Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Problema:
V1 = 1.1∠0,
V2 = 1.05
S d 2 = 1.0 + j 0.82
Z 12 = 0.0118 + j 0.047
Y 12 = j 0.082 (Susceptancia total a tierra)
Pg 2 = 0.7 pu
Solución:
V2 = 1.05
sp
Construcción de la matriz Y:
∆P2 = H 22 × ∆θ 2
∂P2
H 22 = = V2 [(−G21 senθ 21 + B21 cosθ 21 )V1 ]
∂θ 2
H 22 = 1.05(5.0250senθ 2 + 20.0150 cosθ 2 )1.1
Aproximación inicial:
θ 20 = 0
Primera Iteración:
∆P2
∆θ 2 = = −1.5659 ⋅ 10 −3 rad
1
H 22
∆θ 2 = −0.0897 o
1
θ 21 = θ 2 0 + ∆θ 21 = 0 − 0.0897 = −0.0897
V2 = 1.05∠ − 0.0897
1
Segunda Iteración:
∆P2 = −0.000056
2
∆P2 = 0.000056 ≤ 10 −3
2
Balance de potencia
V1 −V 2
I 1 = V 1 ⋅ j 0.041 +
0.0118 + j 0.047
1.1∠0 − 1.05∠ − 0.0897
I 1 = 1.1∠0 ⋅ j 0.041 + = 0.9891∠ − 73.3043
0.0118 + j 0.047
S 1 = V 1 ⋅ I 1 = 1.1∠0 ⋅ 0.9891∠73.3043 = 1.0880∠73.3043
*
V 2 − V1
I 2 = V 2 ⋅ j 0.041 +
0.0118 + j 0.047
1.05∠ − 0.0897 − 1.1∠0
I 2 = 1.05∠ − 0.0897 ⋅ j 0.041 + = 1.0738∠105.3409
0.0118 + j 0.047
S 2 = V 2 ⋅ I 2 = 1.05∠ − 0.0897 ⋅ 1.0738∠ − 105.3409 = 1.1275∠ − 105.4306
*
Resumen de resultados:
Barra Pg Qg Pd Qd V
1 0.3126 1.0422 --- --- 1.1∠0
2 0.7 -0.2869 1.0 0.82 1.05∠ − 0.0897
∑P
g = 1.0126 ∑Q g = 0.7553 ∑P d = 1.0 ∑Q d = 0.82
Problemario
Problema:
a.- Las tensiones de post-fallo en las barras del sistema si ocurre un fallo en la barra 4.
b.- La distribución de la corriente de fallo, obtenida en (a), en las líneas de transmisión.
c.- La capacidad de corto-circuito (SCC), en cada una de las barras ((2),(3),(4) y (5)) del
sistema.
Solución:
Tensiones bases:
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
13.8 KV 115 KV 115 KV 115 KV 115 KV 13.8 KV
X G 1 pu = j 0.1
100
X G 2 pu = j 0.12 ⋅ = j 0.2
60
X T 1 pu = 0.08
100
X T 2 pu = 0.075 = j 0.094
80
100
X L 23 pu = 44.83 ⋅ = j 0.339
115 2
100
X L 24 pu = 22.50 ⋅ = j 0.170
115 2
100
X L 45 pu = 54.60 ⋅ = j 0.413
115 2
100
X L 35 pu = 28.60 ⋅ = j 0.216
115 2
Construcción de la matriz Y:
Diagrama de reactancias
− j 22.5 j12.5 0 0 0 0
j12.5 − j 21.33 j 2.95 j 5.88 0 0
0 j 2.95 − j 7.58 0 j 4.63 0
Y=
0 j 5.88 0 − j8.30 j 2.42 0
0 0 j 4.63 j 2.42 − j17.69 j10.64
0 0 0 0 j10.64 − j15.64
Construcción de la matriz Z:
a.-
Z jk
Vj = 1−
Z kk
j 0.0653
V1 = 1 − = 0.7203
j 0.2335
j 0.1176
V2 = 1 − = 0.4964
j 0.2335
j 0.1080
V3 = 1 − = 0.5375
j 0.2335
j 0.2335
V4 = 1 − =0
j 0.2335
j 0.1019
V5 = 1 − = 0.5636
j 0.2335
j 0.0693
V6 = 1 − = 0.7032
j 0.2335
b.-
V 2 − V 4 0.4964
I 24 = = = − j 2.92
j 0.170 j 0.170
V 2 −V 3
I 23 = = j 0.1212
j 0.339
V 3 −V 5
I 35 = = j 0.1208
j 0.216
V 5 −V 4
I 54 = = − j1.3646
j 0.413
c)
1
MVAccj =
X THj
Problemario
1
MVAcc 2 = = 7.28
0.1373
1
MVAcc 3 = = 3.95
0.2531
1
MVAcc 4 = = 4.28
0.2335
1
MVAcc 5 = = 5.56
0.1800
Problemario
Problema:
