Emerging 21st Century Literary Genre  Chick lit typically features a female protagonist
Who is the 21st Century Reader?
• grew up using technology as a primary learning
tool
• is capable of navigating and interpreting digital
formats and media messages
• possesses literacy skills which include technological
abilities such as keyboarding, internet navigation,
interpretation of technological speak, ability to
communicate and interpret coded language and
decipher graphics
What is 21st Century Literature?
• New literary work created within the last decade
• Written by contemporary authors
• Deals with current themes/issues and reflects a
technological culture
• Often breaks traditional writing rules
Literature according to CONTENT
1. FICTION
• literature created from the imagination of the
author
2. NON-FICTION
• based on facts, real events, and real people
Literature according to FORM
1. PROSE
• Written or spoken language in its ordinary form,
without metrical structure.
2. POETRY
• Literary work in which special intensity is given to
the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of
distinctive style and rhythm
EMERGING LITERARY GENRES
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
1. DRAMA
-Is a specific mode of narrative, typically fictional,
represented in performance.
2. Hyperpoetry
-Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up
-It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that
are presented in variable order but sit on the page much
as tradition poetry does, or it can contain parts of the
poem that move and/or change.
Example
..\..\..\..\www.hyperpoetry.plea.pptx
3. Blogs
 web log ; a website containing short articles called
posts that are changed regularly.
 Same blogs are written by one person containing
their own opinions, interests and experiences,
while others are written by many different people.
4. Mobile Phone Text Tula
 a particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a
type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with
seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the
end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic
verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme.
 The modern tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable
count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms:
AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as
AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD
5. Chick Lit
 Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern
womanhood, often humorously and
lightheartedly.
whose womanhood is heavily thermalized in the
plot.
6. Speculative Fiction
 an umbrella term encompassing the more
fantastical fiction genres, specifically science
fiction, fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural
fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian
fiction, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction,
and alternate history in literature as well as related
static, motion, and virtual arts.
7. Illustrated Novel
 50 % of the narrative is presented without words.
 The reader must interpret the images in order to
comprehend completely the story.
 Textual portions are presented in traditional form.
 Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
 Span all genres.
8. Digi-Fiction
 Combines three media: book, movie/video, and
internet website.
 In order to get the full story, students must engage
in navigation, reading, viewing, in all three
formats.
9. Graphic Novels
 Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to
the reader using comic form.
 The term is employed in a broad manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and thematically
linked short stories as well as fictional stories
across a number of genres.
10. Manga
 Japanese word for comics
 It is used in the English-speaking world as a
generic term for all comic books and graphics
novels originally published in Japan.
 Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
 Ameri-manga – sometimes used to refer to comics
created by American artists in manga style.
Types of Manga—shonen, shojo, seinen, josei,
kodomo
11. Doodle Fiction
• Literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle writing and drawings, and
handwritten graphics in place of traditional font.
• Drawing enhance the story, often adding
humorous elements that would be missing if the
illustrations were omitted.
12. Text-Talk Novels
• Blog, email, IM format narratives
• Stories told almost completely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges
15. Creative Non-Fiction
• Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative
non-fiction
• A genre of writing that uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
• Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical
writing or journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact, but is not primarily written in
service to its craft.
What is a Literary Device?
• Literary elements are device used within prose or
poetry that create a specific effect.
 • Assists the writer in developing cogent expressions • are images that appeal to the sense of sight.
pleasing to his readers Example:
What is FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE? "The Lush green grass formed a living frame for a single
• It presents ordinary things in fresh ways, white blossom.
communicating ideas that go beyond words’ Auditory Images
ordinary meanings. are images that appeal to the sense of hearing.
• FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE/ FIGURE OF SPEECH Example:
1. SIMILE “The crashing and banging coming from the kitchen
– a comparison of two unlike things using the words like alerted me to the intruder’s presence. ”
or as. Olfactory Images
• “Life is like a box of chocolates.” are images that appeal to the sense of smell.
• “The girl is as beautiful as a rose.” Example:
METAPHOR “The spicy aroma of garlic and sautéed onions
– a comparison of two unlike things without using the encircled me when I stepped into the room.”
words like or as. Gustatory Images
– a direct comparison - are images that appeal to the sense of taste.
• “My father is a tall, sturdy oak.” Example:
• “The hotel is a diamond in the sky.” “The sweet, tangy flavor of the orange candy swirled
PERSONIFICATION through me.”
- giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea. Tactile Images
• “My car drank the gasoline in one gulp.” are images that appeal to the sense of touch.
• “The flowers danced on the lawn.” Example:
• “SpongeBob SquarePants” and “Smokey the Bear” “The rough, grainy surface abraded my skin.”
are personified characters. WHAT IS A SOUND DEVICE?
HYPERBOLE • Poets use a number of sound devices to achieve a
-an exaggerated statement used to make a point. musical quality
• “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” • The effect of a poem can depend on the sound of
• “I could sleep for a year.” its words
SYNECDOCHE ONOMATOPOEIA
- A word or phrase that refers to a part of something - the use of words whose sounds suggest their
used to represent the whole meanings.
- Often include common nouns, especially body • “The bang of a gun.”
parts. • “The hiss of a snake.”
• “I have four mouths to feed at home.” • “The buzz of a bee.”
• “The strings were praised for their excellent REPETITION
performance.” - the repeating of sound, words, phrases or lines in a
• “Check out my new wheels.” poem used to emphasize an idea or convey a
METONYMY certain feeling.
- an object’s name is replaced by with another name • “Sing a song full of faith that the dark past has
that is closely connected with it. taught us, Sing a song of the hope that the present
• “The pen is mightier than the sword.” has brought us…”
• “The White House made the statement of Osama’s • “I think I can, I think I can, I think I can, I think I
death late at night.” can…”
OXYMORON • “The isolation during my vacation created a
- Combination of two words that appear to be situation of relaxation.”
contracting RHYME
• “Parting is such a sweet sorrow.” - repetition of sound at the ends of words.
• “O heavy lightness, serious vanity!” Rhyme Scheme – the pattern of end rhyme in a poem.
ALLUSION Lines that rhyme are given the same letter.
- Refers to any scientific, historical, mythological, Example
literary or biblical event or figure Roses are red
• “I am not Lazarus nor Prince Hamlet.” Violets are blue
• “Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel.” I’m out of my head
APOSTROPHE With thinking of you.
- a direct address to something dead, absent or ASSONANCE
abstract things as if that person or thing were - repetition of VOWEL SOUNDS at the BEGINNING, MIDDLE
present or END of at least two words in a line of poetry.
• “Hello darkness, my old friend. I’ve come to talk to • crescent,” “flesh,” “extending,” “medicine” and
you.” “death”
• “Love, please come and take me.” CONSONANCE
• “Why don’t you ever work, you stupid computer!” - repetition of CONSONANT SOUNDS at the BEGINNING,
IMAGERY MIDDLE or END of at least two words in a line of poetry
• are images form in your mind through the vivid • “shush,” “wish,” “sharp,” “cushion” and “quash”
description of the author in a text. • Some mammals are clammy
Visual Images
Irony
A contrast between what is expected and what actually
happens.
Situational: Something happens that we wouldn’t expect
to happen.
Example: A fire station burns down.
Dramatic: the reader knows something the characters do
not
Example: Home Alone- We know that Kevin has planted
traps every where, but the thieves don’t!
Verbal: what is said is different than what is meant
Example: The locker room smells really good.
Literary Elements
1. Setting is the time and place in which events occur.
Importance of Setting
ØØ
To create a mood or atmosphere
ØØ
To show a reader a different way
of life
ØØ
To make action seem more real
ØØ
To be the source of conflict or struggle
2. Characters
Characterization- A writer reveals what a character is like
and how the character changes throughout the story
ØØ
Two primary methods of characterization:
-Direct- writer TELLS what the character is like
-Indirect- writer SHOWS what a character is like by
describing what the character looks like, by telling what
the character says and does, and by what other characters
say about and do in response to the character.
Five Methods of Characterization
Speech
——
character’s dialogue and personality
Thoughts
What is going on in their mind
Effects on other characters
How other characters think or act toward character
Actions
——
The character’s behavior or what they do
Looks
——
Physical traits of a person
TYPES OF CHARACTER
The protagonist is a main character; usually a hero or
someone that the reader sympathizes with
The antagonist is a character or force in conflict with the
protagonist; adversary,
Flat Characters are minor characters that are not fully
developed. The reader only knows one side of them.
Round characters are major characters that are fully
developed with many traits (both good and bad).
The reader feels they know this character very well.
Static Characters do not experience a basic change during
the story.
Dynamic Characters do experience a basic change.
The reader can see this character
3. Narrator
The point of view is the perspective from which the story
is told
First Person
 The narrator is a character in the story
 Uses words like I, Me, My, We, and Us
Second Person
 The author speaks directly to the reader.
