PARADA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INFLUENCERS OF CAREER CHOICE AMONG SELECTED FRESHMAN

STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ACCOUNTANCY AND

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG

VALENZUELA

A Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of the
Senior High School Department
Parada National High School

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the subject
Practical Research 2

Domingo, Desserie
Quibranza, Godzel Aubrey T.
Sigue, Valerie R.

October 2019
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Background of the Study

Planning, as certain experts rush to call attention to, can demonstrate to be

tedious and mentally exhausting. This is because it includes thinking, reasoning, and

strategic planning. According to Maxwell (2017), most people have no idea how to

achieve their dreams. What they possess is a vague notion that there is something they

would like to do someday or someone they would like to become. But they don’t know

how to get from here to there.

Choosing a career path is a huge part of a young man or woman’s life. The

career path students choose will affect how they will live the rest of their life. A lot of

students go through college without knowing what career path they want. Before

students can pick a career path they need to experience what that career is like and

what it involves (Fizer, 2012).

Decision-making is the consistent method for focusing on pick in the midst of

the conceivable outcomes to fulfill man's simplicity. It is true that for an individual to

be successful, the person must possess good decision-making. Methodologically

speaking, decision-making is not all fun and games, some deal with people, others deal

with future careers. College students face one of the most crucial decisions in their

lives, and that is future career decision. These students face the fact that this certain
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adjudication will decide their future. A career choice is a decision that most human

beings make sometime in their lives; it is a decision that should be carefully considered

since it can affect the rest of a person’s life (Eyo, 2011).

Career related decisions are complicated and have broad and long term

consequences that are not always obvious (Hiebert, 2009). The context in which career

decisions occur is complex and therefore many people require assistance in exploring

alternatives and weighing the consequences associated with various options (Hiebert,

2009).

A few studies on factors affecting career choice were carried out, for example,

Mudhovozi and Chireshe (2012) who carried out a similar study in South Africa. In

their study, the participants were undergraduate psychology students who had already

chosen their careers. Although this study was carried out in a more similar environment

in terms of geographical location, the participants’ polity and economic challenges are

completely different.

The influence of career choice has a lasting impact on an individual. It serves

to be a predictor and determinant of their prospective level of income, nature of work

and consequently leaves a mark on the personality, demeanor and outlook of an

individual. Given its complexity, it is then a point to ponder upon as to how career

decisions are made. These are elucidated by Ipaye (as cited in Alemu, 2013), who

elaborates the importance of dialogue with peers, sessions with college counsellors,

and discussions with parents and teachers on career selection as “career convention”
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or “career conference”. A critical impact in decision making with respect to career is

the home environment as it establishes the framework of a child’s personality. It’s the

parent’s upbringing which is the basis of the outcome of the personality. The values of

the parents are transferred into the child. Besides the home, another major determinant

of career choice is media. It provides exposure at the earliest stage. Media highlights

social travails, global issues, trends and fashions, portrays the glamour of a culture,

and the glitter of the consumer world. Moreover, talk shows, documentaries, movies

and dramas portray careers such as law, media and advertising as very glamorous and

appealing, thus drawing students towards them. Sometimes the choices of the peers

also become a determining factor in choosing a profession. Other factors which

influence career choice are family, parents, friends, culture, academic achievement,

health factors, existing income level and financial constraints, media influences,

prospective levels of income, employment opportunities, and the social acceptability

of profession, recognition, and work satisfaction among others.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the various choices which have

an influence on students’ career choice. It will look into the interplay of various

decision making influences on Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela (PLV) College

of Business, Accountancy and Public Administration freshman students’ chosen field.

It will seek answers to queries whether the students chose their respective fields, had

to reconcile with circumstances or had a say in the decisions. It will give an insight

into the various factors which influence students’ decision making.

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Literature Review

Career choice is one of the biggest dilemma and challenge in any student’s life.

It involves an interplay of many influencers which are intricately intertwined. It is not

a straightforward task and involves a difficult process of decision making.

Demographic Profile

Gender

According to Nauen (2017), men are more likely than women to expect higher

job levels during their career. Men aspire to reach every leadership position at a higher

rate than women, more than doubling women's expectations to be a company owner

and a vice president. Women's expectations tend to be much lower – over 22 percent

of women expect to remain in an entry-level role, compared to only 10 percent of men.

If in a particular field women are preferred for a job, then it is likely that the

men will always be offered a less salary. On the other end of the spectrum if men are

preferred for a given position then the women are invariably paid less. It is mostly

women who are made to feel that they are incompetent and will not be able to do the

task as well as men (Reddy, 2016).