Transformador Tridevanado
Línea de Transmisión:
Z= (0.1603+j0.8277) Ω/milla
Y= j5.105x10-6 S/milla
Longitud= 230 millas
Solución:
Tensiones bases:
VA VB VC VD VT
13.8 KV 138 KV 138 KV 34.5 KV 13.8 KV
138 KV
VB = 13.8 KV ⋅ = 138 KV
13.8 KV
VB = VC
34.5 KV
VD = 138 KV ⋅ = 34.5 KV
138 KV
13.8 KV
VT = 138 KV ⋅ = 13.8 KV
138 KV
20
X g pu = j1.11 ⋅ = j 0.117
13.8 2
20
X T pu = j 63.48 ⋅ = j 0.067
138 2
138 2
Z base = = 952.2
20
1
Ybase = = 1.05 ⋅ 10 −3 S
Z base
Problemario
193.91∠79.04
Z Π pu = = 0.204∠79.04
952.2
j 5.87 ⋅ 10 − 4
Y Π pu = = 0.559∠90
1.05 ⋅ 10 −3
Transformador tridevanado
Para obtener las impedancias del circuito equivalente del transformador tridevanado, se
pueden aplicar diferentes procedimientos, a continuación se ilustran algunos caminos para
obtener dichas impedancias:
Primer método:
75MVA
I Xn = = 1255.11A
3 ⋅ 34.5 KV
25MVA
I Tn = = 1045.92 A
3 ⋅ 13.8 KV
4.8 KV
= = j8.83Ω
(H )
Z HX
34.5
3 ⋅ 1255.11A ⋅
138
1KV
= = j 5.52Ω
(H )
Z HT
13.8
3 ⋅ 1045.92 ⋅
138
0.125 KV
Z TX = = j 0.069Ω
(T )
3 ⋅ 1045.92
2
V
2
138
Z TX
(H )
= Z TX
(T )
⋅ nH = j 0.069 = j 6.9Ω
VnT 13.8
Problemario
ZH
(H ) 1
2
= (
⋅ Z HX + Z HT − Z TX
(H ) (H )
)(H )
= ⋅ ( j8.83 + j 5.52 − j 6.9 ) = j 3.725Ω
1
2
ZX
(H ) 1
2
(
= ⋅ Z HX + Z TX
(H ) (H )
− Z HT )(H )
= ⋅ ( j8.83 + j 6.9 − j 5.52 ) = j 5.105Ω
1
2
ZT
(H ) 1
2
(
= ⋅ Z TX
(H )
+ Z HT − Z HX
(H )
)
(H )
= ⋅ ( j 6.9 + j 5.52 − j8.83) = j1.795Ω
1
2
20
Z H pu = j 3.725 ⋅ = j 0.00391 pu
138 2
20
Z X pu = j 5.105 ⋅ = j 0.00536 pu
138 2
20
Z T pu = j1.795 ⋅ = j 0.00189
138 2
Segundo método:
Sabemos que las impedancias de cortocircuito en por unidad referidas a la base de potencia
del lado de menor potencia son iguales a las tensiones de cortocircuito en por unidad.
4.8 KV
Vcc H pu = Z HX pu = = j 0.0348
138 KV
1KV
V ´ccH pu = Z HT pu = = j 0.00725
138 KV
0.125 KV
V ´´ccT pu = Z TX pu = = j 0.00906
13.8 KV
2
20 138
Z HX pu = j 0.0348 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.00928
75 138
2
20 138
Z HT pu = j 0.00725 ⋅ = j 0.00580
25 138
2
20 13.8
Z TX pu = j 0.00906 ⋅ = j 0.00725
25 13.8
Z H pu = ⋅ (Z HX pu + Z HT pu − Z TX pu ) = j 0.00391
1
2
1
Z X pu = ⋅ ( Z HX pu + Z TX pu − Z HT pu ) = j 0.00536
2
1
Z T pu = ⋅ ( Z HT pu + Z TX pu − Z HX pu ) = j 0.00189
2
Cargas:
10 MW
ID = ∠ − 45.57 = 257.75∠ − 45.57 A
3 ⋅ 32 KV ⋅ 0.7
Corriente en el motor:
10 MW
IM = = 212.26∠ − 31.79 A
3 ⋅ 32 KV ⋅ 0.85
Corriente total:
I = I D + I M = 466.65∠ − 39.35 A
20 MVA
I base = = 334.7 A
3 ⋅ 34.5 KV
466.65∠ − 39.35
I pu = = 1.39∠ − 39.35 pu
334.7
V D pu (32 / 34.5)∠0 0.928∠0
Z pu = = = = 0.668∠39.35
I pu 1.39∠ − 39.35 1.39∠ − 39.35
Problemario
a)
V D = 0.928∠0 pu
V C = ( j 0.00391 + j 0.00536) ⋅ (1.39∠ − 39.35) + 0.928∠0 = 0.936∠0.61 pu