 Uses You
Third Person
 The narrator is an outsider
 Uses He, She, Them
Third Person can also be:
 Limited: The narrator is an outsider who sees into
the mind of one character.
 Omniscient: The narrator is an all knowing
outsider who sees into the minds of more than one
character; God Like.
 Objective: The narrator is an outsider who can
only report what they see. They can’t tell the
thoughts of characters
4. Plot
 Plot is what happens and how it happens in a
narrative. A narrative is any work that tells a
story, such as a short story, a novel, a drama, or a
narrative poem.
1. Exposition
 The background information which includes the
setting, tone, characters, and other facts needed
to understand the story.
2. Inciting Force
 The event or character that triggers the conflict
 event BEFORE the rising action that gives rise to
a conflict
3. Rising Action
 A series of events that lead from the conflict to the
climax
4. Climax
 The turning point; height of action; the moment of
greatest interest
 Usually occurs closer to the end of the story and
reader is able to predict the outcome
5. Falling Action
 The events which lead from the climax to the
conclusion
6. Resolution
 Also called the Denouement or Conclusion
 The end of the story; conflict is resolved
Special Techniques of Plot
 Suspense- excitement or tension
 Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will
happen in story
 Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of
events to tell about something that happened in
the past
 Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not
expect
 Time Lapse: When a story skips a period of time in
a plot
 Closed Ending: In this type of ending readers feel
like they know what is going to happen in the
story. The story feels complete when the reader
reaches the end.
 Open Ending: The reader does not know what will
happen; they must draw their own conclusion.
 Cliffhanger: An abrupt ending Often happens at an
exciting or dangerous part of the plot. It is usually
at the end of the chapter, but the book can also
end this way.
6. Conflict
 Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two
opposing forces in a story. Without conflict, there
is no plot.
  Stories an have more than one conflict
 Conflicts can be external or internal
 External conflict- outside force may be person,
group, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstacle
 Internal conflict- takes place in a character’s mind
Character vs. Character:
 This type of conflict finds the main character in
conflict with another character, human or not
human
Character vs. Nature:
 a person up against the forces of the
environment.
Character vs. Society
 Character up against values, customs, and beliefs
of the people o community around them
Character vs. Self
 Internal conflict; character is questioning or
testing their self.
7. Mood
 The climate or feeling in the story. The
choice of setting, objects, and details create the
mood of a story
8. Tone
 Author’s attitude toward a subject. This is shown
through words and details.
9. Theme
 The main idea or lesson learned
Symbolism
 A person, place, or object that which stands for an
overall idea
What is literary criticism?
 Literary criticism is the evaluation of literary works.
This includes the classification by genre, analysis of
structure, and judgement of value.
 Literary criticism asks what literature is, what it
does, and what it is worth.
Literary criticism has two main functions:
1. To analyze, study, and evaluate works of literature.
2. To form general principles for the examination of
works of literature.
MARXIST LITERARY CRITICISM
Who started it?
KARL MARX
He was a 19th century German philosopher that became a
part of the Young Hegelians, and later, the Communist
League. Marx is revered as one of the most influential
socialist thinkers of the 19th century. Some of his most
notable works are: The German Ideology (1846) • The
Communist Manifesto (1848) • Das Kapital (1867)
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
But we can't have Marx without... Engels was pretty much
Marx's best friend. He shared Marx's socialist beliefs and
provided support financially as well as intellectually while
Marx developed his theories.
Some of his major works were:
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844)
Co-authored The Communist Manifesto (1848)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Bourgeoisie : the name given by Marx to the owners of
the means of productions in a society.
• Ideology : A belief system
• Proletariat : The name given by Marx to the workers in
the society.
Capitalism is an economic system that is based on private
ownership of the means of production and the creation of
goods or services for profit.
What does it mean to be a Marxist? |
Capitalism is based on private ownership and motivation
by profit. Marx criticizes capitalism for its tendency to
abuse the working man, or "the proletariat," by paying a
wage that barely guarantees the workers' survival.
Instead, Marxism utilizes socialism's concept of public
ownership.
Marxism theorizes that in order to remove the proletariat
from its poor economic situation, a socialist revolution
must occur to remove the unconcerned ruling class from
government.
Following the revolution, a new, socialist government is
created that subsequently becomes communist in nature.
What about Marxist literary criticism?
• Marxist Criticism is the belief that literature reflects this
class struggle and materialism.
