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40.Autonomic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs. The cartilage
tissue. Fetal membranes. Umbilical cord. Amniotic fluid. Fetal circulation.
Posted in Pelvis by Sahaja on January 10, 2009

Autonomic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs. The cartilage tissue. Fetal membranes. Umbilical cord.
Amniotic fluid. Fetal circulation.

Anatomy: Autonomic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Autonomic Nervous Supply (Ashwell)

The sympathetic supply includes:

1. Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-9)


2. Lesser splanchnic nerve (T9-10)
3. Lowest (least) splanchnic nerve (T12)
4. Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-3)
5. Sacral splanchnic nerves
primarily pre-ggl SNS fibers that come off the chain, synapse in inf hypogastric plexus

The parasympathetic supply includes:

1. Vagus nerve
2. Pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-4)
only splanchnic n that carry PNS fibers
all others have SNS fibers
contribute to formation of pelvic (inf hypogastric) plexus, supply => desc colon, sigmoid colon, other viscera in
pelvis and perineum

These project to the paravertebral plexuses, which are situated anterior to the aorta and vertebral column.

Paravertebral Plexuses

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Coeliac Plexus

This contains the paired coeliac ganglia and is located at the level of the last thoracic and 1st lumbar
vertebra.
It surrounds the root of the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery.

The coeliac ganglia are paired structures, which lie between the suprarenal glands and the coeliac trunk
origin.
The lower part is partially detached and is sometimes referred to as the aorticorenal ganglion as it forms most
of the renal plexus.

Secondary plexuses derived from or connected to the coeliac are the phrenic, splenic, left gastric, intermesenteric
(aortic), suprarenal, renal, gonadal, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

Phrenic Plexus

This accompanies the inferior phrenic artery to the diaphragm and suprarenal gland.

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Hepatic Plexus

This is the largest coeliac derivative and receives filaments from both the right and left vagus as well as from the
phrenic nerves.

It accompanies the hepatic artery and the portal vein and their branches and also supplies the cystic plexus to the
gallbladder.
Branches may also supply the pylorus, greater curvature of stomach as well as the lower bile duct, pancreatic head and
1st and 2nd part of duodenum.

Left Gastric Plexus

This goes to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Splenic Plexus

This is formed by branches of the coeliac plexus, left coeliac ganglion and the right vagus.
It supplies the blood vessels and smooth muscles of the splenic capsule and trabeculae.

Suprarenal Plexus

This supplies the medulla of the suprarenal gland.

Renal Plexus

This is formed by fibres from the coeliac ganglion and plexus, aorticorenal ganglion, lowest thoracic
splanchnic nerves, 1st lumbar splanchnic nerve and the aortic plexus.

It gives off the ureter and gonadal plexuses (ovarian or testicular).


The ureteric plexus accompanies the ureter and the gonadal plexuses accompany the appropriate artery to the
respective organs.

Superior Mesenteric Plexus

This is a downward extension of the coeliac plexus.


It accompanies the superior mesenteric artery to the pancreas, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum),
and large intestine as far as the left trisection of the transverse colon.

Abdominal Aortic Plexus (intermesenteric)

This supplies the IVC, and testicular plexuses as well as connecting the superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses.

Inferior Mesenteric Plexus

This receives supply from the aortic plexus and 2nd and 3rd lumbar splanchnic nerves.
It supplies the colon from the left trisection of the transverse colon to the rectum.

Superior Hypogastric Plexus

This is situated anterior to the aortic bifurcation, L5 and the sacral promontory.
This plexus is formed from branches of the aortic plexus, 3rd and 4th lumbar splanchnic nerves.

It divides into the left and right hypogastric nerves, which descend to the 2 inferior hypogastric plexuses,
which lie anterior to the sacrum.
lies in extraperitoneal CT lat to rectum
sends br to sigmoid, desc colon
located retroperitoneally
has preggl/post ggl SNS fibers, visc aff fibers + PNS fibers (few), which may run a recurrent course thru inf
hypogastric plexus

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Inferior Hypogastric Plexus

This is formed from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (from the sacral plexus, S2-4) and also receives the sacral
splanchnic nerves., and hypogastric n
lies against post/lat pelvic wall
lat to rectum, vagina, base of bladder
contains pelvic ggl = where SNS, PNS preggl fibers synapse
Several plexuses arise from the inferior hypogastric plexuses, including:

1. Middle rectal plexus


2. Vesical plexus
3. Prostatic plexus
4. Uterovaginal plexus
5. Deferential plexus

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Histology: The cartilage tissue.