I C 2 = j 0.559 ⋅ V C = 0.523∠90.61 pu
I 2 = I C 2 + I = 1.13∠ − 18.53 pu
V B = 0.204∠79.04 ⋅ I 2 + V C = 1.07∠11.35 pu
I C1 = j 0.559 ⋅ V B = 0.598∠101.35 pu
V A = j 0.067 ⋅ 0.980∠13.40 + V B = 1.07∠14.87 pu
Debido al desfasaje introducido por el transformador ∆-Y, al pasar de alta a baja tensión, la
corriente y la tensión en el generador se atrasan 30º de ésta forma tenemos:
23.47∠ − 90 14.93∠90 0 0
14.93∠90 19.20∠ − 87.22 4.90∠100.96 0
Ybarra =
0 4.90∠100.96 260∠ − 89.79 107.87∠90
0 0 107.87∠90 108.83∠ − 89.39
R = 300Ω
20
Rpu = 300 ⋅ = 0.315
138 2
0.936∠0.61
Ic = = 2.970∠ − 0.66
0.007∠89.47 + 0.315
∆V A = − I C ⋅ Z AC = −1 ⋅ (2.970∠ − 0.66 ) ⋅ (0.002∠94.94 ) = 0.006∠ − 85.72
∆V B = − I c ⋅ Z BC = −1 ⋅ (2.970∠ − 0.66 ) ⋅ (0.003∠94.33) = 0.009∠ − 86.33
∆V C = − I C ⋅ Z CC = −1 ⋅ (2.970∠ − 0.66 ) ⋅ (0.007∠89.47 ) = 0.021∠ − 91.19
∆V D = − I C ⋅ Z DC = −1 ⋅ (2.970∠ − 0.66 ) ⋅ (0.007∠88.86 ) = 0.021∠ − 91.80
Problema:
Datos:
Determinar:
a.- El circuito equivalente en por unidad, en una base de 100 MVA y 14 KV en la barra A.
Solución:
Tensiones bases:
VA VB VC VD VT
14 KV 140 KV 140 KV 35 KV 14 KV
Problemario
2
100 13.6
X G1 = j 0.12 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.566
20 14
2
100 13.8
X T 1 = j 0.1 ⋅ ⋅ = J 0.324
30 14
Transformador tridevanado:
2
100 138
X HX pu = 0.0348 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.045
75 140
2
100 138
X HT pu = 0.0073 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.028
25 140
2
100 13.8
X TX pu = 0.0091 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.035
25 14
X H = ⋅ ( j 0.045 + j 0.028 − j 0.035) = j 0.019 pu
1
2
X X = ⋅ ( j 0.045 + j 0.035 − j 0.028) = j 0.026 pu
1
2
X T = ⋅ ( j 0.028 + j 0.035 − j 0.045) = j 0.009 pu
1
2
2
100 13.8
X M = j 0.2 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.777 pu
25 14
100
LBC 1 = j 30 ⋅ = j 0.153
140 2
LBC 2 = j 0.153
100
L1 = 3.42 ⋅ = 0.279∠36.87
35 2
b)
100
Rpu = 300 ⋅ = 1.531 pu
140 2
12 KV
VD = = 0.343∠0 pu
35 KV
VD 0.343∠0
ID = = = 1.229∠ − 36.87 pu
0.279∠36.87 0.279∠36.87
V B = (1.229∠ − 36.87) ⋅ ( j 0.0765 + j 0.019 + j 0.026 ) + V D
V B = 0.449∠15.44
V C = (1.229∠ − 36.87 ) ⋅ ( j 0.019 + j 0.026 ) + (0.343∠0 )
V C = 0.379∠6.71
I BC = 0.615∠ − 36.87
Construcción de la matriz Z:
− j 4.85 j 3.09 0 0
j 3.09 − j16.16 j13.07 0
Y=
0 j13.07 − j 35.29 j 22.22
0 0 j 22.22 24.54∠ − 83.29
0.379∠6.71
IC = = 0.224∠ − 0.19
1.531 + 0.25∠54.3
Variaciones de tensión:
Variaciones de corriente:
Problema:
Solución:
Tensiones bases:
VA VB VC VD
13.8KV 120.23KV 120.23KV 7.53KV
115
VB = 13.8 = 120.23KV = VC
13.2
6.89
VD = 120.23 ⋅ = 7.53KV
110
Problemario
X g pu = j 0.15
2
30 115
X T 1 pu = (0.005 + j 0.077 ) ⋅ ⋅ = 0.00457 + j 0.0704