It looks at how literature functions in relation to other
aspects of the superstructure, particularly other
articulations of ideology.
Marxist Criticism begs these questions about the work:
1) What is the economic status of the characters?
2) What happens to them as a result of this status?
3) How do they fare against economic and political odds?
4) What other conditions stemming from their class does
the writer emphasize?
5) To what extent does the work fail by overlooking the
economic, social, and political implications of its material?
6) In what other ways does economic determinism affect
the work?
7) How should the reader's consider this story in today's
developed or underdeveloped world?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MARXIST CRITICISM
• It promotes the idea that literature should be a tool in
the revolutionary struggle.
• It attempts to clarify the relationship of literary work to
social reality.
• It is political in nature.
• It aims to arrive at an interpretation of literary text in
order to define the political dimensions of literary work.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MARXIST
CRITICISM
• It believes that the literary work has ALWAYS a
relationship to the society.
• It judges literature by how it represents the main
struggles for power going on that time, how it may
influence those struggles.
• It highlights and lauds solution from the critic [if ever
s/he could come up with one).
POINTS OF ANALYZING A TEXT USING MARXIST THEORY
1. ECONOMIC POWER
Remember: economic system is the moving force behind
human history. Thus, to explain any social context or genre,
understand the historical circumstances.
E.g.: In the story, the society depicted an unequal
distribution of goods.
2. MATERIALISM VS. SPIRITUALITY
• Marx averred that reality is material not spiritual. We are
not spiritual beings but socially constructed ones.
• As critics, we are tasked to examine the relationship
among socioeconomic groups in order to achieve insight
into ourselves and our society.
3. CLASS CONFLICT
Conflict here principally means the friction between the
proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
4. ART, LITERATURE, AND IDEOLOGIES
According to Marx, the dominant class or higher class do
control art, literature, and ideologies.
Feminist Literary Criticism
FC has two basic premises:
1. Women presented in literature by male
writers from male point of view.
2. Women presented in writing of female
writers from female point of view.
FC aims to understand the nature of inequality and
focus on analyzing gender equality and the promotion
of women’s right.
FEMINISM
In broad definition: it is women’s movement in 1960s
to struggle for the equality of rights as social class.
The Terms
• Feminist: a political position referring to a woman
striving for an equality of right
• Female: a matter of biology
• Feminine: a set of cultural characteristics given by
the society
History of Feminism
Historical Content
Women widely are considered to be:
• Intelectually inferior
• Physically weak
• Emotional, intuitive, irrational
• Suited to the role of wives and mother
• Women could not vote
• They were not educated at school/universities and
could only work in manual jobs.
• A married women’s property and salary were
owned by her husband
• Rape and physical abuse are legal within marriage
• Divorce available to men but far more difficult to
women
• Women had no right to their children if they left a
marriage
• Abortion was illegal.
• First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist
activity during the 19th and early twentieth
century in the United
Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
• The key concerns of First Wave Feminists were
education, employment, the marriage
laws, and the plight of intelligent middle-class single
women.
Over all goal: to improve the legal position for women
in particular to gain women the vote.
Second Wave Feminism
Historical Background
• Women could attend school and university
• Women did not receive equal pay for the same
work
• It was easier to gain a divorce but socially frown
upon
• Rape and physically abuse within marriage were
illegal but husbands were rarely convicted
• Abortion was still illegal
• Women’s body were objectified in advertising
Basic assumptions:
• Society is pathriarcal
• Women may have legal rights but they are still
treated as inferior.
• Women should be equal to men in all respects.
• The second wave of feminism which occured in
1960-1980, came as a response to the experiences
of women after World War II.
Third Wave Feminism
Historical Content
• Women seem to be more equal to men
• Women are no longer obligated to marry or have
children, and marriage is more equal.
• The legal system is better at protecting women’s
right.
Types of Feminism
Radical Feminism
• Radical Feminism arose within the second wave in
the 1960s.
• RF focused on the theory of patriarchy as a system
of power.
• RF paid particular attention to oppression based
on sex and female bodily disadvantage.
Liberal Feminism
• Liberal feminism aims to achieve equal legal,
political, and social rights for women.
• It wishes to bring women equality into all public
institution and to extend the creation of
knowledge so that women’s issues can no longer
be ignored.
Socialist Feminism
• A central concern of socialist feminism therefore
has been to determine the ways in which the
institution of the family and women’s domestic
labour are structured by, and reproduce the sexual
division of labour.