06 Capacity Considerations

6.
LTE Capacity Maximization
Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential

Demand Drivers: Market Changes
•  Mobile browsing
bandwidth consumption
grew 72% in the second
half of 2009*
•  “Global bandwidth
continued its steady
growth during the second
half of 2010 with 73%
growth, culminating in a
190% overall annual
growth for 2010.”
-  Allot Communications,
Global Mobile
Broadband Traffic
Report, 2010
Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 2

Drivers behind LTE deployment
•  Mobile broadband is a reality Traffic

Cost
•  Exponential mobile traffic growth creates Gap
unprecedented capacity demand
•  Cost per bit has to be reduced Revenue
•  New innovative services (M2M, Mobile
Cloud, etc) are emerging and are potential Time
revenue streams.
TeraBytes / Month 92% CAGR 2010-2015
6.3EB
6,000,000
Operator’s primary motivation for deploying LTE
Capacity
Build brand value through 3.8EB
technology leadership 3,000,000
2.2EB
Create new revenue streams based
on LTE 1.2EB
0.24EB 0.6EB
Reduce the cost of mobile data 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Cisco VNI Mobile, 2011
Current networks do not offer
sufficient capacity
0% Telecoms
Source: Informa 5% 10% 15% LTE
& Media’s 20% 25%2011
Survey 30% 35%
Service
M2M &
Laptop & IT Cloud
Devices Computing
Technology Tablets
Smart
phones
Release 10 “The Cloud”
Release 8 Release 9
Featured
LTE
LTE LTE Enhancements phones
Advanced

The LTE OFDM Air Interface
How much capacity is available?
Scalable Bandwidth
FFT Sub-carriers
Cyclic Prefix
Frequency
Symbols
20 MHz = 100 RB
To download @ 5 Mbps
- 64QAM 4/5: 7 RB
- 16QAM 4/5: 10 RB
- 16QAM 1/2: 17 RB
Time - QPSK 1/2: 35 RB
12 sub-carriers Δf =
(180kHz) 15 kHz
One RB
Modulation Type = 12 x 7 RE
= 84 RE
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM Resource Element &

2 bits/sym 4 bits/sym 6 bits/sym Resource Block frequency
LTE Peak Data Rates
•  Downlink and uplink peak bit rates (Mbps)
Bandwidth, #RB / #Sub-Carriers

Modulation Bits / 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
MIMO usage
and coding Sym 6 / 72 15 / 180 25 / 300 50 / 600 75 / 900 100 / 1200
QPSK 1/2 1 Single stream 0.9 2.2 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4
D 16QAM 1/2 2 Single stream 1.7 4.3 7.2 14.4 21.6 28.8
O
16QAM 3/4 3 Single stream 2.6 6.5 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2
W
N 64QAM 3/4 4.5 Single stream 3.9 9.7 16.2 32.4 48.6 64.8
L 64QAM 1/1 6 Single stream 5.2 13.0 21.6 43.2 64.8 86.4
I
N 64QAM 3/4 9 2x2 MIMO 7.8 19.4 32.4 64.8 97.2 129.6
K 64QAM 1/1 12 2X2 MIMO 10.4 25.9 43.2 86.4 129.6 172.8
64QAM 1/1 24 4X4 MIMO 20.7 51.8 86.4 172.8 259.2 345.6
QPSK 1/2 1 Single stream 0.9 2.2 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4
U
P
L 16QAM 3/4 3 Single stream 2.6 6.5 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2
I 16QAM 1/1 4 Single stream 3.5 8.6 14.4 28.8 43.2 57.6
N
K 64QAM 3/4 4.5 Single stream 3.9 9.7 16.2 32.4 48.6 64.8

Speed and Noise Performance of
High Order Modulation Schemes
QPSK Modulation 16 QAM Modulation 64 QAM Modulation
2 bits/sym 4 bits/sym 6 bits/sym
Euclidean Decision
Distance Thresholds