30 120.23
2
30 110
X T 2 = (0.008 + j 0.08) ⋅ ⋅ = 0.008036 + j 0.0836
25 120.23
X L1 pu = (0.2 + j 0.8) ⋅ 40 ⋅
30
= 0.0166 + j 0.0664
120.23 2
Corriente en el motor:
10 MW
IM = = 874.77∠0 A
3 ⋅ 6.6 KV
3 ⋅ 7.53KV
I M pu = 874.77 ⋅ = 0.3803∠0
30 MVA
Corriente en la carga:
10 MW
ID = ∠ − 45.57 = 1249.68∠ − 45.57 A
3 ⋅ 6.6 KV ⋅ 0.7
3 ⋅ 7.53KV
I D pu = 1249.68 ⋅ ∠ − 45.57 = 0.5433∠ − 45.57
30 MVA
I total pu = I M pu + I D pu = 0.8539∠ − 27.02
6.6 KV
VD pu = = 0.8765∠0
7.53KV
En voltios se obtiene:
V A = 13.7517∠9.02 KV ; I BC = (0.8539∠ − 27.02 ) ⋅
30 MVA
= 123.01∠ − 27.02
3 ⋅ 120.23KV
Si se considera el desfasaje introducido por los transformadores ∆-Y nos queda:
I BC = 123.01∠2.98
En el sistema real:
13.8 2
X G1 = 0.15 ⋅ = j 0.9522Ω
30
(
X T 1 = (0.005 + j 0.077 ) ⋅
)
66.4 ⋅ 3 2
= (2.2045 + j 33.9440)Ω
30
110
2
X T 2 = (0.008 + j 0.08) ⋅ = (3.872 + j 38.72 )Ω = 38.9131∠84.29
25
X L1 = (0.2 + j 0.8) ⋅ 40 = 8 + j 32
I M = 874.77∠0 A
I D = 1249.68∠ − 45.57 A
I total = 1964.04∠ − 27.02 A
Problema:
Datos:
Solución:
Tensiones Bases:
VA VB VC VD VT
14KV 233.33KV 233.33KV 66.96KV 14KV
2
100 14
X G1 pu = j 0.1 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.1333
75 14
2
j1.5 100 13.8
X T 1 pu = ⋅ ⋅ = j '0.8097
3 60 14
100
X L1 pu = 0.5 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 2
= j 0.0918
233.33
Problemario
Transformador tridevanado:
2
100 230
= j 0.1 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.2776
H
Xps
35 233.33
2
100 230
= j 0.15 ⋅ ⋅ = j 0.5830
H
X pt
25 233.33
2
100 13.8
= j 0.3 ⋅ ⋅ =
H
X ts j1.1660
25 14
Xp
H 1
2
(
= ⋅ X ps + X pt − X ts
H H H
) = 12 ⋅ ( j0.2776 + j0.5830 − j1.1660) = − j0.1527
Xs
H 1
2
(
= ⋅ X ps + X ts − X pt
H H H
) = 12 ⋅ ( j0.2776 + j1.1660 − j0.5830) = j0.4303
XT
H 1
2
(
= ⋅ X pt + X ts − X ps
H H H
) = 12 ⋅ ( j0.5830 + j1.1660 − j0.2776) = j0.7357
Motor de Inducción:
1000 ⋅ 746
Sm = = 0.97516MVA
0.85 ⋅ 0.9
2
100 13.5
X m pu = j 0.1 ⋅ ⋅ = j 9.5353
0.97516 14
1
X TH = = j1
MVAcc pu
Problema:
-Circuito Π nominal:
Z D = 0.0118 + j 0.047
Y D = j 0.082
S base = 100 MVA
Carga:
PD = 100 MW
QD = 60 MVAR
Solución:
Cálculo de la matriz Y:
Problemario
Matriz Jacobiana:
∂P2 ∂P2
V2 ⋅ ∆θ 2
∆P2 ∂θ 2 ∂V2
= = ∆V2
∆Q2 ∂Q2 ∂Q2
V2 ⋅ V2
∂θ 2 ∂V2
∂P2
= −Q2 − V2 ⋅ B22 = 0.6 + 19.9740V2
sp 2 2
∂θ 2
∂P2
V2 ⋅ = P2 + V2 ⋅ G22 = −1 + 5.0250 ⋅ V2
sp 2 2
∂V2
∂Q2
= P2 − V2 ⋅ G22 = −1 − 5.0250 ⋅ V2
sp 2 2
∂θ 2
∂Q2
V2 ⋅ = Q2 − V2 ⋅ B22 = −0.6 + 19.9740 ⋅ V2
sp 2 2
∂V2
n
∆Pi = Pi − Vi ⋅ ∑ (Gik ⋅ cosθ ik + Bik ⋅ senθ ik ) ⋅ Vk
sp
k =1
n
∆Qi = Qi − Vi ⋅ ∑ (Gik ⋅ senθ ik − Bik ⋅ cosθ ik )Vk
sp
K =1
Primera iteración:
∂P2
= 20.574
∂θ 2
∂P2
V2 ⋅ = 4.025
∂V2
∂Q2
= −6.025
∂θ 2
∂Q2
V2 ⋅ = 19.9740
∂V2
∆P2 = −1
∆Q2 = −0.559
∆θ 2
−1 20.574 4.025
