Fig.

2: VELOCIDAD LETAL EN FUNCIÓN DEL TIEMPO PARA HALLAR EL F0 (EL ÁREA BAJO LA CURVA)

0.3

0.2
L

0.1

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t (min)
Curso: Tecnología de Alimentos I
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima. Perú.
Ing. Carlos Elías Peñafiel

PROBLEMA: Se esteriliza una salsa de tomate en el autoclave.

Tiempo Tº Tº
Retorta pmf
t TR T
(min) (ºC) (ºC)
1 0 20.0 16.4
2 5 82.5 28.1
3 6 94.4 30.4
4 8 104.6 55.7
5 10 114.1 60.3
6 12 115.9 65.9
7 14 116.1 71.2
8 16 116.1 76.8
9 18 115.5 82.3
10 20 114.9 86.8
11 22 114.6 89.5
12 24 114.7 94.2
13 26 114.6 96.8
14 28 114.7 99.3
15 30 115.2 102.0
16 32 115.4 104.0
17 34 115.5 105.7
18 36 115.5 107.3
19 38 115.6 108.7
20 40 115.5 109.7
21 42 115.3 110.6
22 44 115.3 111.4
23 46 115.3 112.0
24 48 115.2 112.5
25 50 115.2 113.0
26 52 115.2 113.4
27 54 115.2 113.7
28 56 115.2 113.9
29 58 115.3 114.2
30 60 115.4 114.4
31 62 115.3 114.6
32 64 115.4 114.7
33 66 115.3 114.8
34 70 115.3 114.9
35 74 115.3 115.1
36 76 115.2 115.1
37 78 32.7 89.8
38 80 29.0 82.6
39 82 29.3 83.4
40 84 26.5 81.5
41 86 24.3 77.4
42 90 21.7 66.6
 Fig. 1 : MONITOREO DE LA TEMPERATURAS DE LA RETORTA Y DEL PRODUCTO, EN FUNCIÓN DEL TIEMPO

140.0

120.0
TR y T

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T (min)
TR T

MÉTODO GENERAL

Para el C. botulinum: Z = 10 ºC y temperatura de 121.1 ºC

Tiempo Tº F L F0 F0
pmf Δt Fx((L1+L2)/2) Acumulado
t T (min) (min)
(min) (ºC) 10 (1/Z)(T-121.1)

1 0 16.4 0.0 0.0

2 5 28.1 5 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 6 30.4 1 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 8 55.7 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 10 60.3 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 12 65.9 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 14 71.2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
 8 16 76.8 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 18 82.3 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 20 86.8 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 22 89.5 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 24 94.2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
13 26 96.8 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 28 99.3 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
15 30 102.0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
16 32 104.0 2 0.0 0.0 0.1
17 34 105.7 2 0.0 0.0 0.1
18 36 107.3 2 0.0 0.1 0.2
19 38 108.7 2 0.1 0.1 0.3
20 40 109.7 2 0.1 0.1 0.4
21 42 110.6 2 0.1 0.2 0.6
22 44 111.4 2 0.1 0.2 0.8
23 46 112.0 2 0.1 0.2 1.0
24 48 112.5 2 0.1 0.3 1.3
25 50 113.0 2 0.2 0.3 1.6
26 52 113.4 2 0.2 0.3 1.9
27 54 113.7 2 0.2 0.4 2.2
28 56 113.9 2 0.2 0.4 2.6
29 58 114.2 2 0.2 0.4 3.0
30 60 114.4 2 0.2 0.4 3.4
31 62 114.6 2 0.2 0.4 3.9
32 64 114.7 2 0.2 0.5 4.3
33 66 114.8 2 0.2 0.5 4.8
34 70 114.9 4 0.2 0.9 5.7
35 74 115.1 4 0.3 1.0 6.7
36 76 115.1 2 0.3 0.5 7.2
37 78 89.8 2 0.0 0.3 7.5
38 80 82.6 2 0.0 0.0 7.5
39 82 83.4 2 0.0 0.0 7.5
40 84 81.5 2 0.0 0.0 7.5
41 86 77.4 2 0.0 0.0 7.5
42 90 66.6 4 0.0 0.0 7.5
F0 = 7.5

