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r
I";
.(): This function has no maximum under the hypothesis
:;'1 1', which have been made. However, in practice (when Cmin is
.........".,.,...".,.,.......~6ta. - .~~~~~'-.:~ non-zero), there will be a saturation of Vstore, and from
some n and the corresponding Vstore ~W(n) will start to
~~~~~ ..~···.2bisl.
1........... ; decrease and will become zero when n is infinite (fig. 3).
.•.:';'.".J2&i.s
,:'"':.....·2. :.:'
t·
This reasoning proves that there is a one and only one
..........~.--.1'.... t·
• I I I ••
cycle of charge pump for which the latter generate the
J
•
I
I
I
I
•
:
maximum power. The very important conclusion is that the
index of this cycle, and more generally, the optimal
V$tor~d == :vb ~ ~ ~,: ' " '~stQresa;t
operation zone of the pump charge, can be defined using
",!" _ ... .... , ,.,
~ 100
u
The parameters VI and V2 are found from the 80
maximization of (6). In this way, switching is entirely driven 60
by the internal state of the circuit. Under the hypothesis of 40
the constant amplitude of the capacitance variation (i.e., -40 -20 0 20 40
fixed Cmax and Cmin), the optimal power generation level Displacement, J.UIl
is guaranteed with any variation in the external vibration Figure 8. Capacitance versus proof mass displacement for
timing. the resonator used in the model.
In this context, the switch is a complex "intelligent"
device driven by Vstore voltage and internal algorithm.
>
i >Se+OO
........~p_o_fo---~--~-___I
t-----+-~~
VIII CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES.
z2e-Q4
Harvesting of vibration en~~ using capacitive transducer
~ Oe+OO is a very int~esting engine~ ~d scientific problem. In iliis
o
~ -2e-Q4 paper we proposed an approach of synchronous feedback
comm~d of the harvesting phases. We proposed a
o methodology of maximization of the harvested energy flow
(power). The described very simple control algorithm can be
200 improved so to take into consideration ilie possible
100
o variations of the vibration magnitude, for an appropriate
-100 adaptation ofilie voltages VI ~d V2 •
-200 The proposed mixed model of the harvester is very useful
~-..&.+--~--r-- ...........
200 for the study and ilie design of the system, mainly, because it
10 150 relies on the physical relations between ilie components, in
100 difference with SDF (signal data flow) Simulink-liked
5 50
o models. The observed electromechanical coupling has yet to
10o I--------t-----___I -IS F-+--~~~~ be studied ~d und~stood in a more fundamental way.
8 12
6 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
4 8
02 This work is partially funded by the French Research
---1.. __ 6
Agency (ANR, Agence Nationale pour la Recherche), and is
0.13228 0.13229 126 12~ 132 135 138 supported by the French competitiveness clust~ "Ville et
time. s time, InS
Mobilite Durable"
Figure 10. Simulation results. At top: global view of evolution of
mechanical and electrical values of the harvester, at bottom left: zoom on REFERENCES
the flyback circuit operation, at bottom right: zoom on the charge pump [1] B. C. Yen, 1. H. Lang, "A variable-capacitance vibration-to-electric
operating before and after a flyback phase. Qvar : charge on the transducer, energy harvester", IEEE transactions on Circuits and Systems - I:
x : displacement of the proof mass, Force and F : electrical force generated Regular Papers, vol. 53, pp. 288-295, February 2006
by the transducer, V03 : voltage on the diode D3 [2] D. Galayko, Rodrigo Pizarro, Philippe Basset, Ayyaz M. Paracha,
Pilles Amandola, "AMS modeling of controlled switch for design
optimization of capacitive vibration energy harvester", proceeding
Indeed, when ilie voltage of Cstore is high, during ilie ofBMAS2007 conference, september 2007, San Jose, California
motion from Cmax to Cmin, the transducer must cross the [3] A. M. Paracha, P. Basset, P. Lim, F. Marty and P. Bourouina, "A
potential barrier from Vres (nearly constant and equal to Yo) bulk silicon-based vibration-to-energy converter using an in-plan=e
to Vstore : iliis appeals a relatively big amount of ener~ overlap plate (IPOP) mechanism", Proc. Of PowerMEMS2006, pp.
169-172, 2006
from the mechanical domain. This phenomenon appears as
~ electrostatic force generated by the transducer which
tends to slow down ilie mass motion. Thus, ilie higher is
Vstore, ilie lower is ilie amplitude of motions.
This observation highlights inherent limits of reasoning in
purely electrical or mechanical domain. Indeed, nearly all
analysis of the pump charge operation are based on ilie
hypothesis of a constant-amplitude tr~sducer capacit~ce
variation. However, this is only valid if the ener~ stored in