SINR Requirements for Higher Order
Modulation (HOM) Schemes
7
64QAM - 6 bits/sym
6 QPSK 1/3
QPSK 1/2
Spectral efficiency [bits/s/Hz]
QPSK 2/3
5 16QAM 1/2
16QAM 2/3
16QAM 4/5
4 64QAM 1/2
64QAM 2/3 16QAM – 4bits/sym
3 64QAM 4/5
Shannon
1 QPSK – 2 bits/sym
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
SINR [dB]

Release 7 HSPA+ Performance
•  Up to 21.6 Mbps (with only 64QAM modulation) and

28.8 Mbps (with 2x2 MIMO and 16QAM modulation).
20 dB isolation needed
to achieve 21 Mbps
Dedicated HSPA
carrier with 15
SF16 codes

Maximum Performance with LTE
•  To operate at peak efficiency, LTE requires a high-quality RF

environment.
-  High Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) Received Signal
Strength (RSSI) dBm
•  If the SNR drops significantly
below 5dB, the LTE source -70
64QAM SNR 15~22
won’t be able to support any
Signal-to- 16QAM SNR 10~15
of these modulation schemes, Noise Ratio
resulting in a failed or (SNR) QPSK SNR 5~10
dropped data connection. No Link SNR < 5
-90
•  Practically, we also need to
Fade Margin = 8 dB
consider the effects of -98
intercell interference - SINR UE Noise Figure = 8 dB
-104
Channel Noise
Thermal Noise
= 10log(10MHz) Elements
-174
Thermal Noise Density (dBm/Hz)

Impact of Intercell Interference
•  Noise Rise is given by ⎛ Pint ⎞

NR (dB ) = 10 log⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
-  where Pnr is the receiver noise floor ⎝ Pnr ⎠
Received Signal Received Signal
Strength (RSSI) dBm Strength (RSSI) dBm
-68
-70 64QAM SNR 15~22
64QAM SNR 15~22
Signal-to- 16QAM SNR 10~15
Signal-to- 16QAM SNR 10~15 Noise Ratio
Noise Ratio (SINR) QPSK SNR 5~10
(SNR) QPSK SNR 5~10
No Link SNR < 5
No Link SNR < 5 -88
-90 Fade Margin = 8 dB
Fade Margin = 8 dB -96
Noise Rise = 2 dB
-98 Pnr -98
UE Noise Figure = 8 dB UE Noise Figure = 8 dB
-104 -104
Channel Noise Thermal Noise Channel Noise Thermal Noise
= 10log(10MHz) Elements = 10log(10MHz) Elements
-174 -174
Thermal Noise Density (dBm/Hz) Thermal Noise Density (dBm/Hz)
Without External Noise

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential
With Intercell Interference
www.rosenberger.com | 10
Efficiency is limited by Inter-cell
Interference – the Geometry (G-) Factor
•  The geometry factor is the ratio between the serving cell power and
interfering cells + noise
•  At the boundary of any

two cells the geometry
factor will not exceed
-3dB
•  At the boundary of any
three cells the geometry
factor will not exceed
-4.8 dB
Low SNR High SNR

G-Factor Distribution in Urban Cells
•  Plot shows variation in

geometry factor across a
typical outdoor urban cell
•  95% of user population
will not experience a
G-Factor above 15 dB.
•  In-building penetration
loss will degrade
performance further
•  This puts a finite and very
low limit on indoor
performance when using
outdoor cell sites
Preben Mogensen, et al, “LTE Capacity compared to the Shannon

Bound,” IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2007.
VTC2007-Spring. April 2007.

MIMO adds Channels or increases S/(N+I)
=> adds Capacity
The
image
cannot
be
displaye
d. Your
compute
Radio channel
r may
not have
enough
memory
MISO
to open
the
image,
or the
Beam forming
image
may
have
been
Transmit diversity
corrupte
d.
Radio channel
SIMO
Receive diversity
•  Scattering, diffraction, refraction and reflection

Radio channel
leads to multiple propagation paths (rays)
•  Each path is characterised by path loss, phase,
MIMO
delay and change of polarisation All above (Diversity) or
•  The MIMO channels are defined by the way the + Spatial Multiplexing
antennas connect to the different rays
This means that different data
(superposition of all rays at each antenna) is sent from the two antennas
increasing bit rates
LTE MIMO Options
Transmit Diversity Spatial Multiplexing : SU-MIMO