Embryology: Fetal membranes. Umbilical cord. Amniotic fluid. Fetal circulation.

Fetal Membranes

Around the beg of 2nd month, villi system in trophoblast layer consists mostly of sendary & tertiary villi

consists mostly of secondary/tertiary villi


As development continues – more primitive villi will grow as extensions of exisitng ones
some of the cytotrophoblast cells /CT will disappear – leave just syncyticum, endothelium lining of capillaries as barrier b/w
fetal and maternal circulations = syncytial knots

Villi system covers the entire span of chorion @ early stages of development
However, w/ time changes will occur on diff poles of the embryo
1. villi on embryonic pole will continue to grow creating = chorion frondosum –> fetal portion of placenta
2. villi on abembryonic pole will degenerate leaving a smooth side = chorion laeve

From maternal side, b/w 3 deciduas which are functional layers of endometrium
1. Decidua basalis – in contact w/ chorion frondosum, decidual cells w/ lipids, glycogen
2. Decidua capsularis – covering abembryonic pole, will later degenerate when embryo grows
3. Decidua parietalis – covering opp side of uterine wall, will fuse w/ amnion & chorion laeve

Once amnion/chorion laeve unite – they form amniochroionic membrane which destroys chorionic cavity

Amnion & Umbilical Cord

Umbilical Cord
@ 5th week, opening can be found connecting amnion & ectoderm = primitive umbilical ring
Contains:
a) Yolk sac stalk (= vitelline duct) along w/ vitelline vessels
b) Canal connecting intra/extra embryonic cavities

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c) Connecting stalk: allantois, umbilical vessels (2 arteries, v)

Amniotic cavity will expand, eventually getting rid of chorionic cavity


this pushes vitelline duct & connecting stalk until they join = primitive umbilical cord
Contains:
Prox = allantois *urachus*, intestinal loops
Distal = vitelline duct, umbilical a/v

During growth of abdominal organs, abdominal cavity isn’t big enough for organs, so intestinal loops push into umbilical
cords = umbilical herniation
Come out again @ end of 3rd month
vitelline vessels are obliterated

Only umbilical vessels, and Wharton’s jelly left inside – jelly has many PGs, and protects the a/v

Amniotic fluid

formed by amnioblasts (cells from epiblast that line amniotic cavity) & maternal blood
replaced every 3 hours – sterile because waste products are filtered out
Function:

shock absorbance
prevents adhesion of embryo to amnion
allows fetal movement

@ fifth month, organ systems begins to function, fetus swallows the amniotic fluid, also produces urine into it (which is
mostly water – as mentioned b4 placenta filiters it out)

Fetal Circulation

Anim = Fetal Circulation and Baby’s First Breath

Anim2 = The Wonders of Fetal Circulation

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Introduction

Throughout the fetal stage of development, the maternal blood supplies the fetus with O2 and nutrients and carries
away its wastes.
These substances diffuse between the maternal and fetal blood through the placental membrane.
They are carried to and from the fetal body by the umbilical blood vessels.
Adaptations of fetal blood and vascular system.
The concentration of hemoglobin in fetal blood is about 50 % greater than in maternal blood.
Fetal hemoglobin is slightly different chemically and has a greater affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin.
At a particular oxygen partial pressure, fetal hemoglobin can carry 20-30% more O2 than maternal hemoglobin.

