbmbf zhr df myfd }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} i} yef ly}pbmbf
i~piref f eh}hprh}$ i} yef ly}pbmbf —zfrf .}hori" ph`h} dh} vyi mriie‛ ._hk%=<??"% Iephemi}$ i}pf i}pf ly}pbmbf
pbiei vyi }ir$ eh beniriepi }beh bkzypf`f%
=% Df ly}pbmbf zhr df myfd }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} eh i} eyi}prf zrhzbf ly}pbmbf }beh df `i hprh$ i} f }foir$
df ly}pbmbf `i
`i Mrb}ph% Zfodh `blh vyi
vyi vyirëf }ir —nfddf`h ie âd$ eh piebie`h kb ly}pbmbf$ vyi i} zhr df di$
}beh df vyi i} zhr df gi `i Mrb}ph$ df ly}pbmbf vyi i} `i @bh} zhr df gi‛ .Gbdbzie}i} =<2"% Df üebmf kfeirf
ie vyi df ly}pbmbf `i hprh zyi`i ddiafr f }ir eyi}prf$ i} f prfwâ} `i df bkzypfmbýe `i iddf f eh}hprh}$ eh nf
hprf ghrkf `i nfmirdh%
0% @i df kb}kf kfeirf ie vyi id zimf`h `i F`æe ddiaf f }ir eyi}prh }hkh} mhe}pbpyb`h} zimf`hri}
zhr }y prfe}ari}býe$ f}ë pfkobâe df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph ddiaf f }ir eyi}prf }hkh} mhe}pbpyb`h} ly}ph} zhr
iddf% I} howbh vyi id zimf`h `i F`æe ddiaf f }ir eyi}prh zhr bkzypfmbýe$ f}ë pfkobâe df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph%
Id fzý}phd `bmi< —Zhrvyi mhkh zhr df `i}hoi`biembf `i ye nhkori dh} kymnh} gyirhe mhe}pbpyb`h} zimf+
`hri}$ f}ë zhr df hoi`biembf `i yeh dh} kymnh} }iræe mhe}pbpyb`h} ly}ph}%‛ ._hkfeh} 9<62"
9% Ie df kb}kf ghrkf vyi eyi}prh} zimf`h} ddiafrhe f zirpieimir f Mrb}ph$ }y ly}pbmbf ddiaf f }ir
eyi}prf% Eh nf `y`f fdayef
fdayef `i vyi eyi}prh} zimf`h}
zimf`h} ddiafrhe f zirpieimir f Mrb}ph
Mrb}ph zhr bkzypfmbýe%
bkzypfmbýe% Id
Zf`ri dh} zy}h }hori Id zhr ki`bh `i bkzypær}idh}$ Id dh} phký }hori }ë kb}kh whdyepfrbfkiepi% Eyi}+
prh} zimf`h} gyirhe zyi}ph} ie }y myiepf Id }i mhe}b`irý f }ë kb}kh$ mhkh ri}zhe}fodi fepi df ly}pbmbf
zhr iddh}% Fnhrf$ ie df kb}kf
kb}kf ghrkf$ }y ly}pbmbf ddiaf
ddiaf f }ir eyi}prf< —Fd vyi eh mhehmbý zimf`h$ zhr
eh}hprh} @bh} di nb|h zimf`h$ zfrf vyi eh}hprh} gyârfkh} nimnh} ly}pbmbf `i @bh} ie âd%‛ .? Mhrbepbh}
9<?6"
W% Mhe}b`irfrâ df gimnf
gimn f `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ i} `imbr$ ¸myæe`h gyi phkf`f df `imb}býe `i
` i ly}pbgb+
mfreh} müfe`h gyi rifdb|f`f df horf vyi eh} ly}pbgbmf8
Zfrf bewi}pbafr df gimnf `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe$ nikh} `i `imbr vyi i~b}pie wfrbf} hzbebhei} fd
ri}zimph% Fdayeh} nfe zie}f`h vyi â}pf eh }iræ mhkzdipf`f }beh nf}pf id `ëf `id lybmbh3 hprh}$ vyi