= ⋅ ∆V2
− 0.559 − 6.025 19.974
V2
∆θ 2 −1
20.574 4.025 −1
∆V2 = ⋅
− 6.025 19.974 − 0.559
V2
∆θ 2
1
0.04590 − 0.0092487 −1
∆V2 = ⋅
1
∆θ 2 = −0.0407rad
1
∆V2
1
= −0.0403
V2
∆θ 2 = −2.3319º
1
V2 = 1 − 0.0403 = 0.9597
1
V 2 = 0.9597∠ − 2.3319
1
Problemario
Segunda iteración:
∂P2
= 18.9965
∂θ 2
∂P2
V2 ⋅ = 3.6281
∂V2
∂Q2
= −5.6281
∂θ 2
∂Q2
V2 ⋅ = 17.7965
∂V2
∆P2 = −0.0281
∆Q2 = −0.000264
∆θ 2 −1
18.9965 3.6281 − 0.0281
∆V2 = ⋅
− 5.6281 17.7965 − 0.000264
V2
∆θ 2 = −0.0013923rad
2
∆V2
2
= −0.00045514
∆V2
∆θ 2 = −0.07977º
2
∆P2 = 1.1309 ⋅ 10 −5 ≤ 10 −3
2
∆Q2 = 7.9796 ⋅ 10 −5 ≤ 10 −3
2
S L = S 1 + S 2 = 0.0168 − j 0.0116
S G = S D + S pérdidas
S G = 1 + j 0.6 + 0.0168 − j 0.0116
S G = 1.0168 + j 0.5884
S G − S D − S pérdidas = 0
1.0169 + j 0.58856 − 1.0168 − j 0.5884 = 0
Resúmen de resultados:
Barra Pg Qg Pd Qd V
1 1.0169 0.58856 0 0 1∠0
2 0 0 1 0.6 0.95926∠ − 2.41167
Problemario
Problema:
Datos de barras:
Datos de línea:
Calcular:
V 1 = 1.00000∠90
V 2 = 0.98517∠ − 3.86781
V 3 = 1.00000∠ − 3.09259
Problemario
Determinar:
Solución:
Construcción de la matriz Y:
Ecuaciones:
Barra 2:
K* n
= − Im g V 2 ⋅ ∑ Y ik ⋅ V k
k +1
Q2
k =1
Q2
k +1
= − Im g V 2 [ K*
[
⋅ Y 21 ⋅ V 1 + Y 22 ⋅ V 2 + Y 23 ⋅ V 3
sp k k
]]
k +1 1 P sp − jQ2 k +1 k
= ⋅ 2 − Y 21 ⋅ V 1 − Y 23 ⋅ V 3
sp
V2 k*
Y 22 V2
( )
k +1
V2 ⋅ V 2
sp
k +1 k +1 k +1
= = V 2 + 1.6 ⋅ V 2 −V 2
K k
V2 corregido
k +1
;V 2 acelerado
V2
Problemario
Barra 3:
k* n
= − Im g V 3 ⋅ ∑ Y ik ⋅ V k
k +1
Q3
k =1
Q3
k +1
[ [
= − Im g V 3 ⋅ Y 31 ⋅ V 1 + Y 32 ⋅ V 2
k* sp k +1
+ Y 33 ⋅ V 3
k
]]
1 P3 − jQ3 1 k +1
sp k+
k +1
= ⋅ − 31 ⋅ V 1 − 32 ⋅ V 2
sp
V3
k*
Y Y
Y 33 V3
( )
k +1
V3 ⋅ V 3
sp
k +1 k +1 k +1
= = V 3 + 1.6 ⋅ V 3 −V 3
k k
V3 corregido
k +1
;V 3 acelerado
V3
Aproximación inicial:
θ 20 = 0
θ 30 = 0
Primera Iteración:
Q2 = −0.37858
1
− 0.8 + j 0.37858
− (− 10.74575 + j 5.36711) − (− 3.80401 + j19.05023)
1
V2 = ⋅
1
V 2 = 0.97458∠ − 1.05998
1
= 0.98517∠ − 1.05998
1
V2 corregido
(− 0.5 − j 0.15233)
− (− 3.02371 + j15.11853) − (− 3.80401 + j19.05023) ⋅
V3 =
1 1
⋅ (1∠0)
6.82771 − j 34.14126
⋅ (0.98517∠ − 1.69584)
V 3 = 0.99422∠ − 1.80747
1
Problemario
= (1∠ − 1.80747 )
1
V3 corregido
b)
Xc=0.9705
Línea 1-2:
I 1 = V 1 ⋅ j 0.01 +
(V −V 2 )
1
= 1∠0 ⋅ j 0.01 +
1∠0 − 0.98517∠ − 3.86781
0.07448 + j 0.03720 0.07448 + j 0.03720
I 1 = 0.83172∠49.50193
S 1 = V 1 ⋅ I 1 = 0.83172∠ − 49.50193
*
I 2 = V 2 ⋅ j 0.01 +
(V −V 1)
2
= 0.98517∠ − 3.86781 ⋅ j 0.01 +
(0.98517∠ − 3.86781 − 1)
0.07448 + j 0.03720 0.07448 + j 0.03720
Problemario
I 2 = 0.81631∠ − 131.36650
S 2 = V 2 ⋅ I 2 = (0.98517∠ − 3.86781) ⋅ (0.81631∠131.36650) = 0.80420∠127.4987
*
S L12 = S 1 + S 2 = 0.05089∠6.27544
Línea 2-3:
I 2 = V 2 ⋅ j 0.0125 +
(V 2 − V 3 ) = (0.98517∠ − 3.86781) ⋅ j 0.0125 +