Parents’ Educational Attainment

Udoh and Sanni (2012) investigated the influence of parental background

variables on the career choice of secondary school student in Uyo Local Government

Area of Nigeria. Their findings implied that parents’ level of formal education exert a

significant influence on the career choices of secondary school students (Udoh &
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Sanni, 2012). Results from the study showed a significant relationship between

parental level of education and achievement motivation of the students. The results

further indicated that the father's occupation was insignificantly correlated with the

pupils' need for achievement while that of the mothers was both positively and

significantly correlated. This implies that parental level of education significantly

influences their children achievement in school and consequently their future careers.

In a study to investigate the environmental factors that influence educational

and occupational aspirations of standard eight pupils, Aswani (2012) noted that

parental level of education had significant positive influence on the pupils’ educational

and occupational aspirations. The findings conform to that of Mugenda et al. (2010)

whose study established that the mother’s level of education contributes more to girls’

aspirations for higher education than boys.

From the results of a study to determine career selection self-efficacy among

college students in the northeast region of the United States, Roach (2010) concluded

that the highest level parental of education did not have an impact on the career

selection self-efficacy of college students. This implies that a high parental academic

achievement did not necessarily influence the career aspirations of college students.

This could be due to other factors including college career counsellors and peer

influence. This could also be attributed to higher independence of college students as

compared to secondary school students who still look at their parents as role models.
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Parents’ Occupation

The findings of Udoh and Sanni (2012) in their investigation established that

parents’ attitudes towards occupations exerted a significant influence on the career

choices of students in Uyo Region of Nigeria.

Kisulu et al. (2012) investigated the factors influencing occupational

aspirations among girls in Nairobi region – Kenya. Results from their studies indicated

that family members especially the parents and older siblings affect the occupational

and career choices of students with 57.5 % of the respondents stating that they would

choose different occupations from those of their siblings and parents. The remaining

42.5% indicated that they would prefer same occupations as their parents and older

siblings. Majority of the respondents 14 (75.8%) affirmed that girls’ occupational

choice was more influenced by their mothers and older sisters than their fathers and

older brothers.

Influencers of Career Choice

Family and Peers Influence

With good intentions and high hopes, parents tend to take the wheel in deciding

what college course their child should take. These choices usually lean towards more

traditional courses that promise a financially stable and secure job. For some parents,

it also becomes a way of transferring their unfulfilled dreams onto their children as a

second chance at a brighter future. And, children, especially those who are unsure of
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who they want to be, follow their parents’ advice to meet their expectations (Carpio,

2018).

As much as kids don’t like to admit that their parents affect their decisions,

parental input does matter, according to higher ed consultants Noel-Levitz. Nearly

60% of prospective college students report they research colleges with their parents,

and 61% of parents say that the final decision on where to enroll is made together. As

expected, students are also affected by peers, but as a study by ACSD (2019) points

out, that relationship is correlational. Researchers haven’t determined whether like-

minded students tend to become friends or if friendship affects college choices.

Bladeless cited in Nyarko-Sampson (2013) explains that parents exert

emotional pressure on their wards regarding the choice of careers. They make

independent consultations regarding the career they think is most suitable for their

children. The child’s preferences are never a matter of concern for them.

Hashim and Embong (2015) agree that the student’s peer group is the single

most potent source of influence with regard to career choices. Adolescents are easily

influenced by their peers because they rely on their friends to provide validation of the

choices that they make, including career decisions. The current study sought to find

out whether validation of students’ choices of careers comes from fellow students.

Financial Status

A recent survey by The Higher Education Research Institute shows that the

availability of financial aid heavily influences college selection. 48% reported that a
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financial aid offer was a “very important” factor, up from 33%. Overall cost is

considered as well. More than half of first-generation students indicated that the cost

of attending was a “very important” factor. Continuing-generation students consider

cost also, but at a lower rate ““only 43% rated cost as “very important”” in their

enrollment decision (McFadden, 2015). If a student is self-sponsored, he considers a

course that will not have a financial burden on him. A student does not want to be in a

position where he cannot continue because of financial constraints.

Ushure (2014) lectures indicated that limited finances available to students

will affect them negatively in their preferences of profession selection. Their

desires to become specialist in renowned fields like engineering, doctorate etc. would

be restricted by the availability of finances to them. He also argued that in some cases

even the children who belong to low status families’ ends up entering in high status

professions despite their high cost. This is because their parents want them to enjoy

those aspects of life that they have missed out due to their insufficient wealth.