Fetal Circulation OH-98

In the fetal circulatory system, the umbilical vein transports blood rich in O2 and nutrients from the placenta to the
fetal body.
The umbilical vein enters the body through the umbilical ring and travels along the anterior abdominal wall to
the liver.
About 1/2 the blood it carries passes into the liver.
The other 1/2 of the blood enters a vessel called the ductus venosus which bypasses the liver.
The ductus venosus travels a short distance and joins the inferior vena cava.
There, the oxygenated blood from the placenta is mixed with the deoxygenated blood from the lower parts
of the body.
This mixture continues through the vena cava to the right atrium.
In the adult heart, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle then through the pulmonary arteries to
the lungs.
In the fetus however, the lungs are nonfunctional and the blood largely bypasses them.
As the blood from the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium, a large proportion of it is shunted directly
into the left atrium through an opening called the foramen ovale.
A small valve, septum primum is located on the left side of the atrial septum overlies the foramen ovale
and helps prevent blood from moving in the reverse direction.
The rest of the fetal blood entering the right atrium, including a large proportion of the deoxygenated blood
entering from the superior vena cava passes into the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary trunk.
Only a small volume of blood enters the pulmonary circuit, because the lungs are collapsed, and their
blood vessels have a high resistance to flow.
Enough blood reaches the lung tissue to sustain them.
Most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs by entering a fetal vessel called the ductus
arteriosus which connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of the aortic arch.
As a result of this connection, the blood with a relatively low O2 concentration which is returning to the
heart through the superior vena cava, bypasses the lungs.
At the same time, the blood is prevented from entering the portion of the aorta that provides branches
leading to the brain.
The more highly oxygenated blood that enters the left atrium through the foramen ovale is mixed with a small
amount of deoxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary veins.
This mixture moves into the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta.
Some of it reaches the myocardium through the coronary arteries and some reaches the brain
through the carotid arteries.
The blood carried by the descending aorta is partially oxygenated and partially deoxygenated.
Some of it is carries into the branches of the aorta that lead to various parts of the lower regions of the
body.
The rest passes into the umbilical arteries, which branch from the internal iliac arteries and lead to the
placenta.
There the blood is reoxygenated.

The 0ewborn

The initial inflation of the lungs causes important changes in the circulatory system.
Inflation of the lungs reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs resulting in increases blood flow from the
pulmonary arteries.

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Consequently, an increased amount of blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the
pulmonary arteries and less blood flows through the foramen ovale to the left atrium.
In addition, an increased volume of blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium,
which increases the pressure in the left atrium.
The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure (due to pulmonary resistance) forces blood
against the septum primum causing the foramen ovale to close.
This action functionally completes the separation of the heart into two pumps–right and left sides of the heart.

The closed foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis.


The ductus arteriosis, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, closes off within 1-2
days after birth.
Once closed, the ductus arteriosus is replaced by connective tissue and is known as the ligamentum
arteriosum.

If the ductus arteriosus does not completely close it is said to be patent.


This is a serious birth defect resulting in marked elevation in pulmonary pressure because blood flows from the
left ventricle to the aorta, through the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary arteries.
If not corrected, it can lead to irreversible degenerative changes in the.heart and lungs.
The fetal blood supply passes to the placenta through two (2) umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries
and returns through an umbilical vein which passes through the liver, ductus venosus, and joins the inferior vena
cava.
When the umbilical cord is cut, no more blood flows through the umbilical arteries and vein and they
degenerate.

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The remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the round ligament of the liver and the ductus venosum becomes the
ligamentum venosum.

Possibly related posts: (automatically generated)

Fetal membrane repair


Day 51
AP Bio 12

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« 39. Bones, muscles and ligaments of the pelvis. The blood vessels and nerves of the pelvis. The bone tissue. Gastrulation,
early differentiation of the intraembryonic mesoderm

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About This Site:

This site was made for the Anatomy, Histology, Embryology class in 2nd yr, 1st semester at the University of Debrecen. All
theoretical topics are listed as described on the website of the Anatomy department.

We combined Practical class notes, Moore, Board Review Series textbooks of Gross Anatomy and Embryology, Langman’s,
DiFiore’s, as well as the Lab manual for Histology at Semmelweiss. We believe it to be all inclusive of the material you will
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On the left are the newest topics we’ve added.

To see all the topics we’ve done so far, scroll down and click on the Category you would like to see: Head & 0eck,
Thorax, Abdomen, & Pelvis.

Added a search box in the sidebar, so you can search for the item you want.

But the best way to find the topic that you want?

Scroll down and click on the “Link to Topics” Page. There is the list of all topics. If a link to your topic of choice
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We are adding more info by the day, so check back in with us!

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contact: sahaja.parsa[at]gmail.com

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40.Autonomic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs. The cartilage tissue. Fetal membranes. Umbilical cord.
Amniotic fluid. Fetal circulation.
39. Bones, muscles and ligaments of the pelvis. The blood vessels and nerves of the pelvis. The bone tissue.
Gastrulation, early differentiation of the intraembryonic mesoderm
38. The perineum. The formation of the placenta. The structure of the matured placenta.
37. The anatomy, histology and development of the penis.
36. The anatomy, histology and development of the ureter, urinary vesicle and urethra.

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