0.01008 + j 0.05048
0.98517∠ − 3.86781 − 1∠ − 3.09259
+
0.01008 + j 0.05048
I 2 = 0.39605∠138.53762
S 2 = V 2 ⋅ I 2 = (0.98517∠ − 3.86781) ⋅ (0.39605∠ − 138.53762) = 0.39018∠ − 142.40543
*
V 3 −V 2
I 3 = V 3 ⋅ j 0.0125 + = (1∠ − 3.09259) ⋅ j 0.0125 +
0.01008 + j 0.05048
1∠ − 3.09259 − 0.98517∠ − 3.86781
+
0.01008 + j 0.05048
I 3 = 0.38128∠ − 38.52212
S 3 = V 3 ⋅ I 3 = (1∠ − 3.09259) ⋅ (0.38128∠38.52212) = 0.38128∠35.42953
*
Línea 1-3:
Problemario
V 1 −V 3
I 1 = V 1 ⋅ j 0.015 + = 0.83477∠10.77833
0.01272 + j 0.06360
S 1 = V 1 ⋅ I 1 = 0.83477∠ − 10.77833
*
V 3 −V 1
I 3 = V 3 ⋅ j 0.015 + = 0.82889∠ − 171.24728
0.01272 + j 0.06360
S 3 = V 3 ⋅ I 3 = 0.82899∠168.15469
*
S L 13 = S 1 + S 3 = 0.01657∠57.90272
sp *
S1 = V 1 ⋅ I 1 = 1.57225∠ − 30.10362 = S g 1
sp
S 3 = S g 3 − S D 3 → S g 3 = S 3 + S D 3 = 2.41347∠51.59050
sp sp
∑ S =∑ S g D + ∑SL
+(0.01708∠-84.89354) + (0.01657∠57.90272)
3.55∠36.32=3.55∠36.32
Problemario
Resumen de resultados:
Barra Pg Qg Pd Qd V
1 1.3602 -0.7886 0 0 1∠0
2 0 1 0.8 0.6 0.98517∠ − 1.69584
3 1.5 1.8912 2 1.5 1∠ − 2.89132
Problemario
Problema:
XH1=XH2=XH0=0.07 p.u.
XX1=XX2=XX0=0.08 p.u.
XT1=XT2=XT0= 0.1 p.u.
Las componentes de fase de las corrientes y tensiones en los terminales de los generadores
si en el punto (F) ocurre un cortocircuito de línea a línea.
Solución:
Z TH +=j0.117
Z TH -=j0.102.
1 1
=0 = −I a = =
(0) (1) ( 2)
Ia Ia + −
Z +Z j 0.117 + j 0.102
= −I a = − j 4.57
(1) ( 2)
Ia
Problemario
Sec (+)
− j 4.57 ⋅ j 0.25
I2 = = − j 2.43
j 0.25 + j 0.22
I 1 = − j 2.4 = I G 2
1
− j 2.43 ⋅ j 0.334
I G1 = = − j1.35
1
j 0.334 + j 0.268
sec (-):
j 0.21
I G 2 = j 4.57 ⋅ = j 2.34
2
j 0.20 + j 0.21
j 0.20
I 2 = j 4.57 ⋅ = j 2.23
j 0.20 + j 0.21
j 2.23 ⋅ j 0.334
I G1 = = j1.35
2
j 0.218 + j 0.334
I G1 = j ⋅ (− j1.35) = 1.35
1
I G1 = − j ⋅ j1.35 = 1.35
2
I G1a 1 1 1 0 2.7
I G1b = 1 a 2
a ⋅ 1.35 = − 1.35
I G1c 1 a a 2 1.35 − 1.35
Tensiones en el generador 1:
V G1 = j 0.798
1
V G1 = − j 0.135
2
V G1a 1 1 1 0 j 0.663
V G1b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ j 0.798 = 0.87∠ − 22.31
V G1c 1 a a 2 − j 0.135 0.87∠ − 157.69
Corrientes en el generador 2:
I G 2 = j ⋅ (− j 2.14 ) = 2.14
1
I G 2 = − j ⋅ ( j 2.34 ) = 2.34
2
I G 2a 1 1 1 0 4.48
I G 2b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ 2.14 = 2.25∠175.58
I G 2c 1 a a 2 2.34 2.25∠ − 175.58
Tensiones en el generador 2:
V G 2 = j 0.679
1
V G 2 = − j 0.234
2
V G 2a 1 1 1 0 j 0.445
V G 2b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ j 0.679 = 0.82∠ − 15.72
V G 2c 1 a a 2 − j 0.234 0.82∠ − 164.28
Problemario
Problema:
Nota: todos los valores de las reactancias de secuencia están dados en por unidad. Utilizar
el método de la matriz Z.