mhkbie|f fd khkieph `i mriir eh fepi}3 hprh} `bmie vyi iddf pbiei dyafr ie id khkieph `i df
ri}yrrimmbýe `i Mrb}ph `i iepri dh} kyirph} myfe`h Id gyi ly}pbgbmf`h lyeph mhe Id ph`h} dh}
idiab`h}3 hprh} mriie vyi df gimnf }i rikhepf nf}pf id pbikzh myfe`h Mrb}ph gyi zrbkirfkiepi
zrhkipb`h mhkh eyi}prh Ki`bf`hr$ beki`bfpfkiepi `i}zyâ} `i df mfë`f3 hprh} ddiwfe df gimnf
nf}pf df} prfe}fmmbhei} nimnf} iepri id Zf`ri id Nblh `i}`i df ipireb`f`$ ie id zfmph `i df ri`ie+
mbýe% Eh nf `y`f fdayef `i vyi
vy i }i zyi`i ridfmbhefr df ly}pbgbmfmbýe mhe mf`f yef `i i}pf} gimnf}%
Df zh}pyrf vyi h }h}pieah i} vyi df `imb}býe `i ly}pbgbmfreh} gyi phkf`f `i}`i df ipireb`f ` ie id
zfmph `i df ri`iembýe .h id zfmph `i arfmbf"%
Id kâph`h vyi y}frâ zfrf zri}iepfr i}pf zh}pyrf i} mhkh }bayi<
Zrbkirh$ prfpfrâ `i `ikh}prfr vyi df horf `i ly}pbgbmfmbýe id zrhzý}bph `bwbeh `i ly}pbgbmfreh} f
prfwâ} `i df horf `i Mrb}ph i} fepirbhr fd fmph `i mriir%
]iaye`h$ vyi df gi f prfwâ} `i df myfd }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} ie id khkieph `i mriir eh i} df mfy}f `i
eyi}prf ly}pbgbmfmbýe }beh }hdh id ki`bh zhr id myfd rimbobkh} `bmnf ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
Pirmirh$ mhepi}pfrâ df} holimbhei} diwfepf`f} mheprf i}pf `hmprbef%
WBB% Kiembhefrâ wfrbh} igimph} vyi zrhwbieie `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe vyi i}pæe ëepbkfkiepi ridfmbh+
ef`h} mhe iddf%
WBBB% Gbefdkiepi$ `frâ fdayef} zrhzbi`f`i} .mfrfmpirë}pbmf}" aieirfdi} fmirmf `i i}pf ly}pbgbmf+
mbýe%
6% Zrbkirh$ i} ye fmph `i df dbori arfmbf `i @bh}% —]bie`h ly}pbgbmf`h} arfpybpfkiepi zhr }y arfmbf‛
._hk%=<?0"% Gyi df arfmbf df vyi `b}iöý id zdfe id kâph`h `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Gyi df kb}kf arfmbf
arfmbf df vyi
khpbwý f Mrb}ph f mhkzrhkipir}i mhkh id gbf`hr `i }y zyiodh$ df vyi di iewbý ie id mykzdbkbieph `id
pbikzh zfrf igimpyfr `bmnf
`bmnf ly}pbmbf f gfwhr `i iddh}%
iddh}% Iephemi}$ i} df arfmbf `i @bh}$
@bh}$ df vyi fmizpf i}f
ly}pbmbf df bkzypf ie gfwhr `i iddh}$ i} iddf df vyi di} mhemi`i df gi zfrf rimbobrdf% R i}pf arfmbf }i
kfaebgbmf füe kæ} myfe`h mhe}b`irfkh} vyi i}pf} zir}hef} }he zhr efpyrfdi|f zimf`hri} bkzëh}$ füe
kymnh} `i iddh} }he —id zrbkirh `i iddh}‛ .6 Pbk%6<69"%
?% ]iaye`h$ i}pf ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} yebwir}fd eh zfrmbfd% Ph`h}
Ph`h} dh} idiab`h} `i @bh} }he ly}pbgbmf`h}
`i ph`f} df} mh}f}$ i} `imbr$ dborf`h} `i ph`h} }y} zimf`h} `id mf}pbah vyi â}ph} kirimie3 mhkh dh `bmi