Job Marketability

One of the best places to start looking for a new career path is focusing on

opportunities where the demand is high. In other words, you should seek out a future-

proof job that isn’t likely to be replaced by automation or fade away due to

technological advancement. It can be frustrating and overwhelming to go down a path

with a limited number of options. A student will likely end up in a position he wasn’t
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expecting and may have to spend years slowly working his way up from the bottom of

the pile. A demand for recruits creates opportunity (Carter, 2017).

When choosing a career, a big factor is how many jobs will be available at

certain levels. If a student is a new graduate or are trying to switch careers mid-life,

this can be a determining factor as to what type of work he settles on. Local industries

can play a large part in what work people do, so if a student is looking for something

that is outside of available work, he or she can expect to have to relocate to find a job

(Cvtips.com, 2018).

It's always a wise idea to consider the abundance of relevant career

opportunities available in a student’s chosen field. Highly competitive career fields

or restrictive positions could leave a student searching for an opening and

unemployed for long periods of time. A student may consider whether there are

career openings available to him in the area where he lives, or if he may need to

relocate to find the position he desire. He may determine if relocating is an option

for him and his family, and if he has the resources to move to another city or even

another state or country (Melone, 2017).

Interest and Personality

If a student is able to put his passions and skills into a career, he is more likely

to enjoy his work and succeed in your position. CVTips.com recommends that if you

have any trouble deciding what you like to do and how your interests can be applied
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to a career position, you should take an interest assessment offered online or through

a career development specialist in your area (Melone, 2017).

Alexander et al (2011) examination of students enrolled in the disciplines

of information technology found that liking of the subject has chief significance

when looking at the factors contributing in professional direction adopted by

students.

Personality is another important factor in career choice. Studies have shown

that students will choose a major that they think will fit their personality type

(Mihyeon, 2009).The confidence that a student has can determine how far a student

will go with their education. Students who believe in themselves have more confidence

and are more likely to go for what they want instead of settling for something that is

comfortable.

Rebecca J. et al (2016) conducted a study on 399 students in Kenya which

resulted in that there is a relationship between personality types, and career choice.

Most of the students were satisfied with the course they selected before entering

the university which indicates that suitable career choice for students would

improve satisfaction and success in their course of study and future employment.

But on the other side, when students make changes in their course section it

indicated that the choices of subject selection did not go in line with their future

career choices. Consequently, it constructs probability of the status of the relationship

between personality types and career choice among undergraduate students in Kenya.
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The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between personality types

and career choices among undergraduate students.

Synthesis

This literary review creates the impression that there are a lot of perspectives

from which career choice has been approached. This review pointed out the many

influencers that college students might face as they attempt to construct a career plan

and then act upon that plan. This also reveals that there are a variety of influences

acting on students when they consider future academic and career choices, some

arising within schools, some arising in society at large: the interest and personality of

the students; and their home background.

Choosing a career should consider different influencers in order to come a

virtuous decision. As observed most of the students in college has a course that been

chosen by parents they should take up.

The preceding pages convey a resemblance that decision-making is the logical

way of setting one’s mind to choose amidst the possibilities to satisfy man’s ease.

Thousands of typical young people have problems about school. Relating the given

definition to the researchers’ subject matter, the students’ parents and peers, and

interest and personality make a great impact on their decision regarding which career

they will go for. Thus, it requires critical decision-making more than anything else.

The researchers found this true since most of the youth today experience lack of self-

esteem when it comes to the fact that they are pressured to do well in college. The law
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allows parents to bring up their children according to their own values and beliefs.

Parental responsibility includes: Providing a home for their children and; Choosing

and providing for their child’s education. There are times in which the parents interfere

in the college course decision making because of problems such as financial stability

and the university they have been to. Their concern is much relevant in a way that they

give assessment to their children. But sometimes, their mode of doing so is incorrect.

The purpose of this study is to identify the influencers that students have used

in identifying career choices so that the support teams of those students may better aid

in the decision making process.

This reviewed literature contributed facts and results from previous studies that

help in the justification of the present study. Researcher revealed that many individuals

especially students would agree that in deciding on whatever specifically on the career

is not easy and there are many factors that the student will face.

