Está en la página 1de 20



       



6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 


SUXHEDVJHQHUDOHVGH
VHQVRUHV\DFWXDGRUHV 



Ø
1
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 


3UXHEDVHQORV,Q\HFWRUHVGH*DVROLQD

3URFHGLPLHQWRVJHQHUDOHV

$'9(57(1&,$ $OJXQDV GH ODV SUXHEDV VLJXLHQWHV




LQFOX\HQXQDSXOYHUL]DFLyQPX\ILQDGHFRPEXVWLEOH
TXH HV H[WUHPDGDPHQWH LQIODPDEOH \ FRQH[LRQHV
HOpFWULFDV SURYLVLRQDOHV 'HEHQ H[WUHPDUVH ODV
SUHFDXFLRQHVSDUDHYLWDU
FKLVSDV DO KDFHU R LQWHUUXPSLU FRQH[LRQHV D ILQ GH
HYLWDU XQ LQFHQGLR R H[SORVLyQ 7(1*$ 6,(035( XQ
H[WLQWRU GH LQFHQGLRV D PDQR \ DVHJ~UHVH GH IDPLOLDUL]DUVH FRQ VX


IXQFLRQDPLHQWR /RV SUREOHPDV PiV KDELWXDOHV TXH SUHVHQWDQ WRV LQ\HFWRUHV


VRQ HO JRWHR XQ PRGHOR GH SXOYHUL]DFLyQ GHILFLHQWH \ XQD DWRPL]DFLyQ
LQVXILFLHQWH WRGRV ORV FXDOHV SXHGHQ SURGXFLU XQD 3RWHQFLD GH PRWRU
GHILFLHQWH XQ DOWR FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWLEOH XQDV HPLVLRQHV GH HVFDSH
H[FHVLYDVXQDUUDQTXHGLItFLO\WRGDXQDVHULHGHSUREOHPDVDGLFLRQDOHV
(OFRPEXVWLEOHTXHIOX\HSRUORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHMDSRVRVTXHYDQUHVWULQJLHQGR
JUDGXDOPHQWH HO IOXMR 'HWHUPLQDGRV PRGHORV GH FRQGXFFLyQ FRPR SRU
HMHPSOR XQ YLDMH UHJXODU VXILFLHQWH FRPR SDUD FDOHQWDU FRPSOHWDPHQWH HO
PRWRU NLOyPHWURV VHJXLGRSRUXQSHUtRGRGHLQDFWLYLGDGSXHGHKDFHU
TXHHOFRPEXVWLEOHDOUHGHGRUGHODERTXLOODGHO,Q\HFWRUVHFXH]DGHELGRDODV
FRQGLFLRQHV GH FDORUUHPRMR GHVSXpV GH FDGD XQR GH HVRV YLDMHV OR TXH
SURGXFHGHSyVLWRVGHFDUEyQ(VWRVGHSyVLWRVSXHGHQGLVWRUVLRQDUHOFRQRGH
SXOYHUL]DFLyQRLPSHGLUTXHHOLQ\HFWRUVHFLHUUHFRPSOHWDPHQWH
(Q DOJXQRV FDVRV SXHGHQ TXLWDUVH ORV GHSyVLWRV FRQ XQR GH ORV GLVROYHQWHV
FRQYHQFLRQDOHV $OJXQRV GH ORV FXDOHV VH DxDGHQ DO FRPEXVWLEOH \ RWURV VH
DSOLFDQ GLUHFWDPHQWH D ORV LQ\HFWRUHV DXQTXH HVWRV ~OWLPRV UDUDPHQWH VRQ
FRPSOHWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFWRULRV
&XDQGR VH TXLWHQ ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GHEHUiQ H[DPLQDUVH FXLGDGRVDPHQWH ODV
MXQWDVWRULFDVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDORJUDUXQDHVWDQTXHLGDGGHORVJDVHVGHOFROHFWRU
GHDGPLVLyQ\VXVWLWXLUVHVLVHWLHQHQGXGDVVREUHVXHVWDGR&XDOTXLHUIXJD


Ø
2
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



TXHKD\DDGPLWLUiDLUHQRGRVLILFDGRORFXDODXPHQWDUiODYHORFLGDGGHUDOHQWt
\FUHDUiXQDPH]FODSREUH
/DVSUXHEDVEiVLFDVDTXHKDQGHVRPHWHUVHORVLQ\HFWRUHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV

3UXHEDGH]XPELGRGHOLQ\HFWRUSHUPLWHDYHULJXDUVLODYiOYXODGHDJXMD
RVFLODGXUDQWHODLQ\HFFLyQ ORFXDOHVQHFHVDULRSDUDODFRUUHFWDDWRPL]DFLyQ
GHOFRPEXVWLEOH \DTXHDOKDFHUORSURGXFHHOFDUDFWHUtVWLFR]XPELGR
 2EVHUYDFLyQ GH OD IRUPD GHO FKRUUR 0RGHOR GH SXOYHUL]DFLyQ GH ORV
LQ\HFWRUHV  SHUPLWH GHWHUPLQDU VL HO FRQMXQWR LQ\HFWRU WREHUD \ YiOYXOD GH
DJXMD HVWiVXFLRRGDxDGR
&RPSUREDFLyQGHODSUHVLyQGHDSHUWXUDGHOLQ\HFWRUSHUPLWHFRPSUREDU
VLODDJXMDVHOHYDQWDGHVXDVLHQWRHQODWREHUDDODOFDQ]DUHOFRPEXVWLEOHOD
SUHVLyQFRUUHFWD
3UXHEDGHIXJDV &DGHQFLDGHIXJDVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV SRUHOLQ\HFWRU
SHUPLWH GHWHUPLQDU VL HO FRQMXQWR LQ\HFWRU WREHUD \ YiOYXOD GH DJXMD  HV
HVWDQFR
 3UXHED GH IXJDV LQWHUQDV HQ HO LQ\HFWRU SHUPLWH DYHULJXDU HO JUDGR GH
GHVJDVWH LQWHUQR GHO FRQMXQWR GHELGR D IDOWD GH HVWDQTXHLGDG HQWUH ODV GRV
SDUWHVGHOFXHUSRGHOLQ\HFWRURDGHVJDVWHHQWUHODDJXMD\VXDORMDPLHQWR
$QWHVGHOOHYDUDFDERQLQJXQDGHODVSUXHEDVLQGLFDGDVDFRQWLQXDFLyQPRQWH
HOLQ\HFWRUHQHODSDUDWRGHFRPSUREDFLyQXWLOL]DQGRHODGDSWDGRUDGHFXDGR\
VLJXLHQGRODVLQVWUXFFLRQHVGHOIDEULFDQWHGHOLQVWUXPHQWR3XUJXHODERPED\
ODWXEHUtDGHFRPEXVWLEOHGHDFXHUGRFRQODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLQVWUXFFLRQHV\
PXHYDUiSLGDPHQWHODSDODQFDGHOFRPSUREDGRUGHIRUPDTXHVHSURGX]FDOD
LQ\HFFLyQGRVRWUHVYHFHVDILQGHGHVDORMDUFXDOTXLHUSDUWtFXODGHVXFLHGDGR
GHSyVLWRGHFDUERQLOODTXHSXHGDKDEHUHQHOLQ\HFWRU(OFRPSUREDGRUVXHOH
LU HTXLSDGR FRQ XQD YiOYXOD UHJXODGRUD GH FDXGDO GH JDVRLO OD FXDO GHEHUi
DMXVWDUVHDOFDXGDOPtQLPRQHFHVDULRSDUDDFFLRQDUHOLQ\HFWRU

