Mapúa University

School of Electronics, Electrical and Computer Engineering

ECE103L / E02

Electronics 1 - Laboratory

“DC POWER SUPPLY”

A prototype requirement in Electronics 1

Project Documentation

Date Submitted: January 26, 2019

Submitted by: GROUP 2

Members:

Arriola, Patrick Jayson M.

Bermejo, Enrico Lorenzo M.

Bejeras, Bridalyn N.

Enriquez, Francis Gerald L.

Galapate, Rick Jefferson

Villegas, Allan Kelly G.

Submitted to:

ENGR. Marianne Sejera

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Objectives:

To be able to accomplish the project in the Electronics 1 Laboratory

To be able to create a variable power supply that can produce 0V,

3V, 4V, 4.5V and 5V.

To learn on how to create, design and analyze in building a prototype.

To be able to create a power supply that is very useful in obtaining an

accurate power source for the future building of the prototypes.

Project Description:

The power supply must be able to produce its own specified value of

the voltage supply from 0V to 5V. It is also not recommended to use the

potentiometer to adjust the voltage level. Instead, we will use the different

switches/buttons in accordance to their voltage output value. The project

must be in PCB and it must be etched by the group without using the

Universal PCB. The casing is required to store and handle all of the circuit

components inside the power supply.

Significance of the Project:

In the making of the different prototype, a very small value of the

power is only required in order to prevent the overheating of the electronic

components such as the diodes. This project can be a great help in order to

regulate the power output that may produce and it can make the building of

the future prototype easier especially in the adjusting of the voltage levels.

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Mathematical Concepts or Concepts in the Lecture:

By using the Ohm’s Law in determining the current that will supply.

Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law may also be used in the making of this

project. We will also incorporate the concepts of the circuits needed to form

a DC power supply and the calculations partnered with it.

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 THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

Power Supply

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is
most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to
another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical,
chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output
voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite
variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from:

 Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies
that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage.
 Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells.
 Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators.
 Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device

that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power
supplies that are part of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Commonly specified power supply attributes include:
 The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load.
 How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions.
 How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies
that employ portable energy sources).

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DC power supply
An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the
voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used
to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage,
followed by a filter, comprising one or morecapacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to
filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage
component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or full-wave
rectification is used)—ripple—is unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage.
For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest unregulated
mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a single diode in series
with a resistor.
Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum tubes) which
required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters to
generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts, and a low alternating voltage for
filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used expensive and bulky regulated power
supplies.

Diode
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with an
asymmetric transfer characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one
direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most
common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n
junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube with
two electrodes, a plate(anode) and a heated cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.
This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating
current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio
receivers—these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
In a diode formed from a direct band-gap semiconductor, such as gallium arsenide,
carriers that cross the junction emit photons when they recombine with the majority carrier on
the other side. Depending on the material, wavelengths (or colors) from the infrared to the
near ultraviolet may be produced. The forward potential of these diodes depends on the
wavelength of the emitted photons: 2.1 V corresponds to red, 4.0 V to violet. The first LEDs
were red and yellow, and higher-frequency diodes have been developed over time. All LEDs
produce incoherent, narrow-spectrum light; "white" LEDs are actually combinations of three
LEDs of a different color, or a blue LED with a yellow scintillator coating. LEDs can also be
used as low-efficiency photodiodes in signal applications. An LED may be paired with a
photodiode or phototransistor in the same package, to form an opto-isolator.

Zener diodes
Diodes that can be made to conduct backward. This effect, called Zener breakdown,
occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a precision voltage
reference. In practical voltage reference circuits, Zener and switching diodes are connected in
series and opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient to near-zero. Some devices
labeled as high-voltage Zener diodes are actually avalanche diodes (see above). Two (equivalent)
Zeners in series and in reverse order, in the same package, constitute a transient absorber
(or Transorb, a registered trademark).

Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force
(emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones to units weighing
hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of transformer designs are used in
electronic and electric power applications. Transformers are essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

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 D ESCRIPTION , F UNCTION / S AND L IMITATIO N / S OF THE P ROJECT

The power supply is required to have output voltages of 0V, 3V, 4V, 4.5V, and 5V with
an acceptable 2% tolerance. This power supply is restricted to the topics tackled under the course
of ECE103L. We, the group, cannot use components and/or equipment that have not yet been
tackled to avoid complications which may arise due to our lack of knowledge regarding the
complex and unfamiliar circuitries from the said components and/or equipment. The designed
circuit of the project is made by combining a full-wave bridge-type rectifier, a filter, and a
regulator (zener diode).

The project is done by etching our own designed circuit on a Presensitized PCB, since
using a Premade PCB is prohibited by the instructor.

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C IRCUIT AND O TH ER D IAGRAMS

SIMULATION (LIVEWIRE)

OUTPUT (LIVEWIRE)

SWITCH 6 (ON)

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SWITCH 1 (ON)

SWITCH 2 (ON)

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SWITCH 3 (ON)

SWITCH 4 (ON)

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 PCB LAYOUT (PCB WIZARD)

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DC POWER SUPPLY

 The transformer transforms the high and dangerous voltage into a lower and much
“safer” voltage
 Then it goes to the full bridge rectifier in order to have a pulsating DC with twice as
many humps than a half wave, since the full bridge rectifier transform the negative wave
to a positive wave.
 Then it undergoes filtering, where the capacitor is used. It smoothens the pulsating DC
output in order to have a nearly constant DC output, this is called a ripple output.
 Then it undergoes voltage regulation, where the ripple voltage is turned into a more
stable DC output

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 T ABULATED L IST OF M ATERIALS I NCLUDING P RICES

Name Rating/ Quantity Price (P)

Specification

PRE-SENSITIZED PCB 4 x 3 inches 1 55

TRANSFORMER 12 V, 1 A 1 225

CAPACITOR 2200 uF, 16 V 1 48

RESISTORS 1K Ω, 1 W 4 8

1k Ω, 1 W 1 2

1 k Ω, 1 W 1 2

DIODES 4 4

ZENER 3V 1 2.50

4V 1 2.50

4.5 V 1 2.50

5V 1 2.50

ROTARY SWITCH 6 outputs 1 33

JACK Terminal post 2 18

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CASING 1 88

Total P 493.00

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