Better SNR Increased UE Throughout
Beamforming Spatial Multiplexing : MU-MIMO

Better SNR Increased Cell Throughput

SNR Requirements for SISO, SIMO,
and 2x2 MIMO
9
7 SISO
Spectral Efficiency b/s/Hz
SIMO
6 SFC
JC Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
5
Very high spectral
efficiency is only
4
seen when G-Factor is
above 15 dB
3
2
Diversity MIMO can increase the link
quality through diversity and array gain,
but there is no data rate improvement
1
compared to SISO.
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
G-Factor [dB] JC: Joint Coding (Spatial Multiplexing)
SFC: space-frequency coding (Diversity)

LTE Measured Throughput in
2x2 MIMO Test Network
•  Base station located at x. Mbps
•  L1 Throughput
-  Max: 154 Mbps
-  Mean: 78 Mbps
-  Min: 16 Mbps
•  User Speed
-  Max: 45 km/h
-  Mean: 16 km/h
-  Min: 0 km/h
•  Suburban area with line-
of-sight: less than 40%
of the samples
•  Heights of surrounding
buildings: 15-25 m
100m
Strong Multipaths, Good SNIR and Low
Mobility are needed for SM-MIMO to work!
Source: 3G Americas’ member company contribution.
LTE Throughput in Various Modes
•  For typical and average throughputs, LTE will achieve an order of

magnitude higher performance than HSPA and at least a doubling of
spectral efficiency.
-  Due to radio channels that are 4 times wider (20 MHz vs. 5 MHz)
•  Figure shows increased
performance obtained with
addition of different orders
of MIMO.
•  Under suboptimal conditions,
such as being at the edge of
the cell or if user is moving at
high speed, throughput rates
will be lower.
Source: “Initial Field Performance Measurements of LTE”,

Layer 1 throughput measured at 10 MHz bandwidth using Extended
Jonas Karlsson, Mathias Riback, Ericsson Review No. 3 2008
Vehicular A 3 km/hour channel model.

Shannon and the Cell Size
•  Shannon’s Capacity Theorem

T/2
C = B log2 (1 + SNR) bits/s/Hz
2Preceive
where
Preceive
SNR ~ 1 R n
n = path loss exponent
T
•  With no change in power, bandwidth, frequency, etc., the user needs to
come closer to the BTS
for higher data rates.
•  No big difference for HSPA+, WiMAX, LTE
or EDGE+ regarding gross data rate if
same parameters and modulation
are used

Spectrum Considerations
Coverage, Capacity and Cost
Coverage Cost
Number of base stations
Cell radius (km)
2 5 7 10 15 20
x12
10 700MHz
8
700MHz
6 850MHz
4
x7
2
2100MHz
x5
5800MHz
x3
x1.5
x1
0
700 850 2100 2600 3500 5800MHz
No. of Base
~20 ~15 ~10 ~7 ~5 ~2 Stations UHF Band Capex Multiple
Source: GSMA, The Digital Dividend : How to Deliver

Source: BBC R&D
Broadband for All
•  Lower bands gives larger cells (more cost effective), but suffers from
capacity and interference issues as number of subscribers increase

LTE Reference Sensitivity
•  LTE minimum receiver sensitivity is given by

Ref Sens = KTB + NF + SINR + IM − Gdiv
•  Larger bandwidth (higher speed) gives degraded sensitivity
Sensitivity (dBm)
E-UTRA Reference Sensitivity
Bandwidth (MHz)

Will LTE Meet Market Expectations?
•  Download data rates depends on distance to base station and number

of simultaneous users.
•  Large cells will have large number of users, resulting in degraded user
experience
Total
Do we still need Capacity
18dBi antennas 60 Mbit/s
for LTE?
45 Mbit/s
6~60 Mbit/s
30 Mbit/s
3~30 Mbit/s
15 Mbit/s
1.2~12 Mbit/s
0.3~3 Mbit/s