3UXHEDGH]XPELGRGHOLQ\HFWRU
FRPSUREDGRUGHEHUiDFFLRQDUVHDXQULWPRXQLIRUPHSDUDTXHVHSURGX]FDHO
]XPELGR\HOPDQyPHWURGHEHUiHVWDUFHUUDGR



Ø
3
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 


)RUPDGHOFKRUUR

8Q FKRUUR QR XQLIRUPH GH DVSHFWR HVWULDGR R IUDJPHQWDGR LQGLFD TXH HO
LQ\HFWRU HVWi VXFLR R SUHVHQWD DOJ~Q WLSR GH GDxR /DV IRUPDV GH FKRUUR
GHVHDEOHVHQODPD\RUtDGHORVWLSRVGHLQ\HFWRUHVVRQODVTXHVHLQGLFDQHQOD
ILJ D  (O FKRUUR SUR\HFWDGR SRU HO LQ\HFWRU GHEH VHU UHJXODU HQ IRUPD GH
DEDQLFRFHQWUDGRFRQUHVSHFWRDOHMHGHOLQ\HFWRUVLQLQWHUUXSFLRQHVQLHVWUtDV
\VLQJRWHRILJ E  F  G 
6L HO FKRUUR VDOH GHO LQ\HFWRU REOLFXDPHQWH IRUPDQGR HVWUtDV R FRQ
LQWHUUXSFLRQHV HOOR LQGLFD TXH HVWi VXFLR R GDxDGR 7pQJDVH HQ FXHQWD QR
REVWDQWHTXHDOJXQRVLQ\HFWRUHVGHRULILFLRVP~OWLSOHVFRP~QPHQWHXWLOL]DGRV
HQPRWRUHVGHLQ\HFFLyQGLUHFWDSURGXFHQYDULRVFKRUURVILQRVHQDEDQLFR(Q
HVWHFDVRODIRUPDGHOFKRUURGHEHUiFRPSUREDUVHGHODPLVPDPDQHUDSHUR
VLQWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVKXHFRVHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVFKRUURV'HWRGRVPRGRV
FXDOTXLHU IDOWD GH VLPHWUtD HQ OD IRUPD GHO FKRUUR GH XQ LQ\HFWRU GH RULILFLRV
GHEHUi LQVSLUDU VRVSHFKDV D PHQRV TXH VH FRPSUXHEH TXH H[LVWH XQD FODUD
GHVYLDFLyQLQWHQFLRQDGDHQODGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVRULILFLRVGHODWREHUD7pQJDVH
HQ FXHQWD TXH HO LQ\HFWRU WLSR3LQWDX[ WLHQHXQRULILFLRDX[LOLDUDXQODGRGHO
RULILFLRFHQWUDOTXHSURGXFHXQFKRUURDGLFLRQDOGHVFHQWUDGR%RPEHDQGRPiV
GHVSDFLRFRQODSDODQFDGHOFRPSUREDGRUGHLQ\HFWRUHVVHFRQVHJXLUiTXHOD


Ø
4
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



LQ\HFFLyQVHSURGX]FD~QLFDPHQWHSRUHVHRULILFLRDX[LOLDUGHOLQ\HFWRU3LQWDX[
$QWH FXDOTXLHU LUUHJXODULGDG HQ OD IRUPD GHO FKRUUR GHEHUi GHVDUPDUVH
OLPSLDUVH\H[DPLQDUVHHOFRQMXQWRLQ\HFWRU


3DUDFRPSUREDUODIRUPDGHOFKRUURHOPDQyPHWURGHEHUiHVWDUFHUUDGR






0RGHORGHSXOYHUL]DFLyQGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV .(-HWURQLF0RWURQLF
LQ\HFWRUHVPHFiQLFRV 

'HVPRQWH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GHO FROHFWRU GH DGPLVLyQ \ FROyTXHORV HQ XQ
UHFLSLHQWH DGHFXDGR $FFLRQH OD ERPED GH FRPEXVWLEOH 6XED OD SODFD GHO
VHQVRU GH IOXMR GH DLUH \ FRPSUXHEH HO PRGHOR GHSXOYHUL]DFLyQ GH FDGD
LQ\HFWRU
&DGD LQ\HFWRU GHEH SURGXFLU XQD SXOYHUL]DFLyQ UHJXODU GH IRUPD FyQLFD GH
FRPEXVWLEOH ELHQ DWRPL]DGR DXQTXH XQD SXOYHUL]DFLyQ OLJHUDPHQWH GHVLJXDO
HVDFHSWDEOH VLHPSUH TXHHOiQJXOR WRWDOGHSXOYHUL]DFLyQQRVHDVXSHULRUD
ƒ

0RGHORGHSXOYHUL]DFLyQGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV VLVWHPDVHOHFWUyQLFRV


Ø
5
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 





'HVPRQWH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GHO FROHFWRU GH DGPLVLyQ HQ VX WRWDOLGDG FRQ OD
UDPSDGHFRPEXVWLEOH\FRORTXHODVERTXLOODVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVHQUHFLSLHQWHV
DGHFXDGRV$VHJ~UHVHGHTXHHOWXERGHDOLPHQWDFLyQHOWXERGHUHWRUQR\HO
UHJXODGRUGHSUHVLyQHVWpQFRQHFWDGRV
$VHJ~UHVHGHTXHORVFRQHFWRUHVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVHVWpQGHVFRQHFWDGRV
)LMH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV HQ OD UDPSD GH FRPEXVWLEOH FRQ FDEOH GH ILMDFLyQ R XQD
PRUGD]DDGHFXDGDDFFLRQHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOHORTXHQRUPDOPHQWHVH
FRQVLJXH TXLWDQGR HO UHOp GH OD ERPED GH FRPEXVWLEOH \ SXHQWHDQGR ORV
WHUPLQDOHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
6L ORV LQ\HFWRUHV WLHQHQ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD GH   RKPLRV GHEH
FRQHFWDUVH XQ UHVLVWRU GH  RKPLRV HQ VHULH FRQ OD
DOLPHQWDFLyQ SHUR VL OD UHVLVWHQFLD GHO LQ\HFWRU HV GH  RKPLRV
SXHGHFRQHFWDUVHXQDDOLPHQWDFLyQGHYROWLRVGLUHFWDPHQWH 