F0
 Fig. 3: F0 ACUMULADO
F0 acumulado

8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
t (min) 60 70 80 90 100

MÉTODO DE BALL

Tiempo Tº Tº
Retorta pmf
t TR T
(min) (ºC) (ºC)
1 0 20.0 16.4
2 5 82.5 28.1
3 6 94.4 30.4
4 8 104.6 55.7
5 10 114.1 60.3
6 12 115.9 65.9
7 14 116.1 71.2
8 16 116.1 76.8
9 18 115.5 82.3
10 20 114.9 86.8
11 22 114.6 89.5
12 24 114.7 94.2
13 26 114.6 96.8
 14 28 114.7 99.3
15 30 115.2 102.0
16 32 115.4 104.0
17 34 115.5 105.7
18 36 115.5 107.3
19 38 115.6 108.7
20 40 115.5 109.7
21 42 115.3 110.6
22 44 115.3 111.4
23 46 115.3 112.0
24 48 115.2 112.5
25 50 115.2 113.0
26 52 115.2 113.4
27 54 115.2 113.7
28 56 115.2 113.9
29 58 115.3 114.2
30 60 115.4 114.4
31 62 115.3 114.6
32 64 115.4 114.7
33 66 115.3 114.8
34 70 115.3 114.9
35 74 115.3 115.1
36 76 115.2 115.1
37 78 32.7 89.8
38 80 29.0 82.6
39 82 29.3 83.4
40 84 26.5 81.5
41 86 24.3 77.4
42 90 21.7 66.6

SOLUCIÓN

PASO 1.- SE HALLA LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE LA Tº DE LA RETORTA (CUANDO ESTA

ES CONSTANTE) T1 Y LA Tº pmf

Tiempo TR Tpmf Diferencia

t T T1 - T T1 = 115.3
(min) (ºC) (ºC) (ºC) T0 = 16.4
0 20.0 16.4 98.9
5 82.5 28.1 87.2
6 94.4 30.4 84.9
8 104.6 55.7 59.6
10 114.1 60.3 55.0
12 115.9 65.9 49.4
14 116.1 71.2 44.1
16 116.1 76.8 38.5
18 115.5 82.3 33.0
20 114.9 86.8 28.5
 22 114.6 89.5 25.8
24 114.7 94.2 21.1
26 114.6 96.8 18.5
28 114.7 99.3 16.0
30 115.2 102.0 13.3
32 115.4 104.0 11.3
34 115.5 105.7 9.6
36 115.5 107.3 8.0
38 115.6 108.7 6.6
40 115.5 109.7 5.6
42 115.3 110.6 4.7
44 115.3 111.4 3.9
46 115.3 112.0 3.3
48 115.2 112.5 2.8 Cha
50 115.2 113.0 2.3 140.0
52 115.2 113.4 1.9
54 115.2 113.7 1.6 120.0
56 115.2 113.9 1.4
58 115.3 114.2 1.1 100.0
60 115.4 114.4 0.9
80.0
62 115.3 114.6 0.7
64 115.4 114.7 0.6 60.0
66 115.3 114.8 0.5
70 115.3 114.9 0.4 40.0
74 115.3 115.1 0.2
76 115.2 115.1 0.2 20.0
78 32.7 89.8 25.5
80 29.0 82.6 32.7 0.0
0 10 20 30 4
82 29.3 83.4 31.9
84 26.5 81.5 33.8
86 24.3 77.4 37.9
90 21.7 66.6 48.7

PASO 2.- GRAFICANDO EL PERFIL DE TEMPERATURAS

FIG. 4: PERFIL DE TEMPERATURAS, TR Y T

140.0

120.0 6; 115.9 36; 115.1

T (ºC)

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t (min)
T1 T
 60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t (min)
T1 T

FIG. 5: TÉRMINOS USADOS PARA BALL

En base a los terminos definidos para el método de Ball

CUT = Coming Up Time o Tiempo de levante de la temperatura de la retorta.

CUT = Tc 12
th = 76
tB = th - 0,58*CUT = 76 - 0.58x12 = 69.0

PASO 3.- TOMANDO EL TIEMPO Y LA DIFERENCI DE Tº CON LA FINALIDAD DE

GRAFICARLOS EN PAPEL SEMILOGARÍTMICO

Tomamos los puntos solo de calentamiento

Tiempo Diferencia
t T1 - T
(min) (ºC)
0 98.9
5 87.2
6 84.9
8 59.6
10 55.0
12 49.4
14 44.1
16 38.5 Chart Title
100.0

10.0 f(x) = 221.3087231453 ex

 Chart Title
18 33.0 100.0
20 28.5
22 25.8
24 21.1
26 18.5 f(x) = 221.3087231453 ex
10.0
28 16.0 R² = 0.9978502577
30 13.3
32 11.3
34 9.6
36 8.0 1.0
20 30 40 50
38 6.6
40 5.6
42 4.7
44 3.9 0.1
46 3.3
48 2.8
50 2.3
52 1.9
54 1.6
56 1.4
58 1.1
60 0.9
62 0.7
64 0.6
66 0.5
70 0.4
74 0.2
76 0.2

FIG. 6: DIFERENCIA DE TEMPERATURAS EN FUNCIÓN DEL TIEMPO

100.0
(T1-T), ºC

f(x) = 191.8322310067 exp( - 0.0895101669 x )

6
R² = 0.9975093867
10.0

1.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.1 t (min)
 f(x) = 191.8322310067 exp( - 0.0895101669 x )

(T1-T),
6
R² = 0.9975093867
10.0

1.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.1 t (min)

PASO 4.- TOMANDO SOLO LOS DATOS QUE SE ASEMEJAN A UNA LINEA RECTA,
CON LA FINALIDAD DE HALLAR LA CURVA AJUSTADA.