Conceptual Framework

According to Quintini (2016), from “Gender Differences in Career Choices and

Their Consequences,” that overall, women stand to gain from undertaking studies in

traditionally male-dominated sectors, both in terms of employability and in terms of

earnings. However, such a switch would require action on various fronts: high-quality

career guidance based on sound labour market information on skill needs to inform

girls on promising careers in growing economic sectors; information campaigns

promoting diversity in workplaces and encouraging employers, particularly in shortage

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occupations, to tap into under-represented socio-demographic groups – such as women

in male-dominated professions; and the identification of female role models in male-

dominated careers to promote interest from girls, their families as well as employers.

To Harrison (2019), from “Revisiting Your Childhood Passions as a Career

Choice” that at some point in life, a person probably exchanged those thoughts of what

gave him the most joy for the things that are most practical. The demands of life require

people to be able to buy food and gas, pay for a mortgage and perhaps support a family.

Early childhood passions drift away because they haven't been translated into the

practical activities that sustain your life and your lifestyle. People might find they need

to shift how they’re thinking in order to let their passions influence their future. If their

career is really one that they love to do, then the money that comes with it will be

appropriate. If their goal is to make a lot of money, and that is the focus, then they may

find yourself working in a lot of places they don't like.

From the “Family Factors Influencing Career Choices” of McQuerrey (2019),

it is said that many children grow up idealizing the professions of their parents. If a

child always looked up to his mother and admired her teaching skills that may

influence him to pursue a specific career. Parents may also intentionally or

unintentionally push a child toward a particular career path, especially in the cases of

family-owned businesses, where parents expect their children to take over the

company. Still other parents apply pressure on their offspring to strive for particular

high-profile careers, feeling they are encouraging their children to reach high. Just as
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a positive parental role model can influence career choice, so can negative parental

influence. For example, if parents were uneducated or always struggling to get by

financially, a child may decide he’s never going to be in the same position. This may

prompt him to pursue a vastly different career path, looking for stable, high-earning

jobs. Likewise, if a person has parents who were workaholics and were never around

when he was a child, he may decide to pursue a line of work with flexibility that gives

him more time with his children.

Figure I

Research Paradigm
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Figure I shows how the researchers will determine the influencers of career

choice of the college students in Business, Accountancy and Public Administration in

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela. It includes their profile, peer/friends, job

marketability, and interest and personality. Students will be asked what college

programs they are in and the researchers will confirm how these courses influence their

career choice. Influencers of Career Choice among Selected Students of the College of

Business, Accountancy and Public Administration of Pamantasan Ng Lungsod Ng

Valenzuela will be the output.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to investigate the various choices which have an influence on

the career choice of the freshman students of the college of Business, Accountancy and

Public Administration in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following problems:

1. What is the profile of the freshman students in the college in Business, Accountancy

and Public Administration of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela in terms of:

1.1 Gender

1.2 Parents' Educational Attainment

1.3 Parents' Occupation

1.4 Family Monthly Income

1.5 Course

2. To what extent do the following course factors influence the students’ career choice:
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2.1 Peer/Friends

2.2 Job Marketability

2.3 Interest and Personality

3. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ chosen course and the above

mentioned influencers and profile?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the students’ chosen course and

the above mentioned influencers and profile.

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CHAPTER 2

This chapter presents the method and procedures that will be used in this study.

This includes research design, sampling and participants, instruments, data gathering

procedure, as well as the data analysis.

Research Design

The researchers will use quantitative research design. Bhat (2019) defines

quantitative research as the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering

quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational

techniques. Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential

participants using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls,

questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals. The

quantitative approach that will be used is correlational, which he stated that

comparison between two entities is invariable. Correlation research is conducted to

establish a relationship between two closely knit entities and how one impacts the other

and what are the changes that are eventually observed. This research method is carried

out to give value to naturally occurring relationships and a minimum of two different

groups are required to successfully conduct this quantitative research method. Without

assuming different aspects, a relationship between two groups or entities must be

established.
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Researchers use this quantitative research method to correlate the

profile/influencers of career choice and college courses using mathematical analysis

methods. Patterns, relationships, and trends between variables are concluded as they

exist in their natural set up. The impact of one of these variables on the other is

observed along with how it changes the relationship between the two variables.

Researchers tend to manipulate one of the variables to attain the desired results.

Ideally, conclusions should not be drawn merely on the basis of correlation

research. This is because when two variables are in sync, it is not mandatory that they

are interrelated.

Sampling and Participants

Researchers will use stratified sampling for the study. According to Crossman

(2019), it ensures that subgroups (strata) of a given population are each adequately

represented within the whole sample population of a research study.