Ø
6
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



&RQHFWH XQD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH  YROWLRV D FDGD LQ\HFWRU VXFHVLYDPHQWH
&RPSDUHHOPRGHORGHSXOYHUL]DFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV6LXQRHV
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH GLVWLQWR GHO UHVWR HV TXH KD\ XQD DYHUtD (O PRGHOR GH
SXOYHUL]DFLyQWHQGUiHQPXFKRVFDVRVIRUPDFyQLFDSHURSXHGHVHUGHWLSRGH
VXUWLGRU HVWUHFKR R GH WLSR GH VXUWLGRU GLYLGLGR VHJ~Q OD DSOLFDFLyQ QR
REVWDQWH HO PRGHOR GH WRGRV ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GH XQ PRWRU GHWHUPLQDGR GHEH
VHUDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHLJXDO

3. Presión de apertura del inyector

$ODOFDQ]DUVHXQDSUHVLyQGHWHUPLQDGDHOLQ\HFWRUGHEHUiDEULUVHGHUHSHQWH
VLQ QLQJ~Q JRWHR SUHYLR /D SUHVLyQ GH DSHUWXUD GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV ILJXUD
HVSHFLILFDGD HQ OD VHFFLyQ GH GDWRV WpFQLFRV GH FDGD PRWRU 6H YHULILFD
ERPEHDQGR FRQ OD SDODQFD GHO   FRPSUREDGRU GH LQ\HFWRUHV D UD]yQ GH XQD
HPERODGD SRU VHJXQGR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH VDOYR LQGLFDFLyQ HQ FRQWUDULR  \
REVHUYDQGRODOHFWXUDGHSUHVLyQGHOPDQyPHWURDOFRPLHQ]RGHOVXPLQLVWUR
LQVWDQWHHQTXHODDJXMDGHOLQVWUXPHQWRRVFLODOLJHUDPHQWH

6L OD SUHVLyQ GH DSHUWXUD HV VXSHULRU D OD SUHVFULWD HOOR SXHGH REHGHFHU DO
SHJDGR GH OD HVSLJD GH SUHVLyQ D XQD REVWUXFFLyQ SDUFLDO GH XQR R YDULRV
RULILFLRVGHODWREHUDRDXQDSUHFDUJDLQFRUUHFWDGHOPXHOOHGHSUHVLyQ6LSRU
HOFRQWUDULRHVLQIHULRUDODSUHVFULWDSXHGHGHEHUVHDTXHODYiOYXODGHDJXMD
HVWp SHJDGD HQ SRVLFLyQ DELHUWD HO PXHOOH URWR R D TXH OD SUHFDUJD GH HVWH
~OWLPRVHDLQFRUUHFWD/RVLQ\HFWRUHVFRQWRUQLOORGHDMXVWHGHODSUHFDUJDGHO
PXHOOHSXHGHQFDOLEUDUVHFRUUHFWDPHQWHDFWXDQGRVREUHHOWRUQLOORPLHQWUDV

TXH ORV TXH OOHYDQ XQ VXSOHPHQWR GH UHJODMH GH SUHFDUJD HQFLPD GHOPXHOOH
SXHGH FDPELDUVH HO VXSOHPHQWR SRU RWUR GHO HVSHVRU DGHFXDGR (V QRUPDO
WHQHUTXHUHDMXVWDUODSUHVLyQGHDSHUWXUDGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVDORVNP
3DUD DXPHQWDU OD SUHVLyQ GH DSHUWXUD KD\ TXH DFWXDU VREUH HO WRUQLOOR GH
DMXVWHGHOPXHOOHGHPRGRTXHSHQHWUHDPD\RUSURIXQGLGDGHQHOFXHUSRGHO
LQ\HFWRU R VL pVWH HV GHO WLSR GH UHJODMH SRU VXSOHPHQWR FRORFDU XQ
VXSOHPHQWR GH SUHFDUJD PiV JUXHVR 6L OR TXH VH UHTXLHUH HV UHGXFLU OD
SUHVLyQGHDSHUWXUDKDEUiTXHSURFHGHUDODLQYHUVD

Ø
7
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



1RUPDOPHQWHODSUHVLyQGHDSHUWXUDVHDMXVWDDXQYDORUOLJHUDPHQWHVXSHULRU
DOUHFRPHQGDGRSDUDFRPSHQVDUODOLJHUDUHGXFFLyQTXHVHSURGXFHGXUDQWHOD
IDVHLQLFLDOGHXWLOL]DFLyQGHOLQ\HFWRU3RUHMHPSORXQLQ\HFWRUFRQXQDSUHVLyQ
GH DSHUWXUD UHFRPHQGDGD GH EDU OR PHMRUHV FDOLEUDUOR SDUD TXHDEUDD
 EDU $OJXQRV LQ\HFWRUHV DMXVWDEOHV PHGLDQWH WRUQLOOR OOHYDQ HQ pVWH XQD
WXHUFD GH EORTXHR TXH HV SUHFLVR DIORMDU SDUD SRGHU UHDOL]DU HO DMXVWH
GHELHQGRDSUHWDUVHGHQXHYRXQDYH]HIHFWXDGRpVWH

4. Goteo por el inyector

En la sección correspondiente a cada motor se prescribe un determinado


valor de verificación, expresado en presión y segundos, para la prueba de
goteo de los inyectores. El inyector deberá mantener la presión prescrita
durante el tiempo estipulado sin que se produzcan fugas de combustible o de
gasoil de pruebas. El modo más fácil de detectar tales fugas es colocando un
trozo de papel absorbente debajo del inyector durante la prueba. Si el inyector
gotea después de limpiar la tobera y la válvula de aguja, deberá sustituirse
por uno nuevo.

&DGHQFLDGHIXJDVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV.(-HWURQLF0RWURQLF
'HVPRQWHORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHOFROHFWRUGHDGPLVLyQVHTXHODVERTXLOODVFRQXQ
SDxR \ FROyTXHODV HQ XQ UHFLSLHQWH DGHFXDGR $FFLRQH OD ERPED GH
FRPEXVWLEOH2EVHUYH ODV ERTXLOODV GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GXUDQWH GRV PLQXWRV1R
GHEHKDEHUIXJDV

Cadencia de fugas de los inyectores - sistemas electrónicos

&RORTXH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV HQ UHFLSLHQWHV GH PHGLFLyQ  YpDVH HO PRGHOR GH
SXOYHUL]DFLyQ GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV 'HVHQFKXIH HO FRQHFWRU GH FDGD LQ\HFWRU
$FFLRQH OD ERPED GH FRPEXVWLEOH \  REVHUYH ODV ERTXLOODV GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV
1R GHEH GHUUDPDUVH PiV GH XQD JRWD GH FRPEXVWLEOH DO SDVDU SRU ODV
ERTXLOODVHQVHJXQGRV


Ø
8
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 


5. Fugas internas en el inyector
/D SUXHED GH IXJDV LQWHUQDV FRQVLVWH HQ PHGLU HO WLHPSR TXH WDUGD HQ
SURGXFLUVHXQD FDtGD VRVWHQLGD GH OD SUHVLyQ GHO FRPEXVWLEOH GHVGH XQ YDORU
MXVWRSRUGHEDMRGHODSUHVLyQGHDSHUWXUDKDVWDXQYDORULQIHULRUHVSHFLILFDGR
GH DQWHPDQR (O YDORU GH YHULILFDFLyQ SDUD HVWD SUXHED H[SUHVDGR HQ JDPD
GHSUHVLyQ\VHJXQGRV$OHIHFWXDUHVWDSUXHEDHVLPSRUWDQWHDVHJXUDUVHGH
TXHHOLQ\HFWRUQRSUHVHQWHJRWHRSRUHORULILFLRXRULILFLRVGHLQ\HFFLyQ
8QD FDtGD GH SUHVLyQ GHPDVLDGR UiSLGD LQGLFD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD KROJXUD
H[FHVLYD HQWUH HO YiVWDJR GH OD DJXMD \ VX DORMDPLHQWR HQ HO FXHUSR GHO
LQ\HFWRU ORTXHKDFHQHFHVDULRVXVWLWXLUHOFRQMXQWRLQ\HFWRUSRUXQRQXHYR R
IDOWDGHHVWDQTXHLGDGHQWUHODVGRVSDUWHVSULQFLSDOHVGHOFXHUSRGHOLQ\HFWRU
QRUPDOPHQWH YD PRQWDGD HQWUH HOODV XQD DUDQGHOD GH FREUH 8Q LQ\HFWRU
GHIHFWXRVR SXHGH GDxDU HO HOHFWURGR GH OD EXMtD GH LQFDQGHVFHQFLD  SRU OR
WDQWR VL KD KDELGR SUREOHPDV FRQ ORV LQ\HFWRUHV HQ PRWRUHV GH LQ\HFFLyQ
LQGLUHFWD GHEHUi FRPSUREDUVH HO HVWDGR GH GLFKDV EXMtDV (O HVWDGR GH ORV
LQ\HFWRUHV WLHQH XQD LPSRUWDQFLD FUtWLFD SDUD HO EXHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO
PRWRU\SRUHOORHVQHFHVDULRFRPSUREDUORVSHULyGLFDPHQWH
/RV VtQWRPDV GH VXFLHGDG R GHVJDVWH GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV VRQ OD HPLVLyQ GH
KXPR QHJUR HQ HO HVFDSH IXHUWH JROSHWHR GHO PRWRU SpUGLGD GH SRWHQFLD
VREUHFDOHQWDPLHQWR IDOORV GH HQFHQGLGR \ PD\RU FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWLEOH
127$ /D JDVROLQD HV SHUMXGLFLDO SDUD OD SLHO \ ORV RMRV /D H[SRVLFLyQ
SURORQJDGDGHODSLHODGLFKRFRPEXVWLEOHSXHGHSURYRFDUGHUPDWLWLV3RUHOOR
FXDQGRVHPDQLSXOHDOJ~QFRPSRQHQWHGHOVLVWHPDGHFRPEXVWLEOHHV
DFRQVHMDEOH XWLOL]DU SURWHFWRUHV R DO PHQRV SURWHJHUVH ODV PDQRV FRQ XQD
FUHPDDGHFXDGD

Otras consideraciones:

'HVPRQWDMH\PRQWDMHGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV
&RPR QRUPD JHQHUDO GHEHUi WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD ORV VLJXLHQWHV SXQWRV $QWHV
GHDIORMDUFXDOTXLHUFRQH[LyQGHOVLVWHPDGHFRPEXVWLEOHFRPSUXHEHTXHHVWp
OLEUHGHJUDVD\VXFLHGDGSDUDHYLWDUODSRVLEOHFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODVWXEHUtDV



Ø
9
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



GHFRPEXVWLEOH6HSXHGHXWLOL]DUDLUHFRPSULPLGRSDUDHOLPLQDUODVXFLHGDGGH
ORVUDFRUHVSHURQXQFDGHVSXpVGHKDEHUDELHUWRFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOVLVWHPD
GHFRPEXVWLEOH
3ULPHURDIORMHORVUDFRUHVGHFRQH[LyQGHODWXEHUtDGHFRPEXVWLEOHDOLQ\HFWRU
\DODERPEDGHLQ\HFFLyQ6LODVWXEHUtDVGHFRPEXVWLEOHVHPDQWLHQHQXQLGDV
SRUPHGLRGHXQDRYDULDVDEUD]DGHUDVUHWLUHpVWDV'HVDFRSOHODVFRQH[LRQHV
GH UHWRUQR GHO LQ\HFWRU WHQLHQGR OD SUHFDXFLyQ GH UHFRJHU ODV DUDQGHODV GH
FREUHVLORVUDFRUHVVRQGHOWLSRRULHQWDEOH(QORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHVXMHFLyQSRU
PRUGD]D R EULGD FRQ PiV GH XQD WXHUFD R WRUQLOOR GH ILMDFLyQ DIORMH HVWRV
HOHPHQWRVJUDGXDOHV\XQLIRUPHPHQWHSDUDQRGHIRUPDUHOLQ\HFWRU\GHVSXpV
UHWLUHODVWXHUFDVRWRUQLOORV\ODPRUGD]D6LHOLQ\HFWRUHVWiPX\DSUHWDGRHQ
ODWDSDWHQGUiTXHXWLOL]DUXQH[WUDFWRUDGHFXDGR
(QFDVLWRGRVORVLQ\HFWRUHVODHVWDQTXHLGDGHQWUHpVWRV\ODWDSDVHFRQVLJXH
SRUPHGLRGHXQDDUDQGHODGHFREUH(VWDDUDQGHODFLHUUDODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHO
LQ\HFWRU \ HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV pVWH DVLHQWD VREUH XQD DUDQGHOD RQGXODGD R
FyQFDYD VLWXDGD HQ OD SDUWH LQIHULRU GHO DORMDPLHQWR SDUD HO LQ\HFWRU OD FXDO
DFW~DFRPRDLVODQWHWpUPLFR(VWDVDUDQGHODVGHEHUiQUHQRYDUVHFDGDYH]TXH
VHGHVPRQWHHOLQ\HFWRU6XHOHQLUHQFDMDGDVFRQDSULHWHHQHODORMDPLHQWRGHO
LQ\HFWRU\DPHQXGRKD\TXHXWLOL]DUXQDODPEUHGREODGRSDUDH[WUDHUODV
$OJXQRV LQ\HFWRUHV YDQ PRQWDGRV FRQ XQ FDVTXLOOR DLVODQWH DGHPiV GH OD
DUDQGHOD GH HVWDQTXHLGDG \ D YHFHV HVWH FDVTXLOOR VXVWLWX\H D OD DUDQGHOD
FyQFDYD X RQGXODGD 6L HO FLWDGR FDVTXLOOR HV GH WLSR GHVPRQWDEOH GHEHUi
UHQRYDUVHWDPELpQFDGDYH]TXHVHGHVPRQWHHOLQ\HFWRU
7DSRQH HO H[WUHPR GH WRGDVODVWXEHUtDVGHFRPEXVWLEOHGHVFRQHFWDGDVSDUD
HYLWDU TXH HQWUH VXFLHGDG /D SUHVHQFLD GH VXFLHGDG HQ HO VLVWHPD GH
FRPEXVWLEOH SXHGH SURYRFDU JUDYHV DYHUtDV HQ ODV GHOLFDGDV VXSHUILFLHV
LQWHUQDV GH OD ERPED GH LQ\HFFLyQ \ ORV LQ\HFWRUHV PHFDQL]DGDV FRQ JUDQ
SUHFLVLyQ
(V LQGLVSHQVDEOH OLPSLDU PHWLFXORVDPHQWH ORV DORMDPLHQWRV GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV
DQWHVGHYROYHUDPRQWDUpVWRV&XDOTXLHUSDUWtFXODGHVXFLHGDGTXHTXHGHHQ
HO DORMDPLHQWR SXHGH RFDVLRQDU IXJDV GH FRPSUHVLyQ OR PLVPR TXH VL VH
YXHOYHQDXWLOL]DUDUDQGHODVGHHVWDQTXHLGDGYLHMD\DDSODVWDGD\WDOHVIXJDV
SXHGHQRULJLQDUIXHUWHVHURVLRQHVHQHOLQ\HFWRUGHELGRDODVDOWDV


Ø
10
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



WHPSHUDWXUDV GH ORV JDVHV GH OD IXJD $GHPiV ORV GHSyVLWRV GH FDUERQLOOD
IRUPDGRV HQWUH HO FXHUSR GHO LQ\HFWRU \ ODV SDUHGHV GH OD WDSD GHELGR D OD
IXJD SXHGHQ KDFHU TXH HO LQ\HFWRU VH DJDUURWH HQ HO DORMDPLHQWR 6L ORV
LQ\HFWRUHV VRQGHPRQWDMH D URVFD \ WLHQHQSUHVFULWR XQ GHWHUPLQDGRSDUGH
DSULHWH UHVSHWH pVWH DO YROYHU D PRQWDUORV 8WLOLFH XQD OODYH GH LQ\HFWRUHV R
XQD OODYH GH YDVR GH VXILFLHQWH SURIXQGLGDG SDUD SRGHU XWLOL]DU XQD OODYH
GLQDPRPpWULFD

'HVDUPDGROLPSLH]D\DUPDGRGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV

7RGRVORVLQ\HFWRUHVSXHGHQGHVDUPDUVH\DTXHHOSRUWDLQ\HFWRU\HOFXHUSR
GHOLQ\HFWRUYDQXQLGRVDURVFD&RQHVWHILQHOLQ\HFWRUHVWiSURYLVWRHQORV
OXJDUHV DGHFXDGRV GH FDUDV SODQDV R KH[iJRQRV SDUD ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
OODYHV/DPD\RUtDGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVWLHQHQFRPSRQHQWHVSDUHFLGRVVLHQGRORV
PiVLPSRUWDQWHVHOFXHUSRGHOLQ\HFWRUODSRUWDLQ\HFWRUODWREHUDODYiOYXOD
GH DJXMD \ HO PXHOOH GH SUHVLyQ (V HVHQFLDO OLPSLDU HVFUXSXORVDPHQWH HO
LQ\HFWRUDQWHVGHGHVDUPDUOR3DUDHOORORPHMRUHVXWLOL]DUXQUHFLSLHQWHOLPSLR
FRQ SHWUyOHR \ XQD EURFKD GH FHUGDV GXUDV &XDOTXLHU PRWD GH SROYR R
SDUWtFXOD GH VXFLHGDG TXH SHQHWUH HQ HO LQ\HFWRU SXHGH RFDVLRQDU XQ JUDYH
GHVJDVWH GHO PLVPR (QWUH ODV SLH]DV GHO FXHUSR GHO LQ\HFWRU VXHOHQ LU
PRQWDGDVDUDQGHODVGHHVWDQTXHLGDGGHFREUHHVWDVDUDQGHODVFRPSUHVLEOHV
KDQ GH UHQRYDUVH FDGD YH] TXH VH GHVDUPH HO LQ\HFWRU 3DUD GHVDUPDU \
DUPDUHOLQ\HFWRUORPHMRUHVVXMHWDUORILUPHPHQWHHQXQ~WLOHVSHFLDORHQXQD
PRU]DGHEDQFRWHQLHQGRODSUHFDXFLyQHQHVWH~OWLPRFDVRGHQRDSUHWDUHO
WRUQLOORH[FHVLYDPHQWH

127$6LVHGHVDUPDPiVGHXQLQ\HFWRUHVLPSRUWDQWHTXHQRVHPH]FOHQ
ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GH XQRV FRQ ORV GH RWURV \D TXH WDO LQWHUFDPELR
GHVFRPSHQVDUtD ODV WROHUDQFLDV GH PRQWDMH\SHUMXGLFDUtDQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
GHORVLQ\HFWRUHV
/RV HTXLSRV HVSHFLDOHV GH OLPSLH]D VXHOHQ FRQWHQHU XQ FHSLOOR PHWiOLFR GH
ODWyQUDVSDGRUHVGHWREHUDV\DJXMDVXQVXUWLGRGHDODPEUHVGHOLPSLH]DGH