Solución:
− j19 j10 j5 0 0
j10 − j16.31 0 − j 2.86 0
Y = j5
1
0 − j10.53 j 2.5 0
0 j 2.86 j 2.5 − j14.46 j 9.1
0 0 0 j 9.1 − j 9.1
Problemario
Y 2 = Y1 ⇒ Z 2 = Z1
Problemario
2 1∠0
IA =IA =IA =
0 1
a.- Componentes de fase de las contribuciones de los generadores a la corriente de fallo (en
el lado de BT de los transformadores:
generador 1:
1 − 0.73
I G1 A = = − j1.08
1
j 0.25
0 + 0.27
= = − j1.08
2
I G1 A
j 0.25
I G1 A 0 = 0
Considerando el desfasaje:
I G1a 1 1 1 0 0
I G1b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ 1.08 = 1.87∠ − 90
I G1c 1 a a 2 − 1.08 j1.87
generador 2:
1 − 0.61
I G2A = = − j1.34
1
j 0.29
0 − (− 0.39 )
I G2A = = − j1.34
2
j 0.29
I G2A = 0
0
Considerando el desfasaje:
I G 2 a = 1.34
1
I G 2 a = −1.34
2
I G 2a = 0
0
I G 2a 1 1 1 0 0
I G 2b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ 1.34 = − j 2.32
I G 2c 1 a a 2 − 1.34 j 2.32
Problemario
Generador 3:
1 − 0.79
I G3 A = = − j 0.64
1
j 0.33
− (− 0.21)
I G3 A = = − j 0.64
2
j 0.33
I G3 A = 0
0
No existe desfasaje.
I G 3a 1 1 1 0 − j1.28
I G 3b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ − j 0.64 = j 0.64
I G 3c 1 a a 2 − j 0.64 j 0.64
V 5A = 0
0
Considerando el desfasaje:
V 5 a = j 0.70
1
V 5 a = j 0.30
2
V 5a 1 1 1 0 j
V 5b = 1 a2 a ⋅ j 0.70 = 0.61∠ − 55.28
V 5c 1 a a 2 j 0.30 0.61∠ − 124.72
Problemario
1
I 5a = − I 5a = = − j1.25
1 2
j 0.40 + j 0.40
I 5a = 0
0
V 5a = 0
0
V 5a 1 1 1 0 1
V 5b = 1 a 2 a ⋅ 0.5 = − 0.5
V 5c 1 a a 2 − 0.5 − 0.5
Problemario
Problema:
Datos:
Determinar los parámetros necesarios para la selección del interruptor indicado en la figura.
Solución:
Se hará uso del método de thévenin para el cálculo de la corriente simétrica de fallo.
Para la base dada tenemos:
VA VB VC VE VF VH
6.9 KV 115 KV 115 KV 115 KV 11.5 KV 6.9 KV
30
X G1´´= j 0.15 ⋅ = j 0.225
20
30
X G 2 ´´= j 0.15 ⋅ = j 0.45
10
2
13.8
X G 3 ´´= j 0.15 ⋅ = j 0.216
11.5
30
X T 1 = j 0.1 ⋅ = j 0.12
25
30
X T 2 = j 0.1 ⋅ = j 0.25
12
2
130
X T 3 = j 0.1 ⋅ = j 0.128
115
30
X LBC = j100 ⋅ = j 0.227
115 2
30
X LCE = j80 ⋅ = j 0.181
115 2
1
X TH = = j 0.197
1 1 1
+ +
j 0.572 j 0.7 j 0.525
1
If = = − j 5.08
j 0.197
5.08 ⋅ j 0.7
I fs = = − j 3.65
j 0.7 + j 0.274
0.8 ⋅ I int ≥ I fs
De la tabla N.3 de los anexos se tiene para un interruptor de voltaje nominal de 115 KV:
121KV
I int = 43KA ⋅ = 45.24 KA.
115 KV
Problemario
30 MVA
I fs = 3.652 ⋅ = 550.039 A = 0.550 KA
3 ⋅ 115KV
Problema:
Solución:
Reactancias a utilizar:
-Red de alimentación:
-Generador G1:
-Transformadores:
10 MVA
X T 1 = 0.07 ⋅ = 0.035 pu
20 MVA
10 MVA
X T 2 = 0.055 ⋅ = 0.367 pu
1.5MVA
10 MVA
X T 3 = 0.055 ⋅ = 0.073 pu
7.5MVA
-Motores:
Diagrama de reactancias:
1
X TH = = j 0.021
1 1 1
+ +
j 0.045 j 0.045 j 0.430
1
If = = − j 47.62 pu
j 0.021
− j 47.62 ⋅ j 0.430
IfI = = − j 45.20 pu
j 0.430 + j 0.023
Resistencias:
-Red de alimentación:
0.01
Rred = = 4.55 ⋅ 10 − 4 pu
22
-Generador:
0.045
Rg = = 1.13 ⋅ 10 −3 pu
40
Problemario
-Transformadores:
0.035
RT 1 = = 1.67 ⋅ 10 −3 pu
21
0.367
RT 2 = = 3.67 ⋅ 10 − 2 pu
10
0.073
RT 3 = = 5.21 ⋅ 10 −3 pu
14
-Motores:
5
RM 2 = = 0.167 pu
30
0.971
R1750 = = 3.24 ⋅ 10 − 2 pu
30
3.6
R500 = = 0.18 pu
20
Diagrama de resistencias:
Problemario
1
RTH = = 6.99 ⋅ 10 − 4
1 1 1 1
−3
+ + −3
+
2.13 ⋅ 10 0.2037 1.13 ⋅ 10 1.39 ⋅ 10 − 2
X 0.021
= = 30.04
R 6.99 ⋅ 10 − 4
Corriente base:
10 ⋅ 10 −6
Ib = = 418.37 A
3 ⋅ 13.8 KV
15 KV
I int = 23KA ⋅ = 25 KA.