eyi}prh pi~ph —R `i ph`h dh vyi zhr df di `i Khb}â} eh zy`b}pib} }ir ly}pbgbmf`h}$ ie â}pi i} ly}pbgbmf`h
ph`h fvyid vyi mriiri‛ .Nimnh} 6=<=2"% Ph`f df ly}pbmbf `i `i Mrb}ph di} i} bkzypf`f iddh}
iddh} }he mhe}b`i+
rf`h} mhkh zirgimph} mhkzdiph} ie Id%
=% Pirmirh$
Pirmirh$ df ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} ye fmph rifdb|f`h
rifdb|f`h ie yef }hdf wi|$ id myfd eh f`kbpi
f`kbpi arf`h}% Dh}
zimf`h} `i dh} idiab`h} `i @bh} gyirhe bkzypf`h} f Mrb}ph ie yef }hdf wi|$ Id nb|h }fpb}gfmmbýe zhr iddh}
yef }hdf wi|% @bh} fmizpý df ly}pbmbf `i Mrb}ph
Mrb}ph df bkzypý f }y zyiodh `i yef wi| zfrf }bikzri$ zhr dh
pfeph$ iddh} pbieie }y} zimf`h} prfe}ari}bhei} zir`hef`h} diafdkiepi `i yef }hdf wi| zfrf }bikzri%
Eyi}prf mhe}mbiembf `i nfoir }b`h ly}pbgbmf`h} f`kbpi arf`h} zhrvyi df ly}pbmbf `i @bh} }i
kfebgbi}pf —zhr gi zfrf gi‛ ._hk%6<61"% Nf wfrbf} `imdfrfmbhei} gri}mf} riehwf`f} h kfebgi}pfmbh+
kfebgi}pfmbh+
ei} eyiwf} rizipbmbhei}
rizipbmbhei} `id fmph `i dfdf ly}pbgbmfmbýe% Mhkh zhr ilikzdh
ilikzdh ie df ri}yrrimmbýe `i Mrb}ph dh}
mriiepi} gyirhe —ly}pbgbmf`h} ie Id‛ ._hk%0<?9"% Pfkobâe zhr id pi}pbkhebh pi}pbkhebh `id I}zërbpy
I}zërbpy ]feph f df
mhembiembf `id mriiepi$ i}pf ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} riehwf`f eyiwfkiepi ie id lybmbh gbefd$ i}pf `imdfrfmbýe
}iræ rizipb`f fepi ph`h} dh} æeaidi} dh} dh} nhkori}% Zirh$ df ly}pbgbmfmbýe mhkh ye fmph `i `i @bh} i} üebmf$
nimnf `i yef }hdf wi| zfrf }bikzri$ eh f`kbpi arf`h} eh i} rifdb|f`f arf`yfd zrhari}bwfkiepi mhkh
dh i} df }fepbgbmfmbýe%
0% Myfrph$ i}pf oie`bmbýe i} bayfd
bayfd zfrf ph`h} dh} mriiepi}3 ph`h}
ph`h} }he bayfdkiepi ly}pbgbmf`h}%
ly}pbgbmf`h}% Id
kb}kh zrimbh gyi zfaf`h zhr df ri`iembýe `i yeh hprh3 df kb}kf ly}pbmbf i} bkzypf`f fd yeh fd hprh%
Pfkobâe df kb}kf gi zrimbh}f i} `f`f fd yeh fd hprh$ fyevyi eh ph`h} df rimboie ie df kb}kf ki`b`f .i}
`imbr$ fdayeh} pbieie yef gi gyirpi hprh} yef yef gi `âobd"% ]be ikofrah$
ikofrah$ id mriiepi kæ} `âobd i} pfe
ly}pbgbmf`h mhkh id kæ} gyirpi3 id zimf`hr kæ} arfe`i i} pfe ly}pbgbmf`h mhkh id kæ} zivyiöh% zivyiöh% Fyevyi
ye mriiepi zyi`i pieir kæ} arfmbf }fepbgbmf`hrf vyi hprh$ }be ikofrah$ ebeayeh pbiei kæ} ly}pbmbf
ly}pbgbmf`hrf vyi hprh%
9% Vybeph$ df ly}pbgbmfmbýe
ly}pbgbmfmbýe i} brriwir}bodi i befdpirfodi%
befdpirfodi% I} }iaüe id `imriph bekypfodi
bekypfodi `i @bh}$ id
myfd lfkæ} zyi`i }ir gry}prf`h% I} yeh `i dh} `hei} `i @bh}$ dh} myfdi} }he }be frriziepbkbieph$