Ø
11
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



RULILFLRV \ GH YDULOODV SDUD OLPSLH]D GH FDQDOL]DFLRQHV GH YDULRV GLiPHWURV \
XQ SRUWD DODPEUHV SRUWD  YDULOODV SDUD XVDU HVWRV XWHQVLOLRV FRQ PiV
IDFLOLGDG


(OODWyQHVHO~QLFRPHWDOTXHSXHGHXWLOL]DUVHVLQSHOLJURSDUDHVFDUEDUHQORV
RULILFLRVRUDVSDUORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV


3DUD OLPSLDU ODV SLH]DV GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV SXHGH XWLOL]DUVH QDIWD 'XUDQWH OD
OLPSLH]D GHEHUi SUHVWDUVH HVSHFLDO DWHQFLyQ D OD VXSHUILFLH GH DVLHQWR \ D OD
YiOYXODGHDJXMDGHOLQ\HFWRUTXHGHEHUiQVHFDUVHSHUIHFWDPHQWHFRQXQSDxR
TXHQRGHVSUHQGDSHOXVD

/RVGHSyVLWRVGHFDUERQLOODGHOH[WHULRUGHODWREHUDSXHGHQHOLPLQDUHFRQXQ
FHSLOORGHODWyQ/RVGHSyVLWRVGHFDUERQLOODHQGXUHFLGRVSXHGHQUDVSDUVHFRQ
XQ WUR]R GH PDGHUD GXUD R XQD SOHWLQD GH ODWyQ \ VL HV QHFHVDULR
UHEODQGHFHUVHVXPHUJLpQGRORVDQWHVHQQDIWDRJDVROLQD
(O YiVWDJR GH SUHVLyQ GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV GH HVSLJD GHEH H[DPLQDUVH
PLQXFLRVDPHQWH SDUD YHU VL H[LVWHQ GHSyVLWRV GH FDUERQLOOD HQ OD ]RQD GHO
HVFDOyQGRQGHYDUtDHOGLiPHWURGHOYiVWDJR/RVRULILFLRV\ODVFDQDOL]DFLRQHV
GH FRPEXVWLEOH GHEHUiQ OLPSLDUVH WRWDOPHQWH GH REVWUXFFLRQHV \ GHSyVLWRV
XWLOL]DQGRDODPEUHV\YDULOODVGHODWyQGHORVGLiPHWURVDGHFXDGRV

127$'DGRTXHORVDODPEUHVGHOLPSLH]DVRQPX\ILQRV\SXHGHQURPSHUVH
IiFLOPHQWH TXHGDQGR DWDVFDGRV ORV SHTXHxRV WUR]RV GH DODPEUH HQ ORV
RULILFLRV VLQ SRVLELOLGDG GH H[WUDHUORV VH UHFRPLHQGD GHMDU TXH HO DODPEUH
DVRPH VyOR OR LPSUHVFLQGLEOH GHO SRUWD DODPEUHV D ILQ GH TXH RIUH]FD OD
Pi[LPDUHVLVWHQFLDSRVLEOHDODIOH[LyQ
8QD YH] OLPSLD WRGDV ODV SLH]DV GHEHUiQ HQMXDJDUVH D IRQGR HO LQ\HFWRU FRQ
GLVROYHQWH \ OD VXSHUILFLH GHO DVLHQWR \ HO FRQR GH OD DJXMD GHEHUiQ VHFDUVH
FRQXQSDxRTXHQRGHVSUHQGDKLODFKDV3DUDFRPSUREDUVLODWREHUD\HOFRQR
GH OD DJXMD HVWiQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH OLPSLRV SXHGH LQWURGXFLUVH OD DJXMD HQ OD
WREHUD\HVFXFKDUHOVRQLGRTXHSURGXFHODSULPHUDDOGHMDUODFDHUFRQWUDHO

Ø
12
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



DVLHQWR GH ODVHJXQGDGHEHUi VHU XQ FODUR FKDVTXLOOR PHWiOLFR 6L QR HVDVt
VHUiQHFHVDULROLPSLDUPHMRUDPEDVSLH]DV

127$6LVHREVHUYDTXHHOLQ\HFWRUSUHVHQWDXQDWRQDOLGDGD]XODGDSRU
KDEHUVHVREUHFDOHQWDGRRVLHODVLHQWRSUHVHQWDXQDVSHFWRPDWHHQYH]GH
EULOODQWHQRLQWHQWDUHVPHULODUDPEDVVXSHUILFLHVGHFRQWDFWRSDUDDGDSWDUODV


HQOXJDUGHHOORFDPELDUODWREHUD\ODDJXMD VtVHGLVSRQHGHHVWDVSLH]DV R
HOLQ\HFWRUFRPSOHWR$QWHVGHDUPDUHOLQ\HFWRUVXPHUJLUODWREHUD\ODDJXMD
HQJDVROLQDOLPSLDSDUDTXHODDJXMDVHGHVOLFHFRQIDFLOLGDGHQVXJXtD8QD

YH]DUPDGRHOLQ\HFWRUFRPSUREDUVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQXQEDQFRGHSUXHEDV
GHLQ\HFWRUHV

/LPSLH]DXOWUDVyQLFD

(OPpWRGRPiVVDWLVIDFWRULRGHUHFXSHUDUODHILFDFLDGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVFRQ
LQFUXVWDFLRQHV HV OLPSLDUORV XOWUDVyQLFDPHQWH +D\ YDULDV PiTXLQDV TXH
SXHGHQ UHDOL]DU HVWD RSHUDFLyQ 6RQ FDSDFHV GH OLPSLDU HO LQWHULRU GH XQ
FRQMXQWRGHLQ\HFWRUHVFRQODWpFQLFDGHXOWUDVRQLGRVHQVRODPHQWHXQRV

Ø
13
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



PLQXWRV\DFRQWLQXDFLyQUHDOL]DQXQDSUXHEDGHSXOYHUL]DFLyQVLPXOWiQHDGHO
FRQMXQWRFRPSOHWRSDUDILQHVGHFRPSDUDFLyQ




&DQWLGDG GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV  .(-HWURQLF
0RWURQLF

'HVPRQWHORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHOFROHFWRUGHDGPLVLyQ\FROyTXHORVHQUHFLSLHQWHV
VHSDUDGRV 'HVPRQWH OD FDQDOL]DFLyQ GHO VHQVRU GH IOXMR GH DLUH \ VXED OD
SODFDGHOVHQVRUKDVWDTXHVHKD\DQLQ\HFWDGROLWURVGHFRPEXVWLEOHHQ
XQR GH ORV UHFLSLHQWHV &RPSiUHOR FRQ OD FDQWLGDG GH FRPEXVWLEOH
VXPLQLVWUDGDSRUORVGHPiVLQ\HFWRUHV
/DYDULDFLyQPi[LPDGHEHVHULQIHULRUDOLWURV
9HORFLGDG GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV  VLVWHPDV
HOHFWUyQLFRV
&RORTXHORVLQ\HFWRUHVHQUHFLSLHQWHVGHPHGLFLyQYpDVHHOPRGHORGH
SXOYHUL]DFLyQGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV$VHJ~UHVHGHTXHHOWXERGHDOLPHQWDFLyQHO
WXERGHUHWRUQR\HOUHJXODGRUGHSUHVLyQHVWpQFRQHFWDGRV
$VHJ~UHVHGHTXHORVFRQHFWRUHVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHVHVWpQGHVFRQHFWDGRV


Ø
14
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 




)LMH ORV LQ\HFWRUHV HQ OD UDPSD GH FRPEXVWLEOH FRQ FDEOH GH ILMDFLyQ R XQD
PRUGD]DDGHFXDGD$FFLRQHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOHORTXHQRUPDOPHQWHVH
FRQVLJXH TXLWDQGR HO UHOp GH OD ERPED GH FRPEXVWLEOH \ SXHQWHDQGR ORV
WHUPLQDOHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
6LORVLQ\HFWRUHVWLHQHQXQDUHVLVWHQFLDGHRKPLRVGHEHFRQHFWDUVHXQ
UHVLVWRUGHRKPLRVHQVHULHFRQODDOLPHQWDFLyQSHURVLODUHVLVWHQFLD
GHO LQ\HFWRU HV GH  RKPLRV SXHGH FRQHFWDUVH XQD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH 
YROWLRVGLUHFWDPHQWH&RQHFWHXQDDOLPHQWDFLyQGHYROWLRVDFDGDLQ\HFWRU
VXFHVLYDPHQWH \ FRPSDUH OD FDQWLGDG GH FRPEXVWLEOH VXPLQLVWUDGR /DV
YHORFLGDGHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQWtSLFDVHVWiQHQWUHOLWURVVHJXQGRV
SHUR SXHGHQ OOHJDU KDVWD  OLWURV VHJXQGRV SDUD LQ\HFWRUHV PRQWDGRV
HQ PRWRUHV GH JUDQ FDSDFLGDGSRWHQFLD 6L OD YHORFLGDG GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ HV
EDMD UHDOLFH ODV FRPSUREDFLRQHV GH SUHVLyQ GH FRPEXVWLEOH 2EVHUYH FRQ
FXLGDGR VL KD\ DOJXQD GLIHUHQFLD VLJQLILFDWLYD HQWUH ODV YHORFLGDGHV GH
DOLPHQWDFLyQ


358(%$'(/26&20321(17(6'(/&,5&8,72'(
,1<(&&,Ð1

9HULILTXHODH[LVWHQFLDGHIXJDVHQHOVLVWHPD
'HVDFWLYHODERPED

Ø
15
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



2EVHUYHODFDtGDGHSUHVLyQGXUDQWHXQ  PLQXWR
1RGHEHFDHUPiVGHOGHODSUHVLyQPi[LPD
3UXHEHODSUHVLyQGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPD
(QFLHQGDHOPRWRU
9HULILTXHODSUHVLyQGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQPDUFKDPtQLPD3UXHEHHOFRQWURO
GHOUHJXODGRUVREUHODSUHVLyQ
$FHOHUHOHQWDPHQWHKDVWDODYHORFLGDGGHFUXFHUR/DSUHVLyQGHEH
SHUPDQHFHUFRQVWDQWH
0RWRUHQPtQLPD$FHOHUHDIRQGR(OYDORUGHSUHVLyQGHEHLQFUHPHQWDUFH



9HULILTXHHOFDXGDOGHOVLVWHPD
'HVFRQHFWHHOGXFWRGHDOLPHQWDFLyQDOULHOGHLQ\HFWRUHV
,QWURGX]FDHOGXFWRDXQDSUREHWDJUDGXDGD
$FWLYHODERPEDGXUDQWHDRVHJXQGRV6HJ~QHVSHFLILTXHHO
IDEULFDQWH
9HULILTXHHOYROXPHQPHGLGR\FRPSDUHFRQODHVSHFLILFDFLyQGHOIDEULFDQWH


3UXHEHIXJDVHQHOUHJXODGRU
(QFLHQGD\DSDJXHHOPRWRUWUHV  YHFHV


Ø
16
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



'HVFRQHFWHHOGXFWRGHYDFtRGHOUHJXODGRU\YHULILTXHODH[LVWHQFLDGH
KXPHGDG
6LQRH[LVWHIXJD\HOUHJXODGRUHVWDHQEXHQHVWDGRYHULILTXHSRU)XJDVSRU
ORVLQ\HFWRUHV
6LORVLQ\HFWRUHVHVWiQELHQYHULILTXH
(OHVWDGRGHODYiOYXODFKHFNHU
/DHVWDQTXHLGDGGHOWDQTXH TXHQRWHQJDIXJDV 
3UXHEHSRUIXJDVHQODERPEDHOUHJXODGRURSRUORVLQ\HFWRUHV

127$KD\GRVFRPSRQHQWHVSRUORVTXHHOFRPEXVWLEOHSUHVXUL]DGRGH
XQVLVWHPDGHLQ\HFFLyQSXHGHUHJUHVDULQGHELGDPHQWHDOWDQTXH 
(OSULPHURHVODYiOYXODGHUHWHQFLyQGHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOH\HO


