Human Body

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Slides 1.1 – 1.39
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function – the study of
(ology) nature (physio)
• Both are always related – structure
determines function.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
• Anatomy means to cut
(tomy) apart (ana).
Figure 1.1
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering -
waterproof
• Cushions and protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Excretes salts and urea in sweat
• Helps regulate temperature -
homeostasis
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors Figure 1.2a
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
• Muscular
• Only 1 function – to
contract or shorten
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Three main types –
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Figure 1.2c
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Figure 1.2d
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones into the
blood that target
distant organs
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism – food
use by cells
Figure 1.2e
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in
body via blood pumped by
heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Hormones
• Nutrients
• Wastes Figure 1.2f
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Houses cells involved in
immunity
Figure 1.2g
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
• Digestive
• Breaks down food beginning in
the mouth and ending in the
small intestine
• Allows for nutrient absorption
into blood to be sent to the
body
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
• Urinary
• Eliminates harmful
nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes - salts
Figure 1.2j
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Necessary Life Functions
• Organ systems do not work in

isolation but work together to promote
the well-being of the entire body
Slide 1.17
• Maintain Boundaries
• Inside remains distinct from outside – skin
and cell membranes
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances within the body
• Responsiveness - irritability
• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react
Slide 1.18
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body
• Breakdown of macromolecules
• Production of energy - ATP
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from digestion and
metabolic reactions from the body
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation – cellular or
organismal level
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival Needs
• All must be in appropriate amounts –
too little or too much is harmful
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
(fats), vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions such as
making ATP
Survival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Most reactions take place only in an aqueous
solution
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
• Breathing and gas exchange depends on
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural
(nervous) and hormonal (endocrine)
control systems
• Receptor
• Type of sensor that responds to changes in
the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information (input) to control center
• Information flows along the afferent
pathway to the control center
Maintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point level
• Analyzes information received
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response (output) to the
stimulus
• Information flows along the efferent pathway
from the control center
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and birth of a baby
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
• Anatomical Position
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks
• Anterior –
• Ventral
• Front
Figure 1.5a
Body Landmarks
• Posterior –
• Dorsal
• Back
Figure 1.5b
• Body Planes and Sections
• Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ
• Three types of planes
• Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal
• Midsagittal, median section – If cut made down
meridian plane
• Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane that
divides into anterior and posterior – AKA coronal
section
• Transverse section – cut made along horizontal plane
that divides into superior and inferior – AKA cross
section
Slide 1.33
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Body Cavities
• Two subdivisions of
dorsal body cavity
• Cranial
• Spinal
Figure 1.7
Body Cavities
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Superior thoracic cavity
separated by the inferior
abdominopelvic cavity
by the diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity
sometimes divided into
superior abdominal
cavity and inferior pelvic
cavity
Figure 1.7
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
•The abdominopelvic
cavity can be divided
into four ~ equal
quadrants named
according to their
relative positions
Figure 1.8a
Abdominopelvic Regions
• The abdominopelvic
cavity can also be
divided into nine
separate regions by
four planes
Figure 1.8b
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
• Anterior view of
the ventral body
cavity showing
superficial
organs
Figure 1.8c

Human Body

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Human Body

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 1.1 – 1.39

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

• Organ systems do not work in

• Maintenance of a stable internal

Table 1.1 (cont)

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