Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
[T.E. – ELECTRICAL]
ASSIGNMENTS
Q. No. 1: Compare a 3 phase, 3 wire AC supply system with a 3 phase, 4 wire AC system
for the volume of conductor required, on the basis of equal maximum potential difference
between any conductor and earth. Clearly state the assumptions made. [8 M]
Q. No. 2: Distinguish between a distributor and feeder. What criterion is used for
designing of them? [4 M]
Q. No. 3: The cost of a 3 phase overhead transmission line is Rs. (55000a + 4000) per km
where ‘a’ is the area of cross section of each conductor in sq.cm. The line is supplying a
load of 7 MW at 33 kV and 0.85 p.f. lagging, assumed to be constant throughout the year.
Energy costs Rs. 4/kwh and interest and depreciation of 10%, specific resistance of
conductor material is 1 micro ohm cm. [6 M]
Q. No. 5: State and prove Kelvin’s law for feeder design with reference to supply system.
[6 M]
Q. No. 6: A 300 m long distributor is fed at point ‘A’ and is loaded as 60 A at 0.9 lag p.f.
and 100 A at 0.9 lag p.f. at point ‘B’ and point ‘C’ respectively. ‘B’ is midpoint of feeder.
Power factors at both load points are referred to the voltage at point ‘C”. The impedance
of each section is 0.15 + j0.2. Calculate the sending end voltage, current and power factor
if the voltage at point ‘C’ is 230 Volts. [8 M]
Q. N0. 7: Compare single phase 2 wire AC overhead systems with three phase, 4 wire
AC overhead systems for volume of conductor material required. Clearly state the
assumptions made. [6 M]
Q. No. 9: Compare a three phase, three wire AC supply system with a single phase, 2
wire AC system for the volume of conductor material required, on the basis of equal
maximum potential difference between any conductor and earth. Clearly state the
assumptions made. [8 M]
Q. No. 10: A single phase cable has R = 0.4 ohm/km and X = 0.6 ohm/km. The length of
the cable is 1 km. and load points B, C, D and E are loaded as 20 A at 0.85 p.f. lag, 25 A
at 0.8 p.f. lag, 40 A at 0.9 p.f. lag and 45 A at unity p.f. respectively. The distance of load
points from the sending end is 200 m, 400m, 600m and 1000 m respectively. The
voltages at sending end is maintained at 230 V. The load power factors are referred to
sending end. Find the voltages at respective loading points. [10 M]
Q. No. 1: Draw the layout of a single bus bar system substation. Use standard symbols
for the indication. Explain in brief functions and technical specifications of main
equipments [8 M]
Q. No.3: Discuss in detail soil resistivity and various factors affecting it. [8 M]
Q. No. 6: Explain in detail steps involved in design of earthing grid of substation with
reference to IEEE standard. [10 M]
Q. No. 8: Using following data find step potential and touch potential:
Maximum grid current = 3000 A
Fault clearing time = 0.6 seconds
Resistivity of soil at surface = 2000 ohm meter [8M]
Q. No. 4: Explain the concept of condition monitoring and state its advantages [8 M]
Q. No. 5: Define the terms polarization index and dielectric absorption ratio. Explain
their significance in condition monitoring. [8 M]
Q. No.6: What is condition based maintenance? State its advantages over other
maintenance strategies. [8 M]
Q. No. 4: Explain in detail dissolved gas analysis and degree of polymerization in context
with transformer. What are the applications of dissolved gas analysis in condition
monitoring of transformers? [8 M]
Q. No. 5: State the common On load Tap changer problems in transformer. Explain in
brief various diagnostic techniques of OLTC for its condition monitoring. [9 M]