Limited Downlink Power
•  To achieve “acceptable” coverage, it is widely believed that coverage

levels should be >= -85 dBm
•  In GSM, a 20W (43 dBm) base station gives 20W of BCCH power
•  In WCDMA, a 20W (43 dBm) Node B gives 2W of CPICH power
•  In LTE, the RS power transmitted depends on the eNodeB power and
bandwidth.
•  A 40W (46 dBm) eNodeB 1 slot of frame 2 slot of frame st nd
Frequency
operating with 20MHz
bandwidth, gives ~40mW
Resource elements
(15dBm) of RS power. RE for RS
Resource RE for PDCCH
Block RE for P-SCH
(180 kHz)
RE for P-SCH
Does LTE have RE for PBCH
enough power to
provide “good”
coverage? 15 kHz
0.5 ms
Time

High Throughput will require
Small Cell Sizes
Normalised User Throughput
1.0
Dense
Urban
R
Urban
0.5
Sub-
Urban
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Cell Range (m)
•  Peak versus actual average data rate experienced by customers
•  Average user throughput in a network will depend on
-  the cell size, backhaul capacity, and traffic load
•  Peak user data rates do not represent the real customer experience in
majority of locations
Operators need to deploy sites closer to customers

What is needed for High Data
Transmission Rates?
•  In order to successfully decode data with the required error
performance (BER/BLER), the received signal strength needs to be
greater than noise + interference by a certain amount
-  Signal to Noise + Interference Ratio (SINR)
•  Higher data rates (HOM and MIMO) require higher SINR
•  Higher data rates also require larger receiver bandwidth
-  Higher receiver thermal noise gives degraded receiver sensitivity
•  Signal strength decreases
with increased range in a 60
wireless environment 50 Data Rate 1
Throughput 40 Data Rate 2
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Range

How to Manage Inter-cell Interference
for Outdoor Sites?
•  Bring eNode B nearer to UE
-  Small cell size with low antenna height
-  Better near field coverage
-  Reduces signal spillage
•  Smaller cell also gives higher cell capacity
Small Cell
Antenna
Large Cell Small Cell

How to Manage Inter cell Interference
for Outdoors?
•  Proper planning on inter cell overlapping zone
-  Minimize overlapping zone
-  Increase percentage of good SINR coverage area
•  Avoid different cell antennas pointing towards

Legend:
each other
Antenna
A B C D Coverage direc1on
and sectorisa1on
  Preferred “back-to-back” sector plan

A B B C
Better Isolation

Antenna Placement for High Capacity
LTE
•  Coverage Simulation Result
Coverage distance required
Area served by System B Area served by System A
Area where isolation is Antenna Area where isolation is

< 15 dB for System A Position < 15 dB for System B
Achieves 90% coverage with C/I > 15 dB

“Classic” DAS, Single RF source
•  “Classic” DAS, single RF source, 3 antennas, LTE technology

-  No outdoor signal interference (dedicated indoor spectrum)
-  No DAS sector overlap (single in-building sector)
-  No SINR degradation between antennas
SINR (dB)
35
22
11
<-10

Small Cells Deployment
•  Notable SINR degradation between small cells due to inter-cell

interference.
SINR (dB)
35
22
11
5
Interference
Between
Sectors <-10
•  Conclusion: avoid placing multiple RF sources in open/semi open

space.

Macro Interference
•  With the introduction of outdoor macro signal, SINR is further degraded
SINR (dB)
35
22
11
5
Macro sector
interference
<-10
•  Conclusion: need more indoor antennas to overpower strong macro

signal.

Large Outdoor Venue Design
•  In a “classic” DAS, most networks are driven by single RF source

-  RF source is macro sector or picocell
-  All inbuilding antennas have the same cell ID / PN code / scrambling
code
•  Exceptions: large venues – stadiums, airports

-  Multiple RF sources are needed for capacity reasons
-  A subset of inbuilding DAS
antennas have the same
cell ID / PN code /
scrambling code
-  DAS sector overlap is
kept to a minimum to
minimize intersector
interference

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for GSM900 Rx Lev

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for GSM1800 Rx Lev

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for UMTS2100 RSCP

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for UMTS2100 SNIR

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for LTE1800 RSRP

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for LTE1800 SNIR

Stadium Bowl
•  Simulation for LTE1800 Throughput (10MHz, 2x2 MIMO)

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6.