The researchers will use the Slovin’s Formula to calculate the sample size (n)

given the population size (N) and 95% level of confidence or 0.5 margin of error (e).

𝑁
Formula: 𝑛 =
1+𝑁𝑒 2

Where:

n = number of samples

N = total population

e = error margin / margin of error

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Instruments

Researchers’ Made Questionnaire

For the research study, the use of survey questionnaires will be chosen to garner

information from the respondents as the primary data. The questionnaire was made by

the researchers and it is modified to suit the preference in how the data will be gathered.

There are two parts in the questionnaire and each section will be started with guideline

to help the respondents to complete the questionnaires. Part I contains the questions to

obtain the students profile such as gender, parents’ occupation, parents’ educational

attainment, and family monthly income. Part II contains three sections regarding the

influencers on career choice. Section A talks about the peer influence on career choice.

Section B talks about job marketability influencing career choice. Section C talks about

interest and personality influencing career choice. The researchers will use the data

and documents to do the study. Researchers will personally hand out the survey

questionnaire to the respondents. The survey questionnaire will present to the

researchers’ adviser for validation and evaluation. The comments and suggestions of

the adviser will be the basis of modifying and improving the survey questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will make a letter of request for permission to conduct the study

at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela. The letter will be approved by the

researchers’ adviser and it will be given to the dean of the school where the study is

being conducted. Data will be gathered using surveying. It actually involves gathering
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responses from subjects through a written medium. Researchers be distributing paper

questionnaires for subjects to answer.

In conducting a survey, a questionnaire is a must in order for an individual to

gather data that are needed in the research. It should gather all the necessary

information, but at the same time, it should not bore and confuse the respondents.

Researchers then tally the results and use the data for research. The collected

data will be analyzed and interpreted. The Weighted Mean will be used to determine

the significance of the influencers of career choice among selected freshman students

of the college of Business, Accountancy and Public Administration of Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Valenzuela. To find out if there is a relationship between the variables, the

researchers will use Chi-Square.

Data Analysis

To interpret the data effectively, the researchers will employ the following

statistical treatment:

1. Weighted Mean

The weighted mean is a type of average in which weights are assigned to

individual values in order to determine the relative importance of each observation.

This will be used to determine the significance of the influencers of career choice

among selected freshman students of the college of Business, Accountancy and Public

Administration of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela.

To interpret the data result of the instrument, the researchers adapted a scale:

39
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∑(𝑋𝑊)
Formula: x
̅= ∑(𝑊)

Where:

x̅ = the Weighted Mean

Σ = the sum of scores or measures

w = weights

x = value

A Likert scale provides a great way of measuring attitudes, knowledge,

perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. A Likert-type scale involves a series of

statements that survey respondents may choose from, in order to rate their responses

to evaluative questions (Sinaian, 2014).

To determine the minimum and the maximum length of the 5-point Likert type

scale, the range is calculated by (5 − 1 = 4) then divided by five as it is the greatest

value of the scale (4 ÷ 5 = 0.80). Afterwards, number one which is the least value in

the scale was added in order to identify the maximum of this cell.
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Legend:

Mean Score Verbal Interpretation

1.00 to 1.80 Not at all influential

1.81 to 2.60 Slightly influential

2.61 to 3.40 Somewhat influential

3:41 to 4:20 Very influential

4:21 to 5:00 Extremely influential

2. Chi-Square

It is a test that measures how expectations compare to actual observed data (or

model results). The data used in calculating a chi square statistic must be random, raw,

mutually exclusive, drawn from independent variables, and drawn from a large enough

sample. This will be used by the researchers to inform about whether or not there is a

statistically significant difference between how the influencers affect the career choice

of the selected freshman students in the college of Business, Accountancy and Public

Administration of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela.

(𝑓𝑜 −𝑓𝑒 )2
Formula: 𝑥 2 =∑
𝑓𝑒

Where:

fo = the observed frequency (the observed counts in the cells)

fe = the expected frequency if NO relationship existed between the variables
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Afaq Ahmed, K., Sharif, N. and Ahmad, N. (2017). Factors Influencing Students’

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Aswani, J. S. (2012). Some of the home environment factors that influence educational

and occupational aspirations of standards eight pupils. Unpublished

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Bhat, A. (2019). Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples.

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https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-

research/#What_is_Quantitative_Research

Carpio, C. (2019). Choosing A College Course: Child’s Passion Or Parents’ Will?.

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