Q. No. 3: What are the different causes of failure of motor? State remedies for the same.
[8 M]
Q. No. 4: Write short notes on:
i) Signature Analysis
ii) Tan δ measurement [8 M]
Q. No. 5: What are the diagnostic testing techniques for power cables? Describe each in
brief. [8 M]
Q. No. 7: Explain the various tests carried out on induction motor for condition
monitoring. [8
M]
Q. No. 10: Explain how the thermographic techniques are useful for condition monitoring
of electric motor? [8 M]
Q. No. 3: What are the various modes of bearing failure? Discuss each in brief. [8 M]
Q. No. 6: Explain the various failure modes of rotating parts and maintenance of it. [8 M]
*********
TEACHING PLAN
(Electrical Installation, Maintenance and Testing)
Classification of supply systems, Types of supply systems, Details of supply systems: 1 phase 2
wire system, 3 phase 3 wire systems, 3 phase 4 wire system. Comparison of these systems on the
basis of volume requirement for conductor for overhead and underground systems.
Substation: Classification and types, layout of substation, function and technical specifications of
each equipment, voltage levels and clearances.
Earthing:
Necessity and types of earthing systems, substation grounding, tolerable limits of body currents,
estimation of soil resistance and its management. Tolerable step and touch voltages, different
electrode configurations, steps in grid design reference to IEEE standard 1976.
(8 Hours)
Transformer insulation, insulating oil characteristics, testing and condition monitoring oil as per
relevant standards, interaction of solid and liquid insulation, filtration or reconditioning of
insulating oil, failure modes of transformer, condition monitoring of transformer bushings, on
load tap changer, dissolved gas analysis, degree of polymerization, partial discharge
measurement. (8 Hours)
AC testing of insulation, tanδ, partial discharge as per relevant standard, testing of cables and
other electrical equipment such as motors, generators, DG sets. Causes of motor failure,
remedies, signature analysis, condition monitoring of induction motor, power cables.
Thermography, measuring instruments for carrying out these tests.
(8 Hours)
Bearing nomenclature, function, mechanical failures of bearings, tell tale signs on bearings and
end shields of machine. Condition monitoring of motors using spark pulse measurements method
and vibration signature analysis techniques. (8 Hours)
Drawing:
1. Single line diagram of substation (Based on actual field visit), wiring symbols, plate and
pipe earthing.
2. Project report on area electrification.
3. Project design and estimation of power circuit of labs/Workshops.
Experiments:
Text Books:
1. B. R. Gupta – Power system analysis and design, 3rd edition, Wheelers Publication.
2. P. S. Pabla – Electrical Power Distribution, 5th edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
3. K.B. Raina, S. K. Bhattacharya – Electrical Design, Estimation and costing, Wirely
Eastern limited, New Delhi.
4. S. Rao - Electrical installation, maintenance and testing.
EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1
[OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR]
Title: Open circuit test and short circuit test on three phase alternator.
Apparatus:
Theory: Alternator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using a
prime mover. Before conducting the open circuit and short circuit tests armature resistance is
measured in terms of ohms/phase.
A
R Idc
Ra
V
L + Vdc
Vdc
-
Ra Ra
L L
B Y
Experimental set up to measure armature resistance of the alternator
2Ra=Vdc/Idc
This method of determining voltage regulation is also called as e.m.f method or synchronous
impedance method. Synchronous impedance (Zs) is determined using the equation as given
below:
Zs=Ra2+Xs2 ohms/phase
Where Ra=per phase armature resistance, Xs=per phase synchronous reactance
No load induced emf per phase, Eph, can be determined by using the mathematical
expression as given below:
Positive value is used for lagging power factor while negative sign is used for leading
power factor.
The main advantage of this method is the value of synchronous impedance for any load
condition can be calculated. Hence regulation of the alternator at any load condition and
load power factor can be determined. Actual load need not be connected to the alternator
and hence this method can be used for very high capacity alternators.
The main limitation if this method is that the method gives large values of synchronous
reactance. This leads to high values of percentage regulation than the actual results.
Hence this method is called as pessimistic method.
Procedure:
Observation Table:
STARTER
A1 F1
0-600 V 0-10 A
+
M
V A
A2 F2
230 V _
DC
F1 F2
_
A 0-1A
+ --
E
E1 E2
Circuit diagram for Open circuit test and Short circuit test