Types of Claims

1. Claims of Fact. (existence of something/definition or classification/facts --

inferences about past present or future)

Types of factual claims (generally "objective")

1. Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive

proof requires:

4. sufficient and appropriate grounds

1. reliable authority
2. recent data
3. accurate, typical data
4. clearly defined terms -no loaded language
5. a clear distinction between fact and inference.

2. Claims of Value (taste & morals / good-bad) [make value judgments/ resolve
conflict between values/ quasi policy (rightness of it; relative merit)]

proof requires:

1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a warrant that defines what

constitutes instances of the relevant value)
2. note the priority of the value in this instance.
3. Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards.
4. Use examples to clarify abstract values
5. Use credible authorities for support.

3. Claims of Policy (action / should or ought) - usually involves sub-claims of

fact and value

proof requires:

1. Making proposed action clear

2. need (justification)
3. plan, (must be workable)
4. benefit (advantages)
5. consider opposition / counter arguments
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299156

rose leadem

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Drinking Lots of Coffee Could Be Making

People Dumb, Study Claims
Consuming too much caffeine? It could be hindering your success.

ENTREPRENEUR ASIA PACIFIC

News Article from a newspaper

CLAIM 2

Link: https://aboutleaders.com/leaders-motivate-heart/#gs.fBs=Nzc

Author:
Brenda Cagara

Publisher: Entre

Date Published :
Sep 6, 2018

Title of the News Article:

LEADERSHIP SKILL PACIFIC:
4 WAYS LEADERS CAN MOTIVATE FROM THE HEART

Leadership is a unique quality that probably can’t be achieved by everyone. There are certain traits and
characteristics that distinguish leaders from the masses. But that doesn’t mean that leadership is a God-given gift that
can’t be gained with effort and smart thinking.
A person is considered to be a better leader if they are able to guide and motivate themselves and their team. The
only way one can achieve this is by motivating from the heart.
This type of motivation can be accomplished by taking on actions that also highlight important leadership qualities.

The following four steps are important measures you should take to inculcate true spirit and motivation in yourself and
your workers:
1. Show Your Commitment
The best and most accepted procedure to motivate is by showing and proving your commitment to the goals you
want to achieve.
Keep yourself busy with necessary tasks, and take reports from others on regular basis.
Others will be motivated when they see their leader as a punctual, determined, and committed person who is ready to
sacrifice their luxury for achieving their goals.

2. Create a Sense of Ownership for the Team

Another vital process that would raise motivation in workers is the creation of a sense of ownership of the business in
them.
Distribute some part of your profits among staff members, and provide bonuses for their good performance.
It will urge them to work extra hard in order to get their share of benefits. They will consider the success of company
as their own success. This will result in better performance and growth of an organization.

3. Take Inspiration from Other Leaders

One can attain leadership properties by learning them from others and adopting these traits.
You will find several successful leaders around you running their organizations with continuous growth. An effective
leader is one of the major sources behind this.