13.8 KV
25 KA ≥ 20.04 KA
Problema:
Va ⋅ Vb
P= ⋅ senα
X ab
1 ⋅1
⋅ senα = 0.8
0.35
senα = 0.8 ⋅ 0.35 = 0.28
α = 16.26 o
V t = 1∠16.26 o
Corriente en el sistema:
I=
(1∠16.26) − (1.0∠0) = 0.81∠8.13o pu
j 0.35
E i ´−V t
I= ⇒ E i ´= j 0.20 ⋅ I + V t
j 0.20
Ecuación potencia-ángulo:
1.04 ⋅ 1.0
Pe = ⋅ senα = 1.89 ⋅ senα
0.55
Problemario
Problema:
Si ocurre una falla trifásica en el sistema de potencia del problema anterior en un punto de
una de las líneas de transmisión, a una distancia de 30% de la longitud de la línea a partir
del terminal del extremo generador, determine:
Solución:
− j 3.33 0 j 3.33
Y= 0 − j 4.86 j2
j 3.33 j2 − j12
− j 2.41 j 0.56
Y ´=
j 0.56 − j 4.53
Ecuación potencia-ángulo:
Pe = 0.58 ⋅ senα
Problemario
Ecuación de Oscilación:
2 ⋅ H d 2δ
⋅ = Pa = Pm − Pe
Ws dt 2
2⋅5 d 2δ
⋅ 2 = 0.8 − 0.58 ⋅ senα
2 ⋅ 180 ⋅ f dt
Problemario
Problema:
Un generador que tiene H=6.0 MJ/MVA está suministrando una potencia de 1.0 pu a una
barra infinita a través de una red puramente reactiva, cuando una falla reduce a cero la
potencia de salida del generador. La potencia máxima que se puede suministrar es de 2.5
pu. Cuando la falla se libra, nuevamente existen las condiciones de la red original.
Determine el ángulo crítico de libramiento y el tiempo crítico de libramiento.
Solución:
4 ⋅ H ⋅ (δ cr − δ o ) 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ (1.56 − 0.41)
t cr = = = 0.27 seg
Ws ⋅ Pm 377 ⋅ 1
Problemario
Problema:
Solución:
Durante la falla:
cos δ cr =
(
0.6 ⋅ (2.29 − 0.64 ) + 0.8 ⋅ cos 131.41o )
0.8 − 0.25
Problema:
Considere el sistema mostrado en la figura. Asuma una falla en la barra 2. a) Determine las
redes de secuencia correspondientes y determine los equivalentes de thévenin vistos por la
barra 2:
Solución:
j1.15 ⋅ j 0.15
X TH = = j 0.133 pu
o
j1.15 + j 0.15
Problemario
j 0.95 ⋅ j 0.25
X TH = = j 0.20
2
j 0.95 + j 0.25
Equivalente de Thévenin:
Problemario
j ⋅ j 0.45
X TH = = j 0.31
1
j + j 0.45
Problemario
Problema:
Mediante las redes de secuencia obtenidas en el problema anterior, calcule las corrientes de
fallo para los siguientes tipos de fallos y dibuje para cada caso la interconexión entre los
equivalentes de Thévenin de las redes de secuencia:
Solución:
a) Conexión de los equivalentes de Thévenin de las redes de secuencia para una falla
monofásica a tierra en la barra 2:
1
IA =IA =IA = = − j1.56
0 1 2
I A = − j 4.68
IB =0
IC = 0
b) Conexión de los equivalentes de Thévenin de las redes de secuencia para una falla
doble línea a tierra en la barra 2:
1∠0
IA = = − j 2.57
1
j 0.20 ⋅ j 0.133
j 0.31 +
j 0.20 + j 0.133
− j 2.57 ⋅ j 0.133
IA =− = j1.01
2
j 0.133 + j 0.20
− j 2.57 ⋅ j 0.20
IA =− = j1.56
0
j 0.20 + j 0.13
IA 1 1 1 j1.56
I B = 1 a2 a ⋅ − j 2.57
IC 1 a a2 j1.01
IA 0
I B = 3.88∠142.96 pu
IC 3.88∠37.04
Problemario
1
I A = IB = IC = = − j 3.23
j 0.31