a. What is the importance of wearing complete PPE?

PPE is equipment that will protect the user or wearer against any health or safety risks at work.
PPE includes items like safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety
footwear and safety harnesses, as well as respiratory protective equipment. PPE reduces the risk
of injury or harm to users caused by hazards present in the workplace. However, even when these
measures have been applied, hazards still remain in the workplace and PPE is ultimately used to
minimize the risk of injury. According to the HSE website, risk in the workplace can include
injuries to the lungs (from breathing in contaminated air), the head and feet, (from falling
materials), the eyes (from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids), the skin (from contact
with corrosive materials and the body (from extremes of heat or cold).

b. What is the indicated by the NFPA symbol?

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed a color-coded
number system called NFPA 704. The system uses a color-coded
diamond with four quadrants in which numbers are used in the upper
three quadrants to signal the degree of health hazard (blue), flammability
hazard (red), and reactivity hazard (yellow). The bottom quadrant is used
to indicate special hazards. The NFPA system is good for alerting
personnel of the degree of hazard of the chemical and helpful in drawing
attention to storage needs and the necessary emergency equipment
needed. This system does not indicate chronic health hazards.

c. As a medical laboratory science student, why is there a need to strictly follow laboratory rules
and regulations for safety?
As a medical laboratory science student, there is a need to strictly follow laboratory rules and
regulations for safety because just by becoming familiar with the laboratory you’re working in and
always following proper safety procedures, you can help to prevent or eliminate hazards. You will
also know the proper steps to take in the unfortunate event that something does go wrong. Labs
are designed to with safety in mind, however, accidents can happen, which is why it’s best to be
prepared for the worst.

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a. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants,
animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It
deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic,
and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis
of vital processes. All chemical changes within the organism—either the degradation of
substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the buildup of complex molecules necessary
for life processes—are collectively termed metabolism. These chemical changes depend on the
action of organic catalysts known as enzymes, and enzymes, in turn, depend for their existence
on the genetic apparatus of the cell. It is not surprising, therefore, that biochemistry enters into
the investigation of chemical changes in disease, drug action, and other aspects of medicine,
as well as in nutrition, genetics, and agriculture. The term biochemistry is synonymous with
two somewhat older terms: physiological chemistry and biological chemistry. Those aspects
of biochemistry that deal with the chemistry and function of very large molecules
(e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) are often grouped under the term molecular biology.
Biochemistry is a young science, having been known under that term only since about 1900.

b. Biochemistry is vital to both modern agriculture as well as medicine. Understanding the

biochemistry of plants lets us use better fertilizers, select better soils, and grow the strains with
more desirable characteristics. The same is true for livestock, with but with the addition of
medicine to keep them healthier. Which actually leads me to the second image. And the
increase in human life expectancy isn't an accident and biochemistry is one of the fields
responsible. With biochemistry better medication can be designed and tested. With
biochemistry, better diagnostic tests are available so diseases can be caught sooner.

c. There are two cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are usually single-
celled and smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular
organisms, but there are some single-celled eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are microscopic
organisms that have neither a membrane-bound nucleus nor membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotes have ribosomes, which are not surrounded by a membrane but do have a
specialized function, and could therefore be considered organelles. All metabolic functions
carried out by a prokaryote take place in the plasma membrane or the cytosol. Prokaryotes are
the smallest types of cells, averaging 2-5μm in diameter. Despite their small size, inside each
cell there is chemical and biochemical machinery necessary for growth, reproduction, and the
acquisition and utilization of energy. The common features of prokaryotic cells are: cell wall,
plasma membrane, ribosomes, genetic material, capsule (most, but not all), flagella (most, but
not all), pili (most, but not all), lack of compartmentalization, plasmid, (most, but not all),
binary fission. While Eukaryote is an organism whose cells are organized into complex
structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane-
bound structure of eukaryotes is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, which comes
from Greek and means "true nucleus." The nucleus is the membrane-enclosed organelle that
contains DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules,
called chromosomes. Some eukaryotes are single-celled, but many are multicellular.
Eukaryotes include all protists, fungi, plants and animals. In addition to having a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and ribosomes, eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-
bound organelles. Each organelle in a eukaryote has a distinct function. Because of their

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 complex level of organization, eukaryotic cells can carry out many more functions than
prokaryotic cells.
Difference Between Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

1. Prokaryotic cells are the primitive kind of cell, whose size varies from 0.5-3µm, they are
generally found in single-cell organisms, while Eukaryotic cells are the modified cell
structure containing different components in it, their size varies from 2-100µm, they are
found in multicellular organisms.
2. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall,
chloroplast, etc. are absent in prokaryotic cells, while these organelles are found in
eukaryotic organisms. Though cell wall and chloroplast are not found in the animal cell, it
is present in the green plant cell, few bacteria, and algae.
3. The main difference between Prokaryotic cells and the Eukaryotic cell is the nucleus, which
is not well defined in prokaryotes whereas it is well structured, compartmentalized and
functional in eukaryotes.
4. Cell organelles are present which are membrane-bound and have individual functions in
eukaryotic cells; many organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells.
5. In prokaryotes, the cell division takes place through conjugation, transformation, and
transduction but in eukaryotes, it is through the process of cell division.
6. The process of transcription and translation occurs together, and there is a single origin of
replication in the prokaryotic cell. On the other hand, there are multiple origins of replication
and transcription occurs in nucleus and translation in the cytosol.
7. Genetic Material (DNA) is circular and double-stranded in Prokaryotes, but in Eukaryotes,
it is linear and double-stranded.
8. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually; commonly Prokaryotes have asexual mode of
reproduction.
9. Prokaryotes are the simplest, smallest and most abundantly found cells on earth; Eukaryotes
are larger and complex cells.

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