frriziepbkbieph$ i} yef
`i df} oie`bmbhei} `id zfmph
zfmph `i df arfmbf$ id myfd eyemf zyi`i }ir vyiorfepf`h%
vyiorfepf`h% Df ly}pbmbf zhr df myfd dh}
mriiepi} }he ly}pbgbmf`h}
ly}pbgbmf`h} i} yef ly}pbmbf
ly}pbmbf ipiref% Df gi zhr df myfd iddh} df df rimboie i} yef gi vyi lfkæ}
gfddfræ% R fyevyi ye nhkori ly}pbgbmf`h zyi`i mfir ie zimf`h$ }be ikofrah$ lfkæ} mfiræ `i }y ly}pbgbmf+
mbýe pfkzhmh ieprfræ ie mhe`iefmbýe$ }beh vyi }iræ ipirefkiepi adhrbgbmf`h%
7% ]i~ph$ fyevyi df ly}pbgbmfmbýe dborf f df} zir}hef} `i df mydzf `id zimf`h di} `i}mfraf `id mf}pbah
vyi }i kirimie3 }be ikofrah$
ikofrah$ eh vybpf id zimf`h vyi khrf ie iddh}% Zhr iddf$ dh} mriiepi} }he igimpbwf+
kiepi dborf`h} `id zimf`h ie id }iepb`h `i vyi @bh} eh wi bebvyb`f` ie iddh} zfrf mhe`iefrdi}$ fyevyi Id
wi ho}irwf ph`h} dh} zimf`h} `i }y zyiodh di} `b}mbzdbef zhr iddh}% Eh ho}pfepi$ ri}zimph f df ly}pbgbmf+
mbýe$ Id eh wi ebeayeh `i dh} zimf`h} `i iddh} zhrvyi nfe }b`h fo}yidph}$ `i}mfraf`h} ly}pbgbmf`h} `i
ph`h} iddh}% R }be ikofrah$
ikofrah$ id zimf`h ph`fwëf khrf ie iddh} zhrvyi —Mbirpfkiepi eh nf nhkori ly}ph ie
df pbirrf$ vyi nfaf obie eyemf zivyi‛ .Imdi}bf}pâ} 1<?:"%
1% ]âzpbkh$ df ly}pbgbmfmbýe eh feydf$ eb bewfdb`f df di pfkzhmh `i}febkf ye mykzdbkbieph myb`f+
`h}h `i df} oyief} horf}% Df ly}pbgbmfmbýe eh `i}nfmi
`i}nfmi h rioflf df di }beh vyi df i}pfodimi% Df ly}pbmbf zhr
df myfd }hkh} ly}pbgbmf`h} mykzdi
mykzdi mhe mf`f `ikfe`f `ipfddi `i df di%di% Mrb}ph df ayfr`ý ie eyi}prh dyafr
f}ë df kfaebgbmý df nb|h nhehrfodi$ }y hoi`biembf ie gfwhr eyi}prh eh eh} mhe`ymi f vyiorfepfrdf$
}beh f i}ghr|freh} f hoi`imirdf khpbwf`h} zhr id fkhr% fkhr%
I}pf `hmprbef pfkzhmh eh} `i}febkf ie myfeph fd mykzdbkbieph `i df} oyief} horf}$ zhrvyi
i}pf `hmprbef `i arfmbf eh} ie}iöf vyi —_ieyembfe`h æ df bkzbi`f` æ dh} `i}ih} kye`feh}$ wbwfkh}
ie i}pi }badh pikzdf`f$ ly}pf$ zëfkiepi‛ .Pbph ?<6?"%
Zfrf mhemdybr$ }b }y fdkf i}pæ oflh df zh`irh}f begdyiembf id mhe}yidh `i i}pf `hmprbef$
iephemi} y}pi` nfræ df} }baybiepi} mh}f}<
6% Oie`imbr f @bh} zhr Li}ymrb}ph$ zhr myf hoi`biembf y}pi` nf }b`h ly}pbgbmf`h%
?% Wfdhrfr
Wfdhrfr }y ly}pbmbf ly}pbgbmf`hrf nfræ
nf ræ kiembýe `i iddf ie ph`h} dh} khkieph} fzrhzbf`h}%
=% Adhrbfr}i }hdfkiepi ie Mrb}ph `frdi f Id ph`f df adhrbf `i df ly}pbgbmfmbýe%
0% I}ghr|fr}i zfrf vyi }y mhkzhrpfkbieph }if `baeh `id iwfeaidbh `i Mrb}ph `i i}pf wir`f` ie
zfrpbmydfr%