A partir de t = 28 min la curva es lineal.

Tiempo Diferencia
t T1 - T
(min) (ºC)
28 16.0
30 13.3
32 11.3
34 9.6
36 8.0
38 6.6
40 5.6
42 4.7
44 3.9
46 3.3
48 2.8
50 2.3
52 1.9
54 1.6
56 1.4
58 1.1
60 0.9
62 0.7
64 0.6
66 0.5
70 0.4
74 0.2
76 0.2

FIG. 7: CURVA AJUSTADA

100.0
(T1 -T), ºC

f(x) = 221.3087231453 exp( - 0.0920225842 x )

10.0 R² = 0.9978502577

1.0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
 (T1 -T), ºC
f(x) = 221.3087231453 exp( - 0.0920225842 x )
10.0 R² = 0.9978502577

1.0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.1 t (min)

y = a e bx

a b valor absoluto de b

221.31 -0.092 0.092

PASO 5.- GRAFICANDO LOS DATOS EXPERIMENTALES Y LOS AJUSTADOS

SIMULTÁNEAMENTE

Tiempo Diferencia Diferencia

ajustada
t T1 - T T1 - T
(min) (ºC) (ºC)
0 98.9 221.3
5 87.2 139.7
6 84.9 127.4
8 59.6 106.0
10 55.0 88.2
12 49.4 73.4
14 44.1 61.0
16 38.5 50.8
18 33.0 42.2
20 28.5 35.1
22 25.8 29.2
24 21.1 24.3
26 18.5 20.2
28 16.0 16.8
30 13.3 14.0
32 11.3 11.7
34 9.6 9.7
36 8.0 8.1
38 6.6 6.7
40 5.6 5.6
42 4.7 4.6
44 3.9 3.9
46 3.3 3.2
 48 2.8 2.7
50 2.3 2.2
52 1.9 1.9
54 1.6 1.5
56 1.4 1.3
58 1.1 1.1
60 0.9 0.9
62 0.7 0.7
64 0.6 0.6
66 0.5 0.5
70 0.4 0.4
74 0.2 0.2
76 0.2 0.2

FIG. 8: CURVA AJUSTADA Y DATOS EXPERIMENTALES

(T1 -T). ºC

1000.0
(JI)
100.0

10.0

1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.1 t (min)

Column D Column E

(T1 -T) = 221.31 e -0.092 t

Sacando Ln y dividiendo entre 2.303 para transformarlo a Log decimal

2.303

Log (T1-T) = Log 221.31 - 0.092/2.303 t

Log (T1-T) = Log 221.31 - 0.0399 t

Ecuación de Ball:
Log (T1-T) = Log JI - (1/fh) t

PASO 6.- ELABORAR LA SIGUIENTE TABLA:

 1 t, min (th - 0,58*CUT = 76 - 0.58x12) 69.04

2 fh, min 25.0

3 T1 115.3

4 t0 , ºF 16.4
5 I = (T1 - T0) 98.9
6 JI 221.31

7 L = 10 (T1 - 121.1)/Z =10 (T1 - 121.1)/10 0.3

8 J = JI/I 2.2
9 Log JI 2.35
10 t/fh 2.76

11 Log g = Log JI - t/fh -0.413

12 g = 10 (Log JI - t/fh)
0.386
USE TABLA O GRÁFICO PARA OBTENER "R (f h/U)" CUANDO "Log g" ES CONOCIDO

13 R = fh/U 0.886

14 F0 = (fh x L) / R , min 7.4

TABLAS DE BALL

GRÁFICO PARA LOS CÁLCULOS DEL TRATAMIENTO TÉRMICO POR EL

MÉTODO DE BALL

m + g = Tr - CW =100ºC; donde Tr = Tº de la retorta y CW = Tº del agua de enfriamiento

No existe, mucha diferencia aunque se aplique a m + g = 70 a 110 ºC
 Chart Title

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 Chart Title

f(x) = 221.3087231453 exp( - 0.0920225842 x )

 Chart Title

f(x) = 221.3087231453 exp( - 0.0920225842 x )

R² = 0.9978502577

30 40 50 60 70 80