VHJXQGRSRUHOUHJXODGRUGHSUHVLyQ3UXpEHORVUHDOL]DQGRORVVLJXLHQWHV
SDVRV
 ,QVWDOHHOPHGLGRUGHSUHVLyQ\DUUDQTXHHOPRWRUGHMiQGRORIXQFLRQDU
GXUDQWHWUHV  PLQXWRV
 $SDJXHHOPRWRU6LODSUHVLyQGLVPLQX\HPDVGHO6LJDDOSDVR
Q~PHURWUHV
 $UUDQTXHQXHYDPHQWHHOPRWRUGXUDQWHWUHV  PLQXWRV
 $SDJXHHOPRWRU\HVWUDQJXOHHOFRQGXFWRGHDOLPHQWDFLyQGHJDVROLQD
DOULHOGHLQ\HFWRUHV
 6LODSUHVLyQSHUPDQHFHHVWDEOHFDPELHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOH
SRUTXHODYiOYXODFKHFNHUGHUHWHQFLyQHVWDGHIHFWXRVD 
 6LODSUHVLyQDOHVWDUHVWUDQJXODGDKDFHTXHODOtQHDGHDOLPHQWDFLyQQR
VHDHVWDEOHVLQRTXHpVWDWDPELpQGLVPLQX\HVLJDDOSDVRQ~PHURVLHWH
 5HSLWDHOSDVRQ~PHURXQR\OXHJRDSDJXHHOPRWRU
 (VWUDQJXOHRVXSULPDODOtQHDGHUHWRUQRDOWDQTXHGHFRPEXVWLEOH
 6LODSUHVLyQSHUPDQHFHHVWDEOHHOUHJXODGRUHVWDGHIHFWXRVR SXHV
GHMDEDIXJDUHOFRPEXVWLEOHKDFLDHOWDQTXH3RUWDQWRUHHPSODFHHO
UHJXODGRU

3UXHEDGHIXJDVSRUORVLQ\HFWRUHV

Ø
17
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 


,QVWDOHHOPHGLGRUGHSUHVLyQ\DUUDQTXHHOPRWRUGHMiQGRORIXQFLRQDU
GXUDQWHWUHV  PLQXWRV
$SDJXHHOPRWRU
(VWUDQJXOHODOtQHDGHDOLPHQWDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLEOH\ODGHUHWRUQR
6LODSUHVLyQGLVPLQX\HKD\IXJDSRUORVLQ\HFWRUHV
'HVPRQWHHOULHOGHLQ\HFWRUHV
5HFRQpFWHORDODOtQHDGHFRPEXVWLEOH\WDSRQHHOUHWRUQR
3UHVXULFHHOULHO\REVHUYHODVERTXLOODVGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV
&XDOTXLHULQ\HFWRUTXHIRUPHXQDJRWDGHFRPEXVWLEOH\OXHJRFRPLHQFH
DIRUPDURWUDJRWDVHFRQVLGHUDTXHWLHQHIXJDV
0RQWHHOULHO\SURFHGDFRQHOVLVWHPDGHOLPSLH]DGHLQ\HFWRUHV
5HSLWDODSUXHED
6LODIXJDFRQWLQXDUHHPSODFHORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHIHFWXRVRV



3UXHEHHOWDSRQDPLHQWRGHORVILOWURVGHODERPED\ODY iOYXOD
FKHNHU
0RQWHHOPDQyPHWURHQWUHHOWDQTXHGHFRPEXVWLEOH\HOILOWURSULQFLSDO
$EUDODOODYHGHSDVRGHOPDQyPHWUR
$FFLRQHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOHFRQHOPRWRUDSDJDGR
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHODSUHVLyQ6LHOYDORUGHODSUHVLyQHVPHQRUHQPiV
GHOGHODSUHVLyQGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRSURFHGDFRQHOVLJXLHQWH
SDVRHVGHFLUHOQ~PHURFLQFR
'HVPRQWHODERPED\SURFHGDDODOLPSLH]DGHOILOWURVHSDUDGRUGH 
KXPHGDG\GHOILOWURGHODERPED 


Ø
18
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 





3UXHEHODYiOYXODFKHFNHU GHUHWHQFLyQ 
0RQWHHOPDQyPHWURHQWUHHOWDQTXHGHFRPEXVWLEOH\HOILOWURSULQFLSDO
$EUDODOODYHGHSDVRGHOPDQyPHWUR
$FFLRQHODERPEDGHFRPEXVWLEOHFRQHOPRWRUDSDJDGR
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHODSUHVLyQ\GHVDFWLYHODERPED
9HULILTXHGXUDQWHXQ  PLQXWRODFDtGDGHSUHVLyQ6LODFDtGDGHSUHVLyQ
HVPD\RUGHOODYiOYXODHVWDGDxDGD+D\TXHUHHPSOD]DUODERPED
FRPSOHWD3UXHEHODDOLPHQWDFLyQ\IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORVLQ\HFWRUHV
(OPRWRUGHEHHVWDUIXQFLRQDQGR




&RQHFWHHOFDEOHURMR YROWLRVGHOHTXLSR DXQRGHORVWHUPLQDOHVGH
LQ\HFWRU
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHYROWDMH
&RQHFWHHOFDEOHURMRDORWURWHUPLQDOGHOLQ\HFWRU
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHYROWDMH
(OWHUPLQDOGRQGHHOYROWDMHVHDPD\RU\HVWDEOHHVHOWHUPLQDOSRVLWLYR
(OWHUPLQDOGRQGHHOYROWDMHVHDPHQRU\YDULDEOHHVHOWHUPLQDO
QHJDWLYR
1RWD/DOHFWXUDGHYROWDMHGHDOLPHQWDFLyQHQORVLQ\HFWRUHVGHEHVHULJXDO
FXDOTXLHUGLIHUHQFLDGHEHUHYLVDUVHHOFLUFXLWRSXHVpVWHRORVLQ\HFWRUHV

Ø
19
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/





       

6,67(0$6'(',$1267,&22%', 



DIHFWDGRVSUHVHQWDUtDQSUREOHPDVGHUHQGLPLHQWR
3UXHEHHOWLHPSRGHDSHUWXUDRSXOVRGHOLQ\HFWRU
(OHTXLSRHQHOPRGXORVXSHULRUGHEHHVWDUHQIXQFLyQGHPLOLVHJXQGRV
&RQHFWHHOFDEOHQHJUR3OV0V)UHFHQHOWHUPLQDOQHJDWLYRGHOLQ\HFWRU
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHOWLHPSRHQPDUFKDPtQLPD
$FHOHUHOHQWDPHQWHHOPRWRU(OWLHPSRGHEHSHUPDQHFHUFHUFDQRDOGH
PLQLPD
$FHOHUHDIRQGRHOPRWRU(OWLHPSRGHEHDXPHQWDU
3UXHEDODIUHFXHQFLDGHOLQ\HFWRU +]  
0DQWHQJDHOHTXLSRHQODPLVPDSRVLFLyQGHODSUXHEDDQWHULRU
(OHTXLSRGHEHHVWDUHQIXQFLyQGHIUHFXHQFLD +] 
9HULILTXHHOYDORUGHODIUHFXHQFLD +] HQPDUFKDPtQLPD
$FHOHUHHOPRWRU
/DIUHFXHQFLD +] GHEHDXPHQWDU

Ø
20
5 ($
($//, =2
=2
--(6Ô6
(6Ô6((51(
1(672
6725
5$1*
1*((/
/




También podría gustarte