LTE Capacity Maximization

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 2

• Mobile broadband is a reality Traffic

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 3

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM Resource Element &

• Downlink and uplink peak bit rates (Mbps)

Bandwidth, #RB / #Sub-Carriers

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 5

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 6

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 7

• Up to 21.6 Mbps (with only 64QAM modulation) and

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 8

• To operate at peak efficiency, LTE requires a high-quality RF

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 9

• Noise Rise is given by ⎛ Pint ⎞

Without External Noise

• At the boundary of any

Low SNR High SNR

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 11

• Plot shows variation in

Preben Mogensen, et al, “LTE Capacity compared to the Shannon

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 12

• Scattering, diffraction, refraction and reflection

Transmit Diversity Spatial Multiplexing : SU-MIMO

Beamforming Spatial Multiplexing : MU-MIMO

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 14

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 15

• Base station located at x. Mbps

• For typical and average throughputs, LTE will achieve an order of

Source: “Initial Field Performance Measurements of LTE”,

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 17

• Shannon’s Capacity Theorem

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 18

Source: GSMA, The Digital Dividend : How to Deliver

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 19

• LTE minimum receiver sensitivity is given by

E-UTRA Reference Sensitivity

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 20

• Download data rates depends on distance to base station and number

18dBi antennas 60 Mbit/s

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 21

• To achieve “acceptable” coverage, it is widely believed that coverage

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 22

Operators need to deploy sites closer to customers

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 24

Large Cell Small Cell

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 25

• Avoid different cell antennas pointing towards

Preferred “back-to-back” sector plan

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 26

Coverage distance required

Area served by System B Area served by System A

Area where isolation is Antenna Area where isolation is

Achieves 90% coverage with C/I > 15 dB

• “Classic” DAS, single RF source, 3 antennas, LTE technology

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 28

• Notable SINR degradation between small cells due to inter-cell

• Conclusion: avoid placing multiple RF sources in open/semi open

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 29

• With the introduction of outdoor macro signal, SINR is further degraded

• Conclusion: need more indoor antennas to overpower strong macro

Copyright © Rosenberger 2017 – Proprietary / Confidential www.rosenberger.com | 30

•  Mobile broadband is a reality Traffic

•  Downlink and uplink peak bit rates (Mbps)

•  Up to 21.6 Mbps (with only 64QAM modulation) and

•  To operate at peak efficiency, LTE requires a high-quality RF

•  Noise Rise is given by ⎛ Pint ⎞

•  At the boundary of any

•  Plot shows variation in

•  Scattering, diffraction, refraction and reflection

•  Base station located at x. Mbps

•  For typical and average throughputs, LTE will achieve an order of

•  Shannon’s Capacity Theorem

•  LTE minimum receiver sensitivity is given by

•  Download data rates depends on distance to base station and number

•  To achieve “acceptable” coverage, it is widely believed that coverage

•  Avoid different cell antennas pointing towards

  Preferred “back-to-back” sector plan

•  “Classic” DAS, single RF source, 3 antennas, LTE technology

•  Notable SINR degradation between small cells due to inter-cell

•  Conclusion: avoid placing multiple RF sources in open/semi open

•  With the introduction of outdoor macro signal, SINR is further degraded

•  Conclusion: need more indoor antennas to overpower strong macro

•  In a “classic” DAS, most networks are driven by single RF source

•  Exceptions: large venues – stadiums, airports

•  Simulation for GSM900 Rx Lev

•  Simulation for GSM1800 Rx Lev

•  Simulation for UMTS2100 RSCP

•  Simulation for UMTS2100 SNIR

•  Simulation for LTE1800 RSRP

•  Simulation for LTE1800 SNIR

•  Simulation for LTE1800 Throughput (10MHz, 2x2 MIMO)